Diamondback moth - Knowledge (XXG)

1003:

rotation could be used; cruciferous vegetables can be rotated with melons, fruits, onions and garlic resulting in a break in the food chain of the diamondback moth generations. In addition, maintaining clean cabbage field hygiene is a simple but important pest control and prevention measure. A clean growing environment can greatly reduce the likelihood of infection. Before farming, for example, the soil can be ploughed and exposed to the sun for at least a week. This helps to clear the diamondback moth and strengthen the quality of the soil.

775: 737: 75: 668: 53: 766:

overwinter as adults among field debris of cruciferous crops, and active adults may be seen during warm periods at any time during the winter in temperate areas. They do not survive cold winters and reinvade colder areas each spring, being carried there by the wind. Moths are active usually at twilight and at night, feeding on flowers of cruciferous plants, but they also fly in the afternoon during mass outbreaks.

1049:

to apply insecticide when larval population is high. Since pesticides are difficult to kill larvae and pupae, sufficient pesticides must be used. Make sure there is adequate coverage. The diamondback moth is most active at dusk or at night, when the insecticide is most effective. In addition, avoiding coverage of flowering crops can minimize damage to bees and other pollinated insects. Ntonifor et al 2002 finds

509:, as their host plant. The females lay eggs only on the leaves of the cabbage and do not discriminate between young and more developed leaves. However, females are more likely to deposit their eggs on a host with larval infestation. It is not fully known why females do not choose the uninfested host, but it is thought that a specific, attractive odor is emitted by the infested host. 757:. They are usually found on the lower or outer leaves of the food plant, but on cauliflower and broccoli, pupation may occur in the florets. It is possible for a pupa to fall off of its host plant. The pupal stage lasts on average for about eight days, but ranges from five to fifteen days. Before emergence occurs, pupa will turn from a yellowish color to a browner color. 1040:, during August and September 2017 on six occasions. When the male GM moths mated with wild females all the resulting female larvae died. Following pupation of the male larvae, the moths passed on their lethal gene to their offspring, with about half of GM males dying in each generation, resulting in the gene disappearing in a few years and not persisting in the wild. 847:

diamondback moths to mate multiple times, but monogamy seems to be more common. When males have more than one mate, they do not receive any benefit. In fact, their fitness and lifespan decreases along with the success rate of reproduction. Additionally, females who mate with multiple mated males, experience decreased longevity and

1027:

was knocked out i.e. changed. This is a genetically-based approach that requires precise research to identify suitable genetic targets. Using the CRISPR/Cas9 system as a targeted gene to identify the abdominal segment, thus removing the harmful homologous gene (gene for cruciferous preference) in the

1002:

Secondly, planting time can be considered, because pest populations are affected by seasonal factors. For example, during wet periods, the infection rate of the diamondback moth is very low. As a result, growing cruciferous plants during wet seasons can effectively reduce pesticide use. Thirdly, crop

837:

Climate plays a role in the body size of the diamondback both. However, regardless of the climate, even a few days of high temperatures can lead to lower reproductive success in females. It is possible that high temperatures can decrease the concentration of sex pheromones released by female, thereby

2611:

Despite the pest status of DBM and assertions that it has the most extensive distribution of all Lepidoptera (168), current understanding of its global distribution and relative abundance is limited (187). The original distribution map (25) is a composite of incomplete distribution records, and this

1019:

1. Introduction of natural enemies which feed on the larvae, thereby reducing numbers. Although they usually only have a noticeable effect in the later stages of crop growth and can kill up to 70% of their prey. Wasps and spiders are considered common predators. The introduction of natural predators

991:

Firstly, inter-cropping is good for reducing pests. Because of the biological diversity, two or more crops can be planted in one field, which can reduce fertilization or pesticide use, making planting the most profitable, and producing higher quality cabbage or increasing yield. High and low growing

968:

in China could serve to reduce the number of diamondback larvae on cruciferous plants. However, it does not always lead to a reduction of the damage. It has been suggested that sex pheromones and host odors could be manipulated to attract and trap diamondback moths as a means of chemical management.

892:

can result in complete rejection of the produce. The diamondback moth is considered a pest in areas that do not experience very cold winters, as these help to reduce adult activity and kill off overwintering moths. It is considered an especially significant issue in China, as it has been argued that

1048:

The method of chemical control is to use pesticides to prevent damage to cabbage fields when larva populations exceed economic thresholds. The pests are controlled during the germination period, and the crops ripen quickly, so the diamondback moth doesn't grow in large numbers. It is more effective

684:

are oval and flattened, measuring 0.44 mm long and 0.26 mm wide. They are yellow or pale green at first, but darken later. They are laid singly or in groups of two to eight eggs in depressions on the surface of leaves. Females may deposit up to 300 eggs in total, but average production is

642:

and use their olfactory system to discover the host plant odor. Additionally, in order to search for the host odor, they rotate their antennas. When the host odor is not present or in low concentrations the moth spends more time rotating its antennas. A moth has increased antennal rotation activity

658:

across the site of deposition in order to gather more information about the host. Because the female moths lay their eggs one at a time and prefer crevices, they search for grooves on the leaves. The crevices may offer protection and easy access to food sources. However, grooves on leaves do not

420:

of about 15 mm and a body length of 6 mm. The forewings are narrow, brownish gray and lighter along the anterior margin, with fine, dark speckles. A creamy-colored stripe with a wavy edge on the posterior margin is sometimes constricted to form one or more light-colored diamond shapes,

732:

are left behind on the leaves. Diamondback larvae are attracted to the major component of this species-specific pheromone, which is (Z)11-hexadecenal. For larvae, the sex pheromone is a foraging indicator, rather than a mating attractant so they use it to find a healthy source of food and avoid

977:

Seasonal temperature changes lead to differences in body size of the diamondback moths. Warmer temperatures lead to smaller bodies whereas colder temperatures lead to the development of larger bodies. The larger moths have a greater flight ability, longevity, and reproductive performance when

765:

The lifespan averages three to four weeks for females, but less for males. These moths are weak fliers, seldom rising more than 2 m above the ground and not flying long distances. They are, however, passive migrants, being easily transferred by wind over long distances. Diamondback moths

634:

Different behaviors occur before a female diamondback moth deposits her eggs. While virgin and mated females both have the same sensitivity to a host plant's odor, pregnant diamondback females are more strongly drawn and sensitive to it because they are in search of a place to lay their eggs.

846:

Multiple mating can be beneficial to certain species because it allows for increased reproduction and a variety of genes in offspring. In some cases, females prefer multiple matings because it increases their lifespan as they receive nutrients from males during copulation. It is possible for

854:

While male diamondbacks can mate multiple times, females show a clear preference for mating once. One of the reasons may be that female diamondback moths only need one mating event to fertilize all of her eggs. The females do this by securing extra sperm from the single mating and creates a

940:) in the field. Bt toxin is poisonous when ingested by insects but not mammals, so it was used to target low infestation levels of the moth. Research has shown that the diamondback moth has an autosomal ressessive gene that provides resistance to four specific types of 701:, each with an average development time of about four days. The larval body form tapers at both ends. The larvae have a few short black hairs and are colorless in the first instar, but pale or emerald green with black heads in later instars. Of the five pairs of 520:

stimuli to determine where to lay their eggs. When both stimuli are available, more eggs are deposited. If gustatory stimuli or both gustatory and olfactory signals are absent, female moths will not lay their eggs. However, if only olfactory signals are absent,

62: 888:. Although the larvae are small, they can be very numerous and cause complete removal of foliar tissue except for the leaf veins. This is damaging to young seedlings and may disrupt head formation in cabbage, broccoli, and cauliflower. The presence of larvae in 407:

were used to kill the moths but diamondbacks have developed resistance to many of the common chemicals. For this reason, new biological and chemical controls, as well as different planting methods are being pursued to reduce the destruction caused by the moths.

616:, that are characteristic of the family Brassicaceae (but also occur in some related families). These chemicals were found to stimulate oviposition, even when applied to a piece of paper. One plant species that contains the egg-laying cues is wintercress, 421:

which is the basis for the common name of this moth. The hindwings are narrow, pointed toward the apex, and light gray, with a wide fringe. The tips of the wings can be seen to turn upward slightly when viewed from the side. The antennae are pronounced.

816:

odors, and green leaf volatiles emitted from cabbage. Cabbage odors in combination with the sex pheromone are particularly capable of attracting the predators and parasitoids, which will then consume the diamondback larvae and eggs.

1922:

Leibee, Gary L.; Savage, Kenneth E. (1992). "Evaluation of Selected Insecticides for Control of Diamondback Moth and Cabbage Looper in Cabbage in Central Florida with Observations on Insecticide Resistance in the Diamondback Moth".

851:. Copulation duration has also been shown to increase when males mate multiple times. A longer mating time is disadvantageous to diamondback moths as it leaves the diamondback moth open to predation and injury from copulation. 607:

Several wild species in the family also act as hosts, especially early in the season when cultivated crops are unavailable. The egg-laying females have been reported to recognize chemicals in the host plants,

998:

was used to inter-plant cabbage and compared with cabbage alone. It was concluded that only inter-cropping with the high-growing red clover could reduce the number of eggs produced by the diamondback moth.

705:, one protrudes from the posterior end, forming a distinctive "V". The larvae are quite active, and when disturbed, may wriggle violently, move backward, and spin a strand of silk from which to dangle. 466:, but despite tremendous interest in limiting the damage it causes, the actual available data is inadequate. It probably originated in Europe, South Africa, or the Mediterranean region, but the exact 1503:

Shinoda, Tetsuro; Nagao, Tsuneatsu; Nakayama, Masayoshi; Serizawa, Hiroaki; Koshioka, Masaji; Okabe, Hikaru; Kawai, Akira (2002). "Identification of a triterpenoid saponin from a crucifer,

978:

compared to the smaller moths. Therefore, long-distance migration tends to occur in the spring rather than midsummer as a greater number of large moths are available and capable of flying.

416:

This small moth is colored gray and brown. It can potentially identified by a cream-colored band that may be present in the shape of a diamond on its back. The diamondback moth has a

830:

Female diamondback moths secrete a sex hormone that attracts males who have developed an olfactory system that can detect female sex hormones from a long distance. Female sex

1011:

Blue-light traps can catch a lot of adult diamondback worms. Setting up a trap on top of the cabbage can effectively slow the encroachment of the resistant diamondback moth.

2629:

vegetable crops in various parts of the world (34, 147, 155, 161, 165, 167), and it is increasingly considered a significant, if sporadic, threat to canola production (45)."

538:

Host plant selection is crucial because diamondbacks spend the majority of their life near their host plant. The diamondback moth lays its eggs only on plants in the family

3173: 1822:

Wang, X.-P.; Fang, Y.-L.; Zhang, Z.-N. (13 January 2005). "Effect of male and female multiple mating on the fecundity, fertility, and longevity of diamondback moth,

2908: 622:. Indeed, diamondback moth females lay eggs on this plant species, but the newly hatched larvae die due to the effects of additional natural plant chemicals called 1381: 3057: 3006: 812:, a lacewing. Lacewings feed on eggs and young larvae, while the parasitoids attack the eggs. These organisms can recognize diamondback sex pheromones, larval 2341:

Huang, Yuping; Chen, Yazhou; Zeng, Baosheng; Wang, Yajun; James, Anthony A.; Gurr, Geoff M.; Yang, Guang; Lin, Xijian; Huang, Yongping; You, Minsheng (2016).

913:

had developed. Limiting broad spectrum insecticide use and particularly elimination of pyrethroid use, can increase survival and propagation of diamondback

2650: 1247:

F. R. Badenes-Perez; B. A. Nault; A.M. Shelton (2006). "Dynamics of diamondback moth oviposition in the presence of a highly preferred non-suitable host".

1579:

Zhu, Jiao; Ban, Liping; Song, Li-Mei; Liu, Yang; Pelosi, Paolo; Wang, Guirong (2016). "General odorant-binding proteins and sex pheromone guide larvae of

733:

competition for food from other species on the host plant. After the fourth instar, larvae are no longer attracted to the sex pheromone for food sources.

654:

occurs when the moth hits its antennae on the leaf. This behavior is likely used to taste the host site. Only after antennation will the moth sweep its

791:

The agriculture industry has been trying to find biological and natural ways to eliminate the diamondback moth especially since the moths have become

2495:

Furlong, Michael J.; Wright, Denis J.; Dosdall, Lloyd M. (2013-01-07). "Diamondback Moth Ecology and Management: Problems, Progress, and Prospects".

2882: 2098: 2674: 2475: 2448: 1357: 2625:

518, "Despite these advances, DBM has retained its status as the most destructive member of the different insect pest complexes that attack

365:. The small, grayish-brown moth sometimes has a cream-colored band that forms a diamond along its back. The species may have originated in 3178: 643:

when it is near an uninfested host when compared to an infested host which indicates that the damaged host leaves emit a stronger odor.

3098: 2934: 2843: 2233:"Biology of the Diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) and its future impact in Swedish oilseed rape production – a literature review" 2039: 3153: 2401: 716:

and subsequently feed on the lower surface of the leaf. Their chewing results in irregular patches of damage, though the upper leaf

3108: 3065: 906: 190: 909:-resistant until 1953, and broad-spectrum use of insecticides did not begin until the late 1940s. By the 1980s, resistance to 1249: 3158: 2993: 952:) is the only other insect to have developed resistance to Bt toxin in agricultural systems, specifically in greenhouses. 392:. However, not all of these plants are equally useful as hosts to the moth. Because of this, studies have suggested using 3168: 3143: 2343:"CRISPR/Cas9 mediated knockout of abdominal- A homeotic gene in the global pest, diamondback moth (plutella xylostella)" 3148: 3123: 2921: 2778: 2735: 2552: 2497: 1863: 1220: 934:

The diamondback moth was the first insect found to have become resistant to biological control by the Bt toxin (from

2677: 2861: 2561: 2506: 384:, and is capable of migrating long distances. Diamondback moths are considered pests as they feed on the leaves of 3011: 3163: 3133: 2874: 2428: 2184:

Shirai, Yoichi (December 1995). "Longevity, flight ability and reproductive performance of the diamondback moth,

396:

as a trap crop around agricultural fields because diamondback moths are highly attracted to that plant but their

74: 3128: 3113: 901:

The diamondback's lack of natural enemies, such as parasitoids, may be accounted for by the widespread use of

2726: 3138: 2547: 2432: 3118: 2688: 2612:

has recently been superseded by a version that simply records countries where DBM has been reported (16)."

936: 885: 774: 2939: 2642: 2084:

P. Wang; J. Z. Zhao; A. Rodrigo-Simon; W. Kain; A. F. Janmaat; A. M. Shelton; J. Ferre; J. Myers (2006).

1109: 2783: 2646: 467: 169: 2667:

The Sixth International Workshop on Management of the Diamondback Moth and Other Crucifer Insect Pests.

712:, although they are so small, the mines are difficult to detect. The larvae emerge from these mines to 1758:"A Single Hot Event That Does Not Affect Survival but Decreases Reproduction in the Diamondback Moth, 1703:"A reference gene set for sex pheromone biosynthesis and degradation genes from the diamondback moth, 3103: 3093: 3070: 3021: 2962: 2817: 2354: 2197: 1979: 1773: 1592: 1413: 1400:

Justus, K. A.; Mitchell, B. K. (November 1996). "Oviposition site selection by the diamondback moth,

1258: 1167: 792: 2548:"Diamondback Moth Ecology and Management: Problems, Progress, and Prospects - Supplemental Material" 2266:

Country review paper: Thailand. Informal Expert Consultation on IPM in Major Vegetable Crops in Asia

1895:

N S Talekar; Shelton, and A. M. (1993). "Biology, Ecology, and Management of the Diamondback Moth".

2280:

Country review paper: Vietnam. Informal Expert Consultation on IPM in Major Vegetable Crops in Asia

736: 374: 2985: 2760: 2145:"Effects of Conspecific Herbivory and Mating Status on Host Searching and Oviposition Behavior of 1450:

Badenes-Pérez, Francisco Rubén; Reichelt, Michael; Gershenzon, Jonathan; Heckel, David G. (2011).

1307:"Effects of Conspecific Herbivory and Mating Status on Host Searching and Oviposition Behavior of 1135: 2534: 2462: 2213: 1948: 1843: 1683: 1536: 1429: 1375: 1274: 994: 808: 779: 717: 426: 199: 69: 31: 1861:

N. S. Talekar; A. M. Shelton (1993). "Biology, ecology and management of the diamondback moth".

1218:

N. S. Talekar; A. M. Shelton (1993). "Biology, ecology and management of the diamondback moth".

1150:

Wei, Shu-Jun; Shi, Bao-Cai; Gong, Ya-Jun; Jin, Gui-Hua; Chen, Xue-Xin; Meng, Xiang-Feng (2013).

834:

emission, courtship, and mating occur near the host plant and may be enhanced due to host cues.

424:

The adults of this species are visually identical to the adults of the New Zealand endemic moth

2913: 2310:"Notes on the parasites and predators attacking the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.)" 3042: 2972: 2804: 2670: 2581: 2573: 2526: 2518: 2479: 2471: 2454: 2444: 2250:

Guan-Soon, Lim (1992). "Integrated Pest Management of Diamondback Moth: Practical Realities".

2125: 2066: 2007: 1940: 1801: 1738: 1675: 1608: 1564: 1528: 1485: 1477: 1363: 1353: 1195: 923: 618: 505: 393: 2949: 3047: 2656: 2565: 2510: 2436: 2362: 2321: 2205: 2164: 2115: 2107: 2056: 2048: 1997: 1987: 1932: 1904: 1872: 1835: 1791: 1781: 1728: 1718: 1667: 1600: 1520: 1467: 1456:

spp. (Brassicaceae) and misleading assessment of host suitability by a specialist herbivore"

1421: 1326: 1266: 1229: 1185: 1175: 487: 459: 2740: 3029: 1051: 667: 565: 555: 52: 1020:

can be one of the most effective ways of both stabilizing ecosystems and managing pests.

542:. Nearly all cruciferous vegetable crops are attacked, but some are favored over others. 2358: 2201: 1983: 1908: 1876: 1777: 1596: 1417: 1262: 1233: 1171: 2869: 2856: 2569: 2514: 2421: 2120: 2085: 2061: 2026: 1968:"One gene in diamondback moth confers resistance to four Bacillus thuringiensis toxins" 1796: 1757: 1733: 1702: 1654:

Reddy, G.V.P.; Holoopainen, J.K.; Guerrero, A. (January 2002). "Olfactory Responses of

1190: 1151: 1037: 949: 685:

probably half that amount. The larvae emerge from the eggs in about six to seven days.

613: 575: 3087: 2424: 2002: 1967: 1839: 1472: 1451: 1270: 1056: 1029: 965: 856: 754: 729: 681: 659:

determine when oviposition occurs, but they may play a higher role in egg placement.

609: 590: 471: 389: 186: 2750: 2538: 2466: 2217: 1847: 1687: 1658:

Natural Enemies to Host Pheromone, Larval Frass, and Green Leaf Cabbage Volatiles".

1433: 1152:"Genetic Structure and Demographic History Reveal Migration of the Diamondback Moth 61: 2809: 1540: 1278: 902: 539: 370: 2666: 1786: 1180: 2998: 2980: 2957: 2895: 2720: 914: 860: 796: 651: 570: 522: 463: 455: 356: 136: 126: 17: 2711: 2366: 1972:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

1604: 859:. In addition, a female can deter disadvantageous multiple mating by forming a 1723: 1671: 1524: 961: 910: 709: 655: 600: 483: 404: 385: 35: 2848: 2577: 2522: 2458: 2395: 1944: 1481: 1367: 2830: 2342: 848: 831: 639: 517: 513: 451: 106: 86: 2926: 2585: 2530: 2129: 2070: 2052: 1992: 1966:

Tabashnik, Bruce E.; Liu, Y.-B; Finson, N; Masson, L; Heckel, D.G. (1997).

1805: 1742: 1679: 1612: 1532: 1489: 1199: 1036:, released between 1,000 and 2,500 genetically modified males to a crop in 2483: 2380:

Le Page, Michael (8 February 2020). "Modified moths head into the field".

2169: 2144: 2011: 1629: 1347: 1331: 1306: 1156:(Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) from the Southern to Northern Regions of China" 893:

Chinese cabbage represents the country's most significant vegetable crop.

2791: 2770: 2705: 2440: 2326: 2309: 2111: 585: 550: 475: 447: 417: 361: 146: 3034: 2887: 2796: 2546:

Furlong, Michael J.; Wright, Denis J.; Dosdall, Lloyd M. (2013-01-07).

2209: 1952: 1425: 889: 720:

is often left intact. These irregular patches are called window panes.

702: 698: 623: 560: 479: 438:

The diamondback moth has a global distribution and is found in Europe,

2900: 462:. It is said by some experts to be the most widely distributed of all 1707:, based on genome and transcriptome digital gene expression analyses" 1033: 881: 694: 595: 443: 397: 381: 366: 116: 96: 2682: 2665:

R. Srinivasan; Anthony M. Shelton; Hilda L. Collins (1 April 2011),

2232: 1936: 2835: 2662:

Coffs Harbour Butterfly House, NSW, Australia. Updated January 2014

884:. Larvae damage leaves, buds, flowers, and seed buds of cultivated 503:

Diamondback moths prefer the cabbage plant, from the plant species

482:

and the Rocky Mountains by 1883. Although diamondback moths cannot

380:

The moth has a short life cycle (14 days at 25 °C), is highly

2293:"Advances in biological control of diamondback moth in Malaysia". 813: 750: 713: 2416:

Rodolfo Juliani, H.; Simon, James E.; Ho, Chi-Tang, eds. (2009).

2188:(L.) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae), related to adult body size". 580: 439: 30:

Diamondback moth may also refer to the New Zealand endemic moth

2822: 2686: 1756:

Zhang, Wei; Zhao, Fei; Hoffmann, Ary A.; Ma, Chun-Sen (2013).

1349:

A photographic guide to moths & butterflies of New Zealand

728:

When female diamondback moths lay their eggs, some of their

2090:

toxin Cry1Ac in a greenhouse population of cabbage looper,

753:

are about 8 mm long and are wrapped in a loose silk

2608:

DBM DISTRIBUTION, CURRENT MANAGEMENT, AND ECONOMIC COSTS

490:

by 1905 and is now present in several Canadian regions.

2149:(Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) in Relation to Its Host, 1311:(Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) in Relation to Its Host, 905:

in the 1950s. The diamondback was not recognized as

2695: 1028:diamondback moth. Field trials conducted by the UK 2314:Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology 2295:Regional Workshop on Pest Management of Vegetables 1507:, as a feeding deterrent to the diamondback moth, 529:Host plant learning and selection for egg laying 2027:"Rapid evolution and the cost of resistance to 2031:in greenhouse populations of cabbage loopers, 1445: 1443: 486:effectively in cold climates, it was found in 2660:(Linnaeus, 1758) Diamond Back or Cabbage Moth 8: 2237:Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences 1452:"Phylloplane location of glucosinolates in 1007:Potential physical and mechanical practices 880:in the world, and an increasing problem in 2683: 1380:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 964:can kill larvae. The cultural practice of 400:fail to survive when eggs are laid on it. 60: 51: 42: 2347:Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2325: 2168: 2119: 2060: 2001: 1991: 1795: 1785: 1732: 1722: 1585:Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 1471: 1330: 1213: 1211: 1209: 1189: 1179: 795:. Common enemies of the moth include the 708:The feeding habit of the first instar is 377:region, but it has now spread worldwide. 2420:. ACS Symposium Series. Vol. 1127. 2308:Yamada, Hideo; Yamaguchi, Taiji (1985). 1630:"Plutella xylostella (diamondback moth)" 1395: 1393: 1391: 773: 735: 666: 2594: 1817: 1815: 1624: 1622: 1250:Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 1071: 212: 2099:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1574: 1572: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1552: 1550: 1373: 1352:. Olivier Ball. Auckland. p. 25. 1103: 1101: 1099: 1097: 1095: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1300: 1298: 1296: 1294: 1292: 1290: 1288: 1145: 1143: 1093: 1091: 1089: 1087: 1085: 1083: 1081: 1079: 1077: 1075: 944:(Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, and Cry1F). 7: 3022:63fa25d7-7f2f-4eb0-887c-c9307aba4f01 2875:4f99faee-5888-426e-8bc8-9eeed7b36ce0 1131: 1129: 1127: 1125: 1123: 1121: 1119: 1015:Potential biological control options 1909:10.1146/annurev.en.38.010193.001423 1877:10.1146/annurev.en.38.010193.001423 1234:10.1146/annurev.en.38.010193.001423 2570:10.1146/annurev-ento-120811-153605 2515:10.1146/annurev-ento-120811-153605 2040:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 1404:(L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)". 1055:extract to be highly effective in 1044:Potential chemical control options 512:Female diamondback moths use both 355:, is a moth species of the family 25: 2190:Researches on Population Ecology 2025:A. F. Janmaat; J. Myers (2003). 1840:10.1111/j.1439-0418.2005.00931.x 1473:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03486.x 1271:10.1111/j.1570-7458.2006.00416.x 73: 2402:Alberta Ministry of Agriculture 470:path is not known. However, in 3174:Moths of São Tomé and Príncipe 2418:African natural plant products 838:delaying the time for mating. 724:Sex pheromone effect on larvae 1: 1828:Journal of Applied Entomology 2669:AVRDC-WorldVegetableCenter. 2384:. No. 3268. p. 18. 2153:(Brassicales: Brassicaceae)" 2086:"Mechanism of resistance to 1787:10.1371/journal.pone.0075923 1346:Hoare, Robert J. B. (2014). 1315:(Brassicales: Brassicaceae)" 1181:10.1371/journal.pone.0059654 987:Potential cultural practices 3179:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 2653:Featured Creatures Web site 2553:Annual Review of Entomology 2498:Annual Review of Entomology 2231:Hermansson, Joakim (2016). 1897:Annual Review of Entomology 1864:Annual Review of Entomology 1660:Journal of Chemical Ecology 1513:Journal of Chemical Ecology 1221:Annual Review of Entomology 478:in 1854, and then found in 3195: 2367:10.1016/j.ibmb.2016.06.004 1605:10.1016/j.ibmb.2016.03.005 1406:Journal of Insect Behavior 1023:2. The homologous gene of 29: 3099:Agricultural pest insects 2429:American Chemical Society 2404:. 2018. pp. 385–440. 1724:10.1186/s12864-017-3592-y 1565:Oklahoma State University 876:DBM is the worst pest of 225:Phalaena tinea xylostella 205: 198: 175: 168: 70:Scientific classification 68: 59: 50: 45: 34:or the ermine moth genus 3154:Moths of the Middle East 1925:The Florida Entomologist 388:and plants that produce 351:), sometimes called the 3109:Moths described in 1758 2433:Oxford University Press 1672:10.1023/A:1013519003944 1525:10.1023/A:1014500330510 1110:"University of Florida" 982:Integrated pest control 929:Diadromus subtilicornis 867:Interaction with humans 793:resistant to pesticides 787:Predators and parasites 2143:Wee, Suk Ling (2016). 2088:Bacillus thuringiensis 2053:10.1098/rspb.2003.2497 2029:Bacillus thuringiensis 1993:10.1073/pnas.94.5.1640 1305:Wee, Suk Ling (2016). 937:Bacillus thuringiensis 783: 741: 672: 286:Plutella limbipennella 241:Cerostoma maculipennis 2435:). pp. xii+333. 2170:10.1653/024.099.sp119 1332:10.1653/024.099.sp119 919:Microplitis plutellae 800:Trichogramma chilonis 777: 739: 670: 294:Plutella mollipedella 270:Plutella cruciferarum 262:Plutella karsholtella 249:Plutella maculipennis 3159:Moths of New Zealand 2870:Fauna Europaea (new) 2441:10.1021/BK-2013-1127 2327:10.1303/jjaez.29.170 2252:DBM IPM Practicality 2157:Florida Entomologist 2112:10.1128/AEM.01834-06 1319:Florida Entomologist 897:Pesticide resistance 278:Plutella brassicella 233:Cerostoma xylostella 3144:Moths of Madagascar 3058:plutella-xylostella 2761:Plutella-xylostella 2741:Plutella_xylostella 2727:Plutella xylostella 2697:Plutella xylostella 2658:Plutella xylostella 2359:2016IBMB...75...98H 2202:1995PopEc..37..269S 2186:Plutella xylostella 2147:Plutella xylostella 2047:(1530): 2263–2270. 1984:1997PNAS...94.1640T 1824:Plutella xylostella 1778:2013PLoSO...875923Z 1760:Plutella xylostella 1705:Plutella xylostella 1656:Plutella xylostella 1597:2016IBMB...72...10Z 1581:Plutella xylostella 1509:Plutella xylostella 1418:1996JIBeh...9..887J 1402:Plutella xylostella 1309:Plutella xylostella 1263:2006EEApp.120...23B 1172:2013PLoSO...859654W 1154:Plutella xylostella 1025:Plutella xylostella 474:it was observed in 348:Plutella xylostella 326:Plutella dudiosalla 318:Plutella dubiosella 254:Plutella albovenosa 217:Phalaena xylostella 179:Plutella xylostella 3149:Moths of Mauritius 3124:Moths of Australia 2210:10.1007/BF02515829 1426:10.1007/BF02208976 1108:Capinera, John L. 995:Trifolium pratense 886:cruciferous plants 809:Chrysoperla carnea 784: 780:Chrysoperla carnea 742: 673: 427:Plutella antiphona 321:Beutenmüller, 1889 302:Gelechia cicerella 257:(Walsingham, 1907) 161:P. xylostella 32:Plutella antiphona 3081: 3080: 3043:Open Tree of Life 2689:Taxon identifiers 2675:978-92-9058-190-1 2476:978-0-8412-2805-4 2450:978-0-8412-2804-7 2151:Brassica oleracea 1701:He, Peng (2017). 1583:to better food". 1505:Barbarea vulgaris 1359:978-1-86966-399-5 1313:Brassica oleracea 924:Diadegma insulare 806:and the predator 638:Diamondbacks are 619:Barbarea vulgaris 506:Brassica oleracea 386:cruciferous crops 339: 338: 330: 322: 314: 306: 298: 290: 282: 274: 266: 258: 245: 237: 229: 221: 46:Diamondback moth 16:(Redirected from 3186: 3169:Moths of Réunion 3164:Moths of Oceania 3134:Moths of Iceland 3074: 3073: 3061: 3060: 3051: 3050: 3038: 3037: 3025: 3024: 3015: 3014: 3002: 3001: 2999:NHMSYS0000503886 2989: 2988: 2976: 2975: 2966: 2965: 2953: 2952: 2943: 2942: 2930: 2929: 2917: 2916: 2904: 2903: 2891: 2890: 2878: 2877: 2865: 2864: 2852: 2851: 2839: 2838: 2826: 2825: 2813: 2812: 2800: 2799: 2787: 2786: 2774: 2773: 2764: 2763: 2754: 2753: 2744: 2743: 2731: 2730: 2729: 2716: 2715: 2714: 2684: 2643:diamondback moth 2630: 2624: 2619: 2613: 2610: 2604: 2599: 2589: 2542: 2487: 2470: 2431:(Distributed by 2413: 2407: 2405: 2392: 2386: 2385: 2377: 2371: 2370: 2338: 2332: 2331: 2329: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2290: 2284: 2283: 2276: 2270: 2269: 2262: 2256: 2255: 2247: 2241: 2240: 2228: 2222: 2221: 2181: 2175: 2174: 2172: 2163:(sp1): 159–165. 2140: 2134: 2133: 2123: 2081: 2075: 2074: 2064: 2022: 2016: 2015: 2005: 1995: 1978:(5): 1640–1644. 1963: 1957: 1956: 1919: 1913: 1912: 1892: 1881: 1880: 1858: 1852: 1851: 1819: 1810: 1809: 1799: 1789: 1753: 1747: 1746: 1736: 1726: 1698: 1692: 1691: 1651: 1645: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1626: 1617: 1616: 1576: 1567: 1562: 1545: 1544: 1500: 1494: 1493: 1475: 1447: 1438: 1437: 1397: 1386: 1385: 1379: 1371: 1343: 1337: 1336: 1334: 1325:(sp1): 159–165. 1302: 1283: 1282: 1244: 1238: 1237: 1215: 1204: 1203: 1193: 1183: 1147: 1138: 1133: 1114: 1113: 1105: 942:B. thuringiensis 804:Cotesia plutella 556:Brussels sprouts 488:British Columbia 460:Hawaiian Islands 434:Geographic range 343:diamondback moth 328: 320: 312: 310:Tinea galeatella 304: 296: 288: 280: 272: 264: 256: 243: 236:(Linnaeus, 1777) 235: 227: 219: 181: 78: 77: 64: 55: 43: 21: 18:Diamondback Moth 3194: 3193: 3189: 3188: 3187: 3185: 3184: 3183: 3129:Moths of Europe 3114:Moths of Africa 3084: 3083: 3082: 3077: 3069: 3064: 3056: 3054: 3046: 3041: 3033: 3030:Observation.org 3028: 3020: 3018: 3010: 3005: 2997: 2992: 2984: 2979: 2971: 2969: 2961: 2956: 2948: 2946: 2938: 2933: 2925: 2920: 2912: 2907: 2899: 2894: 2886: 2881: 2873: 2868: 2860: 2855: 2847: 2842: 2834: 2829: 2821: 2816: 2808: 2803: 2795: 2790: 2782: 2777: 2769: 2767: 2759: 2757: 2749: 2747: 2739: 2734: 2725: 2724: 2719: 2710: 2709: 2704: 2691: 2639: 2634: 2633: 2622: 2620: 2616: 2606: 2602: 2600: 2596: 2545: 2494: 2491: 2490: 2451: 2415: 2414: 2410: 2397:Crop Protection 2394: 2393: 2389: 2379: 2378: 2374: 2340: 2339: 2335: 2307: 2306: 2302: 2292: 2291: 2287: 2278: 2277: 2273: 2264: 2263: 2259: 2249: 2248: 2244: 2230: 2229: 2225: 2183: 2182: 2178: 2142: 2141: 2137: 2106:(4): 1199–207. 2092:Trichoplusia ni 2083: 2082: 2078: 2033:Trichoplusia ni 2024: 2023: 2019: 1965: 1964: 1960: 1937:10.2307/3496140 1921: 1920: 1916: 1894: 1893: 1884: 1860: 1859: 1855: 1821: 1820: 1813: 1755: 1754: 1750: 1700: 1699: 1695: 1653: 1652: 1648: 1638: 1636: 1628: 1627: 1620: 1578: 1577: 1570: 1563: 1548: 1502: 1501: 1497: 1460:New Phytologist 1449: 1448: 1441: 1399: 1398: 1389: 1372: 1360: 1345: 1344: 1340: 1304: 1303: 1286: 1246: 1245: 1241: 1217: 1216: 1207: 1149: 1148: 1141: 1134: 1117: 1107: 1106: 1073: 1068: 1052:Piper guineense 1046: 1017: 1009: 989: 984: 975: 973:Climate effects 958: 946:Trichoplusia ni 899: 874: 869: 844: 842:Number of mates 828: 823: 789: 772: 763: 747: 726: 691: 678: 665: 649: 647:Taste and touch 632: 614:isothiocyanates 605: 566:Chinese cabbage 545:These include 536: 531: 525:will continue. 501: 496: 436: 414: 335: 211: 210: 194: 183: 177: 164: 72: 39: 28: 27:Species of moth 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3192: 3190: 3182: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3139:Moths of Japan 3136: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3086: 3085: 3079: 3078: 3076: 3075: 3062: 3052: 3039: 3026: 3016: 3003: 2990: 2977: 2967: 2954: 2944: 2931: 2918: 2905: 2892: 2879: 2866: 2857:Fauna Europaea 2853: 2840: 2827: 2814: 2801: 2788: 2775: 2765: 2755: 2745: 2732: 2717: 2701: 2699: 2693: 2692: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2663: 2654: 2638: 2637:External links 2635: 2632: 2631: 2614: 2593: 2592: 2591: 2590: 2562:Annual Reviews 2543: 2507:Annual Reviews 2489: 2488: 2449: 2422:Washington, DC 2408: 2387: 2372: 2333: 2320:(2): 170–173. 2300: 2285: 2271: 2257: 2242: 2223: 2196:(2): 269–277. 2176: 2135: 2076: 2017: 1958: 1914: 1903:(1): 275–301. 1882: 1853: 1811: 1772:(10): e75923. 1748: 1693: 1666:(1): 131–143. 1646: 1618: 1568: 1546: 1495: 1466:(2): 549–556. 1439: 1412:(6): 887–898. 1387: 1358: 1338: 1284: 1239: 1205: 1139: 1115: 1070: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1045: 1042: 1038:New York state 1016: 1013: 1008: 1005: 988: 985: 983: 980: 974: 971: 957: 956:Other controls 954: 950:cabbage looper 898: 895: 873: 870: 868: 865: 843: 840: 827: 824: 822: 819: 788: 785: 771: 768: 762: 759: 749:The yellowish 746: 743: 730:sex pheromones 725: 722: 690: 687: 677: 674: 664: 661: 648: 645: 631: 628: 610:glucosinolates 604: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 576:Collard greens 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 547: 535: 532: 530: 527: 500: 497: 495: 492: 435: 432: 413: 410: 390:glucosinolates 337: 336: 334: 333: 332: 331: 323: 315: 307: 299: 291: 283: 275: 267: 265:Baraniak, 2003 259: 251: 246: 238: 230: 228:Linnaeus, 1758 222: 220:Linnaeus, 1758 208: 207: 206: 203: 202: 196: 195: 184: 173: 172: 166: 165: 158: 156: 152: 151: 144: 140: 139: 134: 130: 129: 124: 120: 119: 114: 110: 109: 104: 100: 99: 94: 90: 89: 84: 80: 79: 66: 65: 57: 56: 48: 47: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3191: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3119:Moths of Asia 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3091: 3089: 3072: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3053: 3049: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2968: 2964: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2945: 2941: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2766: 2762: 2756: 2752: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2733: 2728: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2707: 2703: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2685: 2679: 2678:Download link 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2641: 2640: 2636: 2628: 2618: 2615: 2609: 2598: 2595: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2554: 2549: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2499: 2493: 2492: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2425:New York City 2423: 2419: 2412: 2409: 2403: 2399: 2398: 2391: 2388: 2383: 2382:New Scientist 2376: 2373: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2337: 2334: 2328: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2304: 2301: 2296: 2289: 2286: 2281: 2275: 2272: 2267: 2261: 2258: 2253: 2246: 2243: 2238: 2234: 2227: 2224: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2180: 2177: 2171: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2152: 2148: 2139: 2136: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2100: 2095: 2093: 2089: 2080: 2077: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2041: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2021: 2018: 2013: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1962: 1959: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1918: 1915: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1865: 1857: 1854: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1807: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1761: 1752: 1749: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1706: 1697: 1694: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1650: 1647: 1635: 1631: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1566: 1561: 1559: 1557: 1555: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1519:(3): 587–99. 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1499: 1496: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1455: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1396: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1383: 1377: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1355: 1351: 1350: 1342: 1339: 1333: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1301: 1299: 1297: 1295: 1293: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1251: 1243: 1240: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1222: 1214: 1212: 1210: 1206: 1201: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1166:(4): e59654. 1165: 1161: 1157: 1155: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1137: 1132: 1130: 1128: 1126: 1124: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1111: 1104: 1102: 1100: 1098: 1096: 1094: 1092: 1090: 1088: 1086: 1084: 1082: 1080: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1065: 1063: 1061: 1059: 1054: 1053: 1043: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1030:biotechnology 1026: 1021: 1014: 1012: 1006: 1004: 1000: 997: 996: 986: 981: 979: 972: 970: 967: 966:intercropping 963: 960:Rainfall and 955: 953: 951: 947: 943: 939: 938: 932: 930: 926: 925: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 896: 894: 891: 887: 883: 879: 872:Pest of crops 871: 866: 864: 862: 858: 857:spermatophore 852: 850: 841: 839: 835: 833: 825: 820: 818: 815: 811: 810: 805: 801: 798: 794: 786: 782: 781: 776: 769: 767: 760: 758: 756: 752: 744: 738: 734: 731: 723: 721: 719: 715: 711: 706: 704: 700: 696: 688: 686: 683: 675: 669: 662: 660: 657: 653: 646: 644: 641: 636: 629: 627: 625: 621: 620: 615: 611: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 548: 546: 543: 541: 533: 528: 526: 524: 519: 515: 510: 508: 507: 498: 494:Parental care 493: 491: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 472:North America 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 433: 431: 430: 428: 422: 419: 411: 409: 406: 401: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 378: 376: 375:Mediterranean 372: 368: 364: 363: 358: 354: 350: 349: 344: 329:Moriuti, 1977 327: 324: 319: 316: 313:Mabille, 1888 311: 308: 305:Rondani, 1876 303: 300: 297:Clemens, 1860 295: 292: 289:Clemens, 1860 287: 284: 279: 276: 271: 268: 263: 260: 255: 252: 250: 247: 242: 239: 234: 231: 226: 223: 218: 215: 214: 213: 204: 201: 197: 192: 188: 182: 180: 174: 171: 170:Binomial name 167: 163: 162: 157: 154: 153: 150: 149: 145: 142: 141: 138: 135: 132: 131: 128: 125: 122: 121: 118: 115: 112: 111: 108: 105: 102: 101: 98: 95: 92: 91: 88: 85: 82: 81: 76: 71: 67: 63: 58: 54: 49: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 2696: 2657: 2626: 2617: 2607: 2597: 2557: 2551: 2502: 2496: 2417: 2411: 2406:Agdex 606-1. 2396: 2390: 2381: 2375: 2350: 2346: 2336: 2317: 2313: 2303: 2294: 2288: 2279: 2274: 2265: 2260: 2251: 2245: 2236: 2226: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2179: 2160: 2156: 2150: 2146: 2138: 2103: 2097: 2091: 2087: 2079: 2044: 2038: 2032: 2028: 2020: 1975: 1971: 1961: 1928: 1924: 1917: 1900: 1896: 1868: 1862: 1856: 1834:(1): 39–42. 1831: 1827: 1823: 1769: 1765: 1759: 1751: 1714: 1711:BMC Genomics 1710: 1704: 1696: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1649: 1637:. Retrieved 1633: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1498: 1463: 1459: 1453: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1348: 1341: 1322: 1318: 1312: 1308: 1257:(1): 23–31. 1254: 1248: 1242: 1225: 1219: 1163: 1159: 1153: 1057: 1050: 1047: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1010: 1001: 993: 990: 976: 959: 945: 941: 935: 933: 928: 922: 918: 903:insecticides 900: 877: 875: 853: 845: 836: 829: 807: 803: 799: 790: 778: 764: 748: 727: 707: 692: 679: 650: 637: 633: 617: 606: 544: 540:Brassicaceae 537: 511: 504: 502: 437: 425: 423: 415: 403:Originally, 402: 379: 371:South Africa 360: 353:cabbage moth 352: 347: 346: 342: 340: 325: 317: 309: 301: 293: 285: 277: 273:Zeller, 1843 269: 261: 253: 248: 244:Curtis, 1832 240: 232: 224: 216: 178: 176: 160: 159: 147: 40: 3104:Leaf miners 3094:Plutellidae 2981:NatureServe 2896:iNaturalist 2748:AfroMoths: 2721:Wikispecies 2564:: 517–541. 2509:: 517–541. 1871:: 275–301. 1228:: 275–301. 915:parasitoids 911:pyrethroids 861:mating plug 797:parasitoids 710:leaf mining 652:Antennation 571:Cauliflower 534:Host plants 523:oviposition 499:Oviposition 464:Lepidoptera 456:New Zealand 412:Description 394:wintercress 357:Plutellidae 281:Fitch, 1856 137:Plutellidae 127:Lepidoptera 3088:Categories 2973:PluteXylos 2254:: 565–576. 1931:(4): 585. 1717:(1): 219. 1066:References 962:irrigation 826:Pheromones 697:have four 663:Life cycle 656:ovipositor 601:Watercress 484:overwinter 458:, and the 405:pesticides 359:and genus 107:Arthropoda 36:Scythropia 2578:0066-4170 2523:0066-4170 2484:860903530 2459:430736504 1945:0015-4040 1639:2 October 1591:: 10–19. 1482:0028-646X 1376:cite book 1368:891672034 1136:AgroAtlas 878:Brassicas 849:fecundity 832:pheromone 718:epidermis 640:nocturnal 518:olfactory 514:gustatory 468:migration 452:Australia 373:, or the 155:Species: 93:Kingdom: 87:Eukaryota 2986:2.742943 2970:MaBENA: 2935:LepIndex 2914:10261759 2792:BugGuide 2768:BioLib: 2758:BAMONA: 2751:PLUTXYLO 2712:Q1050343 2706:Wikidata 2627:Brassica 2586:23020617 2539:44687189 2531:23020617 2467:89394800 2239:: 16–17. 2218:25864583 2130:17189446 2071:14613613 1848:86511435 1806:24116081 1766:PLOS ONE 1743:28249567 1688:22650385 1680:11871395 1613:27001069 1533:11944835 1490:21029103 1454:Barbarea 1434:28455636 1200:23565158 1160:PLOS ONE 1058:Brassica 1032:company 624:saponins 586:Kohlrabi 551:Broccoli 476:Illinois 448:Americas 418:wingspan 362:Plutella 200:Synonyms 187:Linnaeus 148:Plutella 133:Family: 103:Phylum: 97:Animalia 83:Domain: 2888:1831136 2645:on the 2355:Bibcode 2297:. 1990. 2198:Bibcode 2121:1828666 2062:1691497 2012:9050831 1980:Bibcode 1953:3496140 1826:(L.)". 1797:3793006 1774:Bibcode 1734:5333385 1593:Bibcode 1541:1539329 1414:Bibcode 1279:5985701 1259:Bibcode 1191:3614937 1168:Bibcode 890:florets 770:Enemies 703:prolegs 699:instars 591:Mustard 561:Cabbage 480:Florida 143:Genus: 123:Order: 117:Insecta 113:Class: 3071:989286 3048:664811 3019:NZOR: 2940:128302 2901:126765 2862:434016 2849:300022 2836:PLUTMA 2823:956714 2673: 2623: 2605:518, " 2603: 2584: 2576: 2537: 2529: 2521: 2482: 2474: 2465: 2457: 2447: 2353:: 98. 2216: 2128: 2118: 2069: 2059: 2010: 2000: 1951: 1943: 1846: 1804: 1794: 1741: 1731: 1686: 1678: 1611: 1539: 1531: 1488: 1480: 1432: 1366: 1356: 1277: 1198: 1188: 1034:Oxitec 927:, and 882:canola 821:Mating 755:cocoon 695:larvae 689:Larvae 596:Radish 446:, the 444:Africa 398:larvae 382:fecund 367:Europe 3066:WoRMS 3055:PPE: 3012:51655 2947:LoB: 2927:42318 2909:IRMNG 2844:EUNIS 2810:4KJZ5 2797:37502 2784:20156 2771:45936 2560:(1). 2535:S2CID 2505:(1). 2463:S2CID 2214:S2CID 2003:19969 1949:JSTOR 1844:S2CID 1684:S2CID 1537:S2CID 1430:S2CID 1275:S2CID 1060:crops 814:frass 761:Adult 751:pupae 714:moult 3035:9534 3007:NCBI 2963:2366 2958:MONA 2950:4583 2883:GBIF 2831:EPPO 2779:BOLD 2671:ISBN 2651:IFAS 2582:PMID 2574:ISSN 2527:PMID 2519:ISSN 2480:OCLC 2472:ISBN 2455:OCLC 2445:ISBN 2126:PMID 2067:PMID 2008:PMID 1941:ISSN 1802:PMID 1739:PMID 1676:PMID 1641:2017 1634:CABI 1609:PMID 1529:PMID 1486:PMID 1478:ISSN 1382:link 1364:OCLC 1354:ISBN 1196:PMID 802:and 745:Pupa 740:Pupa 693:The 682:eggs 680:The 676:Eggs 671:Eggs 630:Odor 612:and 581:Kale 516:and 440:Asia 341:The 209:List 191:1758 2994:NBN 2922:ISC 2818:EoL 2805:CoL 2736:AFD 2566:doi 2511:doi 2437:doi 2363:doi 2322:doi 2206:doi 2165:doi 2116:PMC 2108:doi 2057:PMC 2049:doi 2045:270 1998:PMC 1988:doi 1933:doi 1905:doi 1873:doi 1836:doi 1832:129 1792:PMC 1782:doi 1729:PMC 1719:doi 1668:doi 1601:doi 1521:doi 1511:". 1468:doi 1464:189 1422:doi 1327:doi 1267:doi 1255:120 1230:doi 1186:PMC 1176:doi 907:DDT 3090:: 3068:: 3045:: 3032:: 3009:: 2996:: 2983:: 2960:: 2937:: 2924:: 2911:: 2898:: 2885:: 2872:: 2859:: 2846:: 2833:: 2820:: 2807:: 2794:: 2781:: 2738:: 2723:: 2708:: 2649:/ 2647:UF 2621:p. 2601:p. 2580:. 2572:. 2558:58 2556:. 2550:. 2533:. 2525:. 2517:. 2503:58 2501:. 2478:. 2461:. 2453:. 2443:. 2427:: 2400:. 2361:. 2351:75 2349:. 2345:. 2318:29 2316:. 2312:. 2235:. 2212:. 2204:. 2194:37 2192:. 2161:99 2159:. 2155:. 2124:. 2114:. 2104:73 2102:. 2096:. 2065:. 2055:. 2043:. 2037:. 2006:. 1996:. 1986:. 1976:94 1974:. 1970:. 1947:. 1939:. 1929:75 1927:. 1901:38 1899:. 1885:^ 1869:38 1867:. 1842:. 1830:. 1814:^ 1800:. 1790:. 1780:. 1768:. 1764:. 1737:. 1727:. 1715:18 1713:. 1709:. 1682:. 1674:. 1664:28 1662:. 1632:. 1621:^ 1607:. 1599:. 1589:72 1587:. 1571:^ 1549:^ 1535:. 1527:. 1517:28 1515:. 1484:. 1476:. 1462:. 1458:. 1442:^ 1428:. 1420:. 1408:. 1390:^ 1378:}} 1374:{{ 1362:. 1323:99 1321:. 1317:. 1287:^ 1273:. 1265:. 1253:. 1226:38 1224:. 1208:^ 1194:. 1184:. 1174:. 1162:. 1158:. 1142:^ 1118:^ 1074:^ 1062:. 931:. 921:, 917:, 863:. 626:. 454:, 450:, 442:, 369:, 189:, 2588:. 2568:: 2541:. 2513:: 2486:. 2469:. 2439:: 2369:. 2365:: 2357:: 2330:. 2324:: 2282:. 2268:. 2220:. 2208:: 2200:: 2173:. 2167:: 2132:. 2110:: 2094:" 2073:. 2051:: 2035:" 2014:. 1990:: 1982:: 1955:. 1935:: 1911:. 1907:: 1879:. 1875:: 1850:. 1838:: 1808:. 1784:: 1776:: 1770:8 1762:" 1745:. 1721:: 1690:. 1670:: 1643:. 1615:. 1603:: 1595:: 1543:. 1523:: 1492:. 1470:: 1436:. 1424:: 1416:: 1410:9 1384:) 1370:. 1335:. 1329:: 1281:. 1269:: 1261:: 1236:. 1232:: 1202:. 1178:: 1170:: 1164:8 1112:. 948:( 429:. 345:( 193:) 185:( 38:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.