500:. It found that Ortiz had been placed under surveillance, was threatened, then kidnapped and tortured. It made a judgment against the state of Guatemala, with remedies suggested. It noted that a domestic case had quickly been filed with the National Police in the department where the sisters were working, and that Ortiz had cooperated with the investigation, but in six years the government had made no progress on it. The commission noted that high-ranking officials of the National Police, Ministry of Interior and Ministry of Defense had immediately denied Ortiz's statement and tried to denigrate her account before any investigation was done.
644:"TASSC is unique in the United States as the only organization led by torture survivors themselves, operating from the core belief that survivors understand their needs best and must be at the core of decisions about the healing process". After speaking with and interviewing torture victims all across the world, Ortiz was inspired and felt driven to start an advocacy organization. TASSC increased the access of resources for survivors despite the increasing number of torture survivors across Latin America and the United States.
348:
that her abduction was a hoax. General HĂ©ctor
Gramajo, the Chief of Staff of the Army, oversaw the troops who tortured and kidnapped Ortiz. In order to obscure their actions, they reported that Ortiz's injuries were caused by a "lesbian love tryst". President George W. Bush of the United States, took part in the denial that the Guatemalan military was involved in the crime in order to preserve their relationships with the military there. Guatemalan military was protected under US law and worked for the US government.
232:. According to her account, in late 1988 the Bishop of Huehuetenango received an anonymous typed document accusing Ortiz and the other sisters in San Miguel of planning to meet with "subversives". This was followed in 1989 by written anonymous threats directed and delivered to Ortiz personally, while she was staying in more than one location, showing that she was under continued surveillance. In October 1989, she went to the retreat center of Posada de Belen in
289:. Ortiz suffered greatly from her experience; like other torture victims, she lost many of her memories from the period before she went to Guatemala. After returning to the U.S., she had to be reintroduced to her family. It took her a long time to rebuild her trust in people. In addition, she later recounted, she learned she was pregnant from the rapes. Overwhelmed by the treatment she had received, she got an abortion. This added to her
622:(TASSC) as a project of GHRC/USA. TASSC received its 501(c)3 status in 2002, becoming the only organization in the U.S. founded by and for survivors of torture. It provides support particularly to survivors living in the U.S., as many refugees had come from nations in Central and South America where states had sponsored terrorism against citizens.
598:. He writes: "impunity as concrete legal or 'de facto' actions taken by powerful sectors to prevent investigation or prosecution, such as amnesty laws, pardons, thwarting investigations, the hiding of documents, and tampering with legal samples were abundant in Guatemala." He also notes the unsolved killing of Michael DeVine, the
351:
Despite the denials, the
Commission, also known as the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, ruled that Ortiz was telling the truth and that all of the accusations made against the Guatemalan military were legitimate. The administration was held accountable for the atrocities perpetrated against
272:
with a similar name, Verónica Ortiz Hernández. Ortiz knew this woman, an indigenous
Guatemalan, and said she did not resemble her. When she questioned him about that, she said that Alejandro "insinuated that I was to blame for my torture because I had not heeded the threats that were sent to me." She
347:
The U.S government claimed that the allegations were false, stating that "items which were later found were intentionally placed in the garden to provide greater realism to the story of the kidnapping". Ortiz also explicitly mentions that
General HĂ©ctor Gramajo, and General Carlos Morales told press
214:
Dianna attended San Jose
Elementary School and Sierra Vista Elementary School. For high school, she spent her freshman, sophomore, and junior years at Grants High School in New Mexico, while ending her senior year at Mount Saint Joseph Academy. In Ursuline, she taught children while being very young
614:
In 1994, Dianna Ortiz began working at the
Guatemala Human Rights Commission/USA (GHRC). GHRC's director, Sister Alice Zachmann, had advocated for her release from clandestine detention in 1989 and had invited Dianna to give the keynote address at GHRC's 1992 International Conference on Torture in
564:
while the defendant is in the United States". The court agreed with the plaintiffs on
Gramajo's responsibility, saying the former general "devised and directed the implementation of an indiscriminate campaign of terror against civilians", including the nine plaintiffs. The judge ordered Gramajo to
393:
in
Washington, DC, was paid $ 220,000 by Guatemala. Based on the CPI report, Clinton prohibited any member of his administration from representing foreign governments after leaving the federal government. (It is generally common practice for political appointees to work later for lobbying firms to
314:
The United States intervened on behalf of
Guatemala when the military forces there were abusing a number of human rights at the time of Ortiz's kidnapping. The United States trained "officers in counterinsurgency techniques and assisted the national intelligence apparatus". The methods employed by
280:
The nightmare I lived was nothing out of the ordinary. In 1989, under
Guatemala's first civilian president in years, nearly two hundred people were abducted. Unlike me, they were "disappeared, gone forever". The only uncommon element of my ordeal was that I survived, probably because I was a U.S.
576:
and arbitrary detention (as differentiated from prolonged arbitrary detention) to the list of torts cognizable under the ATCA. "Numerous other cases have now reaffirmed the responsibility and civil liability of commanders and those in authority for the actions of their troops and subordinates."
432:
She went on a five-week hunger strike in protest. In order to prevent her torturers from harming another person in Guatemala, Ortiz intended to gather as much information as possible about her situation and them. Ortiz anticipated being the voice for others who could not openly comment on human
310:
that lasted 36 years since the early 1960s and mostly targeted Mayan people. The war was a conflict between right-wing politicians and communist movements. At the time the civil war began, Guatemala was under General Miguel Ydigoras Fuentes' rule. Roughly 200,000 people were killed during these
152:
ordered the release of CIA papers associated with her case. Clinton also ordered the declassification of decades of documents related to U.S. relations with Guatemala. These showed that a Guatemalan colonel paid by the CIA was implicated in the deaths of the American Michael DeVine in 1990 and
436:
Numerous CIA papers were released in May 1996. While there was no confirmation of Ortiz's claim that an American national had been directly involved in her case, the papers revealed that a Guatemalan colonel on the CIA payroll ordered the 1990 killing of DeVine and the 1993 murder of Bámaca
281:
citizen, and phone calls poured into Congress when I was reported missing. As a U.S. citizen, I had another advantage: I could, in relative safety, reveal afterwards the details of what happened to me in those twenty-four hours. One of those details: an American was in charge of my torturers.
452:
he IOB believes that Sister Dianna was subjected to horrific abuse on November 2, 1989, but U.S. intelligence reports provide little insight into the details of her plight. Because the Department of Justice is still conducting an extensive reinvestigation of the incident, we do not draw any
466:
analyst, told a Congressional contact that the CIA had been funding Guatemala military operations, despite the 1990 prohibition. As a result, Clinton ordered declassification of records going back to 1954 (when a CIA-sponsored military coup overthrew the government). Analysis has revealed
401:, an American innkeeper who had been living and working in Guatemala for 20 years, was found killed. The U.S. pressed the Guatemalan government to solve his murder; when that did not happen by the end of the year, Congress prohibited more military funding, then worth about $ 2.8 million.
389:(CPI), Guatemala was among several nations known to commit torture and human rights abuses and that had paid U.S. lobbying firms high fees to help keep U.S. funds going to it and "to gloss over its wretched human rights reputation". For instance, in 1991, the major lobbying firm of
263:
when a man with an American accent entered the room and said in English, "Shit." Then he said, in Spanish, to the torturers, "You idiots! Leave her alone. She's a North American, and it's all over the news." To Ortiz he said, "You have to forgive those guys, ... they made a
118:, she was abducted on November 2, 1989 by members of the Guatemalan military, detained, raped, and tortured for 24 hours before being released. After her release, Ortiz reported that an American was among her captors. This part of her account could not be confirmed.
311:
events, and 83 percent of them were Mayans - these civilians had been violated by the government and armed forces. Individuals and villages from socioeconomic backgrounds were also wiped out due to large massacres that were a result of government repression.
373:
contested Ortiz's claim that an American was among her captors. Roberts implied that Ortiz was lying about the entire episode, despite the fact that Ortiz later won a lawsuit against a Guatemalan general she accused in the case. It was later revealed that
255:
Before being abducted and following her transfer from the Ursuline convent to Guatemala, Ortiz started getting death threats. In addition to being raped, and tortured repeatedly, Ortiz was forced to torture and stab another victim to death with a machete.
33:
215:
herself. Sister Dianna worked at the Ursuline Order for 43 years. Her parents were immigrants from Mexico and they spoke Spanish eventually through them she learned to speak Spanish. Her father worked as a miner, while her mother worked around the house.
332:
reviewer of Ortiz's 2002 memoir, "federal investigators and State Department officials made an active effort to cover up her ordeal and to discredit her – understandably, as the United States is the major source of funding for the Guatemalan military."
625:
TASSC was founded as a pledge from Ortiz to the public that she would work to stop others from going through similar challenging circumstances. Her experiences prompted her to seek justice for herself and others in the midst of the political violence.
738:
606:. Molina MejĂa writes that the "political/psychological" aspect of this impunity, is "a dimension resulting from state terrorism, by which political options in a polity are restricted and controlled through the state's manipulation of fear".
409:
In April 1996, Ortiz was fasting outside the White House and joined by other protesters; she was seeking a release of CIA papers related to her abduction and the U.S. government's investigation. Her protests had been preceded by those of
637:, by which Congress authorized a system outside the U.S.'s existing civilian and military justice systems to prosecute detainees being held at Guantanamo. Congress approved this legislation after the U.S. Supreme Court held that the
293:
and emotional burden. Ortiz was placed in a Catholic psychiatric asylum, where she would be under intense care. Under psychiatric care, she would become friends with another patient who would be influential in her recovery.
615:
Guatemala. Dianna's work at GHRC involved advocacy work, public speaking, and help with all aspects of the small organization. While at GHRC, Dianna conducted her hunger strike and vigil in front of the White House.
518:(1992). Ortiz was the first to file a suit under this law, arguing that it was retroactive to the time of her torture. The court agreed, saying "torture had been universally condemned prior to Ortiz's ordeal."
495:
in 1990 based on her abduction and torture by agents of the Guatemalan government in 1989. The commission ruled in 1997 that the state of Guatemala had violated Articles 1, 5, 7, 8, 11, 12, 16 and 25 of the
457:
Despite the lack of compliance from government officials, the First Lady Hillary Clinton, had sympathy for Ortiz and greatly assisted in providing official documents and identification related to her case.
223:
As a Catholic sister, Ortiz went to Guatemala in the 1987 for a two-year assignment to work with the poor and teach children to read. She joined sisters already working with the indigenous population in
503:
Given the difficulty of victims prosecuting torture and human rights cases, including murders, under military dictatorships, plaintiffs have begun to pursue civil suits. The first were filed under the
378:, the law firm of Roberts' brother Tom Boggs, was paid by the Guatemalan government to promote a more positive image of the regime, which was widely criticized internationally for human rights abuses.
545:
against the Maya, which resulted in the deaths of most people in their village, as well as responsibility for other abuses. Their case was heard in federal court in Massachusetts in combination with
1322:
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pay each of the Guatemalans $ 1 to $ 9 million each, and Ortiz $ 5 million. The general said he had no money. Later that year, he was barred from future entry into the U.S. under immigration laws.
244:
Ortiz was abducted on November 2, 1989, from the garden of Posada de Belen. She said her captors were police officers who took her to a secret prison at a police academy (later identified as the
315:
the military and administration of Guatemala made it possible for Ortiz to be kidnapped. Guatemala committed crimes, kidnappings, and brutal techniques without claiming accountability.
175:
represented Ortiz in her civil case and before the Inter-American Commission of Human Rights, which found in 1997 that the State of Guatemala had violated numerous articles of the
318:
In 1977 the U.S. stopped providing military funding due to the human rights issues. Congress also imposed "imposing restrictions on military aid, citing human rights violations".
580:
In its ruling, the judiciary said that " ... was aware of and supported widespread acts of brutality committed under his command resulting in thousands of civilian deaths."
259:
She said a man named Alejandro was among her torturers, and that she heard him speak English with a North American accent. She wrote in her memoir that her torture stopped
1834:
1819:
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She saw a doctor in Guatemala and another after she returned to the United States; both later submitted testimony that she showed evidence of torture, including extensive
1794:
619:
133:, who was in power at the time of her abduction, arguing that he had command authority. In 1995, she was awarded $ 5 million in damages. She also filed a case with the
445:
1844:
1809:
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340:(1989–1992) said in 1995 that Ortiz's claims amounted to an allegation of U.S. involvement in her torture, which he denied. He said it was done by right-wing
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134:
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in regard to Ortiz. It recommended that the government complete its long-delayed investigation and that it provide compensation to Ortiz.
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He was taking her to a friend (to be taken to the American embassy) when she escaped. She said he told her she had been mistaken for a
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959:
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rights abuses because they sought political refuge, despite dropping 10 pounds over the first three weeks of the hunger strike.
1764:
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Ortiz eventually won her case against General HĂ©ctor Gramajo and it was ruled that he would never be allowed to enter the U.S.
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Trying to enable victims' seeking justice after not being able to gain it in countries that used torture, Congress passed the
550:
515:
486:
365:
126:
441:
1125:"Dianna Ortiz v. Guatemala, Case 10.526, Report No. 31/96, Inter-Am.C.H.R.,OEA/Ser.L/V/II.95 Doc. 7 rev. at 332 (1997)"
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912:
424:
386:
159:
103:
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The Center for Constitutional Rights filed against Gramajo when he was in Massachusetts doing graduate work at the
508:
188:
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in 1993. Congress closed down the CIA program. It also showed decades of United States support of Guatemala during
57:
591:
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Ortiz since they linked more violent activities on behalf of Guatemalan citizens to officials in the government.
511:
to deal with commercial issues. In the late twentieth century, this law began to be used in human rights cases.
1398:. Human Rights Testimony Given Before the United States Congressional Human Rights Caucus. Human Rights Watch.
1022:
419:
154:
1174:
824:
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administration's military commissions, set up only under executive branch authority, were unconstitutional.
573:
530:
1694:
1409:
599:
145:
122:
1609:
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During the 2000s, TASSC became involved in issues related to treatment of detainees at the U.S. base of
538:
504:
480:
204:
1395:
1212:
1457:
1301:
1759:
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863:, (1997), Case 10.526, Report No. 31/96, Inter-Am.C.H.R., OEA/Ser.L/V/II.95 Doc. 7 rev. at 332 (1997)
225:
115:
459:
418:, seeking U.S. action on learning the fates of many "disappeared" in the country. Harbury's husband
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375:
290:
165:
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miner, respectively. Wanting the religious life from the time she was a child, Dianna entered the
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88:
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In 1996, as a result of protests by Ortiz and others, as well as revelations of unauthorized
1618:
1567:
991:
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661:
463:
411:
208:
956:
963:
943:
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328:
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633:, where reports of torture had been made. In addition, TASSC tried to gain repeal of the
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In 1998, while working at the Guatemala Human Rights Commission/USA, Ortiz founded the
249:
100:
85:
32:
1748:
1587:
370:
229:
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passed in 1992. She filed a case against the Guatemalan Minister of Defense, General
1685:
The Torturers' Lobby: How Human Rights Abusing Nations Are Represented in Washington
1099:
739:"Dianna Ortiz, nun who told of brutal abduction by Guatemalan military, dies at 62"
390:
341:
149:
191:, the middle of eight children born to Ambrosia and Pilar Ortiz, a homemaker and
586:
Raul Molina MejĂa in his article, "The Struggle against Impunity in Guatemala",
1571:
1622:
1472:
A Global Agenda, Issues before the 47th General Assembly of the United Nations
1339:
1579:
1003:
763:
590:, vol. 26 (1999), describes Ortiz's abduction and treatment as an example of
429:, a Mayan guerrilla leader, had "disappeared" in 1992 and was presumed dead.
307:
303:
269:
200:
196:
111:
107:
1175:"Dianna Ortiz, Survivor and Witness of the Guatemalan Genocide (1958-2021)"
979:
560:. The ATCA "allows Americans and foreigners to file suit for violations of
995:
467:
longstanding U.S. support for the Guatemala military through its years of
1656:
595:
542:
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to conduct a year-long review of operations of the CIA in Guatemala. Its
657:
363:
In a 1996 widely recounted interview with Ortiz on the TV news program
211:. Upon completion, she was accepted as a sister of the Ursuline Order.
192:
521:
The civil case of Ortiz was combined by her legal representative, the
1202:(pre-1997 Fulltext): 16. April 13, 1995. ProQuest. Web. June 9, 2014.
653:
121:
Ortiz pursued her case in a Guatemalan court and in a United States
1355:
825:"How Dianna Ortiz Exposed U.S. Complicity in Guatemalan War Crimes"
273:
returned to the U.S. from Guatemala within 48 hours of her escape.
125:. In the latter, she was the first to seek civil damages under the
1074:"U.S. EXPECTED TO END LONG FREEZE ON MILITARY AID FOR GUATEMALANS"
583:
Ortiz recounted her experience in formal testimony several times.
541:(ATCA). They contended that he had command responsibility for the
1486:
Raul Molina MejĂa, "The Struggle against Impunity in Guatemala",
980:"The Blindfold's Eyes: My Journey from Torture to Truth (review)"
448:
included a review of Ortiz's case but reserved its conclusions:
252:. There she was tortured and raped repeatedly under questioning.
1500:
1710:
Torture Abolition and Survivors Support Coalition International
1661:
Torture Abolition and Survivors Support Coalition International
1505:
Torture Abolition And Survivors Support Coalition International
620:
Torture Abolition and Survivors Support Coalition International
144:
funding of the Guatemala military which had been prohibited by
1370:"Dianna Ortiz, American Nun Tortured in Guatemala, Dies at 62"
440:
As a result of revelations, Clinton ordered the United States
141:
1556:"Theology, International Law, and Torture: A Survivor's View"
1714:
1617:. Palgrave Studies in Life Writing. Springer. p. xxvi.
1698:(Dianna Ortiz, with Patricia Davis, Orbis, 2002), 484 pages
1741:, May 10, 2012 (Available in transcript, audio, and video)
1442:"US Judge Orders Ex-Guatemala General to Pay 47.5 Million"
1358:, Intelligence Oversight Board, CIP Online. June 28, 1996.
537:, Minister of Defense in Guatemala (1987-1990) under the
99:(September 2, 1958 – February 19, 2021) was an American
1715:
Campaign to Repeal the Military Commissions Act of 2006
1709:
1695:'The Blindfold's Eyes: My Journey from Torture to Truth
1048:
1412:. Guatemala Human Rights Commission/USA. June 8, 2010.
1198:"U.S. Judge Orders Guatemalan to Pay for Atrocities".
1151:
The Blindfold's Eyes: My Journey from Torture to Truth
228:
and other small villages throughout the department of
1608:
Moore, Alexandra S; Swanson, Elizabeth, eds. (2018).
1474:, University Press of America. New York. 1992. p. 68
533:
Indians had filed a U.S. civil suit against General
1410:"The Bámaca Case - an 18-year Struggle for Justice"
81:
65:
39:
23:
1264:
692:"Civil Remedies for Gross Human Rights Violations"
381:According to an article on Pamela Brogan's report
322:U.S. and Guatemala official denials of involvement
913:"NEWS FEATURE: Tortured nun begins hunger strike"
553:(1992), the first to make use of the new law.
984:Spiritus: A Journal of Christian Spirituality
865:, Human Rights Cases, University of Minnesota
507:(ATCA), which had been passed soon after the
8:
1323:"Slaying Prompts U.S. to Halt Guatemala Aid"
1482:
1480:
1329:, December 22, 1990, accessed June 14, 2013
873:
871:
166:its genocide of its rural indigenous people
1368:Seelye, Katharine Q. (February 20, 2021).
1239:"The Self-Inflicted Wounds Of Colby's CIA"
732:
730:
31:
20:
1835:21st-century American Roman Catholic nuns
1820:20th-century American Roman Catholic nuns
1437:
1435:
1318:
1316:
1314:
493:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
135:Inter-American Commission of Human Rights
1795:Roman Catholic missionaries in Guatemala
1448:, April 13, 1995, accessed June 14, 2013
1296:
1294:
1292:
1106:, vol. 260, April 24, 1995, as cited in
1023:"Timeline: Guatemala's Brutal Civil War"
787:Donna Minkowitz, "Review: Dianna Ortiz,
782:
780:
778:
776:
685:
683:
681:
679:
677:
675:
602:, and the 1990 surge of killings at the
276:After being released, Ortiz later said:
187:Ortiz was born on September 2, 1958, in
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
715:
713:
671:
16:American nun and missionary (1958–2021)
1845:Deaths from cancer in Washington, D.C.
1810:People from Colorado Springs, Colorado
1429:, 886 F. Supp. 162 (D. Ct. Mass. 1995)
1394:Wilkinson, Daniel (October 16, 2003).
1346:, June 7, 1996, accessed June 14, 2013
1017:
1015:
1013:
939:
929:
823:Bernstein, Dennis J. (March 4, 2021).
758:
756:
754:
752:
1780:American women human rights activists
1651:
1649:
1549:
1547:
1119:
1117:
1115:
973:
971:
453:conclusions on the case at this time.
7:
1790:American Roman Catholic missionaries
1308:, April 1993, accessed June 14, 2013
1149:Ortiz, Dianna (September 23, 2004).
906:
904:
818:
816:
814:
812:
810:
558:Harvard Kennedy School of Government
491:Sister Dianna filed a case with the
336:Former U.S. ambassador to Guatemala
911:Editor, RNS Blog (April 25, 1996).
498:American Convention on Human Rights
302:When Ortiz's abduction took place,
177:American Convention on Human Rights
110:. While serving as a missionary in
1800:Female Roman Catholic missionaries
1396:"Guatemala: A Human Rights Update"
1271:. Oxford: Westview Press. p.
656:on February 19, 2021, while under
394:capitalize on their connections.)
14:
604:National University of San Carlos
416:Guatemala Human Rights Commission
1356:"Report on the Guatemala Review"
1344:Baltimore Chronicle and Sentinel
885:. September 1997. Archived from
696:Justice and the Generals: US Law
635:Military Commissions Act of 2006
523:Center for Constitutional Rights
173:Center for Constitutional Rights
1775:American human rights activists
1815:People from Grants, New Mexico
1554:Ortiz, Dianna (October 2006).
1525:Wiltz, Teresa (May 26, 2003).
883:International Socialist Review
549:, which was decided under the
1:
957:Speak Truth To Power Defender
568:"The Xuncax court also added
551:Torture Victim Protection Act
516:Torture Victim Protection Act
487:Torture Victim Protection Act
127:Torture Victim Protection Act
1462:, Cambridge University Press
1237:Stein, Jeff (May 22, 1996).
442:Intelligence Oversight Board
437:Velásquez by a death squad.
1735:Interview with Dianna Ortiz
1689:Center for Public Integrity
387:Center for Public Integrity
246:Antigua Escuela Politécnica
1861:
1572:10.1177/004057360606300306
509:American Revolutionary War
484:
478:
189:Colorado Springs, Colorado
58:Colorado Springs, Colorado
1840:Activists from New Mexico
1830:Catholics from New Mexico
1805:Kidnapped American people
1623:10.1007/978-3-319-74965-5
1488:Journal of Social Justice
1459:International Law Reports
962:October 11, 2007, at the
879:"School of the Assassins"
861:Dianna Ortiz v. Guatemala
796:October 10, 2008, at the
592:state-sponsored terrorism
588:Journal of Social Justice
391:Patton, Boggs, & Blow
385:(1993), published by the
306:was experiencing a civil
297:
30:
1770:American torture victims
978:Partnoy, Alicia (2004).
183:Early life and education
148:in 1990, U.S. President
1825:Catholics from Colorado
1267:Latin America in Crisis
574:extrajudicial execution
475:Prosecution of her case
420:EfraĂn Bámaca Velásquez
344:forces in the country.
203:of Mount St. Joseph in
155:EfraĂn Bámaca Velásquez
1765:Anti-torture activists
1340:"Some CIA Mistakes..."
1302:"The Torturers' Lobby"
1263:Sherman, John (2000).
1213:"The Torturers' Lobby"
1049:"Guatemalan Civil War"
455:
369:, American journalist
359:Guatemalan media lobby
283:
266:
1691:(CPI), 1992, 79 pages
1306:Multinational Monitor
1217:Multinational Monitor
996:10.1353/scs.2004.0014
917:Religion News Service
652:Dianna Ortiz died of
539:Alien Tort Claims Act
505:Alien Tort Claims Act
481:Alien Tort Claims Act
450:
298:Guatemala's Civil War
278:
261:
240:Abduction and torture
1725:The Blindfold's Eyes
1687:, Washington, D.C.:
1325:, Associated Press,
600:El Aguacate massacre
383:The Torturers' Lobby
1719:Roger S. Gottlieb,
1531:The Washington Post
1055:, November 30, 2023
804:, November 19, 2002
789:The Blindfold's Eye
743:The Washington Post
414:and members of the
405:Ortiz hunger strike
1657:"History of TASSC"
1611:Witnessing Torture
1446:The New York Times
1374:The New York Times
1327:The New York Times
1100:"Murder as Policy"
1078:The New York Times
942:has generic name (
723:The New York Times
234:Antigua, Guatemala
1632:978-3-319-74964-8
1423:Xuncax v. Gramajo
1243:The Seattle Times
1200:Los Angeles Times
1160:978-1-57075-563-7
1129:hrlibrary.umn.edu
1080:. January 3, 1983
690:Ratner, Michael.
610:Human rights work
570:summary execution
562:international law
529:, in which eight
527:Xuncax v. Gramajo
338:Thomas F. Stroock
226:San Miguel Acatán
199:at age 17 at the
153:guerrilla leader
94:
93:
69:February 19, 2021
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1490:, vol. 26 (1999)
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764:"Pieces of Bone"
762:Julia Lieblich,
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737:Di Corpo, Ryan.
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662:Washington, D.C.
547:Ortiz v. Gramajo
464:State Department
428:
412:Jennifer Harbury
291:survivor's guilt
209:western Kentucky
201:Ursuline Sisters
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97:Dianna Mae Ortiz
76:Washington, D.C.
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471:and civil war.
469:state terrorism
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326:According to a
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287:cigarette burns
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1560:Theology Today
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1527:"The Survivor"
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535:HĂ©ctor Gramajo
485:Main article:
479:Main article:
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1666:November 27,
1664:. Retrieved
1660:
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1636:. Retrieved
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1593:November 20,
1591:. Retrieved
1563:
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1379:November 24,
1377:. Retrieved
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1282:0-8133-3540X
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1128:
1108:Encyclopedia
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1084:November 20,
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1077:
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1033:November 27,
1031:. Retrieved
1027:PBS NewsHour
1026:
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920:. Retrieved
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891:. Retrieved
887:the original
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71:(2021-02-19)
25:Dianna Ortiz
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1760:2021 deaths
1755:1958 births
1248:December 9,
1184:December 4,
1134:December 4,
1059:December 1,
940:|last=
922:December 4,
834:December 4,
770:, July 1998
446:1996 report
423: [
205:Maple Mount
158: [
123:civil court
1749:Categories
1104:The Nation
667:References
631:Guantanamo
82:Occupation
50:1958-09-02
1785:Ursulines
1588:159702815
1580:0040-5736
1501:"Founder"
1053:Knowledge
1004:1535-3117
802:Salon.com
594:based on
366:Nightline
304:Guatemala
270:guerrilla
197:novitiate
116:civil war
112:Guatemala
960:Archived
932:cite web
794:Archived
660:care in
596:impunity
543:genocide
531:Kanjobal
264:mistake.
146:Congress
893:July 9,
702:July 9,
658:hospice
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193:uranium
106:of the
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219:Career
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648:Death
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329:Salon
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1576:ISSN
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1000:ISSN
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895:2007
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768:Agni
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