394:
442:
426:
410:
3261:
618:
970:
Determine TB LAM Ag and the
Fujifilm SILVAMP TB LAM could diagnose 65% of patients with active TB within 24 h. A meta-analysis with 1,595 inpatients and outpatients showed 70% sensitivity and 90% specificity for TB diagnosis in people living with HIV for Fujifilm SILVAMP TB LAM. As of 2020, the test showed a high positive predictive value (95.2%) in HIV-negative outpatients. Large prospective studies are on the way.
481:
888:
performance of IGRA. A recently published study from the same group also provided evidence that immunosuppressive agents significantly impair the performance of IGRAs, raising concerns about their reliability in immunosuppressed patients. Although IGRA replaced the TST in most of clinical settings its variability as of 2013 was a concern while reading the result
626:
38:
383:(LJ), Kirchner, or Middlebrook media (7H9, 7H10, and 7H11). A culture of the AFB can distinguish the various forms of mycobacteria, although results from this may take four to eight weeks for a conclusive answer. New automated systems that are faster include the MB/BacT, BACTEC 9000, VersaTREK, and the Mycobacterial Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT). The
173:
884:
specificity of 86.3%. In head-to-head comparisons, the sensitivity of IGRAs surpassed TST. However, several subsequent studies have reported higher sensitivity for TST than for IGRAs in patients with active TB; one large 2017 study reported a sensitivity of 90% for TST and only of 81% for the QuantiFERON-TB Gold assay.
322:. These tests vary in which nucleic acid sequence they detect and vary in their accuracy. In the decade of the 2000s, the two most common commercially available tests were the amplified mycobacterium tuberculosis direct test (MTD, Gen-Probe) and Amplicor (Roche Diagnostics). In 2007, a systematic review of NAAT by the
111:. Other parts of the medical history include prior TB exposure, infection or disease and medical conditions that increase risk for TB disease such as HIV infection. Depending on the sort of patient population surveyed, as few as 20%, or as many as 75% of pulmonary tuberculosis cases may be without symptoms.
925:
of 12 cross-sectional or cohort studies that showed a relatively low pooled sensitivity of 45% and specificity of 92% against a microbiological reference standard. Despite the limited sensitivity, test-guided initiation of anti-TB treatment reduced mortality in immunocompromised, hospitalized PLHIV.
916:
recommended the use of the Alere
Determine TB LAM Ag assay for people with HIV and a CD4 count below 100 cells/μL and in those defined as seriously ill according to WHO criteria (respiratory rate >30 breaths per min, body temperature >39 °C, heart rate >120 beats per min, or unable to
828:
for early secretory antigen target 6 (ESAT-6) and culture filtrate protein 10 (CFP-10) to stimulate host production of interferon-gamma. Because these antigens are only present in few non-tuberculous mycobacteria or not in any BCG vaccine strain, these tests are thought to be more specific than the
2449:
Peter JG, Zijenah LS, Chanda D, Clowes P, Lesosky M, Gina P, et al. (March 2016). "Effect on mortality of point-of-care, urine-based lipoarabinomannan testing to guide tuberculosis treatment initiation in HIV-positive hospital inpatients: a pragmatic, parallel-group, multicountry, open-label,
887:
A 2012 study at
Stanford University confirmed that addition of immune boosters can make the IGRA more reliable in terms of separating positive from negative individuals. A study from the University of Southampton shows that variations in environmental temperatures can have a profound effect on the
345:
NAA techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) are the basis of molecular diagnosis of TB. To detection of MTB in samples different molecular methods and assays have been defined. Real-time PCR (RT-PCR), microarrays, PURE-LAMP, NGS, and WGS
326:
Health
Technology Assessment Programme concluded that "NAAT test accuracy to be far superior when applied to respiratory samples as opposed to other specimens. Although the results were not statistically significant, the AMTD test appears to perform better than other currently available commercial
1027:
circulating within blood vessels of a patient. The skin patch contains antibodies recognizing the secreted bacterial protein MPB-64 passing through the blood capillaries of the skin creating an immunological response. If the patch detects this secreted bacterial protein, the surrounding skin will
535:
FDG PET/CT can play several useful roles in patients with confirmed or suspected TB. These roles include detection of active TB lesions, assessment of disease activity, differentiation between active and latent disease, assessment of disease extent (staging), monitoring response to treatment, and
908:
antigen is a lipopolysaccharide present in mycobacterial cell walls, which is released from metabolically active or degenerating bacterial cells and appears to be present only in people with active TB disease. Urine-based testing have advantages over sputum-based testing because urine is easy to
969:
directed towards the 5-methylthio-d-xylofuranose (MTX) epitope and a silver amplification technology to enable higher diagnostic sensitivity at high specificity. A 2019 study with 968 HIV+ hospital inpatients found the
Fujifilm SILVAMP TB LAM test to have a 28% higher sensitivity than the Alere
883:
TB, due to their ability to detect latent TB. In a recently published metaanalysis, with data from both developed and developing countries, QuantiFERON-TB Gold In Tube had a pooled sensitivity for active TB of 81% and specificity of 99.2%, whereas T-SPOT.TB had a pooled sensitivity of 87.5% and
1014:
Health
Technology Assessment Programme concluded "There is no evidence to support the use of ADA tests for the diagnosis of pulmonary TB. However, there is considerable evidence to support their use in pleural fluid samples for diagnosis of pleural TB, where sensitivity was very high, and to a
782:
the US Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention state that whereas Quantiferon Gold is not affected by BCG inoculation tuberculin tests can be affected. In general the US approach is likely to result in more false positives and more unnecessary treatment with potentially toxic drugs; the UK
812:
Interferon-Îł (interferon-gamma) release assays (IGRAs) are 21st century tests for tuberculosis. Guidelines for the use of the FDA approved QuantiFERON-TB Gold were released by the CDC in
December 2005. In October 2007, the FDA gave approval of QuantiFERON-TB Gold In Tube for use in the United
515:
Abnormalities on chest radiographs may be suggestive of, but are not necessarily diagnostic of, TB. However, chest radiographs may be used to rule out the possibility of pulmonary TB in a person who has a positive reaction to the tuberculin skin test and no symptoms of the disease.
507:
with or without mediastinal or hilar lymphadenopathy or pleural effusions ( tuberculous pleurisy). However, lesions may appear anywhere in the lungs. In disseminated TB a pattern of many tiny nodules throughout the lung fields is common - the so-called miliary TB. In HIV and other
327:
tests." Xpert ® MTB/RIF and Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra has high specificity in diagnosing extrapulmonary tuberculosis and is accurate in detecting rifampicin resistance. However, clinicians should rely on clinical judgement to diagnose TB meningitis when culture results are negative.
224:, biopsied tissue, etc.). A diagnosis made other than by culture may only be classified as "probable" or "presumed". For a diagnosis negating the possibility of tuberculosis infection, most protocols require that two separate cultures both test negative.
1056:) to detect the "scent" of tuberculosis. A recent study shows that "rats increased pediatric tuberculosis detection by 67.6%" and that training these creatures could help address the current challenges related to the diagnosis of this illness in children.
346:
are assays that applicable for all taxa and genes, but some assays have been designed for correct and specific detection of MTB such as
Amplicor MTB, Cobas TaqMan MTB, E-MTD, FluoroType MTB, LPA (Genotype MTB/R), Anyplex MTB, Xpert MTB, and Genedrive MTB
864:
format to detect the whole blood production of interferon Îł. The distinction between the tests is that QuantiFERON-TB Gold quantifies the total amount of interferon Îł when whole blood is exposed to the antigens(ESAT-6, CFP-10 and TB 7.7(p4)), whereas
772:
There is disagreement on the use of the
Mantoux test on people who have been immunized with BCG. The US recommendation is that in administering and interpreting the Mantoux test, previous BCG vaccination should be ignored; the UK recommendation is that
393:
130:
is done to assess the patient's general health. It cannot be used to confirm or rule out TB. However, certain findings are suggestive of TB. For example, blood in the sputum, significant weight loss and drenching night sweats may be due to TB.
248:. In cases where there is no spontaneous sputum production, a sample can be induced, usually by inhalation of a nebulized saline or saline with bronchodilator solution. A comparative study found that inducing three sputum samples is more
1907:
Ewer K, Deeks J, Alvarez L, Bryant G, Waller S, Andersen P, et al. (April 2003). "Comparison of T-cell-based assay with tuberculin skin test for diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in a school tuberculosis outbreak".
2027:
Kang YA, Lee HW, Hwang SS, Um SW, Han SK, Shim YS, et al. (September 2007). "Usefulness of whole-blood interferon-gamma assay and interferon-gamma enzyme-linked immunospot assay in the diagnosis of active pulmonary tuberculosis".
1348:
Guerra RL, Hooper NM, Baker JF, Alborz R, Armstrong DT, Maltas G, et al. (September 2007). "Use of the amplified mycobacterium tuberculosis direct test in a public health laboratory: test performance and impact on clinical care".
1814:
Ferrara G, Losi M, D'Amico R, Roversi P, Piro R, Meacci M, et al. (April 2006). "Use in routine clinical practice of two commercial blood tests for diagnosis of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a prospective study".
2236:
3719:
1951:
Lalvani A, Pathan AA, Durkan H, Wilkinson KA, Whelan A, Deeks JJ, et al. (June 2001). "Enhanced contact tracing and spatial tracking of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection by enumeration of antigen-specific T cells".
2100:"Safety and efficacy of the C-Tb skin test to diagnose Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, compared with an interferon Îł release assay and the tuberculin skin test: a phase 3, double-blind, randomised, controlled trial"
777:
should be used to help interpret positive tuberculin tests, also, the UK does not recommend serial tuberculin skin testing in people who have had BCG (a key part of the US strategy). In their guidelines on the use of
114:
Tuberculosis should be suspected in adults when a pneumonia-like illness has persisted longer than three weeks, or when a respiratory illness in an otherwise healthy individual does not respond to regular antibiotics.
688:
An induration (palpable raised hardened area of skin) of more than 5–15 mm (depending upon the person's risk factors) to 10 Mantoux units is considered a positive result, indicating TB infection.
425:
3664:
2495:"Rapid urine-based screening for tuberculosis in HIV-positive patients admitted to hospital in Africa (STAMP): a pragmatic, multicentre, parallel-group, double-blind, randomised controlled trial"
1167:
Steingart KR, Henry M, Ng V, Hopewell PC, Ramsay A, Cunningham J, et al. (September 2006). "Fluorescence versus conventional sputum smear microscopy for tuberculosis: a systematic review".
3709:
3699:
107:. Systemic symptoms include low grade remittent fever, chills, night sweats, appetite loss, weight loss, easy fatiguability, and production of sputum that starts out mucoid but changes to
409:
3684:
2858:
Nakamura RM, Einck L, Velmonte MA, Kawajiri K, Ang CF, Delasllagas CE, et al. (2001-01-01). "Detection of active tuberculosis by an MPB-64 transdermal patch: a field study".
3111:
558:) was a small radiographic image, also called miniature mass radiography (MMR) or miniature chest radiograph. Though its resolution is limited (it doesn't allow the diagnosis of
1771:
Menzies D, Pai M, Comstock G (March 2007). "Meta-analysis: new tests for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection: areas of uncertainty and recommendations for research".
357:
said in 2015, it began "revolutionizing tuberculosis (TB) control by contributing to the rapid diagnosis of TB disease and drug resistance. The test simultaneously detects
2674:"Diagnostic accuracy of a novel tuberculosis point-of-care urine lipoarabinomannan assay for people living with HIV: A meta-analysis of individual in- and outpatient data"
1204:"Prospective study of sputum induction, gastric washing, and bronchoalveolar lavage for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in patients who are unable to expectorate"
118:
The diagnosis is particularly challenging in children because they more commonly have extrapulmonary disease and present with less mycobacteria (paucibacillary disease).
3365:
1724:
Pelletier-Galarneau M, Martineau P, Zuckier LS, Pham X, Lambert R, Turpin S (May 2017). "18F-FDG-PET/CT Imaging of Thoracic and Extrathoracic Tuberculosis in Children".
384:
879:
According to a 2007 study from Korea, a high prevalence country of LTBI, QuantiFERON-TB Gold and T-SPOT.TB have good sensitivity but reduced specificity for diagnosing
1450:
2063:
Diel R, Loddenkemper R, Nienhaus A (April 2010). "Evidence-based comparison of commercial interferon-gamma release assays for detecting active TB: a metaanalysis".
958:
441:
2573:"A Novel Sensitive Immunoassay Targeting the 5-Methylthio-d-Xylofuranose-Lipoarabinomannan Epitope Meets the WHO's Performance Target for Tuberculosis Diagnosis"
3654:
76:
bacteria in a clinical specimen taken from the patient. While other investigations may strongly suggest tuberculosis as the diagnosis, they cannot confirm it.
1686:
Rossi SE, Franquet T, Volpacchio M, Giménez A, Aguilar G (1 May 2005). "Tree-in-bud pattern at thin-section CT of the lungs: radiologic-pathologic overview".
821:
of IGRAs concluded the tests noted excellent specificity for the tests to distinguish latent TB from prior vaccination. IGRAs are based on the ability of the
576:
The procedure went out of favor, as the incidence of tuberculosis dramatically decreased, but is still used in certain situations, such as the screening of
1487:"The New Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra: Improving Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Resistance to Rifampin in an Assay Suitable for Point-of-Care Testing"
3649:
1446:
638:
354:
150:
868:
As of 2003, the enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISPOT) has been another blood test available in the UK that may replace the skin test for diagnosis.
934:
138:
637:
The Mantoux skin test is used in the United States and is endorsed by the American Thoracic Society and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (
3520:
790:
infection (LTBI) is considered for any BCG-vaccinated person whose skin test is 10 mm or greater, if any of these circumstances are present:
2378:"The use of lateral flow urine lipoarabinomannan assay (LF-LAM) for the diagnosis and screening of active tuberculosis in people living with HIV"
342:
99%. In Smear positive patients high sensitivity 99%, specificity 98%. In smear negative patients low sensitivity 62%, but high specificity 99%.
3856:
3694:
3147:
565:
Much less expensive than traditional X-Ray, MMR was quickly adopted and extensively utilized in some countries, in the 1950s. For example, in
1089:
633:
for TB involves intradermally injecting PPD (Purified Protein Derivative) tuberculin and measuring the size of induration 48-72 hours later.
334:
found that use of the MTD test reduced inappropriate tuberculosis therapy. The study found the accuracy of the MTD test as follows: Overall
315:
2139:"In vitro immunomodulation of a whole blood IFN-Îł release assay enhances T cell responses in subjects with latent tuberculosis infection"
304:
from other mycobacteria. Even if sputum smear is negative, tuberculosis must be considered and is only excluded after negative cultures.
3525:
1015:
slightly lesser extent for TB meningitis. In both pleural TB and TB meningitis, ADA tests had higher sensitivity than any other tests."
3108:
3333:
359:
3461:
2800:"Diagnostic Accuracy of the Cepheid 3-gene Host Response Fingerstick Blood Test in a Prospective, Multi-site Study: Interim Results"
1041:
260:
In patients incapable of producing a sputum sample, common alternative sample sources for diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis include
3689:
3515:
3329:
2237:"Corticosteroids and infliximab impair the performance of interferon-Îł release assays used for diagnosis of latent tuberculosis"
3260:
469:
199:
3348:
3250:
2902:
774:
399:
Pulmonary tuberculosis characterized by granulomatous inflammation with necrotizing epithelioid granulomas. Low power view.
2377:
718:
Residents and employees of high-risk congregate settings (e.g., prisons, nursing homes, hospitals, homeless shelters, etc.)
3815:
3659:
3644:
1461:
2542:
380:
280:(transtracheal or transbronchial). In some cases, a more invasive technique is necessary, including tissue biopsy during
3669:
991:
982:
looking for messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of 3 genes in response to TB. The Xpert MTB Host Response test calculated a
764:
A tuberculin test conversion is defined as an increase of 10 mm or more within a 2-year period, regardless of age.
3805:
3188:
492:
134:
2099:
367:(RIF) in less than 2 hours. In comparison, standard cultures can take 2 to 6 weeks for MTBC to grow and conventional
3780:
3603:
3299:
3140:
2289:"Impact of blood volume, tube shaking, and incubation time on reproducibility of QuantiFERON-TB gold in-tube assay"
1760:
Guidelines for Using the QuantiFERON-TB Gold Test for Detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection, United States
1049:
212:
179:
72:
3099:
University of Washington Molecular Diagnosis, Microbiology Division | PCR-based detection in direct tissue samples
1293:"Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra and Xpert MTB/RIF assays for extrapulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in adults"
3628:
3568:
3245:
3218:
2543:"Diagnostic accuracy study published on next-generation urine test to detect tuberculosis in HIV-positive people"
987:
913:
311:
297:
573:, tuberculosis prevention laws went into effect, obligating ca. 60% of the population to undergo MMR screening.
3750:
965:
LAM assay. Compared with the Alere Determine TB LAM Ag assay, the Fujifilm SILVAMP TB LAM assay includes novel
930:
783:
approach is as sensitive in theory and should also be more specific, because of the use of interferon-Îł tests.
527:
may appear on the chest CTs of some patients affected by tuberculosis, but it is not specific to tuberculosis.
241:
3318:
2493:
Gupta-Wright A, Corbett EL, van Oosterhout JJ, Wilson D, Grint D, Alufandika-Moyo M, et al. (July 2018).
245:
46:
3755:
3535:
3397:
3338:
3278:
3203:
3066:
Medical Examination of Aliens (Refugees and Immigrants) - Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, CDC (
1011:
995:
942:
918:
323:
237:
233:
236:
should be done for acid-fast bacilli if the patient is producing sputum. The preferred method for this is
3830:
3820:
3714:
3310:
3223:
3172:
3119:
2625:"Novel lipoarabinomannan point-of-care tuberculosis test for people with HIV: a diagnostic accuracy study"
458:
368:
277:
2571:
Sigal GB, Pinter A, Lowary TL, Kawasaki M, Li A, Mathew A, et al. (December 2018). Miller MB (ed.).
3851:
3810:
3704:
3471:
3416:
3323:
3133:
962:
954:
950:
901:
747:
Children less than 4 years of age, or children and adolescents exposed to adults in high-risk categories
3578:
1545:
Drobniewski FA, Caws M, Gibson A, Young D (March 2003). "Modern laboratory diagnosis of tuberculosis".
1100:
Burke and Parnell. Minimal Pulmonary Tuberculosis. 1948. 59:348 Canadian Medical Association Journal.
2798:
Sutherland JS, van der Spuy G, Gindeh A, Thuong NT, Namuganga A, Owolabi O, et al. (2021-09-22).
2725:"Diagnostic accuracy of three urine lipoarabinomannan tuberculosis assays in HIV-negative outpatients"
3760:
3674:
3292:
3228:
2402:"Lateral flow urine lipoarabinomannan assay for detecting active tuberculosis in HIV-positive adults"
2150:
1384:
Mousavi-Sagharchi SM, Afrazeh E, Seyyedian-Nikjeh SF, Meskini M, Doroud D, Siadat SD (21 June 2024).
983:
845:
598:
555:
261:
127:
88:
87:
and microbiological examination (of sputum or some other appropriate sample). It may also include a
2623:
Broger T, Sossen B, du Toit E, Kerkhoff AD, Schutz C, Ivanova Reipold E, et al. (August 2019).
3724:
3679:
3285:
3235:
3208:
2013:
1007:
966:
787:
644:
If a person has had a history of a positive tuberculin skin test, another skin test is not needed.
339:
335:
331:
249:
221:
2098:
Ruhwald M, Aggerbeck H, Gallardo RV, Hoff ST, Villate JI, Borregaard B, et al. (April 2017).
503:
In active pulmonary TB, infiltrates or consolidations and/or cavities are often seen in the upper
3098:
2883:
2475:
2269:
1977:
1933:
1840:
1796:
1149:
946:
509:
1291:
Kohli M, Schiller I, Dendukuri N, Yao M, Dheda K, Denkinger CM, et al. (January 15, 2021).
480:
3085:
617:
3343:
3181:
3047:
3002:
2949:
2875:
2837:
2819:
2756:
2705:
2654:
2602:
2524:
2467:
2431:
2359:
2318:
2261:
2217:
2178:
2119:
2080:
2045:
1969:
1925:
1889:
1832:
1788:
1741:
1703:
1662:
1611:
1562:
1524:
1506:
1485:
Chakravorty S, Simmons AM, Rowneki M, Parmar H, Cao Y, Ryan J, et al. (August 29, 2017).
1425:
1407:
1366:
1330:
1312:
1273:
1225:
1184:
1141:
1133:
1085:
979:
905:
897:
818:
350:
307:
512:
persons, any abnormality may indicate TB or the chest X-ray may even appear entirely normal.
3608:
3193:
3037:
3027:
2992:
2984:
2939:
2867:
2827:
2811:
2746:
2736:
2695:
2685:
2644:
2636:
2592:
2584:
2514:
2506:
2459:
2421:
2413:
2349:
2308:
2300:
2251:
2209:
2198:"Environmental temperature impacts on the performance of QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube assays"
2168:
2158:
2111:
2072:
2037:
1995:
1961:
1917:
1879:
1871:
1824:
1784:
1780:
1733:
1695:
1652:
1642:
1601:
1593:
1554:
1514:
1498:
1415:
1397:
1358:
1320:
1304:
1263:
1215:
1176:
1123:
909:
collect and store, and lacks the infection control risks associated with sputum collection.
779:
524:
520:
1580:
Moore DA, Evans CA, Gilman RH, Caviedes L, Coronel J, Vivar A, et al. (October 2006).
1252:"A systematic review of rapid diagnostic tests for the detection of tuberculosis infection"
669:
The equivalent Mantoux test positive levels done with 10 TU (0.1 ml 100 TU/ml, 1:1000) are
379:
Many types of microbiological culture are available. Traditionally, cultures have used the
3825:
3598:
3588:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3115:
496:
281:
3618:
3077:
2400:
Shah M, Hanrahan C, Wang ZY, Dendukuri N, Lawn SD, Denkinger CM, et al. (May 2016).
1759:
157:
is an important screening strategy to identify new arrivals who have a high risk for TB.
2196:
Jarvis J, Gao Y, de Graaf H, Hughes S, Allan RN, Williams A, et al. (August 2015).
2154:
1420:
1385:
3563:
3213:
3042:
3015:
2997:
2972:
2832:
2751:
2724:
2700:
2673:
2649:
2624:
2597:
2572:
2519:
2494:
2426:
2401:
2313:
2288:
2173:
2138:
1884:
1859:
1657:
1630:
1606:
1581:
1519:
1486:
1325:
1292:
729:
2672:
Broger T, Nicol MP, Székely R, Bjerrum S, Sossen B, Schutz C, et al. (May 2020).
2640:
2510:
2463:
2235:
Edwards A, Gao Y, Allan RN, Ball D, de Graaf H, Coelho T, et al. (October 2017).
2115:
1965:
1921:
1828:
1558:
1250:
Dinnes J, Deeks J, Kunst H, Gibson A, Cummins E, Waugh N, et al. (January 2007).
1180:
1128:
1111:
978:
In 2022, a study reported the use of a fingerstick blood point-of-care triage test by
758:(Note: Targeted skin testing programs should only be conducted among high-risk groups)
371:
can add 3 more weeks." The Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra improves upon the Xpert MTB/RIF test.
3845:
3613:
3583:
3441:
3269:
2887:
2723:
Broger T, Nicol M, Sigal G, Gotuzzo E, Zimmer AJ, Surtie S, et al. (July 2020).
1737:
1153:
922:
873:
741:
737:
2273:
1981:
1844:
1800:
662:
was used in the United Kingdom until 2005, and is graded on a four-point scale. The
3800:
3790:
3775:
3623:
3456:
3446:
3402:
3380:
3198:
3156:
2479:
2417:
1308:
663:
630:
612:
319:
318:(TMA) or other forms of nucleic acid amplification methods to detect mycobacterial
285:
269:
80:
67:
22:
2774:
2256:
1937:
844:
from the patient's blood are incubated with the antigens. These tests are called
432:
416:
400:
2690:
2550:
2163:
1080:
Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson; & Mitchell, Richard N. (2007).
848:
and are not equivalent. If the patient has been exposed to tuberculosis before,
3729:
3593:
3479:
3451:
3431:
3426:
3353:
2338:"Tuberculosis diagnostics: which target product profiles should be prioritised?"
961:
completed the development and a first clinical study of the Fujifilm SILVAMP TB
857:
833:
581:
559:
551:
545:
519:
Cavitation or consolidation of the apexes of the upper lobes of the lung or the
137:(Class 0 to 5) used in the US is based on the pathogenesis of the disease. The
84:
2213:
2197:
1671:
1402:
3795:
3573:
3436:
3421:
3370:
3240:
3177:
2871:
2354:
2337:
853:
841:
504:
488:
189:
104:
3081:
2988:
2823:
1875:
1510:
1411:
1316:
1137:
701:
Persons with nodular or fibrotic changes on CXR consistent with old healed TB
3487:
3411:
3385:
3375:
3358:
3032:
2775:"FujiLAM Prospective Evaluation Trial - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov"
869:
837:
659:
653:
142:
3067:
3051:
3006:
2953:
2928:"Pediatric tuberculosis detection using trained African giant pouched rats"
2879:
2841:
2760:
2709:
2658:
2606:
2528:
2471:
2435:
2363:
2322:
2265:
2221:
2182:
2123:
2084:
2049:
1973:
1929:
1893:
1836:
1792:
1745:
1707:
1666:
1615:
1582:"Microscopic-observation drug-susceptibility assay for the diagnosis of TB"
1566:
1528:
1429:
1370:
1334:
1277:
1229:
1188:
1145:
3074:
Targeted Tuberculin Testing and Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis Infection
2815:
2076:
2041:
1647:
1502:
1362:
876:, counts the number of activated T lymphocytes that secrete interferon Îł.
625:
562:, for example) it is sufficiently accurate for diagnosis of tuberculosis.
431:
Pulmonary tuberculosis featuring necrotizing granulomas, high power view,
37:
3785:
2588:
2304:
1699:
1597:
1112:"Diagnostics for childhood tuberculosis: a marathon rather than a sprint"
1045:
938:
733:
725:
364:
108:
3720:
Phipps Institute for the Study, Treatment and Prevention of Tuberculosis
1202:
Brown M, Varia H, Bassett P, Davidson RN, Wall R, Pasvol G (June 2007).
272:(with bronchoalveolar lavage, bronchial washings, and/or transbronchial
3734:
2944:
2927:
825:
484:
172:
146:
2799:
2741:
99:
The medical history includes obtaining the symptoms of pulmonary TB:
3770:
3765:
3497:
3492:
1268:
1251:
1023:
The transdermal patch is an experimental method" of detecting active
849:
724:
Persons with clinical conditions that place them at high risk (e.g.,
577:
566:
353:
test, another NAAT for TB, became commercially available and, as the
310:(NAAT) for TB are a heterogeneous group of tests that use either the
273:
265:
217:
210:
A definitive diagnosis of tuberculosis can only be made by culturing
100:
50:
2973:"Spotting latent infection: the path to better tuberculosis control"
1860:"Spotting latent infection: the path to better tuberculosis control"
3104:
Oxford Immunotec Medical Diagnostics|TB Education and Learning Zone
1719:
1717:
1220:
1203:
704:
Patients with organ transplants and other immunosuppressed patients
2336:
Kik SV, Denkinger CM, Casenghi M, Vadnais C, Pai M (August 2014).
1386:"New insight in molecular detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis"
1037:
861:
800:
Is continually exposed to populations where TB prevalence is high.
624:
616:
570:
479:
473:
468:
467:
712:
Recent arrivals (less than 5 years) from high-prevalent countries
296:
Other mycobacteria are also acid-fast. If the smear is positive,
998:
2 genes to differentiate between active TB and other diseases.
3129:
3125:
83:(TB) must include a medical history, a physical examination, a
1451:"A New Tool to Diagnose Tuberculosis: The Xpert MTB/RIF Assay"
3665:
European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership
1631:"Peritoneal tuberculosis mimicking peritoneal carcinomatosis"
216:
organisms from a specimen taken from the patient (most often
141:
has an additional TB classification (Class A, B1, or B2) for
103:, prolonged cough of three or more weeks, chest pain, and
3710:
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Structural Genomics Consortium
3700:
International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease
786:
Under the US recommendations, diagnosis and treatment of
523:
may be visible on an affected patient's chest X-ray. The
415:
Pulmonary tuberculosis featuring necrotizing granulomas,
3016:"Tuberculosis diagnostics: Challenges and opportunities"
2903:"With a little convincing, rats can detect tuberculosis"
3685:
The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
896:
In 2014, tests based on the detection of mycobacterial
840:
use these antigens to detect people with tuberculosis.
797:
Was born or has resided in a high TB prevalence country
3103:
917:
walk unaided). This recommendation was informed by a
794:
Was in contact with another person with infectious TB
603:
Two tests are available: the Mantoux and Heaf tests.
2926:
Mgode GF, Cox CL, Mwimanzi S, Mulder C (July 2018).
3743:
3637:
3534:
3508:
3470:
3396:
3309:
3268:
3163:
198:
188:
57:
30:
1036:In 2018, the international nonprofit organization
974:Transcriptomic host response, polygenic risk score
387:culture may be a faster and more accurate method.
3366:Microscopic Observation Drug Susceptibility assay
1441:
1439:
385:Microscopic Observation Drug Susceptibility assay
1681:
1679:
679:Greater than 15 mm induration (Heaf 3 to 5)
476:like this one in the patient's right upper lobe.
1540:
1538:
959:Global Health Innovative Technology Fund (GHIT)
499:and peritoneal surfaces are thickened (arrows).
61:diagnosed by finding Mycobacterium tuberculosis
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
3655:Center for Global Infectious Disease Research
3141:
244:), which is more sensitive than conventional
8:
2583:(12): e01338–18, /jcm/56/12/e01338–18.atom.
165:
2860:Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases
2406:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1297:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
536:identification of potential biopsy target.
91:, other scans and X-rays, surgical biopsy.
3650:Campaign for Access to Essential Medicines
3148:
3134:
3126:
2287:Gaur RL, Pai M, Banaei N (November 2013).
1629:Akce M, Bonner S, Liu E, Daniel R (2014).
1447:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1084:(8th ed.). Saunders Elsevier. pp. 516-522
171:
151:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
36:
3041:
3031:
2996:
2943:
2831:
2750:
2740:
2699:
2689:
2648:
2596:
2518:
2425:
2353:
2312:
2255:
2172:
2162:
1883:
1656:
1646:
1605:
1518:
1419:
1401:
1324:
1267:
1219:
1127:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
935:Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics
755:Persons with no known risk factors for TB
684:CDC classification of tuberculin reaction
472:Tuberculosis creates cavities visible in
139:U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services
892:Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) detection assays
3521:Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis
1785:10.7326/0003-4819-146-5-200703060-00006
1064:
447:Acid fast bacilli, Ziehl–Neelsen stain.
389:
292:Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT)
3695:International Congress on Tuberculosis
1110:Togun TO, Kampmann B (February 2024).
768:Tuberculin skin test after BCG vaccine
164:
27:
2853:
2851:
2729:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
2618:
2616:
2137:Gaur RL, Suhosk MM, Banaei N (2012).
7:
804:These have been reviewed in detail.
673:0–4 mm induration (Heaf 0 to 1)
554:(from the name of its inventor, Dr.
316:transcription-mediated amplification
300:or gene probe tests can distinguish
21:For an overview of the disease, see
3526:Totally drug-resistant tuberculosis
1586:The New England Journal of Medicine
16:Methods for diagnosing tuberculosis
986:based on the expression levels of
900:(LAM) antigen in urine emerged as
752:15 mm or more is positive in
709:10 mm or more is positive in
360:Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
177:Distinctive clusters of colorless
79:A complete medical evaluation for
14:
1042:Sokoine University of Agriculture
744:syndromes, low body weight, etc.)
692:5 mm or more is positive in
3690:Global Plan to Stop Tuberculosis
3516:Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis
3259:
2577:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
2342:The European Respiratory Journal
2293:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
2104:The Lancet. Respiratory Medicine
1738:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2016.12.003
1006:In 2007, a systematic review of
676:5–14 mm induration (Heaf 2)
440:
424:
408:
392:
308:Nucleic acid amplification tests
2629:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
1547:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
1169:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
3349:Interferon gamma release assay
3251:Post-tuberculosis lung disease
2450:randomised controlled trial".
2418:10.1002/14651858.cd011420.pub2
1309:10.1002/14651858.CD012768.pub3
1116:The Lancet Infectious Diseases
721:Mycobacteriology lab personnel
550:A variant of the chest X-Ray,
1:
3857:Respiratory system procedures
3816:Tuberculosis in human culture
3660:Cure Cottages of Saranac Lake
3645:Adirondack Cottage Sanitarium
2641:10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30001-5
2511:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31267-4
2464:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)01092-2
2257:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-209397
2116:10.1016/S2213-2600(16)30436-2
1966:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)05115-1
1922:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12950-9
1829:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68579-6
1559:10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00544-9
1181:10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70578-3
1129:10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00517-0
621:Injecting a Mantoux skin test
252:than three gastric washings.
2804:Clinical Infectious Diseases
2691:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003113
2164:10.1371/journal.pone.0048027
1726:Seminars in Nuclear Medicine
1256:Health Technology Assessment
1208:Clinical Infectious Diseases
992:dual-specificity phosphatase
220:, but may also include pus,
3806:Tuberculosis classification
3189:Extrapulmonary tuberculosis
2971:Lalvani A (November 2003).
1996:"The Science behind T-SPOT.
1858:Lalvani A (November 2003).
1773:Annals of Internal Medicine
858:QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube
834:QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube
808:Interferon-Îł release assays
493:extrapulmonary tuberculosis
242:auramine-rhodamine staining
135:Tuberculosis classification
3873:
3781:List of tuberculosis cases
3300:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
2214:10.1016/j.jinf.2015.04.004
1403:10.1186/s13568-024-01730-3
1050:African giant pouched rats
929:In 2019, an international
823:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
698:Recent contacts of TB case
651:
610:
596:
543:
456:
213:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
180:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
73:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
20:
3670:Glen Lake Children's Camp
3629:Edward Livingston Trudeau
3569:Friedrich Franz Friedmann
3257:
3246:Giant multinucleated cell
3219:Tuberculous lymphadenitis
2872:10.1080/00365540152029846
2355:10.1183/09031936.00027714
988:guanylate-binding protein
914:World Health Organization
363:(MTBC) and resistance to
312:polymerase chain reaction
170:
35:
3751:Tuberculosis elimination
3330:Löwenstein–Jensen medium
2989:10.1136/thorax.58.11.916
2202:The Journal of Infection
1876:10.1136/thorax.58.11.916
1635:Case Reports in Medicine
491:tuberculosis, a form of
70:is diagnosed by finding
3756:2007 tuberculosis scare
3536:History of tuberculosis
3339:Chest photofluorography
3279:Mycobacterium africanum
3033:10.4103/0970-2113.99112
1082:Robbins Basic Pathology
943:University of Cape Town
904:for tuberculosis (TB).
738:end-stage renal disease
238:fluorescence microscopy
161:Microbiological studies
3831:World Tuberculosis Day
3821:Tuberculosis radiology
3715:National Jewish Health
3311:Tuberculosis diagnosis
3224:Tuberculous meningitis
3173:Pulmonary tuberculosis
921:systematic review and
829:tuberculin skin test.
813:States.For diagnosing
634:
622:
500:
477:
459:Tuberculosis radiology
278:fine needle aspiration
246:Ziehl–Neelsen staining
155:B notification program
31:Tuberculosis diagnosis
3811:Tuberculosis in China
3705:Millennium Foundation
3417:4-Aminosalicylic acid
3324:Auramine phenol stain
3270:Mycobacterium species
3166:associated conditions
3122:) for detection of TB
2901:Law YH (2018-05-16).
2077:10.1378/chest.09-2350
2042:10.1378/chest.06-2805
2014:"How T-SPOT.TB Works"
1503:10.1128/mBio.00812-17
1363:10.1378/chest.06-2959
967:monoclonal antibodies
951:University of Alberta
933:consortium including
652:Further information:
628:
620:
611:Further information:
597:Further information:
544:Further information:
483:
471:
369:drug resistance tests
183:form in this culture.
3761:Baumgarten-Tangl law
3675:Glen Lake Sanatorium
3293:Mycobacterium caprae
3229:Miliary tuberculosis
3204:Canga's bead symptom
3164:Symptoms, signs and
3120:Ocimum Bio Solutions
3014:Nema V (July 2012).
2589:10.1128/JCM.01338-18
2305:10.1128/JCM.01627-13
1700:10.1148/rg.253045115
1598:10.1056/NEJMoa055524
984:polygenic risk score
856:Îł in response. The
715:Injection drug users
599:Tuberculin skin test
593:Tuberculin skin test
556:Manuel Dias de Abreu
330:A 2007 before-after
256:Alternative sampling
153:(CDC). The (Class)
128:physical examination
122:Physical examination
89:tuberculin skin test
3725:Stop TB Partnership
3680:Glenn Dale Hospital
3319:Ziehl–Neelsen stain
3286:Mycobacterium bovis
3236:Latent tuberculosis
3109:Spoligo typing kits
2816:10.1093/cid/ciab839
2155:2012PLoSO...748027G
1648:10.1155/2014/436568
1054:Cricetomys ansorgei
1008:adenosine deaminase
1002:Adenosine deaminase
996:KrĂĽppel-like factor
902:point-of-care tests
788:latent tuberculosis
695:HIV-positive person
588:Immunological tests
332:observational study
314:(PCR) technique or
167:
3579:Philip D'Arcy Hart
3114:2012-01-09 at the
2945:10.1038/pr.2018.40
2932:Pediatric Research
2779:clinicaltrials.gov
2505:(10144): 292–301.
2458:(10024): 1187–97.
1032:Using trained rats
947:Rutgers University
846:interferon Îł tests
819:systematic reviews
775:interferon-Îł tests
635:
623:
501:
478:
464:Chest X-ray and CT
232:Sputum smears and
3839:
3838:
3344:GeneXpert MTB/RIF
2810:(12): 2136–2141.
2742:10.1172/JCI140461
2735:(11): 5756–5764.
1960:(9273): 2017–21.
1916:(9364): 1168–73.
1823:(9519): 1328–34.
1090:978-1-4160-2973-1
1040:was working with
1019:Transdermal Patch
980:Cepheid (company)
898:lipoarabinomannan
607:Mantoux skin test
381:Löwenstein-Jensen
208:
207:
149:developed by the
65:
64:
3864:
3609:Mario Raviglione
3263:
3209:Prosector's wart
3194:Caseous necrosis
3150:
3143:
3136:
3127:
3055:
3045:
3035:
3010:
3000:
2958:
2957:
2947:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2855:
2846:
2845:
2835:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2754:
2744:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2703:
2693:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2652:
2620:
2611:
2610:
2600:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2549:. Archived from
2539:
2533:
2532:
2522:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2429:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2357:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2316:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2259:
2241:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2176:
2166:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1887:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1721:
1712:
1711:
1683:
1674:
1670:
1660:
1650:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1609:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1542:
1533:
1532:
1522:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1466:
1460:, archived from
1455:
1443:
1434:
1433:
1423:
1405:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1328:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1271:
1269:10.3310/hta11030
1247:
1234:
1233:
1223:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1131:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1092:
1078:
832:The blood tests
780:QuantiFERON Gold
525:tree-in-bud sign
521:tree-in-bud sign
510:immunosuppressed
444:
428:
412:
396:
262:gastric washings
175:
168:
40:
28:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3835:
3826:Tygerberg score
3739:
3633:
3599:Charles Mantoux
3589:George M. Heath
3559:Christopher Dye
3554:Albert Calmette
3549:Hermann Brehmer
3544:Manuel de Abreu
3530:
3504:
3466:
3400:
3392:
3305:
3264:
3255:
3165:
3159:
3154:
3116:Wayback Machine
3095:
3063:
3058:
3013:
2970:
2966:
2964:Further reading
2961:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2911:
2909:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2857:
2856:
2849:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2783:
2781:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2684:(5): e1003113.
2671:
2670:
2666:
2622:
2621:
2614:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2556:
2554:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2412:(5): CD011420.
2399:
2398:
2394:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2250:(10): 946–949.
2239:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1757:
1753:
1723:
1722:
1715:
1685:
1684:
1677:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1592:(15): 1539–50.
1579:
1578:
1574:
1544:
1543:
1536:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1453:
1445:
1444:
1437:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1303:(1): CD012768.
1290:
1289:
1285:
1249:
1248:
1237:
1214:(11): 1415–20.
1201:
1200:
1196:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1079:
1066:
1062:
1034:
1021:
1004:
976:
894:
810:
770:
686:
656:
650:
615:
609:
601:
595:
590:
548:
542:
533:
466:
461:
455:
448:
445:
436:
429:
420:
413:
404:
397:
377:
302:M. tuberculosis
294:
282:mediastinoscopy
258:
230:
184:
163:
124:
97:
95:Medical history
53:
43:M. tuberculosis
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3870:
3868:
3860:
3859:
3854:
3844:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3604:Richard Morton
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3564:Marcos Espinal
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3540:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3482:
3476:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3408:
3406:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3368:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3326:
3321:
3315:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3282:
3274:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3214:Lupus vulgaris
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3182:Ghon's complex
3169:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3106:
3101:
3094:
3093:External links
3091:
3090:
3089:
3076:2000 ATS/CDC (
3071:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3011:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2918:
2893:
2847:
2790:
2766:
2715:
2664:
2635:(8): 852–861.
2612:
2563:
2534:
2485:
2441:
2392:
2369:
2328:
2299:(11): 3521–6.
2279:
2227:
2188:
2149:(10): e48027.
2129:
2110:(4): 259–268.
2090:
2055:
2019:
2005:
1987:
1943:
1899:
1850:
1806:
1763:
1751:
1732:(3): 304–318.
1713:
1694:(3): 789–801.
1675:
1621:
1572:
1534:
1477:
1435:
1376:
1340:
1283:
1235:
1221:10.1086/516782
1194:
1159:
1122:(2): 110–112.
1102:
1093:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1033:
1030:
1025:M.tuberculosis
1020:
1017:
1003:
1000:
975:
972:
893:
890:
809:
806:
802:
801:
798:
795:
769:
766:
762:
761:
760:
759:
756:
750:
749:
748:
745:
730:corticosteroid
722:
719:
716:
713:
707:
706:
705:
702:
699:
696:
685:
682:
681:
680:
677:
674:
649:
646:
608:
605:
594:
591:
589:
586:
541:
538:
532:
529:
465:
462:
457:Main article:
454:
451:
450:
449:
446:
439:
437:
430:
423:
421:
414:
407:
405:
398:
391:
376:
373:
293:
290:
257:
254:
229:
226:
206:
205:
202:
196:
195:
192:
186:
185:
176:
162:
159:
123:
120:
96:
93:
63:
62:
59:
55:
54:
41:
33:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3869:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3638:Organizations
3636:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3584:F. R. G. Heaf
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3484:Experimental
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3442:Thioacetazone
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3262:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3162:
3158:
3151:
3146:
3144:
3139:
3137:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3053:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3026:(3): 259–66.
3025:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2983:(11): 916–8.
2982:
2978:
2974:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2955:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2938:(1): 99–103.
2937:
2933:
2929:
2922:
2919:
2908:
2904:
2897:
2894:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2794:
2791:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2716:
2711:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2678:PLOS Medicine
2675:
2668:
2665:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2567:
2564:
2553:on 2022-10-05
2552:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2445:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2393:
2379:
2373:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2348:(2): 537–40.
2347:
2343:
2339:
2332:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2283:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2231:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2208:(2): 276–80.
2207:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2133:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2094:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2071:(4): 952–68.
2070:
2066:
2059:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2036:(3): 959–65.
2035:
2031:
2023:
2020:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2001:
1999:
1991:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1947:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1903:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1870:(11): 916–8.
1869:
1865:
1861:
1854:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1810:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1779:(5): 340–54.
1778:
1774:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1688:Radiographics
1682:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1481:
1478:
1467:on 2017-12-17
1463:
1459:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1380:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1357:(3): 946–51.
1356:
1352:
1344:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1287:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1175:(9): 570–81.
1174:
1170:
1163:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1103:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1001:
999:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
973:
971:
968:
964:
963:point-of-care
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
927:
924:
923:meta-analysis
920:
915:
910:
907:
903:
899:
891:
889:
885:
882:
877:
875:
874:ELISpot Assay
871:
866:
863:
859:
855:
851:
850:T lymphocytes
847:
843:
839:
835:
830:
827:
824:
820:
816:
807:
805:
799:
796:
793:
792:
791:
789:
784:
781:
776:
767:
765:
757:
754:
753:
751:
746:
743:
742:malabsorption
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
710:
708:
703:
700:
697:
694:
693:
691:
690:
689:
683:
678:
675:
672:
671:
670:
667:
666:is now used.
665:
661:
655:
647:
645:
642:
640:
632:
627:
619:
614:
606:
604:
600:
592:
587:
585:
583:
579:
574:
572:
568:
563:
561:
557:
553:
547:
539:
537:
530:
528:
526:
522:
517:
513:
511:
506:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
475:
470:
463:
460:
452:
443:
438:
434:
433:H&E stain
427:
422:
418:
417:H&E stain
411:
406:
402:
401:H&E stain
395:
390:
388:
386:
382:
374:
372:
370:
366:
362:
361:
356:
352:
351:Xpert MTB/RIF
347:
343:
341:
337:
333:
328:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
303:
299:
291:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
255:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
227:
225:
223:
219:
215:
214:
203:
201:
197:
193:
191:
187:
182:
181:
174:
169:
160:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
129:
121:
119:
116:
112:
110:
106:
102:
94:
92:
90:
86:
82:
77:
75:
74:
69:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
39:
34:
29:
24:
19:
3852:Tuberculosis
3801:Sunshine Way
3791:Preventorium
3776:Iowa Cow War
3624:Madonna Swan
3619:Lucius RĂĽedi
3457:Pyrazinamide
3447:Streptomycin
3403:ATC code J04
3381:Mantoux test
3298:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3199:Pott disease
3157:Tuberculosis
3073:
3023:
3019:
2980:
2976:
2935:
2931:
2921:
2910:. Retrieved
2907:Science News
2906:
2896:
2866:(6): 405–7.
2863:
2859:
2807:
2803:
2793:
2782:. Retrieved
2778:
2769:
2732:
2728:
2718:
2681:
2677:
2667:
2632:
2628:
2580:
2576:
2566:
2555:. Retrieved
2551:the original
2546:
2537:
2502:
2498:
2488:
2455:
2451:
2444:
2409:
2405:
2395:
2384:. Retrieved
2372:
2345:
2341:
2331:
2296:
2292:
2282:
2247:
2243:
2230:
2205:
2201:
2191:
2146:
2142:
2132:
2107:
2103:
2093:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2008:
1997:
1990:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1913:
1909:
1902:
1867:
1863:
1853:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1754:
1729:
1725:
1691:
1687:
1638:
1634:
1624:
1589:
1585:
1575:
1553:(3): 141–7.
1550:
1546:
1494:
1490:
1480:
1469:, retrieved
1462:the original
1457:
1393:
1389:
1379:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1300:
1296:
1286:
1262:(3): 1–196.
1259:
1255:
1211:
1207:
1197:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1119:
1115:
1105:
1096:
1081:
1053:
1035:
1024:
1022:
1005:
977:
928:
911:
895:
886:
880:
878:
872:, a type of
867:
831:
822:
814:
811:
803:
785:
771:
763:
728:, prolonged
687:
668:
664:Mantoux test
657:
643:
636:
631:Mantoux test
613:Mantoux test
602:
584:applicants.
575:
564:
549:
534:
518:
514:
502:
378:
358:
349:In 2010 the
348:
344:
329:
320:nucleic acid
306:
301:
295:
286:thoracoscopy
270:bronchoscopy
259:
231:
211:
209:
178:
166:Lab findings
154:
133:
125:
117:
113:
98:
81:tuberculosis
78:
71:
68:Tuberculosis
66:
42:
23:Tuberculosis
18:
3730:TB Alliance
3594:Robert Koch
3480:BCG vaccine
3452:Bedaquiline
3432:Cycloserine
3427:Capreomycin
3354:QuantiFERON
3328:Culture on
3088:2001–2003).
2000:Technology"
1458:CDC website
1390:AMB Express
842:Lymphocytes
582:immigration
560:lung cancer
552:abreugraphy
546:Abreugraphy
540:Abreugraphy
453:Radiography
340:specificity
336:sensitivity
85:chest X-ray
47:stained red
3846:Categories
3796:Sanatorium
3614:Carl RĂĽedi
3574:Max Gerson
3509:Resistance
3437:Rifampicin
3422:Ethambutol
3398:Management
3371:Tuberculin
3241:Paronychia
3178:Ghon focus
3082:PDF format
3020:Lung India
2912:2018-05-18
2784:2020-08-23
2557:2019-06-10
2386:2019-06-10
1641:: 436568.
1471:2018-05-25
1060:References
957:funded by
854:interferon
817:TB, three
740:, chronic
531:FDG PET/CT
489:peritoneal
143:immigrants
105:hemoptysis
101:productive
3488:M72/AS01E
3412:Isoniazid
3386:Tine test
3376:Heaf test
3359:T-SPOT.TB
2888:218880088
2824:1058-4838
1672:CC-BY 3.0
1511:2150-7511
1412:2191-0855
1396:(1): 74.
1317:1469-493X
1154:264822650
1138:1473-3099
1048:to train
994:3 , and
912:In 2015,
870:T-SPOT.TB
838:T-SPOT.TB
732:therapy,
660:Heaf test
654:Heaf test
648:Heaf test
578:prisoners
266:laryngeal
250:sensitive
3786:Plombage
3472:Vaccines
3112:Archived
3078:fulltext
3052:22919166
3007:14586040
2954:29617007
2880:11450857
2842:34550342
2761:32692731
2710:32357197
2659:31155318
2607:30257899
2529:30032978
2472:26970721
2436:27163343
2364:24696110
2323:23966505
2274:46880941
2266:28159773
2222:25869537
2183:23144722
2143:PLOS ONE
2124:28159608
2085:20022968
2050:17505029
1982:24678475
1974:11438135
1930:12686038
1894:14586040
1845:21218187
1837:16631911
1801:20820188
1793:17339619
1746:28417858
1708:15888626
1667:24715911
1616:17035648
1567:12614730
1529:28851844
1449:(2015),
1430:38907086
1421:11192714
1371:17573496
1335:33448348
1278:17266837
1230:17479935
1189:16931408
1146:37918415
1046:Tanzania
1028:redden.
939:Fujifilm
919:Cochrane
860:uses an
852:produce
826:antigens
734:leukemia
726:diabetes
365:rifampin
234:cultures
147:refugees
109:purulent
3735:Unitaid
3462:Rifater
3332:and/or
3086:Updates
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