1742:. It is also convenient, and common, to represent a diatomic molecule as two-point masses connected by a massless spring. The energies involved in the various motions of the molecule can then be broken down into three categories: the translational, rotational, and vibrational energies. The theoretical study of the rotational energy levels of the diatomic molecules can be described using the below description of the rotational energy levels. While the study of vibrational energy level of the diatomic molecules can be described using the harmonic oscillator approximation or using the quantum vibrational interaction potentials. These potentials give more accurate energy levels because they take multiple vibrational effects into account.
4045:
124:
464:'s original atomic hypothesis assumed that all elements were monatomic and that the atoms in compounds would normally have the simplest atomic ratios with respect to one another. For example, Dalton assumed water's formula to be HO, giving the atomic weight of oxygen as eight times that of hydrogen, instead of the modern value of about 16. As a consequence, confusion existed regarding atomic weights and molecular formulas for about half a century.
5274:
4027:
5238:
3568:
33:
4036:
5262:
5250:
611:, etc. (but this convention is not always followed, and sometimes lower case letters and alphabetically out-of-sequence letters are used, as in the example given below). The excitation energy must be greater than or equal to the energy of the electronic state in order for the excitation to occur.
538:
state. When a gas of diatomic molecules is bombarded by energetic electrons, some of the molecules may be excited to higher electronic states, as occurs, for example, in the natural aurora; high-altitude nuclear explosions; and rocket-borne electron gun experiments. Such excitation can also occur
1512:
emission bands (a.k.a. Vegard-Kaplan bands) are present in the spectral range from 0.14 to 1.45 μm (micrometres). A given band can be spread out over several nanometers in electromagnetic wavelength space, owing to the various transitions that occur in the molecule's rotational quantum number,
539:
when the gas absorbs light or other electromagnetic radiation. The excited states are unstable and naturally relax back to the ground state. Over various short time scales after the excitation (typically a fraction of a second, or sometimes longer than a second if the excited state is
2893:
1469:": each band corresponds to a particular transition from a higher electronic state and vibrational level to a lower electronic state and vibrational level (typically, many vibrational levels are involved in an excited gas of diatomic molecules). For example, N
459:
Diatomic elements played an important role in the elucidation of the concepts of element, atom, and molecule in the 19th century, because some of the most common elements, such as hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, occur as diatomic molecules.
2499:
2362:
3245:
2921:
1441:
The "energy" units here are actually the reciprocal of the wavelength of a photon emitted in a transition to the lowest energy state. The actual energy can be found by multiplying the given statistic by the product of
2866:
498:
resurrected
Avogadro's ideas and used them to produce a consistent table of atomic weights, which mostly agree with modern values. These weights were an important prerequisite for the discovery of the
1815:
1924:
451:
or distance between the two atoms. Diatomic nitrogen has a triple bond, diatomic oxygen has a double bond, and diatomic hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, iodine, and bromine all have single bonds.
3809:
2051:
699:
1337:
1284:
1145:
1097:
2150:
1423:
1231:
1380:
1188:
483:
and the assumption of diatomic elemental molecules. However, these results were mostly ignored until 1860, partly due to the belief that atoms of one element would have no
2590:
The spacing, and the energy of a typical spectroscopic transition, between vibrational energy levels is about 100 times greater than that of a typical transition between
1655:
1603:
1704:
5058:
4978:
4794:
4729:
4669:
4597:
4503:
4397:
4267:
3818:
2390:
895:
844:,.... For example, the following table lists the common electronic states (without vibrational quantum numbers) along with the energy of the lowest vibrational level (
782:
742:
487:
toward atoms of the same element, and also partly due to apparent exceptions to
Avogadro's law that were not explained until later in terms of dissociating molecules.
2573:
2231:
2211:
842:
802:
2547:
2177:
2095:
3802:
3548:
2997:
2952:
2075:
1051:
977:
applies to molecules of identical atoms, and when reflecting the state along a plane perpendicular to the molecular axis, states that does not change are labelled
822:
3553:
3532:
3330:
1977:
1951:
868:
2525:
1858:
1838:
1675:
1623:
1571:
1551:
1531:
1510:
1490:
1015:
995:
975:
955:
935:
915:
762:
722:
609:
589:
569:
536:
3506:
288:
Other elements form diatomic molecules when evaporated, but these diatomic species repolymerize when cooled. Heating ("cracking") elemental phosphorus gives
3604:
248:. The homonuclear diatomic gases and noble gases together are called "elemental gases" or "molecular gases", to distinguish them from other gases that are
3795:
3496:
2636:, pronounced "Hofbrinkle", have been coined to aid recall of the list of diatomic elements. Another method, for English-speakers, is the sentence: "
3522:
3480:
3444:
420:
3475:
3397:
3062:"Temperature guided behavioral transitions in confined helium: Gas-wall interaction effects on dynamics and transport in the cryogenic limit"
2821:
3501:
3454:
3449:
2948:"Franck-Condon Factors, r-Centroids, Electronic Transition Moments, and Einstein Coefficients for Many Nitrogen and Oxygen Band Systems"
1734:
is a shorthand expression of the angular momenta that characterize the electronic quantum states of a diatomic molecule, which are also
937:
determines whether reflection in a plane containing the internuclear axis introduces a sign change in the wavefunction. The sub-script
5181:
3392:
3323:
5081:
3264:
3225:
3045:
2876:
2846:
2753:
2726:
2612:
for a diatomic molecule, as well as good approximations of rotational energy levels, can be obtained by modeling the molecule using
144:
3428:
1450:(Planck's constant); i.e., about 1.99 × 10 Joule-metres, and then multiplying by a further factor of 100 to convert from cm to m.
543:), transitions occur from higher to lower electronic states and ultimately to the ground state, and in each transition results a
5206:
3597:
3527:
2700:
1739:
3418:
2649:
1767:
5131:
3470:
3316:
3022:
2977:
1876:
5166:
1989:
For microscopic, atomic-level systems like a molecule, angular momentum can only have specific discrete values given by
5309:
5299:
4362:
3571:
3402:
2379:
1997:
623:
411:
at room temperature, but they form diatomic molecules when evaporated, for example gaseous MgO, SiO, and many others.
5304:
3590:
5121:
5116:
4929:
4297:
3423:
3371:
439:
is the most abundant diatomic molecule in the universe. The interstellar medium is dominated by hydrogen atoms.
5314:
5161:
4587:
4357:
4317:
1462:
419:
Hundreds of diatomic molecules have been identified in the environment of the Earth, in the laboratory, and in
3193:
3095:"Morse potential specific bond volume: a simple formula with applications to dimers and soft–hard slab slider"
4518:
4493:
4483:
2769:
Lu, Z.W.; Wang, Q.; He, W.M.; Ma, Z.G. (July 1996). "New parametric emissions in diatomic sodium molecules".
5241:
3376:
2550:
2098:
427:
is composed of two species of diatomic molecules: nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%). The natural abundance of
1295:
1242:
518:
Diatomic molecules are normally in their lowest or ground state, which conventionally is also known as the
5096:
4889:
4217:
4158:
4066:
4061:
3971:
3848:
3843:
1108:
1060:
472:
382:
113:
4222:
3893:
3302:
5151:
5126:
4764:
4523:
4382:
4367:
4337:
3929:
1731:
1719:
615:
4453:
4433:
4106:
2113:
424:
4478:
1391:
1199:
123:
5212:
5196:
4821:
4192:
4163:
4044:
3868:
3284:
3151:
3106:
3006:
2961:
2905:
2778:
132:
93:
4116:
5156:
5136:
4949:
4639:
4473:
4127:
3991:
3966:
3934:
3853:
3355:
2609:
1707:
1348:
1156:
37:
4143:
2993:"Improved Fits for the Vibrational and Rotational Constants of Many States of Nitrogen and Oxygen"
5254:
5176:
5146:
5091:
4968:
4944:
4689:
4443:
4377:
4242:
4202:
4086:
4053:
4016:
3976:
3955:
3898:
3873:
3339:
3215:
3175:
2862:
2794:
2494:{\displaystyle E_{\text{vib}}=\left(n+{\frac {1}{2}}\right)\hbar \omega \ \ \ \ \ n=0,1,2,....\,}
1745:
Concerning history, the first treatment of diatomic molecules with quantum mechanics was made by
1628:
1576:
491:
4237:
2357:{\displaystyle E_{\text{rot}}={\frac {l(l+1)\hbar ^{2}}{2\mu r_{0}^{2}}}\ \ \ \ \ l=0,1,2,...\,}
1680:
4148:
3290:
5201:
4784:
4684:
4654:
4572:
4312:
4197:
4153:
4101:
3908:
3903:
3260:
3221:
3167:
3124:
3041:
2872:
2842:
2817:
2749:
2743:
2722:
2659:
2591:
2576:
1980:
1466:
880:
767:
727:
484:
480:
479:
had arrived at the correct interpretation of water's composition, based on what is now called
397:
378:
277:) also form diatomic gases. All halogens have been observed as diatomic molecules, except for
249:
4332:
3142:
Mensing, Lucy (1 November 1926). "Die
Rotations-Schwingungsbanden nach der Quantenmechanik".
2558:
2188:
827:
787:
475:
showed that water is formed of two volumes of hydrogen and one volume of oxygen, and by 1811
5278:
5266:
5186:
5086:
5016:
4991:
4939:
4372:
4247:
4212:
4133:
4121:
4081:
3986:
3919:
3616:
3159:
3114:
3073:
3014:
2969:
2913:
2786:
2532:
2378:—along the line connecting the two atoms. The vibrational energy is approximately that of a
2161:
2080:
1954:
503:
140:
67:
2060:
1029:
4874:
4849:
4548:
4387:
4327:
4307:
4227:
4111:
4011:
3996:
3981:
3888:
3878:
3732:
2640:" as a representation of Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Fluorine, Oxygen, Iodine, Chlorine, Bromine.
807:
476:
404:
389:
97:
2613:
2603:
1961:
1935:
847:
744:
is the total electronic angular momentum quantum number along the internuclear axis, and
3155:
3110:
3010:
2965:
2909:
2782:
5111:
5076:
4859:
4749:
4714:
4699:
4634:
4629:
4528:
4428:
4347:
4322:
4287:
4232:
4207:
4076:
3924:
2669:
2510:
1843:
1823:
1758:
1660:
1608:
1556:
1536:
1516:
1495:
1475:
1000:
980:
960:
940:
920:
900:
897:
give additional quantum mechanical details about the electronic state. The superscript
747:
707:
594:
574:
554:
521:
447:
All diatomic molecules are linear and characterized by a single parameter which is the
148:
128:
51:
5293:
5141:
4996:
4879:
4854:
4835:
4779:
4659:
4617:
4612:
4352:
4342:
4302:
4177:
4071:
4026:
4001:
3883:
3863:
3179:
2798:
2664:
540:
355:
3787:
2689:
784:
takes on values 0, 1, 2, ..., which are represented by the electronic state symbols
614:
In quantum theory, an electronic state of a diatomic molecule is represented by the
5217:
5071:
4924:
4864:
4844:
4816:
4744:
4624:
4607:
4562:
4513:
4418:
4138:
4091:
3939:
3742:
3712:
3350:
2742:
Whitten, Kenneth W.; Davis, Raymond E.; Peck, M. Larry; Stanley, George G. (2010).
2180:
1746:
1711:
1533:. These are classified into distinct sub-band branches, depending on the change in
1458:
548:
507:
499:
393:
289:
105:
5191:
5101:
5066:
5033:
4959:
4934:
4774:
4679:
4649:
4533:
4448:
4438:
4168:
4096:
2992:
2947:
461:
448:
32:
3119:
3094:
3078:
3061:
2374:
Another type of motion of a diatomic molecule is for each atom to oscillate—or
5106:
5048:
5011:
4986:
4884:
4694:
4557:
3772:
2654:
1735:
495:
468:
359:
344:
282:
3582:
3247:
Molecular
Spectra and Molecular Structure IV. Constants of Diatomic Molecules
3171:
2814:
Molecular
Spectra and Molecular Structure IV. Constants of Diatomic Molecules
2213:
is the average distance between the centers of the two atoms in the molecule.
96:. Otherwise, if a diatomic molecule consists of two different atoms, such as
5038:
4903:
4739:
4543:
4423:
4277:
4252:
3762:
2375:
311:
245:
217:
117:
70:. If a diatomic molecule consists of two atoms of the same element, such as
3128:
435:
in the Earth's atmosphere is only of the order of parts per million, but H
5006:
4918:
4719:
4582:
4567:
4538:
4407:
4182:
4006:
3950:
3944:
3913:
3858:
3826:
3752:
3671:
3661:
3641:
3631:
1715:
428:
333:
322:
300:
278:
192:
181:
163:
71:
59:
17:
5171:
5001:
4954:
4913:
4869:
4811:
4806:
4769:
4759:
4754:
4709:
4704:
4644:
4577:
4468:
4463:
4413:
4292:
4282:
4035:
3722:
3681:
3163:
2790:
408:
256:
233:
203:
2632:, pronounced "Honkelbrif", “HOBrFINCl”, pronounced “Hoberfinkel”, and
5222:
5043:
5025:
4488:
4458:
3960:
3691:
3651:
3308:
3018:
2973:
2917:
544:
267:
221:
82:
2223:, the rotational energy levels of a diatomic molecule are given by:
4257:
4187:
2219:
So, substituting the angular momentum and moment of inertia into E
241:
237:
229:
122:
31:
2748:(9th ed.). Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning. pp. 337–338.
551:. Successively higher electronic states are conventionally named
225:
63:
3791:
3586:
3312:
2690:"Section 4: Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds"
2946:
Gilmore, Forrest R.; Laher, Russ R.; Espy, Patrick J. (1992).
152:
2586:
Comparison between rotational and vibrational energy spacings
381:
of two different elements. Many elements can combine to form
385:
diatomic molecules, depending on temperature and pressure.
3194:"Mnemonic BrINClHOF (pronounced Brinklehoff) in Chemistry"
3296:
1757:
The translational energy of the molecule is given by the
2105:
Also, for a diatomic molecule the moment of inertia is
135:
diatomic molecules under typical laboratory conditions.
1718:. The spectral resolution depends on the instrument's
407:
are not normally considered diatomic because they are
2561:
2535:
2513:
2393:
2234:
2191:
2164:
2116:
2083:
2063:
2000:
1964:
1938:
1879:
1846:
1826:
1810:{\displaystyle E_{\text{trans}}={\frac {1}{2}}mv^{2}}
1770:
1683:
1663:
1631:
1611:
1579:
1559:
1539:
1519:
1498:
1478:
1394:
1351:
1298:
1245:
1202:
1159:
1111:
1063:
1032:
1003:
983:
963:
943:
923:
903:
883:
874:), the most abundant gas in the Earth's atmosphere.
850:
830:
810:
790:
770:
750:
730:
710:
626:
597:
577:
557:
524:
2894:"The Karlsruhe Congress: A centennial retrospective"
1919:{\displaystyle E_{\text{rot}}={\frac {L^{2}}{2I}}\,}
5057:
4977:
4902:
4793:
4728:
4668:
4596:
4502:
4396:
4266:
4052:
3834:
3825:
3704:
3623:
3541:
3515:
3489:
3463:
3437:
3411:
3385:
3364:
1706:. Bands are spread out even further by the limited
997:(gerade), and states that change sign are labelled
143:that form stable homonuclear diatomic molecules at
2567:
2541:
2519:
2493:
2356:
2205:
2171:
2144:
2089:
2069:
2045:
1971:
1945:
1918:
1852:
1832:
1809:
1698:
1669:
1649:
1617:
1597:
1565:
1545:
1525:
1504:
1484:
1417:
1374:
1331:
1278:
1225:
1182:
1139:
1091:
1045:
1009:
989:
969:
949:
929:
909:
889:
862:
836:
816:
796:
776:
756:
736:
716:
693:
603:
583:
563:
530:
2841:(2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. pp. 123–125.
116:. The bond in a homonuclear diatomic molecule is
2046:{\displaystyle L^{2}=\ell (\ell +1)\hbar ^{2}\,}
694:{\displaystyle ^{2S+1}\Lambda (v)_{(g/u)}^{+/-}}
255:At slightly elevated temperatures, the halogens
147:(STP) (or at typical laboratory conditions of 1
3305:– Indiana University Molecular Structure Center
2998:Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data
2953:Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data
1868:Classically, the kinetic energy of rotation is
3803:
3598:
3324:
3287:– Rotational Spectra of Rigid Rotor Molecules
2941:
2939:
724:is the total electronic spin quantum number,
8:
3257:Physics For Scientists and Engineers: Vol. 1
3066:Chemical Thermodynamics and Thermal Analysis
2991:Laher, Russ R.; Gilmore, Forrest R. (1991).
2721:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 22–23.
3831:
3810:
3796:
3788:
3605:
3591:
3583:
3331:
3317:
3309:
3299:– Chemistry, Structures, and 3D Molecules
3118:
3077:
3040:, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 508–9,
2560:
2534:
2512:
2490:
2418:
2398:
2392:
2353:
2296:
2291:
2273:
2248:
2239:
2233:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2168:
2163:
2141:
2135:
2130:
2115:
2082:
2062:
2042:
2036:
2005:
1999:
1968:
1963:
1942:
1937:
1915:
1899:
1893:
1884:
1878:
1845:
1825:
1801:
1784:
1775:
1769:
1682:
1662:
1630:
1610:
1578:
1558:
1538:
1518:
1497:
1477:
1409:
1399:
1393:
1366:
1356:
1350:
1323:
1318:
1307:
1297:
1270:
1265:
1254:
1244:
1217:
1207:
1201:
1174:
1164:
1158:
1131:
1126:
1116:
1110:
1083:
1078:
1068:
1062:
1037:
1031:
1002:
982:
962:
942:
922:
902:
882:
849:
829:
809:
789:
769:
749:
729:
709:
681:
677:
665:
658:
630:
625:
596:
576:
556:
523:
3774:
3764:
3754:
3744:
3734:
3724:
3714:
3693:
3683:
3673:
3663:
3653:
3643:
3633:
2865:; Beebe, Ralph Alonzo (1 January 1995).
1019:
365:
350:
339:
328:
317:
306:
295:
273:
262:
209:
198:
187:
176:
169:
158:
88:
77:
2680:
2536:
2433:
2270:
2084:
2033:
1434:
1304:
1251:
2868:The Development of Chemical Principles
2706:from the original on 11 November 2011.
877:The subscripts and superscripts after
547:is emitted. This emission is known as
244:) are also gases at STP, but they are
40:of the diatomic molecule dinitrogen, N
1332:{\displaystyle a'^{1}\Sigma _{u}^{-}}
1279:{\displaystyle B'^{3}\Sigma _{u}^{-}}
7:
3099:Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter
2816:. New York: Van Nostrand: Reinhold.
1140:{\displaystyle A^{3}\Sigma _{u}^{+}}
1092:{\displaystyle X^{1}\Sigma _{g}^{+}}
3250:. New York: Van Nostrand: Reinhold.
3244:Huber, K. P.; Herzberg, G. (1979).
2812:Huber, K. P.; Herzberg, G. (1979).
764:is the vibrational quantum number.
131:showing the elements that exist as
5182:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
2837:Brown, Catrin; Ford, Mike (2014).
1684:
1632:
1580:
1461:occurs in distinct regions of the
1406:
1363:
1315:
1262:
1214:
1171:
1123:
1075:
884:
831:
811:
791:
771:
731:
645:
27:Molecule composed of any two atoms
25:
5082:Atomic and molecular astrophysics
3819:Molecules detected in outer space
3025:from the original on 2 June 2018.
2980:from the original on 9 July 2017.
2697:Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
2145:{\displaystyle I=\mu r_{0}^{2}\,}
377:All other diatomic molecules are
145:standard temperature and pressure
5272:
5260:
5248:
5237:
5236:
4043:
4034:
4025:
3567:
3566:
3217:Chemistry and Our Changing World
2638:Never Have Fear of Ice Cold Beer
1840:is the mass of the molecule and
1418:{\displaystyle w^{1}\Delta _{u}}
1226:{\displaystyle W^{3}\Delta _{u}}
332:) are known in the gas phase. Di
5207:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
3259:(4th ed.). W. H. Freeman.
2650:Symmetry of diatomic molecules
2266:
2254:
2077:is a non-negative integer and
2029:
2017:
673:
659:
655:
648:
112:), the molecule is said to be
1:
5132:Extraterrestrial liquid water
3293:– Quantum Harmonic Oscillator
3220:. Prentice Hall. p. 82.
2898:Journal of Chemical Education
1375:{\displaystyle a^{1}\Pi _{g}}
1183:{\displaystyle B^{3}\Pi _{g}}
3549:Tricapped trigonal prismatic
1738:of the electronic molecular
1714:that is used to measure the
4363:Protonated hydrogen cyanide
3554:Capped square antiprismatic
3533:Bicapped trigonal prismatic
2628:, pronounced "Brinklehof",
2380:quantum harmonic oscillator
1650:{\displaystyle \Delta J=-1}
1598:{\displaystyle \Delta J=+1}
66:, of the same or different
5331:
3079:10.1016/j.ctta.2022.100073
2601:
1699:{\displaystyle \Delta J=0}
299:). Sulfur vapor is mostly
5231:
5122:Earliest known life forms
5117:Diffuse interstellar band
4588:Protonated cyanoacetylene
4358:Protonated carbon dioxide
4318:Hydromagnesium isocyanide
4023:
3562:
3507:Capped trigonal prismatic
3346:
3093:Al-Raeei, Marwan (2022).
1446:(the speed of light) and
870:) of diatomic nitrogen (N
514:Excited electronic states
92:), then it is said to be
5167:Iron–sulfur world theory
5162:Photodissociation region
4865:Methyl-cyano-diacetylene
3120:10.1088/1361-648X/ac6a9b
2839:Standard Level Chemistry
1463:electromagnetic spectrum
890:{\displaystyle \Lambda }
777:{\displaystyle \Lambda }
737:{\displaystyle \Lambda }
151:and 25 °C) are the
5242:Category:Astrochemistry
4832:, fullerene, buckyball)
4519:Cyanobutadiynyl radical
4494:Silicon-carbide cluster
4484:Protonated formaldehyde
3036:Levine, Ira N. (1975),
2892:Ihde, Aaron J. (1961).
2871:. Courier Corporation.
2863:Langford, Cooper Harold
2568:{\displaystyle \omega }
2551:reduced Planck constant
2206:{\displaystyle r_{0}\,}
2099:reduced Planck constant
837:{\displaystyle \Delta }
797:{\displaystyle \Sigma }
455:Historical significance
373:Heteronuclear molecules
285:, which are uncertain.
5255:Outer space portal
5097:Circumstellar envelope
4062:Aluminium(I) hydroxide
3972:Phosphorus mononitride
3849:Aluminium monofluoride
3844:Aluminium monochloride
3497:Pentagonal bipyramidal
3214:Sherman, Alan (1992).
3144:Zeitschrift für Physik
3060:Mishra, Swati (2022).
3038:Molecular Spectroscopy
2688:Hammond, C.R. (2012).
2569:
2543:
2542:{\displaystyle \hbar }
2521:
2495:
2358:
2207:
2173:
2172:{\displaystyle \mu \,}
2146:
2091:
2090:{\displaystyle \hbar }
2071:
2047:
1973:
1947:
1920:
1854:
1834:
1811:
1753:Translational energies
1700:
1671:
1651:
1619:
1599:
1573:branch corresponds to
1567:
1547:
1527:
1506:
1486:
1419:
1376:
1333:
1280:
1227:
1184:
1141:
1093:
1047:
1011:
991:
971:
951:
931:
911:
891:
864:
838:
818:
798:
778:
758:
738:
718:
695:
605:
585:
565:
532:
136:
44:
5152:Interplanetary medium
5127:Extraterrestrial life
4765:Octatetraynyl radical
4383:Tricarbon monosulfide
3930:Magnesium monohydride
3542:Coordination number 9
3516:Coordination number 8
3490:Coordination number 7
3464:Coordination number 6
3438:Coordination number 5
3412:Coordination number 4
3386:Coordination number 3
3365:Coordination number 2
3255:Tipler, Paul (1998).
2597:
2570:
2544:
2522:
2496:
2359:
2208:
2174:
2147:
2092:
2072:
2070:{\displaystyle \ell }
2048:
1974:
1948:
1921:
1855:
1835:
1812:
1732:molecular term symbol
1720:point spread function
1701:
1672:
1652:
1620:
1600:
1568:
1548:
1528:
1507:
1487:
1420:
1377:
1334:
1281:
1228:
1185:
1142:
1094:
1048:
1046:{\displaystyle T_{0}}
1012:
992:
972:
952:
932:
912:
892:
865:
839:
819:
799:
779:
759:
739:
719:
696:
616:molecular term symbol
606:
586:
566:
533:
126:
62:composed of only two
35:
5279:Chemistry portal
5267:Astronomy portal
5213:RNA world hypothesis
5197:PAH world hypothesis
4890:Heptatrienyl radical
4822:Buckminsterfullerene
4710:Methylcyanoacetylene
4218:Silicon carbonitride
4193:Methylidynephosphane
4159:Magnesium isocyanide
4067:Aluminium isocyanide
3869:Carbon monophosphide
3523:Square antiprismatic
3481:Pentagonal pyramidal
3445:Trigonal bipyramidal
2924:on 28 September 2007
2610:good quantum numbers
2559:
2533:
2511:
2391:
2370:Vibrational energies
2232:
2189:
2162:
2114:
2081:
2061:
1998:
1962:
1936:
1877:
1844:
1824:
1768:
1681:
1661:
1629:
1609:
1577:
1557:
1537:
1517:
1496:
1476:
1392:
1349:
1296:
1243:
1200:
1157:
1109:
1061:
1030:
1001:
981:
961:
941:
921:
901:
881:
848:
828:
817:{\displaystyle \Pi }
808:
788:
768:
748:
728:
708:
624:
595:
575:
555:
522:
5157:Interstellar medium
5137:Forbidden mechanism
4950:Hydrogen isocyanide
4640:Hexatriynyl radical
4223:c-Silicon dicarbide
4128:Hydrogen isocyanide
3992:Silicon monosulfide
3967:Phosphorus monoxide
3935:Methylidyne radical
3894:Fluoromethylidynium
3854:Aluminium(II) oxide
3356:Coordination number
3156:1926ZPhy...36..814M
3111:2022JPCM...34B4001A
3011:1991JPCRD..20..685L
2966:1992JPCRD..21.1005G
2910:1961JChEd..38...83I
2783:1996ApPhB..63...43L
2717:Emsley, J. (1989).
2301:
2183:of the molecule and
2140:
1972:{\displaystyle I\,}
1946:{\displaystyle L\,}
1864:Rotational energies
1708:spectral resolution
1457:The aforementioned
1328:
1275:
1136:
1088:
863:{\displaystyle v=0}
690:
494:on atomic weights,
423:. About 99% of the
388:Examples are gases
38:space-filling model
5310:Molecular geometry
5300:Diatomic molecules
5177:Molecules in stars
5147:Intergalactic dust
5092:Circumstellar dust
5034:Naphthalene cation
4969:Trihydrogen cation
4945:Hydrogen deuteride
4870:Methyltriacetylene
4705:Hexapentaenylidene
4524:E-Cyanomethanimine
4444:Cyclopropenylidene
4378:Tricarbon monoxide
4368:Silicon tricarbide
4338:Methylene amidogen
4328:Isothiocyanic acid
4243:Thioxoethenylidene
4203:Trihydrogen cation
4017:Titanium(II) oxide
3977:Potassium chloride
3956:Sulfur mononitride
3899:Helium hydride ion
3874:Carbon monosulfide
3476:Trigonal prismatic
3398:Trigonal pyramidal
3340:Molecular geometry
3164:10.1007/BF01400216
3072:(August): 100073.
2791:10.1007/BF01112836
2565:
2539:
2517:
2491:
2354:
2287:
2203:
2169:
2142:
2126:
2087:
2067:
2043:
1969:
1943:
1916:
1850:
1830:
1807:
1696:
1667:
1647:
1615:
1595:
1563:
1543:
1523:
1502:
1482:
1415:
1372:
1329:
1314:
1276:
1261:
1223:
1180:
1137:
1122:
1089:
1074:
1043:
1007:
987:
967:
947:
927:
907:
887:
860:
834:
814:
794:
774:
754:
734:
714:
691:
654:
601:
581:
561:
528:
492:Karlsruhe Congress
467:As early as 1805,
443:Molecular geometry
425:Earth's atmosphere
421:interstellar space
379:chemical compounds
358:in the gas phase.
250:chemical compounds
202:), and the liquid
137:
48:Diatomic molecules
45:
5305:General chemistry
5287:
5286:
5202:Pseudo-panspermia
4898:
4897:
4845:Cyanodecapentayne
4785:N-Methylformamide
4760:Methyldiacetylene
4685:Aminoacetonitrile
4655:Methyl isocyanate
4573:Methyl isocyanide
4454:Isocyanoacetylene
4434:Cyanoformaldehyde
4313:Hydrogen peroxide
4198:Potassium cyanide
4154:Magnesium cyanide
4107:Disilicon carbide
4102:Dicarbon monoxide
3909:Hydrogen fluoride
3904:Hydrogen chloride
3785:
3784:
3617:chemical elements
3580:
3579:
3502:Capped octahedral
3455:Pentagonal planar
2823:978-0-442-23394-5
2771:Applied Physics B
2660:Octatomic element
2592:rotational energy
2579:of the vibration.
2577:angular frequency
2520:{\displaystyle n}
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2426:
2401:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2242:
1981:moment of inertia
1913:
1887:
1860:is its velocity.
1853:{\displaystyle v}
1833:{\displaystyle m}
1792:
1778:
1670:{\displaystyle Q}
1618:{\displaystyle P}
1566:{\displaystyle R}
1546:{\displaystyle J}
1526:{\displaystyle J}
1505:{\displaystyle X}
1485:{\displaystyle A}
1431:
1430:
1010:{\displaystyle u}
990:{\displaystyle g}
970:{\displaystyle u}
950:{\displaystyle g}
930:{\displaystyle -}
910:{\displaystyle +}
757:{\displaystyle v}
717:{\displaystyle S}
604:{\displaystyle C}
584:{\displaystyle B}
564:{\displaystyle A}
531:{\displaystyle X}
485:chemical affinity
398:hydrogen chloride
141:chemical elements
68:chemical elements
58: 'two') are
16:(Redirected from
5322:
5277:
5276:
5275:
5265:
5264:
5263:
5253:
5252:
5251:
5240:
5239:
5187:Organic compound
5087:Chemical formula
4992:Dihydroxyacetone
4940:Hydrogen cyanide
4625:Cyanodiacetylene
4479:Propadienylidene
4373:Thioformaldehyde
4248:Titanium dioxide
4213:Sodium hydroxide
4134:Hydrogen sulfide
4122:Hydrogen cyanide
4082:Carbonyl sulfide
4047:
4038:
4029:
3987:Silicon monoxide
3920:Hydroxyl radical
3832:
3812:
3805:
3798:
3789:
3778:
3768:
3758:
3748:
3738:
3728:
3718:
3697:
3687:
3677:
3667:
3657:
3647:
3637:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3584:
3570:
3569:
3450:Square pyramidal
3333:
3326:
3319:
3310:
3270:
3251:
3232:
3231:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3122:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3019:10.1063/1.555892
2988:
2982:
2981:
2974:10.1063/1.555910
2960:(5): 1005–1107.
2943:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2920:. Archived from
2918:10.1021/ed038p83
2889:
2883:
2882:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2694:
2685:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2419:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2295:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2010:
2009:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1955:angular momentum
1952:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1904:
1903:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1793:
1785:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1451:
1439:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1404:
1403:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1361:
1360:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1327:
1322:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1274:
1269:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1212:
1211:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1169:
1168:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1135:
1130:
1121:
1120:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1087:
1082:
1073:
1072:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1020:
1016:
1014:
1013:
1008:
996:
994:
993:
988:
976:
974:
973:
968:
956:
954:
953:
948:
936:
934:
933:
928:
916:
914:
913:
908:
896:
894:
893:
888:
869:
867:
866:
861:
843:
841:
840:
835:
823:
821:
820:
815:
803:
801:
800:
795:
783:
781:
780:
775:
763:
761:
760:
755:
743:
741:
740:
735:
723:
721:
720:
715:
700:
698:
697:
692:
689:
685:
676:
669:
644:
643:
610:
608:
607:
602:
590:
588:
587:
582:
570:
568:
567:
562:
537:
535:
534:
529:
504:Dmitri Mendeleev
405:binary compounds
368:
353:
342:
331:
320:
309:
298:
276:
265:
212:
201:
190:
179:
172:
161:
111:
103:
91:
80:
21:
5330:
5329:
5325:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5320:
5319:
5315:Stereochemistry
5290:
5289:
5288:
5283:
5273:
5271:
5261:
5259:
5249:
5247:
5227:
5053:
5029:
5020:
4973:
4963:
4906:
4894:
4875:Propionaldehyde
4850:Ethylene glycol
4839:
4831:
4827:
4798:
4796:
4789:
4745:Cyanohexatriyne
4731:
4724:
4671:
4664:
4599:
4592:
4552:
4505:
4498:
4469:Methoxy radical
4399:
4392:
4388:Thiocyanic acid
4269:
4262:
4172:
4112:Ethynyl radical
4048:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4021:
4012:Sulfur monoxide
3997:Sodium chloride
3982:Silicon carbide
3889:Diatomic carbon
3879:Carbon monoxide
3821:
3816:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3619:
3611:
3581:
3576:
3558:
3537:
3511:
3485:
3459:
3433:
3407:
3393:Trigonal planar
3381:
3360:
3342:
3337:
3281:
3267:
3254:
3243:
3240:
3238:Further reading
3235:
3228:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3150:(11): 814–823.
3141:
3140:
3136:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3035:
3034:
3030:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2945:
2944:
2937:
2927:
2925:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2879:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2849:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2824:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2756:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2729:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2703:
2692:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2646:
2622:
2606:
2600:
2588:
2557:
2556:
2531:
2530:
2509:
2508:
2411:
2407:
2394:
2389:
2388:
2372:
2280:
2269:
2250:
2235:
2230:
2229:
2222:
2192:
2187:
2186:
2160:
2159:
2112:
2111:
2079:
2078:
2059:
2058:
2032:
2001:
1996:
1995:
1983:of the molecule
1960:
1959:
1934:
1933:
1905:
1895:
1880:
1875:
1874:
1866:
1842:
1841:
1822:
1821:
1797:
1771:
1766:
1765:
1755:
1728:
1679:
1678:
1659:
1658:
1627:
1626:
1607:
1606:
1575:
1574:
1555:
1554:
1535:
1534:
1515:
1514:
1494:
1493:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1455:
1454:
1440:
1436:
1405:
1395:
1390:
1389:
1362:
1352:
1347:
1346:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1293:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1240:
1213:
1203:
1198:
1197:
1170:
1160:
1155:
1154:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1064:
1059:
1058:
1033:
1028:
1027:
999:
998:
979:
978:
959:
958:
939:
938:
919:
918:
899:
898:
879:
878:
873:
846:
845:
826:
825:
806:
805:
786:
785:
766:
765:
746:
745:
726:
725:
706:
705:
627:
622:
621:
593:
592:
573:
572:
553:
552:
520:
519:
516:
477:Amedeo Avogadro
457:
445:
438:
432:
417:
390:carbon monoxide
375:
369:) is diatomic.
367:
363:
352:
348:
341:
337:
330:
326:
319:
315:
308:
304:
297:
293:
275:
271:
264:
260:
211:
207:
200:
196:
189:
185:
178:
174:
171:
167:
160:
156:
109:
101:
98:carbon monoxide
90:
86:
79:
75:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5328:
5326:
5318:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5292:
5291:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5281:
5269:
5257:
5245:
5232:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5112:Cosmochemistry
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5077:Astrochemistry
5074:
5069:
5063:
5061:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5018:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4983:
4981:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4930:Formyl radical
4927:
4922:
4916:
4910:
4908:
4900:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4860:Methyl acetate
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4803:
4801:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4750:Dimethyl ether
4747:
4742:
4736:
4734:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4722:
4717:
4715:Methyl formate
4712:
4707:
4702:
4700:Glycolaldehyde
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4676:
4674:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4635:Glycolonitrile
4632:
4630:Ethylene oxide
4627:
4622:
4621:
4620:
4610:
4604:
4602:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4529:Cyclopropenone
4526:
4521:
4516:
4510:
4508:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4429:Cyanoacetylene
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4404:
4402:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4348:Methyl radical
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4323:Isocyanic acid
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4288:Isocyanic acid
4285:
4280:
4274:
4272:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4233:Sulfur dioxide
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4208:Sodium cyanide
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4125:
4119:
4117:Formyl radical
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4077:Carbon dioxide
4074:
4069:
4064:
4058:
4056:
4050:
4049:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3925:Iron(II) oxide
3922:
3917:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3840:
3838:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3807:
3800:
3792:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3769:
3759:
3749:
3739:
3729:
3719:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3688:
3678:
3668:
3658:
3648:
3638:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3620:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3602:
3595:
3587:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3328:
3321:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3280:
3279:External links
3277:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3265:
3252:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3226:
3206:
3185:
3134:
3105:(28): 284001.
3085:
3052:
3046:
3028:
3005:(4): 685–712.
2983:
2935:
2884:
2877:
2854:
2847:
2829:
2822:
2804:
2761:
2754:
2734:
2727:
2709:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2670:Industrial gas
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2645:
2642:
2624:The mnemonics
2621:
2618:
2602:Main article:
2599:
2596:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2564:
2554:
2538:
2528:
2516:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2425:
2422:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2397:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2247:
2238:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2199:
2195:
2184:
2167:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2103:
2102:
2086:
2066:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2008:
2004:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1967:
1957:
1941:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1911:
1908:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1883:
1865:
1862:
1849:
1829:
1818:
1817:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1788:
1783:
1774:
1759:kinetic energy
1754:
1751:
1727:
1724:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1666:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1614:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1562:
1542:
1522:
1501:
1481:
1470:
1467:emission bands
1453:
1452:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1398:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1369:
1365:
1359:
1355:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1206:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1163:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1115:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1067:
1055:
1054:
1040:
1036:
1024:
1006:
986:
966:
946:
926:
906:
886:
871:
859:
856:
853:
833:
813:
793:
773:
753:
733:
713:
702:
701:
688:
684:
680:
675:
672:
668:
664:
661:
657:
653:
650:
647:
642:
639:
636:
633:
629:
600:
580:
560:
527:
515:
512:
481:Avogadro's law
456:
453:
444:
441:
436:
430:
416:
413:
374:
371:
356:sextuple bonds
129:periodic table
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5327:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5280:
5270:
5268:
5258:
5256:
5246:
5244:
5243:
5234:
5233:
5230:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5142:Homochirality
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5060:
5056:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5024:
5022:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4997:Methoxyethane
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4980:
4976:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4880:Butyronitrile
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4855:Ethyl formate
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4834:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4800:
4792:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4780:Propionitrile
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4733:
4727:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4673:
4667:
4661:
4660:Vinyl alcohol
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4619:
4618:Vinyl cyanide
4616:
4615:
4614:
4613:Acrylonitrile
4611:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4595:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4578:Pentynylidyne
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4501:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4474:Methylenimine
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4395:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4353:Propynylidyne
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4343:Methyl cation
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4303:Fulminic acid
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4265:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4178:Nitrous oxide
4176:
4174:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4072:Amino radical
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4051:
4046:
4037:
4028:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4002:Sodium iodide
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3884:Cyano radical
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3864:Carbon cation
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3813:
3808:
3806:
3801:
3799:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3777:
3770:
3767:
3760:
3757:
3750:
3747:
3740:
3737:
3730:
3727:
3720:
3717:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3696:
3689:
3686:
3679:
3676:
3669:
3666:
3659:
3656:
3649:
3646:
3639:
3636:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3615:
3608:
3603:
3601:
3596:
3594:
3589:
3588:
3585:
3573:
3565:
3564:
3561:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3430:
3429:Square planar
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3341:
3334:
3329:
3327:
3322:
3320:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3266:1-57259-491-8
3262:
3258:
3253:
3249:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3229:
3227:9780131315419
3223:
3219:
3218:
3210:
3207:
3195:
3189:
3186:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3146:(in German).
3145:
3138:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3089:
3086:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3056:
3053:
3049:
3047:0-471-53128-6
3043:
3039:
3032:
3029:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2987:
2984:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2888:
2885:
2880:
2878:9780486683591
2874:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2858:
2855:
2850:
2848:9781447959069
2844:
2840:
2833:
2830:
2825:
2819:
2815:
2808:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2765:
2762:
2757:
2755:9780495391630
2751:
2747:
2746:
2738:
2735:
2730:
2728:9780198555681
2724:
2720:
2713:
2710:
2702:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2681:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2665:Covalent bond
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2595:
2593:
2585:
2578:
2562:
2555:
2552:
2529:
2527:is an integer
2514:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2436:
2429:
2423:
2420:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2395:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2369:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2274:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2251:
2245:
2236:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2197:
2193:
2185:
2182:
2165:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2100:
2064:
2056:
2037:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2014:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1982:
1965:
1958:
1956:
1939:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1909:
1906:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1881:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1863:
1861:
1847:
1827:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1786:
1781:
1772:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1726:Energy levels
1725:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1664:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1612:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1560:
1540:
1520:
1499:
1479:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1449:
1445:
1438:
1435:
1426:
1410:
1400:
1396:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1367:
1357:
1353:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1324:
1319:
1308:
1300:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1271:
1266:
1255:
1247:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1218:
1208:
1204:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1175:
1165:
1161:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1132:
1127:
1117:
1113:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1084:
1079:
1069:
1065:
1057:
1056:
1038:
1034:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1004:
984:
964:
944:
924:
904:
875:
857:
854:
851:
751:
711:
686:
682:
678:
670:
666:
662:
651:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
620:
619:
618:
617:
612:
598:
578:
558:
550:
546:
542:
525:
513:
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
465:
463:
454:
452:
450:
442:
440:
434:
426:
422:
414:
412:
410:
406:
401:
399:
395:
391:
386:
384:
383:heteronuclear
380:
372:
370:
361:
357:
346:
335:
324:
313:
302:
291:
286:
284:
280:
269:
258:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
214:
205:
194:
183:
165:
154:
150:
146:
142:
134:
130:
125:
121:
119:
115:
114:heteronuclear
107:
99:
95:
84:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
39:
34:
30:
19:
5235:
5218:Spectroscopy
5072:Astrobiology
4925:Formaldehyde
4817:Benzonitrile
4608:Acetaldehyde
4563:Methanethiol
4514:Acetonitrile
4419:Carbodiimide
4298:Formaldehyde
4293:Cyanoethynyl
4144:Iron cyanide
4139:Hydroperoxyl
3940:Nitric oxide
3835:
3613:
3528:Dodecahedral
3351:VSEPR theory
3291:Hyperphysics
3285:Hyperphysics
3256:
3246:
3216:
3209:
3197:. Retrieved
3188:
3147:
3143:
3137:
3102:
3098:
3088:
3069:
3065:
3055:
3037:
3031:
3002:
2996:
2986:
2957:
2951:
2926:. Retrieved
2922:the original
2904:(2): 83–86.
2901:
2897:
2887:
2867:
2857:
2838:
2832:
2813:
2807:
2777:(1): 43–46.
2774:
2770:
2764:
2744:
2737:
2719:The Elements
2718:
2712:
2696:
2683:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2623:
2614:Hund's cases
2607:
2604:Hund's cases
2598:Hund's cases
2589:
2373:
2218:
2181:reduced mass
2104:
1988:
1867:
1819:
1761:expression:
1756:
1747:Lucy Mensing
1744:
1729:
1712:spectrometer
1459:fluorescence
1456:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1017:(ungerade).
876:
703:
613:
549:fluorescence
517:
508:Lothar Meyer
500:periodic law
490:At the 1860
489:
473:von Humboldt
466:
458:
446:
418:
402:
394:nitric oxide
387:
376:
354:) form with
290:diphosphorus
287:
254:
215:
138:
106:nitric oxide
55:
47:
46:
29:
5192:Outer space
5102:Cosmic dust
5067:Abiogenesis
4979:Unconfirmed
4935:Heavy water
4775:Ethanethiol
4690:Cyanoallene
4680:Acetic acid
4650:Methylamine
4534:Diacetylene
4449:Formic acid
4439:Cyanomethyl
4097:Diazenylium
4087:CCP radical
3963:(molecular)
3947:(molecular)
3916:(molecular)
3419:Tetrahedral
1740:Hamiltonian
1736:eigenstates
462:John Dalton
449:bond length
429:hydrogen (H
218:noble gases
173:), oxygen (
133:homonuclear
94:homonuclear
5294:Categories
5107:Cosmic ray
5049:Silylidyne
5012:Hemolithin
4987:Anthracene
4904:Deuterated
4885:Pyrimidine
4695:Ethanimine
4558:Ketenimine
4414:Butadiynyl
4238:Thioformyl
4092:Chloronium
3471:Octahedral
2676:References
2655:AXE method
1677:branch to
1657:, and the
1625:branch to
1465:, called "
541:metastable
496:Cannizzaro
469:Gay-Lussac
415:Occurrence
396:(NO), and
360:Dirubidium
345:molybdenum
283:tennessine
155:hydrogen (
50:(from
5039:Phosphine
4907:molecules
4840:fullerene
4740:Acetamide
4544:Formamide
4424:Cyanamide
4278:Acetylene
4253:Tricarbon
4164:Methylene
4149:Isoformyl
4054:Triatomic
3827:Molecules
3180:123240532
3172:0044-3328
2928:24 August
2799:120378643
2745:Chemistry
2634:HOFBrINCl
2630:HONClBrIF
2626:BrINClHOF
2620:Mnemonics
2563:ω
2537:ℏ
2437:ω
2434:ℏ
2285:μ
2271:ℏ
2166:μ
2124:μ
2085:ℏ
2065:ℓ
2034:ℏ
2021:ℓ
2015:ℓ
1749:in 1926.
1685:Δ
1642:−
1633:Δ
1581:Δ
1407:Δ
1364:Π
1325:−
1316:Σ
1272:−
1263:Σ
1215:Δ
1172:Π
1124:Σ
1076:Σ
925:−
885:Λ
832:Δ
812:Π
792:Σ
772:Λ
732:Λ
687:−
646:Λ
409:polymeric
403:Many 1:1
312:Dilithium
246:monatomic
139:The only
118:non-polar
60:molecules
5026:Linear C
5007:Graphene
4919:Ammonium
4720:Acrolein
4583:Propynal
4568:Methanol
4539:Ethylene
4408:Ammonium
4183:Nitroxyl
4007:Sulfanyl
3951:Imidogen
3945:Nitrogen
3914:Hydrogen
3859:Argonium
3836:Diatomic
3614:Diatomic
3572:Category
3403:T-shaped
3129:35544352
3023:Archived
2978:Archived
2701:Archived
2644:See also
2594:levels.
1716:spectrum
1427:71698.4
1384:68951.2
1341:67739.3
1305:′
1288:65851.3
1252:′
1235:59380.2
1192:59306.8
1149:49754.8
1026:Energy (
343:) and di
334:tungsten
323:disodium
301:disulfur
279:astatine
193:chlorine
182:fluorine
164:nitrogen
72:hydrogen
18:Diatomic
5172:Kerogen
5059:Related
5002:Glycine
4955:Propyne
4914:Ammonia
4812:Benzene
4807:Acetone
4799:or more
4770:Propene
4755:Ethanol
4645:Propyne
4464:Methane
4333:Ketenyl
4283:Ammonia
3297:3D Chem
3152:Bibcode
3107:Bibcode
3007:Bibcode
2962:Bibcode
2906:Bibcode
2779:Bibcode
2575:is the
2549:is the
2376:vibrate
2179:is the
2097:is the
1979:is the
1953:is the
1710:of the
400:(HCl).
257:bromine
234:krypton
204:bromine
191:), and
5223:Tholin
5044:Pyrene
4489:Silane
4459:Ketene
3961:Oxygen
3624:Common
3424:Seesaw
3372:Linear
3263:
3224:
3199:1 June
3178:
3170:
3127:
3044:
2875:
2845:
2820:
2797:
2752:
2725:
2505:where
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2156:where
2057:where
1930:where
1820:where
1605:, the
1553:. The
1053:, cm)
704:where
545:photon
392:(CO),
321:) and
268:iodine
266:) and
240:, and
222:helium
83:oxygen
5209:(PAH)
4797:atoms
4732:atoms
4672:atoms
4670:Eight
4600:atoms
4598:Seven
4506:atoms
4400:atoms
4270:atoms
4258:Water
4188:Ozone
4130:(HNC)
4124:(HCN)
3705:Other
3303:IUMSC
3176:S2CID
2795:S2CID
2704:(PDF)
2693:(PDF)
1777:trans
1023:State
242:radon
238:xenon
230:argon
153:gases
104:) or
81:) or
64:atoms
54:
52:Greek
4730:Nine
4398:Five
4308:HCCN
4268:Four
4228:SiNC
3377:Bent
3261:ISBN
3222:ISBN
3201:2019
3168:ISSN
3125:PMID
3042:ISBN
2930:2007
2873:ISBN
2843:ISBN
2818:ISBN
2750:ISBN
2723:ISBN
2608:The
1730:The
1101:0.0
506:and
471:and
281:and
226:neon
216:The
5021:NCO
4921:ion
4828:, C
4795:Ten
4504:Six
4410:ion
3160:doi
3115:doi
3074:doi
3015:doi
2970:doi
2914:doi
2787:doi
2553:and
2400:vib
2241:rot
2221:rot
1886:rot
957:or
917:or
502:by
310:).
213:).
180:),
162:),
149:bar
56:di-
5296::
4838:70
4830:60
4826:60
4824:(C
4549:HC
3773:Rb
3763:Li
3723:Ar
3713:He
3682:Br
3672:Cl
3174:.
3166:.
3158:.
3148:36
3123:.
3113:.
3103:34
3101:.
3097:.
3068:.
3064:.
3021:.
3013:.
3003:20
3001:.
2995:.
2976:.
2968:.
2958:21
2956:.
2950:.
2938:^
2912:.
2902:38
2900:.
2896:.
2793:.
2785:.
2775:63
2773:.
2699:.
2695:.
2616:.
2382::
1722:.
824:,
804:,
591:,
571:,
510:.
364:Rb
349:Mo
327:Na
316:Li
261:Br
252:.
236:,
232:,
228:,
224:,
208:Br
197:Cl
127:A
120:.
110:NO
102:CO
36:A
5028:5
5019:2
5017:H
4964:D
4962:2
4960:N
4836:C
4553:N
4551:4
4173:H
4171:2
4169:N
3811:e
3804:t
3797:v
3775:2
3765:2
3755:2
3753:S
3745:2
3743:P
3735:2
3733:C
3725:2
3715:2
3694:2
3692:I
3684:2
3674:2
3664:2
3662:F
3654:2
3652:O
3644:2
3642:N
3634:2
3632:H
3606:e
3599:t
3592:v
3332:e
3325:t
3318:v
3269:.
3230:.
3203:.
3182:.
3162::
3154::
3131:.
3117::
3109::
3082:.
3076::
3070:7
3017::
3009::
2972::
2964::
2932:.
2916::
2908::
2881:.
2851:.
2826:.
2801:.
2789::
2781::
2758:.
2731:.
2515:n
2488:.
2485:.
2482:.
2479:.
2476:,
2473:2
2470:,
2467:1
2464:,
2461:0
2458:=
2455:n
2430:)
2424:2
2421:1
2416:+
2413:n
2409:(
2405:=
2396:E
2351:.
2348:.
2345:.
2342:,
2339:2
2336:,
2333:1
2330:,
2327:0
2324:=
2321:l
2298:2
2293:0
2289:r
2282:2
2275:2
2267:)
2264:1
2261:+
2258:l
2255:(
2252:l
2246:=
2237:E
2198:0
2194:r
2137:2
2132:0
2128:r
2121:=
2118:I
2101:.
2038:2
2030:)
2027:1
2024:+
2018:(
2012:=
2007:2
2003:L
1966:I
1940:L
1910:I
1907:2
1901:2
1897:L
1891:=
1882:E
1848:v
1828:m
1803:2
1799:v
1795:m
1790:2
1787:1
1782:=
1773:E
1694:0
1691:=
1688:J
1665:Q
1645:1
1639:=
1636:J
1613:P
1593:1
1590:+
1587:=
1584:J
1561:R
1541:J
1521:J
1500:X
1492:-
1480:A
1471:2
1448:h
1444:c
1411:u
1401:1
1397:w
1368:g
1358:1
1354:a
1320:u
1309:1
1301:a
1267:u
1256:3
1248:B
1219:u
1209:3
1205:W
1176:g
1166:3
1162:B
1133:+
1128:u
1118:3
1114:A
1085:+
1080:g
1070:1
1066:X
1039:0
1035:T
1005:u
985:g
965:u
945:g
905:+
872:2
858:0
855:=
852:v
752:v
712:S
683:/
679:+
674:)
671:u
667:/
663:g
660:(
656:)
652:v
649:(
641:1
638:+
635:S
632:2
599:C
579:B
559:A
526:X
437:2
433:)
431:2
366:2
362:(
351:2
347:(
340:2
338:W
336:(
329:2
325:(
318:2
314:(
307:2
305:S
303:(
296:2
294:P
292:(
274:2
272:I
270:(
263:2
259:(
220:(
210:2
206:(
199:2
195:(
188:2
186:F
184:(
177:2
175:O
170:2
168:N
166:(
159:2
157:H
108:(
100:(
89:2
87:O
85:(
78:2
76:H
74:(
42:2
20:)
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