1547:. The similarity is still found today, since both the modern stigma (ϛ) and modern final sigma (ς) look identical or almost identical in most fonts; both are historically continuations of their ancient C-shaped forms with the addition of the same downward flourish. If the two characters are distinguished in print, the top loop of stigma tends to be somewhat larger and to extend farther to the right than that of final sigma. The two characters are, however, always distinguishable from the context in modern usage, both in numeric notation and in text: the final form of sigma never occurs in numerals (the number 200 being always written with the medial sigma, σ), and in normal Greek text the sequence "στ" can never occur word-finally.
1338:
769:
1535:
1527:
1519:
1253:
1245:
1237:
1229:
1221:
1213:
1458:
1420:
1412:
1400:
1392:
1317:
1309:
1301:
1293:
741:
733:
717:
709:
1554:
1325:
725:
1623:
1474:
1607:
1599:
1591:
1583:
1632:
1615:
1466:
1201:
1193:
1181:
1153:
701:
685:
530:
1575:
1482:
1376:
1125:
1883:) was originally a common Greek noun meaning "a mark, dot, puncture" or generally "a sign", from the verb στίζω ("to puncture"). It had an earlier writing-related special meaning, being the name for a dot as a punctuation mark, used for instance to mark shortness of a syllable in the notation of rhythm. It was then co-opted as a name specifically for the στ ligature, evidently because of the
1384:
1173:
1165:
693:
1266:
1034:
33:
1145:
1432:", and the name stigma is today applied to it both in its textual and in the numeral function. The association between its two functions as a numeral and as a sign for "st" became so strong that in modern typographic practice in Greece, whenever the ϛʹ sign itself is not available, the letter sequences στʹ or ΣΤʹ are used instead for the number 6.
1542:
Throughout much of its history, the shape of digamma/stigma has often been very similar to that of other symbols, with which it can easily be confused. In ancient papyri, the cursive C-shaped form of numeric digamma is often indistinguishable from the C-shaped ("lunate") form that was then the common
1841:
not as a name proper for digamma/6 alone, but as a cover term for all three numeral letters. From
Scaliger, the term found its way into modern academic usage in this new meaning, of referring to complementary numeral symbols standing outside the alphabetic sequence proper, in Greek and other similar
1489:
The characters used for numeric digamma/stigma are distinguished in modern print from the character used to represent the ancient alphabetic digamma, the letter for the sound. This is rendered in print by a Latin "F", or sometimes a variant of it specially designed to fit in typographically with
1862:
by some modern authors. Ammonius as well as later theologians discuss the symbol in the context of explaining the apparent contradiction and variant readings between the gospels in assigning the death of Jesus either to the "third hour" or "sixth hour", arguing that the one numeral symbol could
1453:
Along with the other special numeric symbols koppa and sampi, numeric digamma/stigma normally has no distinction between uppercase and lowercase forms, (while other alphabetic letters can be used as numerals in both cases). Distinct uppercase versions were occasionally used in the 19th century.
3851:
1627:
can represent either koppa or stigma. Frequent confusion between these two values in contemporary printing was already noted by some commentators in the eighteenth century. The ambiguity continues in modern fonts, many of which continue to have glyph similar to
1444:
ligature (ϛ). In normal text, this ligature together with numerous others continued to be used widely until the early nineteenth century, following the style of earlier minuscule handwriting, but ligatures then gradually dropped out of use. The
745:. In modern print, a distinction is made between the letter in its original alphabetic role as a consonant sign, which is rendered as "Ϝ" or its modern lowercase variant "ϝ", and the numeric symbol, which is represented by "ϛ". In
1101:, where it stood for the number 6, reflecting its original place in the sequence of the alphabet. It was one of three letters that were kept in this way in addition to the 24 letters of the classical alphabet, the other two being
1733:
was used for the numeral symbol during the
Byzantine era and is still sometimes used today, either as a name specifically for digamma/stigma, or as a generic term for the whole group of extra-alphabetic numeral signs (digamma,
1208:
The latter of these two shapes became dominant when used as a numeral, with "F" only very rarely employed in this function. However, in Athens, both of these were avoided in favour of a number of alternative numeral shapes
1498:) that typically differs from Latin "f" by having two parallel horizontal strokes like the uppercase character, with the vertical stem often being somewhat slanted to the right or curved, and usually descending below the
1449:
ligature was among those that survived longest, but it too became obsolete in print after the mid-19th century. Today it is used only to represent the numeric digamma, and never to represent the sequence στ in text.
1109:(ϡ) for 900. During their history in handwriting in late antiquity and the Byzantine era, all three of these symbols underwent several changes in shape, with digamma ultimately taking the form of "ϛ".
516:
1506:
to transcribe the text of ancient inscriptions that contain "Ϝ", and in linguistics and historical grammar when describing reconstructed proto-forms of Greek words that contained the sound
1681:". This form itself is not historically attested in Greek inscriptions, but the existence of the name can be inferred from descriptions by contemporary Latin grammarians, who render it as
931:). There have been editions of the Homeric epics where the wau was re-added, particularly in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, but these have largely fallen out of favour.
1701:
in
English was a common name for the symbol ϛ in its numerical function, used by authors who distinguished it both from the alphabetic "digamma" and from ϛ as a στ ligature.
1830:, where the three Greek numerals for 6, 90 and 900 are called "episimon", "cophe" and "enneacosis" respectively. From Beda, the term was adopted by the seventeenth century
2086:
560:
1197:
to "E", with the arms becoming orthogonal and the lower end of the stem being shed off). For digamma, this led to the two main variants of classical "F" and square
3024:
1851:
1161:
retained the original shape but was placed in a new alphabetic position. Early Crete had an archaic form of digamma somewhat closer to the original
Phoenician,
1112:
It has remained in use as a numeral in Greek to the present day, in contexts comparable to those where Latin numerals would be used in
English, for instance in
888:("wine"), are sometimes used in the meter where a word starting with a consonant would be expected. Further evidence coupled with cognate-analysis shows that
3790:
945:
longest. In discussions by ancient Greek grammarians of the
Hellenistic era, the letter is therefore often described as a characteristic Aeolian feature.
3622:
1822:. It is also found in a number of western European accounts of the Greek alphabet written in Latin during the early Middle Ages. One of them is the work
772:
Ancient Greek ceramic fragment depicting a horse with rider. The inscription reads Ι ϜΑΝΑΚΤΙ (i wanakti), "to the king", with an initial digamma (and a
3861:
3227:
3826:
2553:
2776:
1053:, this variant form existed side by side with standard digamma as two distinct letters. It has been surmised that in this dialect the sound
553:
1666:
1080:
1056:
1002:
940:
844:
829:
591:
3179:
3158:
3118:
2736:
2503:
664:), which was also derived from waw but was placed near the end of the Greek alphabet. Digamma or wau is in turn the ancestor of the
2914:
1713:
was used in ancient Greek and is the most common name for the letter in its alphabetic function today. It literally means "double
1289:
In cursive handwriting, the square-C form developed further into a rounded form resembling a "C" (found in papyrus manuscripts as
1810:
853:'s epics were written down (7th century BC), but its former presence can be detected in many cases because its omission left the
1644:
The symbol has been called by a variety of different names, referring either to its alphabetic or its numeral function or both.
1424:) forms were subsequently used without distinction both for the ligature and for the numeral. The ligature took on the name of "
3780:
642:
546:
3199:
2598:
1567:
Yet another case of glyph confusion exists in the printed uppercase forms, this time between stigma and the other numeral,
1454:
Several different shapes of uppercase stigma can be found, with the lower end either styled as a small curved S-like hook (
3785:
3690:
3195:
989:
271:
2518:
3220:
1440:
In western typesetting during the modern era, the numeral symbol was routinely represented by the same character as the
1337:
1072:
1064:
2535:
2470:
2453:
1522:
Example of a nineteenth-century font using S-shaped capital Stigma (first row) and G-shaped capital Koppa (second row).
3449:
2417:
2289:
2047:
1685:. In later Greek, where both the letter and the sound it represented had become inaccessible, the name is rendered as
1768:, "sign"), literally means "a distinguishing mark", "a badge", but is also the neuter form of the related adjective "
1350:) in a minuscule mathematical manuscript, c.1100 AD. Below, a phrase containing two instances of the ligature "στ" ("
1116:
of monarchs or in enumerating chapters in a book, although in practice the letter sequence ΣΤ΄ is much more common.
2926:
2530:
2495:
2465:
3836:
3491:
2767:
Woodard, Roger D. (2010). "Phoinikeia grammata: an alphabet for the Greek language". In Bakker, Egbert J. (ed.).
1774:" ("distinguished", "remarkable"). This word was connected to the number "six" through early Christian mystical
768:
3754:
3594:
3070:
2988:
2932:
1818:
throughout. The same name is still found in a fifteenth-century arithmetical manual by the Greek mathematician
1149:). Of the two Greek reflexes of waw, digamma retained the alphabetic position, but had its shape modified to
3816:
3764:
3695:
3614:
3213:
773:
581:
279:
3882:
3725:
3633:
3542:
3371:
1834:
1530:
Example of a nineteenth-century font using turned-lamedh-shaped capital Koppa and G-shaped capital Stigma.
1507:
980:
949:
900:
879:
785:
672:
661:
645:
533:
3841:
3729:
3649:
3628:
3579:
2550:
1499:
1361:
406:
1534:
3831:
3811:
3759:
3659:
3618:
3288:
2822:
Der
Traktat "Vom Mysterium der Buchstaben." Kritischer Text mit Einführung, Übersetzung und Kommentar
1831:
1664:
1078:
1070:
1062:
1054:
1000:
938:
842:
827:
589:
1252:
1244:
1236:
1228:
1220:
1212:
3806:
3654:
3434:
3392:
3260:
1282:
634:
2713:
3584:
3519:
3481:
3270:
3018:
2980:
2852:
2683:
2665:
1779:
500:
396:
3710:
3675:
3537:
3513:
3175:
3154:
3114:
2772:
2732:
2627:
2499:
495:
485:
435:
430:
3082:
3746:
3715:
3589:
3458:
3280:
3184:"In Search of The Trojan War", pp. 142–143,187 by Michael Wood, 1985, published by BBC.
2972:
2844:
2657:
1028:
925:
904:
797:
386:
364:
20:
1526:
1518:
3856:
3846:
3552:
3387:
3301:
3265:
3255:
2602:
2557:
2540:
2475:
1872:
1819:
1553:
1457:
1419:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1391:
1360:
In the ninth and tenth centuries, the cursive shape digamma was visually conflated with a
1324:
1316:
1308:
1300:
1292:
1045:) alphabets, a variant glyph of the letter digamma existed that resembled modern Cyrillic
976:
740:
732:
724:
716:
708:
622:
490:
423:
391:
2807:
Buttmann's larger Greek grammar: a Greek grammar for use of high schools and universities
2707:
834:
sound was lost at various times in various dialects, mostly before the classical period.
633:
Digamma or wau was part of the original archaic Greek alphabet as initially adopted from
1622:
1473:
3705:
3700:
3685:
3569:
3557:
3340:
3236:
1892:
1827:
1735:
1606:
1598:
1590:
1582:
1568:
1102:
1094:
962:
854:
789:
665:
627:
585:
457:
442:
411:
318:
108:
40:
1631:
1614:
1465:
1200:
1192:
1180:
1152:
700:
684:
3876:
3821:
3720:
3547:
3532:
3500:
3444:
3439:
3414:
3314:
3075:
2984:
2856:
2669:
2526:
2487:
2461:
1858:
by his contemporaries. The same reference in
Ammonius has alternatively been read as
1113:
597:
3574:
3527:
3507:
3382:
3353:
3250:
2595:
1129:
934:
746:
638:
376:
371:
310:
224:
1574:
1481:
1375:
1124:
3476:
3468:
3426:
3409:
3404:
3327:
2900:
Dictionary of
Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century
2547:
1270:
1265:
907:
866:
838:
675:
252:
242:
116:
80:
62:
1850:
In one remark in the context of a biblical commentary, the 4th century scholar
1383:
1172:
1164:
1077:
sound, while the special И-shaped form signified those positions where the old
692:
2976:
2661:
1775:
1672:
1329:) These cursive forms are also found in stone inscriptions in late antiquity.
668:
601:
381:
2835:
Einarson, Benedict (1967). "Notes on the development of the Greek alphabet".
1007:, the phoneme was once again registered, compare for example the spelling of
3736:
1884:
1503:
1144:
1141:
Digamma was derived from
Phoenician waw, which was shaped roughly like a Y (
1050:
1033:
32:
3111:
The Greek Qabalah: Alphabetic Mysticism and Numerology in the Ancient World
1786:, the number six was regarded as a symbol of Christ, and was hence called "
1663:
or similarly in English) is the original name of the alphabetic letter for
1478:). An alternative uppercase stylization in some twentieth-century fonts is
796:
and archaic Greek inscriptions using digamma. It is also confirmed by the
19:
This article is about the Greek letter. For the mathematical function, see
2631:
1717:" and is descriptive of the original letter's shape, which looked like a
3680:
1783:
1185:, during the archaic period, underwent a development parallel to that of
793:
3564:
2571:
2379:
2196:
1985:
1854:
is reported to have mentioned that the numeral symbol for 6 was called
1837:. However, misinterpreting Beda's reference, Scaliger applied the term
1186:
1158:
1098:
657:
649:
188:
126:
98:
2727:
Holton, David; Mackridge, Peter; Philippaki-Warburton, Irene (1997).
2258:
1069:
in some environments. The F-shaped letter may have stood for the new
806:
234:
2960:
1895:. Other names coined according to the same analogical principle are
1863:
easily have been substituted for the other through a scribal error.
1341:
Two instances of s-shaped numeral digamma in the number "9996 4/6" (
2848:
671:. As an alphabetic letter, it is attested in archaic and dialectal
2648:
Tod, Marcus N. (1950). "The alphabetic numeral system in Attica".
2398:
2227:
2016:
1808:" ("the outstanding name"), and so on. The sixth-century treatise
1739:
1714:
1544:
1533:
1525:
1517:
1365:
1336:
1264:
1123:
1106:
1032:
1015:
953:
916:
870:
850:
767:
465:
416:
401:
347:
260:
216:
180:
152:
90:
54:
3205:
999:. In loanwords that entered the Greek language after the drop of
2870:
Beda . "De loquela per gestum digitorum". In Migne, J.P. (ed.).
2605:. Technical report, Unicode Consortium, 2005. Citing C. Brixhe,
1571:(90). In ancient and medieval handwriting, koppa developed from
1046:
882:(and is attested in this form in Mycenaean Greek), and the word
860:
801:
777:
653:
331:
300:
198:
144:
72:
3209:
2103:
1369:
206:
170:
162:
134:
2519:
2454:
1878:
1803:
1793:
1787:
1769:
1759:
1749:
1743:
1351:
1342:
1275:
1008:
970:
895:
889:
883:
874:
858:
2572:"wine | Etymology, origin and meaning of wine by etymonline"
1814:, which also links the six to Christ, calls the number sign
994:
1778:. According to an account of the teachings of the heretic
1462:), or as a straight stem, the latter either with a serif (
737:, which at that point was conflated with the σ-τ ligature
1671:
in ancient Greek. It is often cited in its reconstructed
1558:) has the same shape as a contemporary abbreviation for
1486:, visually a ligature of Roman-style uppercase C and T.
681:
The shape of the letter went through a development from
1408:
handwriting from the 9th century onwards. Both closed (
1826:, a didactic text about arithmetics attributed to the
648:
and stood in the 6th position in the alphabet between
3038:
Bartina, Sebastian (1958). "Ignotum episemon gabex".
2729:
Greek: a comprehensive grammar of the modern language
2607:
Le dialecte grec de Pamphylie. Documents et grammaire
2596:
Proposal to add Greek epigraphical letters to the UCS
2961:"The Digamma, Koppa, and Sampi as numerals in Greek"
656:. It is the consonantal doublet of the vowel letter
612:, its most common appellation in classical Greek is
3799:
3773:
3745:
3668:
3642:
3607:
3490:
3467:
3370:
3363:
3279:
3243:
3172:
Phonétique historique du mycénien et du grec ancien
969:'yearling, male calf') gave rise to the Greek word
3074:
3097:An introduction to the knowledge of Greek grammar
1792:" ("the outstanding number"); likewise, the name
1305:). It then developed a downward tail at the end (
910:
1321:) and finally adopted a shape like a Latin "s" (
948:Loanwords that entered Greek before the loss of
580:(uppercase: Ϝ, lowercase: ϝ, numeral: ϛ) is an
2913:Estienne, Henri; Hase, Charles Benoit (n.d.).
952:lost that sound when Greek did. For instance,
3221:
1169:, or a variant with the stem bent sidewards (
1093:Digamma/wau remained in use in the system of
620:during the Byzantine era and is now known as
554:
8:
3791:Institute for Language and Speech Processing
3113:. York Beach, Me.: Samuel Weis. p. 17.
3060:Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1940. s.v. "στίγμα"
596:but it has remained in use principally as a
3153:, New York, Oxford University Press, 1996.
1692:
1686:
1676:
1559:
956:
919:
750:
3367:
3228:
3214:
3206:
3194:Perseus Project: lexicon search for words
3149:Peter T. Daniels – William Bright (edd.),
3023:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2333:
2122:
1915:
869:, lord, (military) leader"), found in the
561:
547:
27:
2769:A companion to the ancient Greek language
2617:
2615:
1356:"), still distinguished from the numeral.
3862:Comparison of Ancient Greek dictionaries
2886:Animadversiones in Chronologicis Eusebii
2709:Handbook of Greek and Latin palaeography
1891:as well as the analogy with the name of
1404:). The στ-ligature had become common in
749:, this is often replaced by the digraph
2754:Neues Lehrgebäude der Diplomatik, Vol.2
2446:
508:
477:
357:
336:
270:
39:
3016:
2924:
2650:Annual of the British School at Athens
1550:The medieval s-like shape of digamma (
1368:(in its historical "lunate" form) and
2690:. Leipzig: B.G. Teubner. p. 367.
2643:
2641:
7:
3135:A dissertation on the metre of Homer
3056:Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott.
3013:. Vol. 1. Leipzig. p. 679.
3009:von Tischendorf, Constantin (1859).
961:('land of the male calves', compare
937:was the dialect that kept the sound
588:. It originally stood for the sound
16:Archaic letter of the Greek alphabet
2626:. Oxford: Clarendon. pp. 24f.
2624:The local scripts of archaic Greece
1494:). It has a modern lowercase form (
810:, corresponding to the Greek name *
604:. Whereas it was originally called
2921:. Vol. 2. Paris. p. 479.
2898:Wace, Henry (1880). "Marcosians".
2771:. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 30f.
2752:Adelung, Johann Christoph (1761).
2731:. London: Routledge. p. 105.
2149:MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL DIGAMMA
1721:(gamma) placed on top of another.
1502:. This character is used in Greek
14:
2712:. New York: D. Appleton. p.
2688:Griechische Palaeographie, Vol. 2
1538:Stigma and Koppa in modern fonts.
1049:. In one local alphabet, that of
857:defective. For example, the word
2919:Thesauros tes hellenikes glosses
2843:: 1–24, especially p.13 and 22.
2152:MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL DIGAMMA
1811:About the Mystery of the Letters
1630:
1621:
1613:
1605:
1597:
1589:
1581:
1573:
1552:
1480:
1472:
1464:
1456:
1418:
1410:
1398:
1390:
1382:
1374:
1323:
1315:
1307:
1299:
1291:
1251:
1243:
1235:
1227:
1219:
1211:
1199:
1191:
1179:
1171:
1163:
1151:
1143:
1132:vessel, with a square-C digamma.
1061:may have changed to labiodental
849:had probably disappeared before
739:
731:
723:
715:
707:
699:
691:
683:
529:
528:
31:
3781:Hellenic Foundation for Culture
2991:from the original on 2020-10-03
1824:De loquela per gestum digitorum
1333:Conflation with the στ ligature
643:voiced labial-velar approximant
616:; as a numeral, it was called
1:
3786:Center for the Greek Language
3344:
3331:
3318:
3305:
3292:
3165:Histoire de la langue grecque
3077:Latin Verse and European Song
873:, would have originally been
637:. Like its model, Phoenician
3174:, Klincksieck, Paris, 1967.
2706:Thompson, Edward M. (1893).
2492:The Decipherment of Linear B
1802:), having six letters, was "
1636:for either koppa or stigma.
1285:"), with a C-shaped digamma.
995:
975:. The Adriatic tribe of the
971:
678:until the classical period.
358:Diacritics and other symbols
3151:The World's Writing Systems
3081:. London: Methuen. p.
2622:Jeffery, Lilian H. (1961).
2609:. Paris: Maisonneuve, 1976.
2418:Numeric character reference
2290:Numeric character reference
2094:ϝ, ϝ
2048:Numeric character reference
1945:GREEK SMALL LETTER DIGAMMA
1782:given by the church father
3899:
2805:Buttmann, Philipp (1839).
2520:
2455:
2354:COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER SOU
1951:GREEK SMALL LETTER STIGMA
1879:
1870:
1804:
1794:
1788:
1770:
1760:
1750:
1744:
1352:
1343:
1276:
1026:
1009:
984:
896:
890:
884:
875:
859:
18:
2977:10.1017/S0009838800004936
2884:Scaliger, Joseph Justus.
2702:Griechische Paleographie,
2662:10.1017/s0068245400006730
2494:. Second edition (1990).
2356:
2353:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2159:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:Named character reference
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1693:
1687:
1677:
1560:
924:, which is the origin of
751:
517:Use as scientific symbols
3058:A Greek-English Lexicon.
3011:Novum Testamentum graece
2959:Jannaris, A. N. (1907).
2684:Gardthausen, Victor Emil
2357:COPTIC SMALL LETTER SOU
1297:, on coins sometimes as
3817:Greek language question
3133:Thomas Shaw Brandreth,
2965:The Classical Quarterly
2820:Bandt, Cordula (2007).
2809:. New York. p. 22.
2756:. Erfurt. p. 137f.
2536:A Greek–English Lexicon
2471:A Greek–English Lexicon
1697:. In the 19th century,
1655:(variously rendered as
957:
911:
2335:Character information
2124:Character information
1917:Character information
1912:Greek Digamma / Stigma
1852:Ammonius of Alexandria
1835:Joseph Justus Scaliger
1611:. The uppercase forms
1539:
1531:
1523:
1357:
1286:
1273:, showing the number "
1133:
1038:
966:
920:
781:
478:Use in other languages
281:Archaic local variants
2874:. Paris. p. 697.
2824:. Berlin: de Gruyter.
2527:Liddell, Henry George
2462:Liddell, Henry George
1942:GREEK LETTER DIGAMMA
1887:value of its initial
1537:
1529:
1521:
1340:
1268:
1127:
1085:sound was preserved.
1036:
771:
641:, it represented the
630:combining σ-τ as ϛ.
3827:Morphemes in English
3812:Eteocypriot language
3244:Origin and genealogy
3095:Samuel Brown Wylie,
2931:: CS1 maint: year (
2155:GREEK CAPITAL LETTER
1948:GREEK LETTER STIGMA
1189:(which changed from
3832:Terms of endearment
3807:Eteocretan language
3774:Promotion and study
3261:Pre-Greek substrate
2872:Opera omnia, vol. 1
2837:Classical Philology
2336:
2162:PAMPHYLIAN DIGAMMA
2157:PAMPHYLIAN DIGAMMA
2125:
1918:
1877:The name "stigma" (
1742:). The Greek word "
1283:Number of the Beast
774:local Σ-shaped form
3852:Greek Language Day
3482:Jewish Koine Greek
3271:Hellenic languages
3109:Barry, K. (1999).
2795:(ed. Keil), 7.148.
2601:2016-08-07 at the
2576:www.etymonline.com
2556:2012-03-04 at the
2334:
2160:GREEK SMALL LETTER
2123:
1916:
1907:Computer encodings
1789:ὁ ἐπίσημος ἀριθμός
1540:
1532:
1524:
1470:) or without one (
1358:
1287:
1134:
1128:The alphabet on a
1039:
1037:Pamphylian digamma
1023:Pamphylian digamma
782:
628:Byzantine ligature
501:Old Italic scripts
3870:
3869:
3676:Cypriot syllabary
3603:
3602:
3477:Hellenistic Koine
2947:Patrologia Graeca
2927:cite encyclopedia
2793:Grammatici Latini
2778:978-1-4051-5326-3
2439:
2438:
2327:
2326:
2121:
2120:
1805:τὸ ἐπίσημον ὄνομα
1261:Early handwriting
1120:Glyph development
993:
792:, as attested in
571:
570:
353:
352:
266:
265:
3890:
3595:Greco-Australian
3368:
3349:
3346:
3336:
3333:
3323:
3320:
3310:
3307:
3297:
3294:
3230:
3223:
3216:
3207:
3170:Michel Lejeune,
3138:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3106:
3100:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3080:
3067:
3061:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3022:
3014:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2956:
2950:
2949:85, col. 1512 B.
2943:
2937:
2936:
2930:
2922:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2895:
2889:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2802:
2796:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2645:
2636:
2635:
2619:
2610:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2568:
2562:
2523:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2484:
2478:
2458:
2457:
2451:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2337:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2126:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
1919:
1882:
1881:
1807:
1806:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1790:
1773:
1772:
1763:
1762:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1746:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1689:
1680:
1679:
1670:
1635:
1634:
1626:
1625:
1618:
1617:
1610:
1609:
1602:
1601:
1594:
1593:
1586:
1585:
1578:
1577:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1556:
1509:
1497:
1493:
1485:
1484:
1477:
1476:
1469:
1468:
1461:
1460:
1423:
1422:
1415:
1414:
1403:
1402:
1395:
1394:
1387:
1386:
1379:
1378:
1355:
1354:
1353:ἔσται τὸ στερεὸν
1349:
1348:
1346:
1328:
1327:
1320:
1319:
1312:
1311:
1304:
1303:
1296:
1295:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1256:
1255:
1248:
1247:
1240:
1239:
1232:
1231:
1224:
1223:
1216:
1215:
1204:
1203:
1196:
1195:
1184:
1183:
1176:
1175:
1168:
1167:
1156:
1155:
1148:
1147:
1105:(ϙ) for 90, and
1084:
1076:
1068:
1060:
1029:Pamphylian Greek
1012:
1011:
1006:
998:
988:
986:
974:
960:
951:
944:
923:
914:
902:
899:
898:
893:
892:
887:
886:
881:
878:
877:
864:
863:
848:
833:
787:
754:
753:
744:
743:
736:
735:
728:
727:
720:
719:
712:
711:
704:
703:
696:
695:
688:
687:
663:
647:
595:
563:
556:
549:
532:
531:
469:
461:
453:
286:
285:
48:
47:
35:
28:
21:digamma function
3898:
3897:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3857:Trojan language
3847:Minoan language
3795:
3769:
3741:
3669:Writing systems
3664:
3660:Standard Modern
3638:
3634:Standard Modern
3599:
3553:Greco/Calabrian
3486:
3463:
3359:
3347:
3334:
3321:
3308:
3302:Mycenaean Greek
3295:
3275:
3266:Graeco-Phrygian
3256:Graeco-Armenian
3239:
3234:
3191:
3146:
3141:
3132:
3128:
3121:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3094:
3090:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3055:
3051:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3015:
3008:
3007:
3003:
2994:
2992:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2944:
2940:
2923:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2883:
2879:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2790:
2786:
2779:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2739:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2705:
2699:
2695:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2647:
2646:
2639:
2621:
2620:
2613:
2603:Wayback Machine
2594:Nick Nicholas:
2593:
2589:
2580:
2578:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2558:Wayback Machine
2541:Perseus Project
2517:
2513:
2506:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2476:Perseus Project
2452:
2448:
2444:
2238:240 157 159 139
2232:240 157 159 138
2161:
2156:
1909:
1875:
1873:Stigma (letter)
1869:
1848:
1820:Nikolaos Rabdas
1727:
1707:
1650:
1642:
1629:
1620:
1612:
1604:
1596:
1588:
1580:
1572:
1551:
1516:
1514:Glyph confusion
1495:
1491:
1479:
1471:
1463:
1455:
1438:
1417:
1409:
1397:
1389:
1381:
1373:
1344:
1335:
1322:
1314:
1306:
1298:
1290:
1274:
1263:
1250:
1242:
1234:
1226:
1218:
1210:
1198:
1190:
1178:
1170:
1162:
1150:
1142:
1139:
1122:
1091:
1041:In some local (
1031:
1025:
824:
822:Classical Greek
766:
764:Mycenaean Greek
761:
738:
730:
722:
714:
706:
698:
690:
682:
567:
538:
473:
467:
459:
451:
445:
440:
426:
421:
367:
341:
284:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3896:
3894:
3886:
3885:
3875:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3751:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3706:Greek numerals
3703:
3701:Attic numerals
3698:
3693:
3686:Greek alphabet
3683:
3678:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3545:
3543:Constantinople
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3511:
3504:
3496:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3473:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3429:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3407:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3385:
3376:
3374:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3351:
3341:Medieval Greek
3338:
3325:
3312:
3299:
3285:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3237:Greek language
3235:
3233:
3232:
3225:
3218:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3190:
3189:External links
3187:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3168:
3167:, Paris, 1972.
3163:Jean Humbert,
3161:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3137:(1844), p.135.
3126:
3119:
3101:
3099:(1838), p. 10.
3088:
3071:Beare, William
3062:
3049:
3030:
3001:
2951:
2938:
2905:
2890:
2877:
2862:
2849:10.1086/365183
2827:
2812:
2797:
2784:
2777:
2759:
2744:
2737:
2719:
2693:
2675:
2637:
2611:
2587:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2511:
2504:
2488:Chadwick, John
2479:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2332:
2331:
2330:Coptic Digamma
2325:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1905:
1868:
1865:
1847:
1846:Gabex or Gamex
1844:
1828:Venerable Bede
1726:
1723:
1706:
1703:
1649:
1646:
1641:
1638:
1515:
1512:
1437:
1434:
1334:
1331:
1269:A fragment of
1262:
1259:
1138:
1135:
1121:
1118:
1114:regnal numbers
1097:attributed to
1095:Greek numerals
1090:
1087:
1024:
1021:
979:was called in
823:
820:
790:Mycenean Greek
765:
762:
760:
757:
586:Greek alphabet
582:archaic letter
569:
568:
566:
565:
558:
551:
543:
540:
539:
537:
536:
525:
522:
521:
520:
519:
511:
510:
509:Related topics
506:
505:
504:
503:
498:
493:
488:
480:
479:
475:
474:
472:
471:
463:
455:
446:
441:
439:
438:
433:
427:
422:
420:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
368:
363:
360:
359:
355:
354:
351:
350:
345:
342:
340:
339:
334:
328:
326:
322:
321:
316:
313:
308:
304:
303:
298:
295:
290:
278:
275:
274:
268:
267:
264:
263:
258:
255:
250:
246:
245:
240:
237:
232:
228:
227:
222:
219:
214:
210:
209:
204:
201:
196:
192:
191:
186:
183:
178:
174:
173:
168:
165:
160:
156:
155:
150:
147:
142:
138:
137:
132:
129:
124:
120:
119:
114:
111:
106:
102:
101:
96:
93:
88:
84:
83:
78:
75:
70:
66:
65:
60:
57:
52:
44:
43:
41:Greek alphabet
37:
36:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3895:
3884:
3883:Greek letters
3881:
3880:
3878:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3798:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3738:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3726:Cyrillization
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3696:Archaic forms
3694:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3559:
3558:Griko/Apulian
3556:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3460:
3457:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3394:
3393:Arcadocypriot
3391:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3362:
3355:
3352:
3342:
3339:
3335: 300 BC
3329:
3326:
3316:
3315:Ancient Greek
3313:
3303:
3300:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3231:
3226:
3224:
3219:
3217:
3212:
3211:
3208:
3201:
3197:
3196:starting with
3193:
3192:
3188:
3183:
3181:
3180:2-252-03496-3
3177:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3160:
3159:0-19-507993-0
3156:
3152:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3136:
3130:
3127:
3122:
3120:1-57863-110-6
3116:
3112:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3045:
3041:
3040:Verbum Domini
3034:
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3012:
3005:
3002:
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2738:0-415-10001-1
2734:
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2700:Gardthausen,
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2545:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2531:Scott, Robert
2528:
2524:
2515:
2512:
2507:
2505:0-521-39830-4
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2466:Scott, Robert
2463:
2459:
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2378:
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2373:
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2364:
2361:
2360:
2351:Unicode name
2350:
2349:
2338:
2329:
2328:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2306:𝟋
2305:
2302:𝟋
2301:
2298:𝟊
2297:
2294:𝟊
2293:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
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2187:
2184:
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2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2146:Unicode name
2145:
2144:
2127:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
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2059:
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2046:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1973:
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1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
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1939:Unicode name
1938:
1937:
1920:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
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1785:
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1393:
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1371:
1367:
1363:
1339:
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1326:
1318:
1310:
1302:
1294:
1284:
1281:" (616, the "
1272:
1267:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1246:
1238:
1230:
1222:
1214:
1206:
1202:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1177:). The shape
1174:
1166:
1160:
1154:
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1035:
1030:
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1018:
1017:
1004:
997:
991:
982:
981:Ancient Greek
978:
973:
968:
964:
959:
955:
946:
942:
936:
932:
930:
927:
922:
918:
913:
909:
906:
872:
868:
867:(tribal) king
862:
856:
852:
846:
840:
835:
831:
821:
819:
817:
813:
809:
808:
803:
799:
795:
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779:
775:
770:
763:
758:
756:
748:
742:
734:
726:
718:
710:
702:
694:
686:
679:
677:
674:
673:ancient Greek
670:
667:
659:
655:
651:
644:
640:
636:
631:
629:
625:
624:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
598:Greek numeral
593:
587:
583:
579:
575:
564:
559:
557:
552:
550:
545:
544:
542:
541:
535:
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518:
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507:
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437:
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429:
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418:
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385:
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349:
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338:
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320:
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314:
312:
309:
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288:
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283:
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277:
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269:
262:
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256:
254:
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230:
229:
226:
223:
220:
218:
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212:
211:
208:
205:
202:
200:
197:
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187:
184:
182:
179:
176:
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172:
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148:
146:
143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
130:
128:
125:
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121:
118:
115:
112:
110:
107:
104:
103:
100:
97:
94:
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68:
67:
64:
61:
58:
56:
53:
50:
49:
46:
45:
42:
38:
34:
30:
29:
26:
22:
3730:Romanization
3580:Romano-Greek
3570:Mariupolitan
3518:
3508:Katharevousa
3506:
3499:
3356:(since 1453)
3354:Modern Greek
3251:Graeco-Aryan
3171:
3164:
3150:
3134:
3129:
3110:
3104:
3096:
3091:
3076:
3065:
3057:
3052:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3010:
3004:
2993:. Retrieved
2968:
2964:
2954:
2946:
2941:
2918:
2908:
2899:
2893:
2888:pp. 110–116.
2885:
2880:
2871:
2865:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2821:
2815:
2806:
2800:
2792:
2787:
2768:
2762:
2753:
2747:
2728:
2722:
2708:
2701:
2696:
2687:
2678:
2653:
2649:
2623:
2606:
2590:
2579:. Retrieved
2575:
2566:
2534:
2514:
2496:Cambridge UP
2491:
2482:
2469:
2449:
2434:ⲋ
2430:ⲋ
2426:Ⲋ
2422:Ⲋ
2091:Ϝ
1900:
1896:
1888:
1876:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1838:
1823:
1815:
1809:
1799:
1765:
1758:, "on") and
1755:
1730:
1728:
1718:
1710:
1708:
1698:
1682:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1643:
1566:
1549:
1541:
1488:
1452:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1429:
1425:
1416:) and open (
1359:
1288:
1207:
1157:, while the
1140:
1130:black figure
1111:
1092:
1042:
1040:
1014:
947:
933:
928:
894:was earlier
836:
825:
815:
814:, classical
811:
805:
783:
747:modern Greek
680:
676:inscriptions
666:Latin letter
632:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
577:
573:
572:
449:
292:
280:
25:
3837:Place names
3711:Orthography
3520:Misthiotika
3514:Cappadocian
3328:Koine Greek
3309: 1600
3296: 2900
3289:Proto-Greek
2656:: 126–139.
2409:226 178 139
2403:226 178 138
2322:ͷ
2314:Ͷ
2269:55349 57291
2263:55349 57290
2241:F0 9D 9F 8B
2235:F0 9D 9F 8A
2080:ϛ
2072:Ϛ
2064:ϝ
2056:Ϝ
1816:to Episēmon
1271:Papyrus 115
788:existed in
3747:Literature
3716:Diacritics
3459:Pamphylian
3450:Macedonian
3431:Northwest
3348: 330
3322: 800
3200:containing
2995:2019-09-09
2581:2023-06-03
2442:References
2318:ͷ
2310:Ͷ
2076:ϛ
2068:Ϛ
2060:ϝ
2052:Ϝ
1885:acrophonic
1871:See also:
1776:numerology
1675:spelling "
1673:acrophonic
1436:Typography
1027:See also:
784:The sound
635:Phoenician
626:after the
365:Diacritics
3760:Byzantine
3737:Greeklish
3608:Phonology
3585:Tsakonian
3538:Himariote
3388:Mycenaean
3364:Varieties
3311:–1100 BC)
3298:–1600 BC)
3019:cite book
2985:171007977
2971:: 37–40.
2857:161310875
2670:128438705
2548:Leg.Gort.
2412:E2 B2 8B
2362:Encodings
2346:ⲋ
2272:D835 DFCB
2266:D835 DFCA
2167:Encodings
2135:𝟋
2132:𝟊
1956:Encodings
1842:scripts.
1729:The name
1709:The name
1564:("and").
1504:epigraphy
1406:minuscule
1137:Epigraphy
1051:Pamphylia
1043:epichoric
990:romanized
903:(compare
818:(Ilium).
424:Ligatures
3877:Category
3842:Proverbs
3681:Linear B
3623:teaching
3379:Central
3337:–AD 330)
3324:–300 BC)
3073:(1957).
3046:: 16–37.
2989:Archived
2686:(1879).
2599:Archived
2554:Archived
2551:col X.39
2490:(1958).
2406:E2 B2 8A
2343:Ⲋ
2141:ͷ
2117:\stigma
2111:\digamma
2108:\Digamma
1934:ϛ
1860:gam(m)ex
1839:episēmon
1832:humanist
1784:Irenaeus
1771:ἐπίσημος
1748:", from
1745:ἐπίσημον
1731:episēmon
1725:Episemon
1579:through
1543:form of
1500:baseline
1362:ligature
901:/wóînos/
880:/wánaks/
800:name of
794:Linear B
689:through
618:episēmon
534:Category
496:Albanian
486:Bactrian
443:Numerals
3822:Exonyms
3755:Ancient
3721:Braille
3691:History
3650:Ancient
3643:Grammar
3615:Ancient
3590:Yevanic
3548:Italiot
3533:Cypriot
3501:Demotic
3445:Locrian
3440:Epirote
3435:Achaean
3415:Homeric
3372:Ancient
3281:Periods
3202:digamma
3144:Sources
2945:Migne,
2915:"γαβέξ"
2704:p.238;
2546:Ϝοῖνος
2539:at the
2474:at the
2393:U+2C8B
2380:Unicode
2365:decimal
2340:Preview
2250:205 183
2244:205 182
2222:U+0377
2210:U+1D7CB
2204:U+1D7CA
2197:Unicode
2170:decimal
2138:Ͷ
2129:Preview
2114:\Stigma
2039:207 155
2033:207 154
2027:207 157
2021:207 156
2011:U+03DB
1986:Unicode
1959:decimal
1931:Ϛ
1928:ϝ
1925:Ϝ
1922:Preview
1711:digamma
1705:Digamma
1490:Greek (
1187:epsilon
1159:upsilon
1099:Miletus
1089:Numeral
1010:Οὐάτεις
992::
967:vitulus
958:Viteliu
935:Aeolian
926:English
798:Hittite
759:Greek w
658:upsilon
650:epsilon
614:digamma
584:of the
574:Digamma
337:Digamma
293:Digamma
272:History
189:Upsilon
127:Epsilon
99:Omicron
3765:Modern
3619:accent
3575:Pontic
3565:Maniot
3528:Cretan
3492:Modern
3383:Aeolic
3350:–1453)
3178:
3157:
3117:
2983:
2855:
2775:
2735:
2668:
2632:312031
2630:
2502:
2387:U+2C8A
2259:UTF-16
2253:CD B7
2216:U+0376
2207:120779
2201:120778
2042:CF 9B
2005:U+03DA
1999:U+03DD
1993:U+03DC
1880:στίγμα
1867:Stigma
1795:Ἰησοῦς
1780:Marcus
1447:stigma
1442:stigma
1428:" or "
1426:stigma
996:Enetoi
985:Ἐνετοί
977:Veneti
972:Italia
905:Cretan
897:ϝοῖνος
812:Wilion
807:Wilusa
623:stigma
491:Coptic
235:Lambda
3800:Other
3655:Koine
3629:Koine
3469:Koine
3427:Doric
3423:West
3410:Ionic
3405:Attic
3401:East
2981:S2CID
2853:S2CID
2666:S2CID
2521:οἶνος
2399:UTF-8
2390:11403
2384:11402
2284:0377
2247:CD B6
2228:UTF-8
2036:CF 9A
2030:CF 9D
2024:CF 9C
2017:UTF-8
1893:sigma
1856:gabex
1800:Jesus
1740:sampi
1736:koppa
1715:gamma
1640:Names
1569:koppa
1545:sigma
1366:sigma
1347:δʹ ϛʹ
1345:͵θϡϟϛ
1107:sampi
1103:koppa
1016:vates
963:Latin
954:Oscan
921:vīnum
917:Latin
912:ibêna
908:Doric
891:οἶνος
885:οἶνος
876:ϝάναξ
871:Iliad
855:meter
851:Homer
839:Ionic
816:Ilion
468:(900)
348:Sampi
319:Koppa
261:Omega
217:Kappa
181:Theta
153:Sigma
109:Delta
91:Gamma
55:Alpha
3728:and
3176:ISBN
3155:ISBN
3115:ISBN
3025:link
2933:link
2791:Cf.
2773:ISBN
2733:ISBN
2628:OCLC
2500:ISBN
2456:ἄναξ
2374:hex
2278:0376
2191:hex
1980:hex
1901:stau
1766:sēma
1761:σήμα
1756:epi-
1751:ἐπί-
1738:and
1694:οὐαῦ
1619:and
1013:for
950:/w-/
929:wine
915:and
861:ἄναξ
826:The
802:Troy
778:iota
776:for
654:zeta
652:and
600:for
460:(90)
332:Tsan
301:Heta
199:Iota
145:Zeta
73:Beta
3198:or
2973:doi
2845:doi
2714:104
2658:doi
2371:dec
2368:hex
2281:887
2275:886
2219:887
2213:886
2188:dec
2185:hex
2182:dec
2179:hex
2176:dec
2173:hex
2104:TeX
2008:987
2002:986
1996:989
1990:988
1977:dec
1974:hex
1971:dec
1968:hex
1965:dec
1962:hex
1899:or
1897:sti
1889:st-
1699:vau
1691:or
1688:βαῦ
1683:vau
1678:ϝαῦ
1661:waw
1657:vau
1653:Wau
1648:Wau
1603:to
1561:καὶ
1508:/w/
1430:sti
1370:tau
1364:of
1277:χιϛ
1257:).
837:In
786:/w/
729:or
721:to
662:/u/
646:/w/
639:waw
610:wau
608:or
606:waw
578:wau
576:or
452:(6)
311:San
243:Psi
225:Chi
207:Phi
171:Tau
163:Eta
149:Σσς
135:Rho
3879::
3345:c.
3332:c.
3319:c.
3306:c.
3293:c.
3083:91
3044:36
3042:.
3021:}}
3017:{{
2987:.
2979:.
2967:.
2963:.
2929:}}
2925:{{
2917:.
2851:.
2841:62
2839:.
2664:.
2654:45
2652:.
2640:^
2614:^
2574:.
2543::
2533:;
2529:;
2525:.
2498:.
2468:;
2464:;
2460:.
1903:.
1659:,
1595:,
1587:,
1510:.
1396:,
1388:=
1380:+
1313:,
1249:,
1241:,
1233:,
1225:,
1217:,
1205:.
1019:.
987:,
983::
965::
865:("
841:,
804:,
780:).
755:.
752:στ
713:,
705:,
697:,
466:ϡ
458:ϟ
450:ϛ
417:σ̌
257:Ωω
253:Mu
249:Μμ
239:Ψψ
231:Λλ
221:Χχ
213:Κκ
203:Φφ
195:Ιι
185:Υυ
177:Θθ
167:Ττ
159:Ηη
141:Ζζ
131:Ρρ
123:Εε
117:Pi
113:Ππ
105:Δδ
95:Οο
87:Γγ
81:Xi
77:Ξξ
69:Ββ
63:Nu
59:Νν
51:Αα
3625:)
3621:/
3617:(
3343:(
3330:(
3317:(
3304:(
3291:(
3229:e
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2998:.
2975::
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2847::
2781:.
2741:.
2716:.
2672:.
2660::
2634:.
2584:.
2508:.
1798:(
1764:(
1754:(
1719:Γ
1669:/
1667:w
1665:/
1496:ϝ
1492:Ϝ
1372:(
1209:(
1083:/
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1079:/
1075:/
1073:v
1071:/
1067:/
1065:v
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1059:/
1057:w
1055:/
1047:И
1005:/
1003:w
1001:/
943:/
941:w
939:/
847:/
845:w
843:/
832:/
830:w
828:/
669:F
660:(
602:6
594:/
592:w
590:/
562:e
555:t
548:v
436:ϛ
431:ϗ
412:ᾳ
407:ϊ
402:ᾰ
397:ᾱ
392:ἁ
387:ἀ
382:ᾶ
377:ὰ
372:ά
344:Ͳ
325:Ͷ
315:Ϙ
307:Ϻ
297:Ͱ
289:Ϝ
23:.
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