Digital economy - Knowledge (XXG)

629: 791: 372: 855:(in the case of abuse of dominance for example) and seems to be very cautious in term of concurrence (exclusive competence). The EU sanctions cartels’ behavior and examines mergers in order to preserve competition and protect small and medium enterprises (SMEs) entering the market. Within the digital market, mergers often create digital firm dominance, thus possibly preventing European equivalents. Moreover, regulation could in theory protect people working in the digital sector or for the digital sector (such as 723: 523:(Directive 95/46/CE, art.2), defined data as "any information relating to a natural person who can be identified by reference to his identification number or to information which is specific to him". At that time, this regulation emerged in response to the need to integrate the European market. By adopting common European data protection standards, the EU was able to harmonize conflicting national laws that were emerging as a trade barrier, inhibiting commerce in Europe. For this reason, 675:

businesses. Only 30% of microenterprises in the European Union claimed to have taken action to advance digitalization in 2022, compared to 63% of major businesses. In comparison to 71% in the United States, the proportion of EU enterprises employing advanced digital technology increased from 2021 to 2022, reaching 69%. One in two American businesses (surveyed) and 42% of European businesses increased their investments in digitalization in response to the pandemic in 2022.

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independent contractors, these companies are not responsible for giving its workers benefits packages like it would for regular full-time employees. This has resulted in the formation of unions between gig and platform workers and various reforms within the industry. Blockchain and Tokenized equity-sharing gig economy platforms or applications are being developed to accelerate the gig economy as a full fledged digital economy contributor using new technologies.

744:(DSM) was included as part of the Single Market Act initiatives adopted by the European Commission (EC). The question had already come up earlier in 1990 and was brought up again later in 2010, emerging at a sensitive moment in the post-crisis of 2008, and used as a catalyst for action. The crisis created opportunities to place the Single Market upfront in the European agenda and was aimed to resolve two issues: financial supervision and economic coordination. 392:. It contained the promotion of five principles used to guide the U.S. government's actions towards electronic commerce so that the digital economy's growth potential remains high. These five principles include the leadership of the private sector, the government avoiding undue restrictions on e-commerce, limited government involvement, the government's recognition of the Internet's unique qualities, and the facilitation of e-commerce on a global basis. 910:, the vice-president of the Commission, in charge of the DSM. The decision to approach the DSM from a different point of view is also because the digital space is in constant evolution with the growing importance of online platform and the change of market share. The DSM was a priority because of its economic importance; the total of EU e-commerce reached 240 billion € in 2011, and out of that 44 billion were cross-border trade between member states. 156:(1995) used a metaphor of shifting from processing atoms to processing bits: "The problem is simple. When information is embodied in atoms, there is a need for all sorts of industrial-age means and huge corporations for delivery. But suddenly, when the focus shifts to bits, the traditional big guys are no longer needed. Do-it-yourself publishing on the Internet makes sense. It does not for a paper copy." 682:. This is also due to the fact that the European Union has many more small businesses than the United States. Smaller businesses are less digital, which has repercussions for the employees they hire. Non-digital enterprises tend to pay lower wages and are less likely to create new employment. They have also been less inclined to train their employees throughout the pandemic. Enterprises in the 830:

European governments, including the European Commission. Attracting foreign investment is less and less seen as a relevant reason to implement tax cuts. Aside from the fiscal revenue shortfall, this issue has taken a political turn in recent years since some people and politicians feel that, in a time of financial crisis, these highly profitable firms do not contribute to the national effort.

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create concerns about market power, which could enable firms to charge higher prices and pay lower wages than if they experienced competition. Market power could also lead to outsized political influence by dominant technology firms, leading to deregulation. In some cases, digital platform companies can pit their users against governments, thus discouraging stringent regulations.

616:, for instance, aimed to provide a 1 GB/second download speed fiber-based broadband to 93% of the population over ten years. Digital infrastructure is essential for leveraging investment in digital transformation. According to a survey conducted in 2021, 16% of EU enterprises regard access to digital infrastructure to be a substantial barrier to investment. 776:

the end of 2012. Despite being a priority in the SMA I & II, legislative initiatives failed due to the high cost of implementation measures. Also, there were its potential ‘blockbuster for economic gains’ and the protest of citizens against sovereign debt countries' rescue and bank bail-outs. The slow adoption of the proposal is partly due to

648:. 46% of businesses report that they have grown more digital. 34% of enterprises that do not yet utilise advanced digital technology saw the COVID-19 crisis as a chance to focus on digitisation. Firms that have incorporated innovative digital technology are more positive about their industry's and the overall economic condition in the recovery from the 871:€2.42 billion for abusing its dominant position as a search engine by giving an illegal advantage to Google Shopping. The EC aimed to pave the way to relieve firms suffering from its abuse of dominant position. Moreover, it sought to prove that the EC's strategy does works and companies may be fined at high rates. 542:. Thus, the intangibility of content tends to give a collective natural aspect to this information accessible to everyone, to benefit public good by creating a digital public space. The McKinsey Global Institute Report (2014) notes five broad ways in which leveraging big data can create value for businesses: 598:

is based on the idea that platforms are ‘two-sided’. This can explain why some platforms can offer free content, with customers on one side and the software developers or advertisers on the other. On a market where multiple groups of persons interact through platforms as intermediaries, the decisions

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A narrow definition would typically just encompass core digital sectors that refers to the provisioning of digital technologies, products, services, infrastructure, and solutions, as well as all forms of economic activities that are completely dependent on digital technologies and data elements. This

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on average). It found that the digital economy had grown two and a half times faster than global GDP over the previous 15 years, almost doubling in size since 2000. Most of the value in the digital economy was produced in only a few economies: the United States (35%), China (13%) and Japan (8%). The

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The issue of the low salience was a causal factor explaining the limits of the commission's commitment to reform the single market. Even though the member states approved the DSM, and the definition for the DSM was accepted by European institutions as a key priority, only one proposal was adopted at

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Most gig work supplements workers' traditional jobs. The full size of the gig economy and number of workers is not yet known. Katz and Krueger estimated that only 0.5% of gig workers make most of their income off of platforms like Uber, Lyft, Grubhub, and DoorDash. Since these workers are considered

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The Digital Market is characterized by its heterogeneity. The European Market is in a difficult position to compete with other advanced countries within the Digital World (such as US or China). There are currently no European digital champions. The European Digital Market is divided in regulations,

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Certain challenges may exist for regulators. One example is in identifying and defining platforms. Member states lack coordination, and may be independent of the regulator, who can not have a global vision of the market. Also, tax evasion of digital MNEs has become a growing concern for most of the

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in 1985 and focused on one of the weaknesses of the latter, namely the fragmentation of the national digital market. Building on the Monti report, the communication 'Towards a Single Market Act' detailed 50 proposals to reform the SM by the end of 2012. But the DSM was only adopted in 2015 and the

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After the COVID-19 outbreak, the number of non-digital enterprises that downsized was also greater than the share of non-digital firms that had positive job growth. Non-digital companies had a negative net employment balance. Small and medium-sized businesses are falling behind big and medium-sized

603:. When the users spend time on a page or click on links, this creates a positive externality for the advertiser displaying a banner there. The digital Multinational enterprises (MNEs) do not collect revenue from the user side but from the advertiser side, thanks to the sale of online advertisement. 364:

A digital platform operator is an entity or person offering an online communication service to the public based on computer algorithms used to classify content, goods, or services offered online, or the connection of several parties for the sale of goods, the provision of a service, or the exchange

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Top-down definitions identify broad trends at play in the digital transformation and define the Digital Economy as the result of their combined impact on value creation. These include such spillovers as changes in labor market demand and regulations, platform economy, sustainability, and equality.

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Given its expected broad impact, traditional firms are actively assessing how to respond to the changes brought about by the digital economy. For corporations, the timing of their response is of the essence. Banks are trying to innovate and use digital tools to improve their traditional business.

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Due to its ability to bridge the information asymmetry between supply and demand, data now has an economic value. When platforms compile personal data, they gather preferences and interests, which allow companies to exert a targeted action on the consumer through advertising. Algorithms classify,

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regulations that require that companies store data (e.g. personal information, business records, financial data, government data) in a particular country or go through a process before transferring the data abroad. For example, the EU's GDPR law only permits transfers of data on EU individuals to

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are generally classified as ‘independent workers’ (with temporary, off-site, autonomous contracts) which challenges the application of labor and occupational health and safety law. As a result, online platforms encourage the flexibilization of jobs and a higher volatility of the labor market, as

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is presented as a key priority in the economy of Union, even if there were several attempts to deepen the integration, there are still obstacles remaining. The creation of the DSM constitutes a catalyst to resolve several issues, and was supposed to have a widespread multiplier effect throughout

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Unlike the bottom-up definition, the top-down definition has units of analysis extending beyond firms, industries, and sectors to include individuals, communities, and societies. While the latter definition is more inclusive, the IMF notes that it is subjective, qualitative, and open-ended, thus

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By increasing automation of tasks previously performed by human workers, the digital economy has the potential to cause job displacement. Whether automation causes net job displacement depends on whether the gains from automation lead to greater consumer demand (by lowering prices for goods and

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The digital economy is characterized by network effects, rapid development of economies of scale, first-mover advantages and winner-takes-all dynamics, which make it possible for a small number of firms to gain a dominant market position and impede entry by potential competitors. These dynamics

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The Digital Economy consists of all sectors making extensive use of digital technologies (i.e. their existence depends on digital technologies). However, digitalization spans many economic sectors, making it far from trivial precisely delimit the digital economy within the entire

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One of the key priorities of the EU is to guarantee fair competition. Yet, within the Digital Market, the competition may be distorted. With more exertion of network effects comes higher barriers to entry (difficulty for a new entrant to enter the market and compete) in the market. Vertical or

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Some traditional companies have tried to respond to the regulatory challenge imposed by the Digital economy, including through tax evasion. Due to the immaterial nature of digital activities, these digital multinational enterprises (MNEs) are extremely mobile, which allows them to optimize tax

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Advancements in information and communication technologies (ICT) have significantly reduced the cost associated with the organization and coordination of complex activities over a long period. Some businesses are increasingly able to manage their global operations on an integrated basis from a

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of individual behaviors by digital firms has implications for privacy rights. Data collected on individuals can be analyzed and monetized by technology firms without compensation to users. The data is not only used to predict behaviors, but influence behavior. The data collected is at risk of

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Both development and exploitation of intangible assets are key features of the digital economy. This investment in and development of intangibles such as software is a core contributor to value creation and economic growth for companies in the digital economy. In early 2000, companies started

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The digital economy has implications for international tax rules. Digital technology companies produce goods that are not necessarily tied to specific geographical locations, which complicates taxation of those companies. Digital technology can therefore enable tax evasion and tax avoidance.

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Bottom-up definitions define the Digital Economy as the aggregate of a specific indicator for a set of industries identified as actors in the Digital Economy. Whether an industry is considered an actor depends on the nature of the products (narrow) or the proportion of digital inputs used in

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Broader definitions also include industrial digitalization, i.e. the production quantity and efficiency improvement brought about by the application of digital technology in traditional industries, as an important extension of the digital economy into the wider societal economy. Examples of

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of the economy alters conventional notions about how businesses are structured, how consumers obtain goods and services, and how states need to adapt to new regulatory challenges. The digital economy has the potential to shape economic interactions between states, businesses and individuals

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Businesses in poorer regions are more concerned about the pandemic's consequences. Companies in affected areas anticipate long-term effects on their supply chain from the outbreak. A bigger proportion of businesses anticipate permanent employment losses as a result of the digitalization

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The Digital Economy uses a tenth of the world's electricity. The move to the cloud has also caused the rise in electricity use and carbon emissions. A server room at a data center can use, on average, enough electricity to power 180,000 homes. The Digital Economy can be used for mining

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The information technology (IT) sector of the U.S. now makes up about 8.2% of the country's GDP and accounts for twice its share of the GDP as compared to the last decade. 45% of spending on business equipment are investments in IT products and services, which is why companies such as

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horizontal mergers and acquisitions take place in closed ecosystems. In order to limit this problem in the digital ecosystem, the EU aims to qualify certain firms as either as an "abuse of dominant position" or a "cartel" which are against the competition prosperity within the

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used the crisis as a window of opportunity, it did not allow it to go further in implementing a high transformation of the Single Market. The crisis context pushed the political actors to move forward to better manage the crisis, but did not permit it to fully implement the DSM.

843:), due to the fact that the digital environment is by nature global. As noted by the European parliament, taxation on Digital Market could bring about 415bn euros to the EU economy, and be considered as an incentive to further deepen the EU integration (EP opinion's 2014). 667:. 38% of firms reported in a survey that they focused on basic digital technologies, while 22% focused on advanced technologies (such as robotics, AI). Organizations that invested in both advanced and basic digital technologies were found most likely to outperform during the 887:

Commission. Yet, it is only under the Juncker Commission that the strategy of the DSM was adopted on 6 May 2015 as it was ranked as the second priority out of the 10 priorities for the new Commission's mandate. Throughout this document, the DSM emphasized 3 policy pillars:

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have grown from $ 12 million in 1987 to more than half a billion in 1997. The widespread adoption of ICT combined with the rapid decline in price and increase in the performance of these technologies, has contributed to the development of new activities in the private and

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Digital companies such as the GAFA prosper thanks to their various free services that they make available to consumers, which appear beneficial for consumers, but less so for firms in potential competition. It my be difficult for regulators to sanction firms such as

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central location separate geographically from the locations in which the operations are carried out, and where their suppliers or customers are. Consequently, it has allowed businesses to expand access to remote markets and provide goods and services across borders.

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In a bottom-up and broad perspective, the Digital Economy is "all industries using digital inputs as part of their production process". Examples of digital inputs include digital infrastructure, equipment, and software but can include data and digital skills.

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A cashless society describes an economic state in which transactions no longer use physical currency (such as banknotes and coins) as the medium. Transactions which would historically have been undertaken with cash are often now undertaken electronically.

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evasion. They can carry out high volumes of sales from a tax jurisdiction. Concretely, governments face MNE fiscal optimization from companies locating their activity in the countries where tax is the lowest. On the other hand, companies can undergo

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for the same activity or be confronted with legal and tax vagueness. The Conseil National du Numérique concluded that the shortfall in corporate tax gain for Apple, Google, Amazon, and Facebook was worth approximately 500 million euros in 2012.

179:. Since the digital economy is continuously replacing and expanding the traditional economy, there is no clear delineation between the two integrated economy types. The digital economy results from billions of daily online transactions ( 356:. These new technologies provide market reach, lower costs, and new opportunities for products and services that were not needed before. This changes the way multinational enterprises (MNE) and startups design their business models. 90:, also contributed to the digital economy. More people are now working online, and with the increase of online activity that contributes to the global economy, companies that support the systems of the Internet are more profitable. 307:

comprising digitalized sectors such as e-Business, e-Commerce, advanced manufacturing, precision agriculture, algorithmic economy, sharing economy, and gig economy. These digitalized sectors phenomenologically give rise to the

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on digital equipment. While this definition is adept at measuring the impact of digitalization on economic growth, it only focuses on the nature of output and offers an incomplete view of the Digital Economy's development.

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sectors across the EU. The EU Commission faced several obstacles. The commission acts in a way to deeply transform the Single Market. However, the EC lacked political support to enhance the impact of its decision.

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Flexible or tiered approach: breaking the Digital Economy into core and non-core components, and thereby finding a compromise between adaptability and the need to arrive at some common ground on the meaning of the

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There are varied definitions of the digital economy. There are multiple similar concepts for broadly the same phenomenon. According to the OECD, the Digital Economy can be defined in three different approaches:

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industrial digitalization in traditional sectors include remote sensing, automated farming equipment, GPS-route optimization, etc. However, few studies include industrial digitalization in the digital economy.

1041:) ruling acknowledged that an Uber driver could not qualify as a ‘self-employed’ contractor because he could not build his clientele or set his prices, establishing a relation of a subordinate of the company. 326:

includes key sectors like information and communication technology (ICT), but also other economic activities such as internet finance and digital commerce that are not seen as a part of the ICT-sector.

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Some scholars have argued that the digital economy entails unequal economic exchanges where users and consumers provide value to digital firms in the form of data but are not compensated for doing so.

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hire self-employed drivers who sign a contract with the digital platform while the way they work is similar to a regular employee statute. Yet, for the first time, in March 2020, France's top court (

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profoundly. The emergence of the digital economy has prompted new debates over privacy rights, competition, and taxation, with calls for national and transnational regulations of the digital economy.

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Hence, from a bottom-up and narrow perspective, the Digital Economy is "all industries or activities that directly participate in producing, or crucially reliant on digital inputs." For instance,

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that had previously implemented advanced digital technology invested more to become more digital. 34% of non-digital EU organizations viewed the crisis as a chance to begin investing in their

751:" in the political guidelines of the second Barroso Commission and pointed out the need to eliminate barriers in order to implement the European Digital Market as an attempt to relaunch the 3046: 3149: 952:, uses an average of 70.69 TWh of electricity per year. The number of households that can be powered using the amount of power that bitcoin mining uses is around 6.5 million in the US. 690:

than firms in the US. The variations in adoption rates between the European Union and the United States are driven by the lower use of technologies connected to the internet of things.

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The digital economy has had a substantial impact on retail sales of consumer product goods. One effect has been the fast proliferation of retailers with no physical presence, such as

2419: 418:: taxes on revenues from the sale of digital services or goods (e.g. online sales, digital advertising, e-commerce, data, streaming). By 2022, 29 countries had digital service taxes. 215:

Top-down or trend-based approach: first identifying the key trends driving the digital transformation and then analyzing the extent to which these are reflected in the real economy,

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provides a free communication platform with friends and contacts. The utility to use it relies on the fact that a substantial part of or friends and colleagues are already users.

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drivers, a case recently in France), which could present opportunity. However, the EU may need to be cautious with regulation in order to create barriers at the market entry.

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occurs when the value of a product or service to the user increases exponentially with the number of other users using the same product or service. For instance,

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substantially increasing the amount of capital allocated to intangibles such as branding, design and, technology rather than in hardware, machinery or property.

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Bottom-up approach: characterizing industries’ and firms‘ output or production processes to decide whether they should be included in the Digital Economy,

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ALVAREZ León, LUIS F. (2018). "A Blueprint for Market Construction? Spatial Data Infrastructure(s), Interoperability, and the EU Digital Single Market".

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The digital economy, also referred to as the new economy, refers to an economy in which digital computing technologies are used in economic activities.

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Horoshko, Olena-Ivanna (May 2021). "Theoretical and Methodological Bases of the Study of the Impact of Digital Economy on World Policy in 21 Century".

790: 2781: 2632: 82:, 70% of the global economy will be made up of digital technology over the next 10 years (from 2020 onwards). This is a trend accelerated by the 1559: 371: 780:’ protectionist temptations after the economic crisis. Each state wanted to put forward its preferences and legislation concerning this field. 3467:

Blanckenburg, K. (2018). "Google search abuses dominant position to illegally favour Google Shopping: an economic review of the EU decision".

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Camisão, Isabel; Guimarães, Maria H. (March 2017). "The Commission, the Single Market and the Crisis: The Limits of Purposeful Opportunism".

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VIOLA, Roberto; BRINGER, Olivier (2017). "Vers un marché unique numérique: faire de la révolution numérique une opportunité pour l'Europe".

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Johnston, Hannah; Land-Kazlauskas, Chris. "Organizing on-demand: Representation, voice, and collective bargaining in the gig economy".

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This gave a new dimension to the Market. The proposal for the DSM had been made under the strategy of the Commission entitled "

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have worked with outside vendors to completely convert their business one that is exclusively digital. These vendors, such as

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Gig work is labor that consists of temporary and flexible jobs usually done over delivery apps and rideshare services such as

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services, and increasing household incomes) and whether the introduction of new labor-intensive tasks will create new jobs.

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were the most likely to have implemented various digital technologies (47%) during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, while

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and made it easier for capital in developed countries to access labor in the developing world, which can lead to greater

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According to a 2016 estimate, the Digital Economy represented $ 11.5 trillion, or 15.5% of global GDP (18.4% of GDP in

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Managing performance by enabling experimentation to analyze variability in performance and understand its root causes,

471:, have declared bankruptcy as a result of their failure to anticipate and adapt to a digital economy. Others, such as 293:. Examples include hardware manufacturing, software and IT consulting, information services, and telecommunications, 4091:

Garben, Sacha (2019). "The regulatory challenge of occupational safety and health in the online platform economy".

3047:"Only four EU countries lead the US in digitalisation – EIB launches new report on digitalisation in the EU and US" 2881: 1283: 613: 385: 2927: 2045: 138:

E-business (how business is conducted, any process that an organization conducts over computer-mediated networks),

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Gross domestic product § Research and development about the relation between GDP and use of GDP and reality

840: 637: 3097: 1182:. Contains the special issue New and Old Economy: The Role of ICT in Structural Change and Economic Dynamics. 652:. There is, however, a discrepancy between businesses in more developed locations and less developed regions. 546:

Creating transparency by making data more easily accessible to stakeholders with the capacity to use the data,

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Capitalisme, Institutions, Pouvoir. Presses de Sciences Po. Colin Hay éd., Dictionnaire d'Économie Politique

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La justification des atteintes aux libertés de circulation: cadre méthodologique et spécificités matérielles

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To reconcile the bottom-up and top-down definitions of the Digital Economy, Bukht and Heeks stated that the

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adds up the economic outputs of the ICT sector and e-commerce market in terms of online sales of goods and

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Bill Imlah states that new applications are blurring these boundaries and adding complexity, for example,

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and its predecessor were viewed as internal market instruments, facilitating the creation of a digital,

184: 3329: 233: 2658: 1175: 75:(IoT) is increasingly prevalent, as consumer products are embedded with digital services and devices. 3123: 1768:

Bukht, Rumana; Heeks, Richard (2017). "Defining, Conceptualising and Measuring the Digital Economy".

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The rise of digital platform companies has implications for the nature of work (in particular in the

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Via free access to platforms in exchange for the collection of personal data, they make the content

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standards, usages, and languages. The member states cannot meet the demand, or support innovation (

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In Europe, 31% of people work for companies that are non-digital, compared to 22% of people in the

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Improve decision making by replacing or supporting human decision making with automated algorithms,

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use of digital technologies (i.e. simply employing digital technologies to increase productivity).

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Most of the largest digital platform companies are located in either the United States or China.

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of each group affect the outcome of the other group of persons through a positive or negative

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countries that have implemented certain data privacy safeguards and been certified by the EU.

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reference, and prioritize the preferences of individuals to better predict their behavior.

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came into use during the early 1990s. For example, many academic papers were published by

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Being too late in digital more costly than being too early: Deloitte Telstra joint report

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The Digital market can be labeled a ‘multi-sided’ market. The notion developed by French

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OECD (16 September 2014). "The digital economy, new business models and key features".

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to employ various technologies at the same time. Enterprises in these regions excel at

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have restructured their businesses to adapt to a digital economy. Some retailers, like

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E-business infrastructure (hardware, software, telecom, networks, human capital, etc.),

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Faivre, Clémence; Rückert, Désirée; Veugelers, Reinhilde; Weiss, Christoph T. (2023).

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were the least likely (14%). Large enterprises (49% versus 27%) were more likely than

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breaches where personal information can be intentionally or inadvertently exposed.

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economic activities (production, distribution, trade) are being transformed by the

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Under this definition, the Digital Economy is stratified into three nested tiers:

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use of digital technologies (i.e. their existence depends on digital technologies)

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Crystalizing the EU digital policy: An exploration into the digital single market

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A sign for an online payment service in the Groninger city of Winschoten, Oldambt

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Firms that invested to become more digital as a response to COVID-19, by country

600: 595: 591: 472: 175: 131:(2001), three main components of the digital economy concept can be identified: 37: 17: 2659:"Digital transformation: Five recommendations for the digitally conscious firm" 1979: 1417: 3806: 3789: 3480: 3297: 2732:

Regional Cohesion in Europe 2021-2022: Evidence from the EIB Investment Survey

1700: 1055: 1021: 1015: 1003: 932:

EU together with Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway accounted for another 25%.

566:

estimated that personal data collected in Europe was worth 315 billion euros.

468: 196: 4077: 4036: 3985: 3921: 3903: 3864: 3846: 3815: 3674: 3636: 3618: 2957:"Digitalisation in Europe 2022-2023: Evidence from the EIB Investment Survey" 2682: 2396: 2057: 1199: 3345: 1030: 480: 344: 3453: 2929:

Digitalisation in Europe 2022-2023: Evidence from the EIB Investment Survey

2526:

Digitalisation in Europe 2021-2022: Evidence from the EIB Investment Survey

2417:

Internet matters: Essays in digital transformation | McKinsey & Company

1096: 464: 122:

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Saarikko, Ted; Westergren, Ulrika H.; Blomquist, Tomas (1 November 2020).

1343: 412:: regulations that require that data be stored on servers within a country 3072:"The European market potential for (Industrial) Internet of Things | CBI" 2882:"Digital transformation: importance, benefits and EU policy - EU monitor" 1844: 1108: 818: 794:

Digital uptake in the European Union and in the United States (in %)

706: 579: 395:

Governments have primarily restricted digital trade through three means:

188: 57: 4127:"Top French court deals blow to Uber by giving driver 'employee' status" 3831:"Are We All Amazon Primed? Consumers and the Politics of Platform Power" 3306: 3096:

Revoltella, Debora; Rückert, Désirée; Weiss, Christoph (18 March 2020).

531:

by allowing an unhindered flow of data within the entire common market.

86:

and the tendency to go online. The future of work, especially since the

4104: 3332:(February 2018). "Quelle régulation face aux plateformes numériques?". 3241: 3232: 1708: 1560:"A roadmap toward a common framework for measuring the Digital Economy" 1482:"A roadmap toward a common framework for measuring the Digital Economy" 945: 558:

Improve the development of new business models, products, and services.

460: 428: 141:

E-commerce (transfer of goods, for example when a book is sold online).

45: 3284:

Renda, Andrea (2017). "Will the DSM Strategy Spur Innovation ?".

2435: 3726:

Protectors of Privacy: Regulating Personal Data in the Global Economy

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Courmont, Antoine; Galimberti, Deborah (2018). "Économie numérique".

2608:

EIB Investment Report 2021/2022: Recovery as a springboard for change

2168: 1654:"Digital Spillover, Measuring the true impact of the Digital Economy" 868: 612:

Governments are investing in infrastructure. In 2013, the Australian

519:

The Digital economy relies on personal data collection. In 1995, the

2907:"How Firms are Responding and Adapting During COVID-19 and Recovery" 2445:. Blog.digital.telefonica.com (2013-07-15). Retrieved on 2013-07-23. 2185:"The Digital Transformation of Retail and How to Stay Alive Online" 1332:"Digital Globalization: Politics, Policy, and a Governance Paradox" 721: 340: 116:’s Center for Digital Economy Research. The term was the title of 3603:"A Maussian bargain: Accumulation by gift in the digital economy" 3409:"L'Europe numérique. Entre singularités, faiblesses et promesses" 1006:

and potentially harm low-skilled workers in developed countries.

375:

Digital adoption and share of population with high digital skills

2333:

Taxation and the Digital economy: a survey of theoretical models

1034: 856: 452: 436: 432: 348: 2782:"Coronavirus' business impact: Evolving perspective | McKinsey" 2633:"Coronavirus' business impact: Evolving perspective | McKinsey" 2491:

What is the NBN? | NBN - National Broadband Network - Australia

2046:"The Evolution of the Internet and Its Impact on Retail Spaces" 895:

an environment where digital networks and services can prosper,

476: 2857:"COVID-19 digital transformation & technology | McKinsey" 2757:"COVID-19 digital transformation & technology | McKinsey" 1829:"Defining, Conceptualising and Measuring the Digital Economy" 1097:"Defining, Conceptualising and Measuring the Digital Economy" 3496:"Vestager's Google strategy faces its first big court test" 2385:"How Jean Tirole's Work Helps Explain the Internet Economy" 2359:"Council Post: How To Harness The Power Of Network Effects" 300:

comprising digital services and the platform-based economy,

552:

Segmenting populations to customize products and services,

2164:"Dollar Stores Vs. Apple Stores: A Retail Nation Divided" 187:

devices (servers, laptops, smartphones, etc.) enabled by

1258:"What is digital economy? | Deloitte Malta | Technology" 2983:"The Green and Digital Twin Transition: EU vs US Firms" 821:, due to the jobs and services they provide worldwide. 736:

Remaining barriers to fulfill the Digital Single Market

2469:. Computerworld (2012-11-30). Retrieved on 2013-07-23. 4011:"What Do Platforms Do? Understanding the Gig Economy" 2705:"Digital strategy in the postpandemic era | McKinsey" 2481:. CCR Magazine (2012-11-21). Retrieved on 2013-07-23. 2426:. Mckinsey.com (2013-03-13). Retrieved on 2013-07-23. 2146:"Bebe, The Iconic Mall Brand, Is Back From The Dead" 1972:

Addressing the Tax Challenges of the Digital Economy

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Retail banks to tackle "digital disruption" in 2013

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"Économie numérique". 3122:Bank, European Investment (11 January 2023). 2605:Bank, European Investment (12 January 2022). 2455:Economy is better off with digital disruption 2338:(Report). France Stratégie. 26 February 2015 2104:Newburger, Lauren Hirsch,Emma (3 June 2019). 2079:"Department Stores Bring Down Retail Results" 1827:Bukht, Rumana; Heeks, Richard (August 2017). 8: 3886:Rahman, K. Sabeel; Thelen, Kathleen (2019). 3203:. Brussels: College of Europe. pp. 3–4. 2267:. Oxford Press University. pp. 131–169. 2129:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1833:International Organisations Research Journal 1770:International Organisations Research Journal 1475: 1473: 1471: 1469: 764:and the Council was made in September 2016. 459:Additionally, traditional retailers such as 390:The Framework for Global Electronic Commerce 365:or sharing of content, goods, and services. 3601:Fourcade, Marion; Kluttz, Daniel N (2020). 3125:EIB Investment Survey 2022 - CESEE overview 1910:Technological Forecasting and Social Change 1872: 1870: 1637:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1618:"Toolkit for measuring the Digital Economy" 3788:Mansfield, Edward D.; Rudra, Nita (2021). 3407:GAGLIO, Cyrielle; GUILLIOU, Sarah (2018). 3334:Annales des Mines - Réalités industrielles 2729:Bank, European Investment (12 July 2022). 1732:International Monetary Fund (IMF) (2018). 1285:The Oxford Handbook of the Digital Economy 258:limiting meaningful comparative analysis. 69:information and communication technologies 4067: 4050:Burrell, Jenna; Fourcade, Marion (2021). 4026: 4009:Vallas, Steven; Schor, Juliet B. (2020). 3960: 3911: 3854: 3805: 3626: 3525:European Commission - European Commission 3469:Digital Policy, Regulation and Governance 3424: 3305: 3240: 2926:Bank, European Investment (15 May 2023). 2183:Hazzard, Tracy Leigh (5 September 2019). 713:(42%), and platform implementation (38%). 3790:"Embedded Liberalism in the Digital Era" 2523:Bank, European Investment (5 May 2022). 789: 627: 370: 152:In the last decade of the 20th century, 3150:"THE COST OF CASH IN THE UNITED STATES" 2951: 2949: 2921: 2919: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2383:Miller, Claire Cain (14 October 2014). 1180:Structural Change and Economic Dynamics 1087: 656:transformation brought on by COVID-19. 3783: 3781: 3402: 3400: 2600: 2598: 2122: 2003:Strowel Alain; Vergote Wouter (2018). 1941: 1939: 1809: 1798: 1750: 1739: 1673: 1662: 1630: 1579: 1568: 1540: 1529: 1501: 1490: 1416:Nicholas Negroponte (1 January 1995). 1325: 1239: 1228: 1156: 1145: 1138:Brekke, Jaya; Alsindi, Wassim (2021). 3693: 3691: 3656: 3654: 3364:Notes du Conseil d'Analyse économique 3357: 3355: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3214: 3212: 3210: 2807:"COVID-19 and the future of business" 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2276: 2274: 2233: 2231: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1323: 1321: 1319: 1317: 1315: 1313: 1311: 1309: 1307: 1305: 1101:Development Informatics Working Paper 834:Strength within the EU digital policy 7: 4093:International Social Security Review 3494:Van Dorpe, Simon (3 February 2020). 3273:. Springer International Publishing. 1605:from the original on 8 January 2019. 1391:"The Concept of a "Digital Economy"" 2144:Segran, Elizabeth (9 August 2017). 1025:opposed to traditional companies. 686:have lower adoption rates for the 640:'s Investment survey in 2021, the 25: 4069:10.1146/annurev-soc-090820-020800 4028:10.1146/annurev-soc-121919-054857 3978:OECD Digital Economy Outlook 2017 2282:"Economie numérique et fiscalité" 2263:Bradford, Anu (2019). "Chap. 5". 1599:"The rise of Digital Challengers" 1174:Carlsson, Bo (1 September 2004). 863:European Commission versus Google 3221:Journal of Common Market Studies 2550:Nagle, Frank (9 November 2021). 2312:McKinsey Global Institute Report 2214:Imperial College Business School 760:proposal for a directive of the 2500:. NBN. Retrieved on 2013-07-23. 2044:Ellis, Michael (17 July 2014). 1952:Berkeley Technology Law Journal 1734:"Measuring the Digital Economy" 990:Job displacement and offshoring 693:In Eastern and Central Europe, 384:In the U.S. in the 1990's, the 317:Elements of the digital economy 274:, as opposed to sectors making 52:that describes how traditional 3559:10.1016/j.geoforum.2018.03.013 3199:Hatzopoulos, Vassilis (2013). 1922:10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120640 1625:G20 Digital Economy Task Force 1453:Mastercard Data & Services 898:digital as a driver of growth. 506:Mobility of business functions 229:production processes (broad). 1: 3835:Comparative Political Studies 2832:"COVID-19 and digitalisation" 2436:Welcome to Telefónica Digital 1895:10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.136873 1883:Journal of Cleaner Production 1521:"Digital Economy Report 2019" 1377:Measuring the Digital Economy 1192:10.1016/j.strueco.2004.02.001 644:has increased the demand for 3729:. Cornell University Press. 3128:. European Investment Bank. 2932:. European Investment Bank. 2735:. European Investment Bank. 2675:10.1016/j.bushor.2020.07.005 2611:. European Investment Bank. 2529:. European Investment Bank. 1790:"The Digital Economy Report" 1379:. U.S. Bureau of the Census. 825:Challenges for the regulator 310:Fourth Industrial Revolution 4052:"The Society of Algorithms" 3723:Newman, Abraham L. (2008). 3442:Revue d'économie financière 2031:International Labour Office 1877:Wang, Wenhuan (June 2023). 1288:. Oxford University Press. 4200: 4056:Annual Review of Sociology 4015:Annual Review of Sociology 3980:. Paris: OECD Publishing. 3794:International Organization 2239:"L_2006376FR.01003601.xml" 1980:10.1787/9789264218789-7-en 1336:Cambridge University Press 1330:Weymouth, Stephen (2023). 1223:"Innovation overview 2023" 614:National Broadband Network 203:Development of the concept 3913:21.11116/0000-0003-400C-8 3856:21.11116/0000-0003-D060-5 3807:10.1017/S0020818320000569 3628:21.11116/0000-0005-9F97-E 3481:10.1108/DPRG-05-2017-0020 3298:10.1007/s10272-017-0674-7 2018:– via ec.europa.eu. 1701:10.1596/978-1-4648-0671-1 1652:Oxford Economics (2016). 1375:Mesenbourg, T.L. (2001). 981:Competition and antitrust 749:Digital Agenda for Europe 695:manufacturing enterprises 521:Data Protection directive 3986:10.1787/9789264276284-en 3904:10.1177/0032329219838932 3847:10.1177/0010414019852687 3619:10.1177/2053951719897092 3051:European Investment Bank 2961:European Investment Bank 2441:11 December 2012 at the 2422:14 February 2013 at the 1597:McKinsey & Company. 638:European Investment Bank 4184:Supply chain management 3758:Wong, Wendy H. (2023). 3346:10.3917/rindu1.181.0075 2083:The Business of Fashion 785:artificial intelligence 564:Boston Consulting Group 497:Mobility of intangibles 400:Data flow restrictions: 3892:Politics & Society 3613:(1): 205395171989709. 3607:Big Data & Society 3454:10.3917/ecofi.125.0239 1808:Cite journal requires 1749:Cite journal requires 1672:Cite journal requires 1578:Cite journal requires 1539:Cite journal requires 1500:Cite journal requires 1238:Cite journal requires 1155:Cite journal requires 883:concern since the 1st 867:In 2017, the EC fined 795: 727: 665:digital transformation 633: 416:Digital services taxes 386:Clinton Administration 376: 334:Information technology 94:Digital transformation 3949:Socio-Economic Review 3426:10.3917/reof.158.0011 3376:10.3917/ncae.026.0001 2286:www.strategie.gouv.fr 1344:10.1017/9781108974158 847:Mechanisms of control 793: 742:Digital Single Market 725: 631: 374: 285:Core: comprising the 185:distributed computing 149:and Internet search. 4179:Electronics industry 3943:Yates, Luke (2023). 1845:10.2139/ssrn.3431732 1109:10.2139/ssrn.3431732 1018:) and labor rights. 948:which, according to 929:developing economies 224:Bottom-up definition 4169:Information economy 3962:10.1093/ser/mwad028 3745:10.7591/j.ctv2n7f1b 3330:Benhamou, Françoise 3269:Mărcuţ, M. (2017). 3162:on 1 December 2016. 2581:MAPFRE Global Risks 2265:The Brussels effect 1946:Samuelson, Pamela. 1691:World Bank (2016). 1000:global value chains 927:and 10 per cent in 925:developed economies 762:European Parliament 305:digitalized economy 262:Flexible definition 249:Top-down definition 154:Nicholas Negroponte 114:New York University 4105:10.1111/issr.12215 3233:10.1111/jcms.12464 2583:. 7 September 2021 2496:2013-01-16 at the 2389:The New York Times 1397:on 22 October 2013 1029:companies such as 881:Juncker Commission 875:Juncker Commission 807:Current challenges 796: 728: 711:Internet of Things 699:construction firms 688:internet of things 634: 586:Multi-sided market 377: 296:Narrow scope: the 73:Internet of Things 3771:978-0-262-37638-9 3736:978-0-8014-4549-1 3590:. New York. 2019. 3135:978-92-861-5435-5 2939:978-92-861-5541-3 2742:978-92-861-5367-9 2663:Business Horizons 2618:978-92-861-5155-2 2536:978-92-861-5233-7 2243:eur-lex.europa.eu 2216:. 5 December 2017 1718:978-1-4648-0671-1 1616:G20 DETF (2016). 1295:978-0-19-997863-2 1140:"Cryptoeconomics" 1103:. Rochester, NY. 1071:Knowledge economy 1039:Cour de Cassation 650:COVID-19 pandemic 642:COVID-19 pandemic 408:Data localization 360:Digital platforms 322:societal economy 303:Broad scope: the 291:core technologies 238:consumer spending 129:Thomas Mesenbourg 88:COVID-19 pandemic 84:COVID-19 pandemic 78:According to the 42:digital computing 16:(Redirected from 4191: 4164:Economic systems 4159:Cashless society 4143: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4123: 4117: 4116: 4088: 4082: 4081: 4071: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4030: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3973: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3955:(4): 1917–1943. 3940: 3934: 3933: 3915: 3883: 3877: 3876: 3858: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3809: 3785: 3776: 3775: 3755: 3749: 3748: 3720: 3714: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3695: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3658: 3649: 3648: 3630: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3585: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3464: 3458: 3457: 3437: 3431: 3430: 3428: 3404: 3395: 3394: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3359: 3350: 3349: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3309: 3281: 3275: 3274: 3266: 3255: 3254: 3244: 3216: 3205: 3204: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3161: 3155:. 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