Digital self-determination - Knowledge (XXG)

789:"Postcolonial" peoples, then, face multiple digital limitations in their access and use of the networked digital infrastructures. The latter threatens to reflect and restructure existing relations of social inequality grounded in colonialism and continuing processes of neo-colonialism. Indigenous peoples are acutely aware of this potential, and so are working with various partners to decolonize the digital sphere. They are undertaking a variety of projects that represent their diverse and localized experiences, alongside a common desire for self-determination. Rural and remote indigenous communities face persistent access problems to the digital associated with the historic and ongoing effects of colonialism. Remote indigenous communities are becoming 'offline by design' because their going online has been challenged. Indigenous peoples are asserting their digital self-determination by using these platforms to build online communities, express virtual identities, and represent their culture virtually. Hence, they are no longer static as offline, but becoming 'networked individualism'. Their engagement with the digital sphere resists the imposed representations of their identities and deterritorializes conceptions of virtual communities. Accordingly, the former colonized peoples are always engaged in the process of decolonizing the latent neo-/colonial discourses which are dominating the internet. 748:(ICO) Children Code (formally Age Appropriate Design Code) which is passed in September 2020. The Children Code sets forth the age limit as 18 with regard to ability to give free while implying the responsibility to the providers of online services such as apps, games, connected devices and toys and new services. What differs The Children Code from the EU regulations is that it applies to all information society services which are likely to be accessed by children. This means, even if the service is not directly aimed at children, the parties that offer those services must comply with The Children Code. The ICO's Children Code is also infused with the notion of the best interest of the child that is laid out in the UNCRC. Having a broad scope, the ICO lists a set of guiding points for organizations to support the notion of the best interest of the child such as recognizing that children has an evolving capacity to form their own views and giving due weight to those views, protecting their needs of the developing their own ideas and identity, their right to assembly and play. The Code also extends the protection of the personal data of children with a set of key standards such as data minimisation, data protection impact assessments, age appropriate design, privacy by default and transparency. 281:(SDT), first introduced by psychologists Richard Ryan and Eduard Deci in the 1980s, and further developed through the 1990s and 2000s, has been largely influential in shaping the concept of self-determination in the field of psychology. Ryan and Deci's SDT proposed that individuals' motivated behavior is characterized by three basic and universal needs: autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Autonomy refers here to the need to feel free to decide one's course of action. Competence refers to the need to have the capacity and skills to undertake and complete motivated behavior in an effective manner. Finally, relatedness refers to the need to experience warm and caring social relationships and feel connected to others. According to SDT, all three needs must be fulfilled for optimal functioning and psychological well-being. However, other psychologists like Barry Schwartz have argued that if self-determination is taken to extremes, freedom of choice can turn into the "tyranny of choice". In this view, having too much autonomy and too many choices over our course of action can be perceived as overwhelming, make our decisions more difficult, and ultimately lead to psychological distress rather than wellbeing. 778:

tablet operating systems (Google Android, Apple iOS); desktop and laptop operating systems (Microsoft Windows); office software (Microsoft Office, Google Docs); cloud infrastructure and services (Amazon, Microsoft, Google, IBM); social networking platforms (Facebook, Twitter); transportation (Uber, Lyft); business networking (Microsoft LinkedIn); streaming video (Google YouTube, Netflix, Hulu); and online advertising (Google, Facebook) – among others. These include the five wealthiest corporations in the world, with a combined market cap exceeding $ 3 trillion. If any nation-state integrates these Big Tech products into their society, these multinational corporations will obtain enormous power over their economy and create technological dependencies that will lead to perpetual resource extraction. This resembles the Colonial period in which the colonies were made to be dependent on the colonizer's economy for further exploitation.

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the same time, pays attention to that children should learn critical digital literacies that enables them to communicate, evaluate, and construct knowledge within digital media. Additionally, ethical consideration should be taken into account to support children's self-determination. For instance within this body of work, there is an attention to involving children in the decision making process of technology design as an ethical methodological approach in engaging the design of technology for children. In other words, involving children within the design process of technologies and thinking about ethical dimensions of children interactions enables a shift of the notion of vulnerability is shifted towards supporting children to enact their self-determination and positioning them as active creators of their own digital futures.

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are already part of the different "postcolonial" cultures. The postcolonial era in which colonized countries have gained independence and autonomy has been a means for the populace to regain their own self-determination and freedom. Yet, the neo-colonial structures that are still rampant in the postcolonial societies. Although the nation-state might forward the idea of autonomy and self-determination, new forms of colonialism are always emerging. This dialectic between colonialism and self-determination encompasses a range of fields, changing in form, focus, and scope over time. It is reflected in the complex political and policy relationships between "postcolonial" peoples and the state, especially since most states are replicating the legal and political systems of their former colonizer.

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of processing (Art(6)(1)(a). For children under 16 years old, it is lawful only and to the extent of the consent which is given by the holder of the parental responsibility to the child. This age limit of 16 can be lower to the age of 13 by the Member States. In addition to this, it is emphasized that data controllers should take necessary measurements in relation to the protection of children's data. Supporting these, Recital 38 states that children merit specific protection on the use, collection and processing of their data taking into consideration that children are less aware of the impacts, consequences and safeguards with respect to processing of their personal data. The GDPR also refers to the children in Articles 40 and 57; Recitals 58 and 75.

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age are capable of forming and expressing their own autonomous opinions. Also, it is stated by the Committee that children should have the right to be heard even if they don't have a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter affecting them. Moreover, Article 3 of the UNCRC states that the best interest of the child shall be embedded in private and governmental decision making processes and shall be a primary consideration in relation to the services and procedures which involve children. Anchoring these responsibilities to private and public digital practices and as it is highlighted in the General Comment No. 25 of the Committee on the Rights of the Child, children are at great risk in the digital domain regarding their vulnerable and evolving

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and privacy, and proposes that the core components of digital self-determination are the empowerment of data subjects to oversee their sense of self in the digital sphere, their ability to govern their data, consent as a cornerstone of privacy and data protection, protection against data malfeasance, and accuracy and authenticity of the data collected. This proposed framework also emphasizes that digital self-determination refers to both individuals and collectives and that the concept should be understood in the context of "rights dependent on duties" and in parallel to concepts of a social or relational self, social responsibility, and digital solidarity (see below: 3.1. Addressing the multilevel 'self' in digital self-determination)

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network conceptualizes digital self-determination as "a way of enhancing trust into digital transformation while allowing all actors of society to benefit from the potential of the data economy". This work proposes that the core principles of digital self-determination are transparency and trust, control and self-determined data sharing, user-oriented data spaces, and decentralized data spaces that operate in proximity to citizens' needs. The work of the network aims "to create an international network that represents the basic principles of digital self-determination and on this basis will elaborate best practices, standards, and agreements to develop international data spaces".

1093:, aimed at laying down "rules relating to the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and rules relating to the free movement of personal data", protecting "fundamental rights and freedoms of natural persons and in particular their right to the protection of personal data" and guaranteeing "the free movement of personal data within the Union". The main provisions relating to the concept of digital self-determination include principles of data processing (e.g. fairness, transparency, and accountability), grounds for legitimate data processing (notably consent and legitimate interests), rights of data subjects (e.g. the right to be informed, 339:

Mikrozensus). This understanding refers back to the late 18th-century German philosophy of Enlightenment. The Volkszählungsurteil was inspired by the concern that modern data processing technology could lead to a "registration and cataloging of one's personality in a manner that is incompatible with human dignity" (Volkszählungsurteil, headnote 4). In this view, human beings, due to their inviolable dignity, may never be treated like depersonalized and objectified resources that can be harvested for data. Instead humans, due to their capacity for autonomy, are self-determined agents possessing a significant degree of control over their informational images.

529:), leading to increased vulnerability to surveillance and exploitation. Surveillance capitalism relies on centralized data management models wherein private companies retain ownership and control over the users' data. To guard against the challenges to individuals' privacy and self-determination, various alternative data governance models have been recently proposed around the world, including trusts, commons, cooperative, collaboratives, fiduciaries, and "pods". These models have some overlap and share a common mission to give more control to individuals over their data and thus address the current power imbalances between data holders and data subjects. 455:

technology they consciously and willingly engage with. In addition to basic digital navigation skills and critical consumption of information, definitions of digital literacy have been extended to include an awareness of existing alternatives to the digital platforms and services used, understanding how personal data is handled, awareness of rights and existing legal protections, and of measures to independently protect one's security and privacy online (e.g., the adoption of obfuscation techniques as a way of evading and protesting digital surveillance).

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that the right to network self-determination finds its basis in the fundamental right to self-determination of peoples as well as in the right to informational self-determination, Belli posits that network self-determination plays a pivotal role allowing individuals to associate and join efforts to bridge digital divides in a bottom-up fashion, freely developing common infrastructure. The concept gained traction at the Latin American level, starting to form a core element of research and policy proposals dedicated to community networks.

409:, a legal attorney and widely-read German writer of fictional legal short stories and novels, has launched an initiative entitled "JEDER MENSCH", which translates to "Every human". In "JEDER MENSCH", von Schirach calls for the addition of six new fundamental rights to the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. Article 2 of this proposal is entitled "right to digital self-determination", and proposed that "Everyone has the right to digital self-determination. Excessive profiling or the manipulation of people is forbidden." 352:. Moreover, the digital transformation has enabled, oftentimes unbeknownst to individuals, the mass collection, analysis, and harvesting of personal data by private companies and governments to infer individuals' information and preferences (e.g., by tracking browsing and shopping history), influence opinions and behavior (e.g., through filter bubbles and targeted advertisements), and/or to make decisions about them (e.g., approving or not a loan or employment application), thus posing new threats to individuals' privacy and autonomy. 1369:'s government established its "Social Principles of Human-Centric AI", which is closely linked to its "AI strategy 2019: AI for Everyone: People, Industries, Regions and Governments", and a separate set of AI Utilization Guidelines that encourage voluntary adherence and emphasize that AI shall be used to "expand human abilities and creativity", shall not "infringe on a person's individual freedom, dignity or equality", and adheres to the "principle of human dignity and individual autonomy". 571: 1392:'s government's advisory body on the responsible use of AI, the Centre for Data Ethics and Innovation, proposed specific measures for government, regulators and industry to tackle algorithmic bias in the sectors of financial services, local government, policing and recruitment, with each area relevant to how individuals conduct their ways of life and access socio-economic opportunities without being subjected to unfair treatment. 422:

access, human-centered design, better privacy protections and control over data. These elements are closely connected and complement one another. For example, equal access to digital infrastructure can enable the representation of diverse viewpoints and participatory governance in the digital sphere, and decentralized systems might be necessary to ensure individuals' control over their data.

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social norms impacting the political, economic, and cultural domains of society. This critical insight has been applied in fields like copyright, free speech regulation, Internet governance, blockchain, privacy, and even torts. This is similar to architecture in physical space during colonialism. Building and infrastructures were built to reinforce the dominance and reach of colonialism.

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composed of experts from the Directorate of International Law of the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs; the Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Data Governance at Singapore Management University; the Berkman Klein Center at Harvard University; the Global Tech Policy Practice at the TUM School of Social Sciences and Technology and The GovLab at New York University.

25: 277:, i.e., engaging in a behavior or activity because it is inherently rewarding to do so, as opposed to being driven by external motivations or pressures, like monetary incentives, status, or fear. In this context, self-determination and intrinsic motivation are linked to feeling in control of one's choices and behavior and are considered necessary for psychological well-being. 3582:"DIRECTIVE (EU) 2018/1808 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 14 November 2018 amending Directive 2010/13/EU on the coordination of certain provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action in the Member States concerning the provision of audiovisual media services (Audiovisual Media Services Directive) in view of changing market realities" 1263:, a subfield of artificial intelligence, "allows us to extract information from data and discover new patterns, and is able to turn seemingly innocuous data into sensitive, personal data", meaning an individual's privacy and anonymity may be prone to vulnerabilities outside of the original data domain, such as having their social media data harvested for 124: 66: 1380:'s AI strategy, "National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence" published in June 2018, identifies key areas of high national priority for AI development (healthcare, agriculture, education, urban-/smart-city infrastructure, transportation and mobility), with ethical topics such as privacy and fairness integrated as a forward-looking section. 265:(kategorischer Imperativ), Kant suggested that humans, as a condition of their autonomy, must never be treated as a means to an end but as an end in itself. The pattern of self-determination similarly aims at enabling autonomous human beings to create, choose and pursue their own identity, action, and life choices without undue interference. 770:

political tensions, economic interests have manipulated legal and governance frameworks to extract value and resources from former colonized territories, often without adequate compensation or consultation to impacted individuals and communities. Accordingly, Digital Colonialism emerges as a dominant discourse in the digital sphere.

479:. Filter bubbles have been suggested to facilitate a warped understanding of others' points of view and the world. Ensuring a wide representation of diverse realities on digital platforms could be a way of increasing exposure to conflicting viewpoints and avoiding intellectual isolation into informational bubbles. 402:

least contributor - to the exercise of autonomy and agency in the face of shrinking choices", to address questions of control, power, and equity "in a world that is increasingly constructed, mediated, and at times even dominated by digital technologies and digital media, including the underlying infrastructures."

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dominance over critical functions in the tech ecosystem. This allows them to accumulate profits from revenues derived from rent; to exercise control over the flow of information, social activities, and a plethora of other political, social, economic, and military functions which use their technologies.

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Principles on AI", adopted by OECD Member States and nine other non-OECD countries in May 2019, integrates elements relevant to digital self-determination such as "inclusive growth", "well-being", "human-centered values and fairness", while emphasizing an individual's ability to appeal and "challenge

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Common themes of AI principles have been emerging as research efforts develop, with many closely linked to the various conditions of digital self-determination, such as control over one's data, protection from biased treatment, and equal access to the benefits offered by AI. A 2020 publication by the

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History articulates that state policy in fields as diverse as health, education, housing, public works, employment, and justice had, and continue to have, negative effects on indigenous peoples after independence. This negative effect is shared throughout the former colonized peoples. Alongside these

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The politics of the empire are already permeating the shared histories. Unequal social relations between colonizing and colonized peoples materialized through exploitation, segregation, epistemic violence, and so on. Throughout the world, these discourses of colonialism dominated peoples' perceptions

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provides a set of age limits on the processing of personal data of children related to the information society services(ISS). Pursuant to Article 8, in conditions where children are at least 16 years old, the child can give consent to the lawful processing of personal data restricted with the purpose

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and regulation efforts Tech firms can be promising examples in the context of pushing the private sector to adopt more privacy-preserving practices on children which can provide a golden shield for their autonomy. In this incautiously regulated atmosphere, it has become easier to make profit with the

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and children technology interaction research assert that ethical design of technology is essential for designing equitable environments for children. Work in digital media and learning acknowledges the affordances of technology for creating expansive ways for learning and development for children, at

555:, access to information and opportunities as well as exposure to harm and exploitation, thereby affecting the person's capacity to freely and autonomously conduct his or her life. A variety of digital technologies and their underlying infrastructure, regardless of their relatively visible or indirect 1302:

In recent years, there has been a proliferation of high-level principles and guidelines documents, providing suggestions for public-sector policies and private-sector code of conduct in a non-binding manner. Compared to the binding laws enacted by states, the landscape of AI ethics principles paints

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implies a responsibility to states that children should have the right to form and express their own views "freely, without any pressure". In the literal analysis, pressure refers to any kind of manipulation, oppression or exploitation. States parties should recognize that all children regardless of

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and technology afford children the opportunity to engage in various activities that support their development, learning, and pleasure time. Such activities include play, interactions with others, sharing and creating content, and experimenting with varied forms of identities afforded by mediums they

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In October 2021, an International Network on Digital Self-Determination was created with the intention of "bringing together diverse perspectives from different fields around the world to study and design ways to engage in trustworthy data spaces and ensure human centric approaches." The network is

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the concept of Network Self-determination as the "right to freely associate in order to define, in a democratic fashion, the design, development and management of network infrastructure as a common good, so that all individuals can freely seek, impart and receive information and innovation." Arguing

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There is no philosophically or legally agreed-upon concept of digital self-determination yet. Broadly speaking, the term describes the attempt to comprehensively project the pattern of human self-determination (as first explored in disciplines like philosophy and psychology, and in the law) into the

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Cultural and geographical representation has been highlighted as a challenge in ensuring the burgeoning AI norms sufficiently consider unique opportunities and risks faced by the global population, who exercise their autonomy and freedom in vastly different political regimes with varying degrees of

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Today, a new form of corporate colonization is taking place. Instead of the conquest of land, Big Tech corporations are colonizing digital technology. The following functions are dominated by a handful of multinational companies: search engines (Google); web browsers (Google Chrome); smartphone and

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Digital colonialism is a structural form of domination exercised through the centralized ownership and control of the three core pillars of the digital ecosystem: software, hardware, and network connectivity. The control over the latter three gives giant corporations an immense political, economic,

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However, through temporality, the preface "post" implies the historical period of colonization has ended, and the colonized subjects are now free of its discourses. Scholars have focalized on the continuity of colonialism even if it has historically ended. The neo-colonial structures and discourses

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In this sense, the concept of Digital Self-determination overlaps with the concept of "Network Self-determination" as it emphases that groups of unconnected and scarcely connected individuals can regain control over digital infrastructures, by building them and shaping the governance framework that

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Different sectors of society, ranging from legislators and policy-makers, to public organizations and scholars, to activists and members of the civil society, have called for digital infrastructure, tools and systems that protect and promote individuals' self-determination, including equal and free

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In 2015, the Cologne Center for Ethics, Rights, Economics, and Social Sciences of Health, housed at the University of Cologne (CERES), conducted a study to help define digital self-determination and develop metrics to measure its fulfillment. Their study report defines digital self-determination as

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Although the definition of digital self-determination is still evolving, the term has been used to address humans' capacity (or lack thereof) to exercise self-determination in their existence in and usage of digital media, spaces, networks, and technologies, with the protection of the potential for

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The increasing digitization of most aspects of society poses new challenges for the concept and realization of self-determination. While the digital sphere has ushered in innovation and opened up new opportunities for self-expression and communication for individuals across the globe, its reach and

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and the Open Data Directive, legislative proposals aimed at creating trustworthy data-sharing systems which will empower the EU citizens to decide about sharing their data across sectors and the Member States, while increasing the annual economic value of data sharing in the EU and creating social

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highlighted, "India had instituted what had become a perpetual, punitive shutdown in Jammu and Kashmir beginning in August 2019. Residents in these states had previously experienced frequent periodic shutdowns, and in 2020 they were deprived of reliable, secure, open, and accessible internet on an

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Under digital colonialism, digital infrastructure in the Global South are engineered for the Big tech companies' needs, enabling economic and cultural domination while imposing privatized forms of governance. To accomplish this task, major corporations design digital technology to ensure their own

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at Harvard University and the Global Network of Internet & Society Centers, conducted a research sprint to explore the concept of digital self-determination from different perspectives and across cultural contexts. This initiative approached digital self-determination "as an enabler of - or at

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In 2021, the Centre of AI & Data Governance at Singapore Management University launched a major research project focusing on the concept of digital self-determination, in collaboration with the Swiss government and other research partners. Their theoretical framework focuses on data governance

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noted that the "Internet is the oxygen for start-ups. The Centre pulled that plug on August 5. The virtual world was our space for growth. Now that's gone. All employees and producers have been rendered jobless I have to work by hook or by crook to meet the damage inflicted by loss of customers,

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Digital colonialism depends on code. In Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace, Lawrence Lessig famously argued that computer code shapes the rules, norms, and behaviors of computer-mediated experiences. As a result, "code is law" in the sense that it has the power to usurp legal, institutional, and

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have been proposed as necessary for individuals to acquire the knowledge and skills to use digital tools as well as to critically assess the content they encounter online, create their own content, and understand the features and implications of the digital technology used on them as well as the

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In 2018, the Swiss government launched a Digital Self-Determination network in response to the action plan for the Federal Council's 'Digital Switzerland' strategy, including representatives from the Swiss Federal Administration, academia, civil society, and the private sector. The work of this

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Philosophically, the right to informational self-determination is deeply rooted in the Bundesverfassungsgericht's understanding of inviolable Human Dignity (Article 1 of the Grundgesetz) as a prohibition of human objectification (in German: Objektformel; see for example n°33 of BVerfGE 27, 1 -

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In 1983, the Bundesverfassungsgericht ruled that "in the context of modern data processing, the general right of personality under Article 2.1 in conjunction with Article 1.1 of the Basic Law encompasses the protection of the individual against unlimited collection, storage, use and sharing of

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The EU's legal policy, while not explicitly referencing a right to digital self-determination, pursues closely related objectives. One of the overarching premises of the European Digital Strategy is to encourage the development of trustworthy technology that "works for the people". It aims at

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rule. Here, self-determination denotes that a people, based on respect for the principle of equal rights and fair equality of opportunity, have the right to freely choose their sovereignty, international political status, economic, social, and cultural development with no interference. In the

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in the region. The internet shutdown also affected education across all levels in the region. News reports noted how Kashmiri education was left behind even as life elsewhere was moving online in dealing with the stay-at-home guidelines during the pandemic. A news report after a year of the

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models, creates a pressing goal for digital platforms to get as many people as possible to spend as much time and attention as possible using their product or service. In their quest for users' scarce attention, these platforms would be incentivized to exploit users' cognitive and emotional

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and tracking software systems can impact children's digital and real life choices by exploiting massive profiling practices. In fact, due to the ubiquitous use of these algorithmic systems at both state and private sector level, children's privacy can easily be violated and they can be

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How states attempt to govern the AI industry can shape how AI applications are developed, tested and operated and in what ethical frameworks relevant to many forms of human interests, thereby affecting the degree of digital self-determination exercised by individuals and communities.

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engage with . At the same time, despite digital media affordances, children are users who are under 18 years old, which can have unintended consequences on how children consume content, be vulnerable, and ways interactions with technology impact the child's emotional, behavioral, and

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were impossible to run in Kashmir. "We want to educate people through videos, which is not possible at 2G speed. We are handicapped in the absence of high speed internet." Health experts and the locals warned that the internet blackout was hampering the fight against

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was restored in February 2021. A 2019 report notes that between 2012 and 2019, there have been 180 internet shutdowns in the region. India also topped the list of 29 countries that had disrupted access to the internet for the people in the year 2020. The report by

363:"the concrete development of a human personality or the possibility of realizing one's own plans of action and decisions to act, insofar as this relates to the conscious use of digital media or is (co-)dependent on the existence or functioning of digital media". 439:

will organise them as a common good. As such, Belli stresses that network self-determination leads to several positive externalities for the affected communities, preserving the Internet as an open, distributed, interoperable and generative network of networks.

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in Kashmir. It was noted to have affected at least a thousand employees working in this sector just in the third month of the world's longest internet shutdown that began on the intervening night of 4 and 5 August 2019 across Jammu and Kashmir. In a statement,

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The extent of technologically-mediated spheres where such influence could take place over an individual's self-determined choices has been the focus of growing contemporary debates across diverse geographies. One of the debates concerns whether an individual's

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and providing equitable and fair access to digital technologies and the internet has been proposed as crucial to ensure that all individuals are able to benefit from the digital age, including access to information, services, and advancement opportunities.

261:'s conception of freedom. Self-determination presupposes that human beings are entities capable of reason and responsibility for their own rationally chosen and justified actions (autonomy), and ought to be treated accordingly. In formulating his 944:." According to the report, "frequent and prolonged internet shutdowns enact a profound digital apartheid by systematically and structurally depriving the people of Kashmir of the means to participate in a highly networked and digitised world." 1129:, a legislative proposal aimed at harmonizing rules regarding digital intermediary services, most notably illegal content, transparent advertising, disinformation on social media platforms, and content recommending systems, while preserving 1290:, to flag potential child abuse has shown to disproportionately profile the poor and racial minority, raising questions about how predictive variables in algorithms could often be "abstractions" that "reflect priorities and preoccupations". 491:

to refer to the treatment of human attention as a scarce commodity in the context of ever-increasing amounts of information and products. In this view, the increasing competition for users' limited attention, especially when relying on

1174:, aiming to protect intellectual property and, consequently, intellectual work. However, it contains a difficult and controversial balance with another aspect of self-determination, which is freedom of speech (especially Article 17). 3539: 2627: 1219:(CCPA) of 2018 provides California consumers with the right to access data, know and delete personal information collected by businesses, opt-out of the sale of this information, and the right to non-discrimination for exercising 1066:

The importance of embedding the fundamental values into the legislative frameworks regulating the digital sphere has been stressed numerous times by scholars, public authorities, and representatives of various organizations.

3568:"Directive (EU) 2019/790 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 on copyright and related rights in the Digital Single Market and amending Directives 96/9/EC and 2001/29/EC (Text with EEA relevance.)" 1239:(AI), as not a single technology but rather a set of technologies, is increasingly shaping the technologically-mediated spaces for individuals and communities to conduct their lives. From algorithmic recommendation in 2764: 879:, but has the secondary outcome of blocking or filtering out communities who only have access through cheaper portals." It also includes the influence of the Westernised, English internet that further influences 762:

and cultures. Post-colonial critics contended how colonized peoples could attain cultural, economical, and social agency against the oppressive structures and representation imposed on their lives and societies.

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personal data. The fundamental right guarantees the authority conferred on the individual to, in principle, decide themselves on the disclosure and use of their personal data." (Volkszählungsurteil, headnote 1).

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undelivered orders and accumulated goods after the non-availability of Internet." In June 2020, it was reported for the first time how non-local companies were able to bag a majority of contracts online for

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Remolina, Nydia and Findlay, Mark James, The Paths to Digital Self-Determination - A Foundational Theoretical Framework (April 22, 2021). SMU Centre for AI & Data Governance Research Paper No. 03/2021,

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in policing, to automated resources allocation in public services, the extent of possible AI applications that can influence an individual's autonomy is continuously contested, considering the widespread

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identified "over 160 organizational, national and international sets of AI ethics and governance principles worldwide, although there is no common platform to bring these separate initiatives together".

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a more diverse picture, with governmental and nongovernmental organisations including private companies, academic institutions and civic society actively developing the ecosystem. A 2020 report by the

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Promoting concepts and rights which are closely related to digital self-determination is a common goal behind regulatory initiatives in various legal systems. Stemming from the conceptual framework of

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studied thirty-six "especially visible or influential" AI principles documents authored by government and non-governmental actors from multiple geographical regions, and identified eight key themes:

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Starting in the 2010s, a few multidisciplinary and cross-sectoral initiatives around the world have been working on developing a theoretical framework for the concept of digital self-determination.

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and social power over not only individuals, but even nation-states. Assimilation into the tech products, models, and ideologies of foreign powers constitutes a colonization of the internet age.

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argues that with the frequent internet shutdowns, the Indian government has been enacting in these regions a "digital apartheid," "a form of systemic and pervasive discriminatory treatment and

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networks, without justification from the Government, are inconsistent with the fundamental norms of necessity and proportionality," the experts said. A news report quoting the story of an

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and privacy-by-default, rights and obligations concerning algorithmic data processing (notably profiling and automated decision-making), and obligations concerning data transfers outside

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that can exert undue behavioural influence over the individual as part of a targeted group. Developments in this area vary greatly across countries and regions where there are different

509:) propose that technology should refrain from such 'brain-hacking' practices, and instead should support users' agency over their time and attention as well as their overall wellbeing. 1004:

or attend trainings on coronavirus owing to the restricted internet. The president of the Doctors Association noted that the awareness drives that were carried out elsewhere about the

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Ryan, R. M.; Deci, E. L. (2000). "Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being". American Psychologist. 55 (1): 68–78.

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until recently and therefore the skill development remained underexposed and restricted. The authors refer to the material dimension as the most cited concern regarding introducing

236:, the French Telecoms Regulator, in a section of its 2021 Report on the State of the Internet, exploring the work on "Network Self-determination" conducted by Professor Luca Belli. 1365:

On a national level, numerous state AI policies make reference to AI ethics principles, though in an irregular fashion. Such references can be standalone documents. For example,

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on the intervening night of 4 and 5 August 2019 as part of its unilateral measures to remove the semi-autonomous nature of the disputed territory of Jammu and Kashmir. Low speed

919: 308: 2020: 1204: 1171: 2007: 1161:. The draft regulation introduces i.a. a catalog of prohibited AI practices that distort the behavior of the individual in a manner that can lead to physical or mental harm. 2033: 3259: 1995: 1373: 3750: 1960:

Pariser, Eli (2011-05-12). The Filter Bubble: How the New Personalized Web Is Changing What We Read and How We Think. Penguin. ISBN 9781101515129. Retrieved 2020-10-11.

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Non-binding AI principles suggested by actors inside or outside the government might sometimes be further concretized into specific policy or regulation. In 2020, the

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Another sphere where AI systems can affect the exercising of self-determination is when the datasets on which algorithms are trained mirror the existing structures of

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The Audiovisual Media Services Directive, regulating the freedom of information in the domain of Audiovisual Media Services as well as the liability of the platforms.

1313: 831:, Ashton et al. (2018) highlight the concept of digital apartheid as a multidimensional process with three dimensions - a material dimension (including access to 398: 559:, could contribute to conditions that empower or disempower an individual's self-determination in the spheres of socio-economic participation, representation of 1693: 2653: 1932: 327:(informational Selbstbestimmung), considered as a modern fundamental right which protects against unjustified data processing, has featured prominently in the 1349:

However, the report also notes "a wide and thorny gap between the articulation of these high-level concepts and their actual achievement in the real world".

1185:; legislation pertaining to data and digital rights currently exists at both the state and federal level and is often sector-specific. In the United States, 1855: 1148: 3495: 1400:

reviewed 116 AI principles documents and found that "these soft law documents are being primarily developed in Europe, North America and Asia", while "the

1197: 1071:

advancing, among other things, "human-centered digital public services and administration", as well as "ethical principles for human-centered algorithms".

148: 38: 1200: 3206: 936:

ongoing basis." In placing these frequent shutdowns in the context of the ongoing conflict in Kashmir, the report Kashmir's Internet Siege (2020) by the

1772: 1750: 1286:

has shown to discriminate against female job applicants, while an AI-based modelling tool used by the Department of Human Services in Allegheny County,

3693: 1372:

AI principles can also be incorporated into a national AI strategy, which primarily focuses on policy instruments advancing AI, such as investment in

1208: 884: 817: 686:

Beyond ethical considerations, children's involvement in digital technologies and digital market practices has also an important relevance with their

471:

to refer to the reduced availability of divergent opinions and realities that we encounter online as a consequence of personalization algorithms like

903: 3553: 405:

In addition to the work of governments and research centers, civil society members have also advocated for digital self-determination. For example,

3470: 3173: 2059: 2739: 331:'s (Bundesverfassungsgericht) jurisprudence and might be the most direct precursor and inspiration to the concept of digital self-determination. 1157:, a legislative proposal aimed at providing developers, deployers, and users with clear requirements and obligations regarding specific uses of 662:

and dominance of centralized online platforms, potentially limiting one's capacity to imagine his or her identity and make informed decisions.

564: 382:) referred to the concept of Digital Self-determination in its official annual report dedicated to "The State of the Internet", drawing on the 3915: 2599:"General comment No. 14 (2013) on the right of the child to have his or her best interests taken as a primary consideration (art. 3, para. 1)" 1083: 801:. For authors such as Christian Fuchs, digital apartheid means that "certain groups and regions of the world are systematically excluded from 2551: 2423: 2137: 1913: 707: 304: 3725: 2021:

https://foundation.mozilla.org/en/data-futures-lab/data-for-empowerment/shifting-power-through-data-governance/#what-is-a-data-collaborative

1531:

Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1980). Self-determination theory: When the mind mediates behavior. The Journal of Mind and Behavior, 33-43.

1453: 76: 2008:

https://foundation.mozilla.org/en/data-futures-lab/data-for-empowerment/shifting-power-through-data-governance/#what-is-a-data-cooperative

1086:. Subsequently, the EU has pursued the abovementioned objectives through the adoption or proposal of several legal instruments including: 824:, now the latter are rather a question of access and opportunity, claiming that in the present day "digital apartheid is alive and well." 745: 87: 3595: 2034:

https://foundation.mozilla.org/en/data-futures-lab/data-for-empowerment/shifting-power-through-data-governance/#what-is-a-data-fiduciary

1248: 328: 2448: 1996:

https://foundation.mozilla.org/en/data-futures-lab/data-for-empowerment/shifting-power-through-data-governance/#what-is-a-data-commons

1090: 737: 600: 348:

benefits have not been evenly distributed, oftentimes deepening existing inequalities and power structures, commonly referred to as a

2891: 1514: 3522:

The right to informational self-determination and the value of self-development: reassessing the importance of privacy for democracy

3231: 1984:

https://foundation.mozilla.org/en/data-futures-lab/data-for-empowerment/shifting-power-through-data-governance/#what-is-a-data-trust

961: 184: 166: 105: 52: 2818:, vol 31. pp. 99-113; Benharrousse, R. 2020 “The Dilapidated Prefix: Beyond Postcolonialism’s ‘Post’ and Towards the Process.” In 2929:

Reidenberg, J. 1998. “Lex Informatica: The Formation of Information Policy Rules Through Technology,” Texas Law Review 76, no. 3.

1607:

Berkman Klein Center for Internet and Society at Harvard University, Digital Self-Determination call for participants (2021) <

1443: 1044: 324: 2124:, Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol. 1349, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 42–59, 1491: 1278:, thereby reinforcing structural discrimination that limits certain groups' access to fair treatment and opportunities. In the 1216: 719:

and predictive analytics, new disputes are on the way for states to protect children's very innate rights. To this end, recent

44: 4060: 1207:(HIPAA) includes federal standards for protecting the privacy and security of personal health data stored electronically. The 556: 3775: 3797: 2698:

Lapierre, Matthew A.; Fleming-Milici, Frances; Rozendaal, Esther; McAlister, Anne R.; Castonguay, Jessica (November 2017).

1870:"La emergencia de las redes comunitarias y del principio de autodeterminación de red: un ejemplo de gobernanza de Internet" 902:

Since 2019, this concept signifying advantages to some and dispossession of some others has also been used to characterize

1651: 1203:

which regulates the collection of personally identifiable information from children under the age of thirteen online. The

1190: 4099: 3314: 1856:

https://www.commonsensemedia.org/kids-action/publications/closing-the-k-12-digital-divide-in-the-age-of-distance-learning

4123: 4081: 3581: 2505: 1899:

Belli, Luca (2018). "Community Networks: Bridging Digital Divides through the Enjoyment of Network Self-determination".

506: 2215:"Do algorithms rule the world? Algorithmic decision-making and data protection in the framework of the GDPR and beyond" 1540:

Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum.

139: 4143: 4128: 3819: 3798:"The Global Disinformation Disorder: 2019 Global Inventory of Organised Social Media Manipulation. Working Paper 2019" 3446: 2256:"Digital labour and development: impacts of global digital labour platforms and the gig economy on worker livelihoods" 1143:, a legislative proposal aimed at regulating the performance of the large online platforms acting as "gatekeepers" in 1667: 827:

Borrowing from Graham (2011), and extending to the representation of conditions surrounding higher education in post-

1929: 1635: 3938:"Principled Artificial Intelligence: Mapping Consensus in Ethical and Rights-Based Approaches to Principles for AI" 1694:"Research sprint examines "digital self-determination" in increasingly interconnected world | Berkman Klein Center" 3365:"In a land without Internet: How the communication blackout is forcing young entrepreneurs out of Kashmir Valley" 1468: 1134: 1112: 643: 383: 367: 278: 2060:

https://foundation.mozilla.org/en/data-futures-lab/data-for-empowerment/shifting-power-through-data-governance/

1279: 1186: 2520: 2486:Ávila, J.; Pandya, J.Z. (2013). "Critical Digital Literacies as Social Praxis: Intersections and Challenges". 867:

and contextual relevance). The authors argue that "The virtual dimension emerges from the intentional act of '

3667: 3396: 1621: 1362:

the outcome of AI system" and the adherence of AI development to "internationally recognized labour rights".

1463: 1458: 1236: 1182: 1158: 1154: 965: 522: 1620:

Cologne center for ethics, rights, economics, and social sciences of health, "Digital self-determination",

1147:, thus guaranteeing fair competition and "leveling the playing field". The DMA is one of two proposals of 1144: 1102: 1014:

communication blackout and subsequent restriction on high-speed internet highlighted that it had "ravaged

583:, as a form of control over one's information, may or may not be sufficiently protected from exploitative 406: 262: 217: 4018: 1948:

Brunton, F., & Nissenbaum, H. (2015). Obfuscation: A User's Guide for Privacy and Protest. MIT Press

4138: 4133: 2598: 2499: 2313:"Bentham, Deleuze and Beyond: An Overview of Surveillance Theories from the Panopticon to Participation" 1094: 969: 948: 941: 675: 502: 476: 387: 80:

that states a Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.

2967:"Christian Fuchs: Internet and society – Social theory in the information age. London: Routledge. 2008" 1634:

Belli, Luca (2017). "Network Self-Determination and the Positive Externalities of Community Networks".

303:

framework of the United Nations, fundamental rights like self-determination are mainly defined in the

1438: 1189:(FTC) is tasked with overseeing the protection of consumers' digital privacy and security, outlining 1126: 896: 725: 695: 623: 608: 526: 899:

areas and exorbitant data costs, impact some students' ability to access their learning resources."

134: 3979: 2058:"What does it mean? Shifting Power Through Data Governance", Data Futures Lab, Mozilla Foundation, 1418: 1164: 1140: 1108: 691: 647: 619: 552: 493: 472: 209: 201: 2892:

http://www.thedailyrecords.com/2018-2019-2020-2021/world-famous-top-10-list/highest-selling-brands

2676: 1566:

Schwartz, B. (2000). Self-determination: The tyranny of freedom. American psychologist, 55(1), 79.

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practices, it is so easy to manipulate and exploit very intrinsic vulnerabilities of children and

551:

can be intimately connected to the digital environments one is embedded in, which can shape one's

3961: 3897: 3871: 3649: 3339:"Kashmir communications shutdown a 'collective punishment' that must be reversed, say UN experts" 3084: 2377: 2195: 2143: 2100: 1448: 1404:

is currently underrepresented in the landscape of organisations proposing AI ethics guidelines".

1317: 871:' which takes on a number of forms. It may be under the guise of protecting an organisation from 798: 584: 208:

and applied to the digital sphere, to address the unique challenges to individual and collective

205: 1075: 989:

of mineral blocks, as locals were left at a disadvantage due to the ban on high speed internet.

951:

and deprivation not only resulted in excluding the people, collectively, from participating in

3953: 3889: 3701: 3641: 3372: 3181: 3130: 3076: 3037: 2988: 2721: 2547: 2444: 2419: 2369: 2334: 2293: 2275: 2236: 2187: 2133: 2092: 1909: 1881: 1869: 1433: 1397: 1275: 1130: 1098: 993: 973: 868: 844: 716: 712: 560: 525:

to refer to the private sector's commodification of users' personal data for profit (e.g. via

488: 2940:

The Structural Problems of the Internet for Cultural Policy. In Critical Cyberculture Studies

2441:

Teaching, learning, literacy in our high-risk high-tech world: A framework for becoming human

3945: 3881: 3633: 3120: 3068: 3027: 3019: 2978: 2862: 2857:

Kwet, M. 2019 “Digital Colonialism: US Empire and the New Imperialism in the Global South,”

2765:"Best interest of the child, Age appropriate design: a code of practice for online services" 2711: 2361: 2324: 2283: 2267: 2226: 2179: 2125: 2084: 1608: 1550: 1423: 1413: 1283: 1264: 1260: 1212: 1023: 977: 836: 809: 729: 679: 447: 3496:"A year without high-speed internet ravaged health, education, entrepreneurship in Kashmir" 2628:"General comment No. 25 (2021) on children's rights in relation to the digital environment" 2121:

Algorithmic Panopticon: State Surveillance and Transparency in China's Social Credit System

1787:"Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Data Governance at Singapore Management University" 992:

The effect of this digital apartheid was also witnessed during the lockdown induced by the

273:

In psychology, the concept of self-determination is closely related to self-regulation and

2890:

The Daily Records. 2018. “Top 10 Largest Companies in the World by Market Cap,” 26 March.

1936: 1116: 1048: 981: 956: 631: 570: 518: 3997: 3936:

Fjeld, Jessica; Achten, Nele; Hilligoss, Hannah; Nagy, Adam; Srikumar, Madhulika (2020).

3207:"After 18 months, 4G internet services restored in J&K | India News - Times of India" 3125: 3108: 808:

Brown and Czerniewicz (2010), drawing on a research project interrogating the access of

3751:"Nearly half of councils in Great Britain use algorithms to help make claims decisions" 2288: 2255: 1428: 1389: 1304: 1268: 915: 848: 832: 821: 659: 596: 588: 451: 431: 349: 3007: 2168:"Beyond surveillance capitalism: Privacy, regulation and big data in Europe and China" 1680: 820:(ICT), highlight that while age or generational aspects have been a characteristic of 634:; whether an individual's self-expression may be unduly and discriminately policed by 630:, may encounter new employment opportunities as well as unique vulnerabilities in the 4117: 4039: 3965: 3901: 3148: 3023: 3008:"Debunking the 'digital native': beyond digital apartheid, towards digital democracy" 2894:

products-companies-reviews/largest-companies-world-by-market-cap-most-valuable/12829.

2877:

Kwet, M. 2018 “Break the hold of digital colonialism,” Mail & Guardian, 29 June.

2381: 2199: 2147: 1842: 1719: 700: 670: 612: 468: 258: 3653: 3288: 3088: 2983: 2966: 2104: 1074:

The EU has outlined these policy goals in several regulatory agendas including i.a.

3859: 3107:

Barnard-Ashton, Paula; Adams, Fasloen; Rothberg, Alan; McInerney, Patricia (2018).

2167: 1401: 1287: 1253: 1244: 1040: 937: 895:

as part of the curriculum, arguing that "the lack of power infrastructure in lower

813: 733: 720: 658:; and whether an individual's access to diverse information may be affected by the 635: 627: 498: 250: 3845:"Automating Inequalities: How High-Tech Tools Profile, Police and Punish The Poor" 2414:

Ito, M.; Martin, C.; Pfister, R.C.; Rafalow, M.H.; Salen, K.; Wortman, A. (2019).

2183: 1668:

https://www.intgovforum.org/multilingual/index.php?q=filedepot_download/10271/2243

3471:"As Life Moves Online Amid the Pandemic, Kashmiri Education Is Being Left Behind" 2654:"Children's Privacy Plaintiffs Settle With Disney, Seek Trial With App Developer" 2119: 1930:

https://www.commonsensemedia.org/news-and-media-literacy/what-is-digital-literacy

1119:

of communications, privacy controls through electronic consent and browsers, and

4061:"National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence: #AI for All (Discussion Paper)'" 4019:"AI Strategy 2019: AI for Everyone: People, Industries, Regions and Governments" 3567: 3421:"Lack of internet in Kashmir prevents doctors from fighting coronavirus: Report" 3056: 2572: 2129: 1010: 1001: 997: 972:

without any pretext of precipitating offence. "The shutdown of the internet and

880: 876: 840: 736:

them to choose specific products and applications. Regarding this, article 8 of

548: 464: 3621: 3338: 3072: 2810:

Appiah, K. A. 1991. “Is the Post- in Postmodernism the Post- in Postcolonial?”

2072: 1773:"Directorate of International Law, Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs" 1120: 501:, forced multitasking, social comparison, and incendiary content. Advocates of 3885: 3315:"Kashmir communication shutdown cripples IT companies and start-ups in Valley" 3109:"Digital apartheid and the effect of mobile technology during rural fieldwork" 2793:

edited by C. Lemert. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. pp. 610-614; Said, E. 1979.

2395:

Ito, M.; Martin, C. (2013). "Connected learning and the future of libraries".

2329: 2312: 2088: 1554: 1240: 952: 932: 892: 888: 802: 655: 651: 639: 299: 274: 3957: 3893: 3705: 3645: 3637: 3554:"Proposal for a Regulation on European data governance (Data Governance Act)" 3376: 3185: 3134: 3080: 3041: 2992: 2866: 2373: 2338: 2279: 2271: 2240: 2191: 2096: 1949: 1885: 1815:"Global Tech Policy Practice at TUM School of Social Sciences and Technology" 1357:

Currently, few AI governance principles are internationally recognised. The "

1000:

infrastructure crippled as doctors complained about not being able to access

574:

An illustration depicting the use of facial recognition technology on a woman

3397:"Kashmir: Online Bidding for Mineral Blocks Leaves Locals at a Disadvantage" 2716: 2699: 2416:

Affinity Online: How Connection and Shared Interest Fuel Learning (Volume 2)

1384:

Opportunities and challenges for AI principles to address self-determination

1097:, right to object), right to data portability, obligations associated with 1019: 856: 828: 232:

The concept has been included in an official document for the first time by

2742:. The U.K. Department for Digital, Culture, Media & Sport. 11 June 2020 2725: 2297: 2231: 1970: 2353: 2214: 1653:

Community Networks in Latin America: Challenges, Regulations and Solutions

1622:

https://ceres.uni-koeln.de/en/research/projects/digital-self-determination

1580: 3949: 3520: 2365: 1294:

Current landscape of AI principles relevant to digital self-determination

1256:

of people's lives across the socio-economic and political spheres today.

1215:

While state legislation varies in the strength of their protections, the

1052: 918:, witnessed the Indian State imposing a total communication blackout and 911: 872: 860: 213: 3937: 3820:"Amazon scraps secret AI recruiting tool that showed bias against women" 1666:

Internet Governance Forum. Promoting Digital Self-Determination (2020).

1515:"Network self-determination: When building the Internet becomes a right" 797:

Digital apartheid has also been a key concept in debates around digital

2814:, vol 17. pp. 336-357; Shohat, E. 1992. “Notes on the “Post-Colonial.” 2019:"What is a data collaborative?", Data Futures Lab, Mozilla Foundation, 1060: 1056: 864: 687: 592: 580: 257:, and autonomy in classic central-European philosophy and derived from 254: 3694:"Facebook to finally explain the decisions of its news feed algorithm" 3032: 2942:

edited by D. Silver and A. Massanari. New York: NYU Press. pp.107-118.

4026:

Integrated Innovation Strategy Promotion Council, Government of Japan

3726:"Met police to begin using live facial recognition cameras in London" 3260:"India saw highest number of internet shutdowns in the world in 2020" 2006:"What is a data cooperative?", Data Futures Lab, Mozilla Foundation, 1015: 986: 883:

visibility. The skills dimension emerges from an understanding where

852: 356:

human flourishing in the digital world as one of the chief concerns.

295: 3447:"Kashmir internet blackouts hinder health services, contact tracing" 2464: 1679:

Centre for AI and Data Governance, Singapore Management University,

904:

internet shutdowns and communications blockades in Jammu and Kashmir

3876: 2656:. Maeley’s Data Privacy News Reports/Lexis Legal News. 6 April 2021 2573:"General comment No. 12 (2009): The right of the child to be heard" 2494:. New York. 29 Broadway 18th Floor, New York, NY 10006: Peter Lang. 2032:"What is a data fiduciary?", Data Futures Lab, Mozilla Foundation, 1969:

Center for Humane Technology, “How Social Media Hacks Our Brains”,

1111:, a legislative proposal aimed at regulating the issues concerning 1377: 1366: 1220: 1005: 907: 604: 569: 3776:""The ethics of artificial intelligence: Issues and initiatives"" 3289:"Kashmir's Internet Siege - an ongoing assault on digital rights" 2878: 1751:"Announcing the International Digital Self-Determination Network" 1595: 1994:"What is a data common?", Data Futures Lab, Mozilla Foundation, 1902:

The Community Network Manual: how to build the Internet yourself

1358: 1982:"What is a data trust?", Data Futures Lab, Mozilla Foundation, 744:

Beyond the GDPR, one of the structured regulations is the UK's

2521:"Ethical AI? Children's Rights and Autonomy in Digital Spaces" 1814: 1637:

Community Networks: The Internet by the People, for the People

538:

Addressing the multilevel 'self' in digital self-determination

366:

In 2017, Professor Luca Belli presented at the United Nations

313:

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

117: 59: 18: 3858:

Jobin, Anna; Ienca, Marcello; Vayena, Effy (September 2019).

2905:

The Corporation: The Pathological Pursuit of Profit and Power

2579:. UN Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC). 20 July 2009 752:

Geopolitical and cultural power dynamics in the digital world

3149:"Article 370: What happened with Kashmir and why it matters" 2771:. The UK Information Commissioner's Office. 2 September 2020 2608:. UN Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC). 29 May 2013 2046: 1800: 1353:

Examples of intergovernmental and governmental AI principles

843:), a skills dimension (including education legacy regarding 3232:"Internet shut down 180 times in J&K over past 8 years" 2740:"Explanatory momerandum to the Age Appropriate Design Code" 2677:"Momentum builds US laws to protect children from Big Tech" 2634:. The UN Committee on the Rights of the Child. 2 March 2021 1786: 927: 923: 77:

personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay

2311:

Galič, Maša; Timan, Tjerk; Koops, Bert-Jaap (2016-05-13).

2254:

Graham, Mark; Hjorth, Isis; Lehdonvirta, Vili (May 2017).

728:

against children. Not having appropriate consent- inform/

2769:

The U.K. ICO’s Guide to data protection for Organizations

1609:

https://cyber.harvard.edu/story/2021-02/call-participants

249:

The concept of self-determination relates to concepts of

2971:

MedieKultur: Journal of Media and Communication Research

1828: 1376:

education and public-private partnerships. For example,

1211:(FERPA) governs access to and the disclosure of student 483:

Human-centered design of user interfaces and experiences

397:

In 2021, the Digital Asia Hub in collaboration with the

2700:"The Effect of Advertising on Children and Adolescents" 2219:

International Journal of Law and Information Technology

1732: 83: 2833:

Indian Country: Essays on Contemporary Native Culture.

2523:. The London School of Economics and Political Science 2467:. The Designing for Children Rights (D4CR) Association 2354:"Social Media Manipulation, Autonomy and Capabilities" 1231:

Artificial intelligence and digital self-determination

3620:

Gasser, Urs; Almeida, Virgilio A.F. (November 2017).

2791:

Social Theory: The Multicultural and Classic Readings

859:

computer skills), and a virtual dimension (including

4082:"CDEI proposes a roadmap to tackle algorithmic bias" 3980:"The Recommendation on Artificial Intelligence (AI)" 497:

weaknesses, for example via constant notifications,

309:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

2820:

Post-colonial Praxis: Ramifications and Intricacies

1718:Jeder Mensch, “The 6 European Fundamental Rights”, 1681:

https://caidg.smu.edu.sg/digital-self-determination

1205:

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

955:, but as was evident, it crippled IT companies and 626:; whether an individual labor, particularly in the 3668:"The history of Amazon's recommendation algorithm" 2846:Wasáse: Indigenous pathways of action and freedom. 1843:https://webfoundation.org/news/tag/digital-divide/ 1733:"International Digital Self-Determination Network" 1720:https://www.jeder-mensch.eu/informationen/?lang=en 459:Representation of diverse realities and viewpoints 298:to self-determination is commonly recognized as a 3174:"2G mobile Internet services restored in J&K" 1928:"What is digital literacy?", Common Sense Media, 1594:Center for Humane Technology, “Ledger of Harms”, 537: 388:The Value of Internet Openness in Times of Crisis 2260:Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 1854:Closing the Digital Divide, Common Sense Media, 1737:International Digital Self-Determination Network 1396:rule of law. In 2020, a report published by the 1193:principles for the governance of online spaces. 3805:Oxford, UK: Project on Computational Propaganda 3205:Jain, Bharti; P, M. Saleem (February 6, 2021). 2675:Stacey, Kiran; Murphy, Hannah (13 April 2021). 1084:the EU's White Paper on Artificial Intelligence 3860:"The global landscape of AI ethics guidelines" 2881:06-29-00-break-the-hold-of-digital-colonialism 1181:The U.S. has yet to introduce a comprehensive 926:was restored in January 2020 while high speed 715:. It turns out that with the proliferation of 595:frameworks and big data policies, such as the 319:Informational self-determination in German law 4086:Centre for Data Ethics and Innovation, Gov.uk 3113:South African Journal of Occupational Therapy 2789:Spivak, G. 1999. Can the subaltern speak? In 1314:Berkman Klein Center for Internet and Society 8: 2166:Aho, Brett; Duffield, Roberta (2020-04-02). 1801:"Berkman Klein Center at Harvard University" 1574: 1572: 906:. The region, contested and claimed by both 618:Other debates range from whether individual 2835:Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. 2797:. New York: Vintage Books; Fanon, F. 1963. 1841:Digital Divide, World Wide Web Foundation, 220:of many aspects of society and daily life. 53:Learn how and when to remove these messages 2953:Networked: The New Social Operating System 1950:https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/obfuscation 1226:Ethical and rights-based principles for AI 543:Digital self-determination for individuals 426:Access to digital infrastructure and tools 204:concept derived from the legal concept of 3875: 3124: 3031: 2982: 2715: 2488:New Literacies and Digital Epistemologies 2328: 2287: 2230: 1209:Family Educational and Rights Privacy Act 1155:The Regulation on Artificial Intelligence 1030:Regulating for digital self-determination 818:Information and Communications Technology 185:Learn how and when to remove this message 167:Learn how and when to remove this message 106:Learn how and when to remove this message 1971:https://www.humanetech.com/brain-science 1265:computational propaganda in the election 1198:Children's Online Privacy Protection Act 938:Jammu Kashmir Coalition of Civil Society 914:in its entirety and a site of an active 622:in decision-making can be undermined by 378:In 2021, the French Telecoms Regulator ( 343:Self-determination in the digital sphere 3998:"Social Principles of Human-centric AI" 2465:"Designing for Children's Rights Guide" 1874:Revista de privacidad y derecho digital 1480: 666:Digital self-determination for children 430:Bridging the various forms of existing 3796:Bradshaw, Samantha; Howard, Philip N. 3596:"Privacy Online: A Report to Congress" 2955:. Cambridge and London: The MIT Press. 2497: 1581:http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3831726 1091:The General Data Protection Regulation 920:internet shutdown in Jammu and Kashmir 805:and the benefits that it can create." 3519:Rouvroy, Antoinnette; Poullet, Ives. 3283: 3281: 3279: 3258:Chakravarti, Ankita (March 4, 2021). 3253: 3251: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3012:Journal of Computer Assisted Learning 2848:Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 2759: 2757: 2567: 2565: 2563: 1133:. The DSA is one of two proposals of 305:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 294:In international law, the right of a 16:Human identity and digital technology 7: 4104:CAHAI Secretariat, Council of Europe 2861:Volume 60, No. 4 (April). pp. 3-26. 1590: 1588: 1508: 1506: 1486: 1484: 3916:""Roadmap for Digital Cooperation"" 3622:"A Layered Model for AI Governance" 3057:"Time machines and virtual portals" 3006:Brown, C.; Czerniewicz, L. (2010). 2542:Palfrey, John; Gasser, Urs (2008). 2519:Steinberg, Stacey (28 April 2021). 1908:. FGV Direito Rio. pp. 23–41. 1043:, and a well-established notion of 329:German Federal Constitutional Court 4100:"Towards Regulation of AI Systems" 3847:. St. Martin’s Press. p. 143. 2951:Raine, L. & Wellman, B. 2012. 2822:. 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Teachers College Press. 2352:Delacroix, Sylvie (2020). 2083:(4): 413–423. 2011-06-15. 1145:the European Single Market 1103:the European Economic Area 1080:the European Data Strategy 678:. Therefore, calls within 650:capabilities which run on 198:Digital self-determination 138:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s 3886:10.1038/s42256-019-0088-2 2799:The Wretched of the Earth 2330:10.1007/s13347-016-0219-1 2089:10.1007/s00287-011-0552-9 2047:https://solidproject.org/ 1555:10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68 1469:Technological sovereignty 1345:Promotion of Human Values 1191:fair information practice 1115:within the EU, including 1113:electronic communications 638:technologies deployed in 368:Internet Governance Forum 279:Self-determination theory 3638:10.1109/MIC.2017.4180835 2920:. New York: Basic Books. 2867:10.1177/0306396818823172 2801:. 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(2017). 1935:2022-02-01 at the 1449:Self-determination 1318:Harvard University 1249:smart surveillance 799:self-determination 644:facial recognition 576: 505:in technology (or 463:Internet activist 417:Practical elements 240:Self-determination 206:self-determination 88:encyclopedic style 75:is written like a 4049:. August 9, 2019. 2916:Lessig, L. 1999. 2844:Alfred, T. 2009. 2679:. Financial Times 2553:978-0-465-00515-4 2425:978-1-4798-8890-0 2139:978-3-030-67237-9 1915:978-85-9597-029-8 1698:cyber.harvard.edu 1434:Digital integrity 1398:Council of Europe 1099:privacy-by-design 1026:" in the region. 994:Covid-19 pandemic 974:telecommunication 869:digital redlining 845:computer training 793:Digital Apartheid 717:mass surveillance 611:, which approach 561:cultural identity 507:humane technology 489:attention economy 202:multidisciplinary 195: 194: 187: 177: 176: 169: 140:quality standards 131:This article may 116: 115: 108: 57: 4151: 4108: 4107: 4106:. 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