354:, and their protégés. The "Howard faction" preferred a marriage alliance with Spain over one with France, the traditional ally of Scotland, and they preferred to keep out of open warfare with Spain promoted by the more zealous Puritans. Most of the Howards were Catholics, encouraging them towards a spirit of toleration at home. Like many at the English court, they were receiving pensions from Spain, without much effect on their opinions and actions, and Gondomar seldom had the money to follow through. Among the pensioners, in an embarrassing list that surfaced in 1613, at Gondomar's first arrival was the King of England himself.
319:
497:
96:
31:
396:, it was Gondomar's pressure that cost Sir Walter his head on 29 October 1618. In a moment of weakness, James had shown Gondomar the contract under which Raleigh had sailed, and the restriction upon attacking Spanish settlements, in order to mollify Gondomar's objections to an enterprise on which James had set his heart. Raleigh's attack on San Thomé (near modern
524:, and represent an invaluable source for the knowledge of this language in the transition from Old Galician to Middle Galician, a period for which there are but a few literary or public documents preserved. Gondomar is also well known for his Galician patriotic writings in defence of the antiquity and noblesse of the
373:
further established him in James's eyes as a man of unexpected strength. In 1617 Sarmiento was created Count of
Gondomar. The key to Gondomar's success was his relationship with James, whom he brought to admire and like his witty and learned companionship, his candour, within the obvious limits, and
456:
Gondomar was twice married, first to his niece
Beatrix Sarmiento, by whom he had no children, and then to his cousin Constanza de Acuña, by whom he had four sons and three daughters. The hatred he aroused in England, which was shown by the widespread mockery of an intestinal complaint from which he
204:
to superintend the distribution of the treasure brought from
America by two galleons which were driven to take refuge there; on his return he was appointed a member of the board of finance. In 1609 he repelled a Dutch naval attack on the coast of Galicia.
400:) was a public violation; his execution kept the peace with Spain. The English could not forgive Gondomar, who in 1618 obtained leave to come home for his health, but he was then ordered to return by way of Flanders and France with a diplomatic mission.
200:, then the residence and capital of King Philip III. From that moment he was forced to reconcile both roles, as courtier and corregidor in the capital, and as soldier and Capitan in Galicia: in 1603 he was sent from court to
645:
Carter 1964:193, 195. The pensions had been instituted with the first
Spanish embassy to James, to the annual tune of £9125. Gondomar, with an English reputation as a spymaster, actually spent a paltry average of £350 for
244:
Gondomar's reputation as a diplomat, which brought him to international historical prominence, is based on his two periods of service in
England – from 1613 to 1618 and from 1619 to 1622. The excellence of his
460:
Gondomar collected, both before he came to London and during his residence there, a fine library of printed books and manuscripts. Orders for the arrangement, binding and storing of his books in his house at
429:
When
Gondomar was allowed to retire and return to Spain, he was named a member of the royal council and governor of one of the king's palaces, and he was appointed to a complimentary mission to
253:, whose character he judged with remarkable insight. He flattered the king's love of books and of peace, and he made skilful use of the king's desire for a matrimonial alliance between
797:
239:
227:
72:. He served as the Spanish ambassador to England from 1613 to 1622 and afterwards, as a kind of ambassador emeritus, Spain's leading expert on English affairs until his death.
270:"). The British historian J. P. Kenyon calls him "a cleverer man than any in England", who was gifted enough to tie England to Spain's interests for the next decade.
374:
his personal integrity. They called themselves the "two Diegos" and drank from the same bottle (Carter 1964:205). It was to
Gondomar, after the failure of the
715:
802:
807:
411:
in 1620 seemed to be a repeat of
Raleigh's violation of Spanish settlements in the Caribbean, and at Gondomar's insistence, North was imprisoned.
465:
appear frequently in his voluminous correspondence. In 1785 the library was ceded by his descendant and representative the marquis of
Malpica to
378:
of 1614, that James made his celebrated remark "I am amazed that my ancestors should have allowed such an institution to come into existence".
369:
harbour, in which an appeal to the king averted an exchange of cannon fire. His handling of the unconditional release of the
Catholic agitator
347:
75:
The popular notion in England of his day painted him as the head of a Spanish faction at the English court, as privy to the inner thoughts of
817:
812:
516:
Part of the private correspondence of Gondomar with his relatives and with other Galician noblemen has been preserved in the archives of the
339:
422:, the "Winter King" of Bohemia. Habsburg Madrid and Brussels were concerned that the French aimed to join Mansfeld's forces and retrieve
822:
351:
343:
178:
Drake was defeated but not before the bombing and sack of the town. As a result of these military successes, he was appointed by King
761:
694:
665:
630:
605:
318:
365:("risk your life and dare to die"). His opening challenge was his refusal to strike the colours of Spain at his warships' entry to
709:
419:
511:
Don Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, 1st Count of Gondomar, diplomatic, defender of the Galician language, and lover of Galicia
381:
A key program for Gondomar at the outset was to block the marriage negotiations between Prince Charles and a sister of
792:
84:
552:
528:
and of the Galicians, because 'Galicia was a Kingdom and her kings got this title well before any other in Spain'.
230:. In 1612 he was appointed ambassador in England, but he did not leave to take up his appointment until May 1613.
370:
208:
Although he held both military and administrative employs, his residence was at Valladolid, where he owned the
147:
485:
298:
537:
477:
408:
188:
118:
95:
113:
496:
787:
782:
501:
466:
442:
438:
382:
274:
254:
35:
186:, so warding the southern frontier and sea coast of Galicia. Later, in 1596, he was appointed first
708:
263:
385:, a French counterweight to marital alliances being concluded with the Spanish Habsburgs (see the
210:
525:
415:
393:
179:
155:
100:
473:
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690:
661:
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306:
61:
45:
505:
335:
311:
139:
108:
17:
446:
397:
327:
294:
250:
163:
135:
131:
76:
53:
776:
704:
517:
386:
267:
151:
555:
wrote a useful biographical introduction to a publication of a few of his letters –
557:
Cinco Cartas politico-literarias de Don Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, conde de Gondomar
457:
suffered for years, was a tribute to the zeal with which he served his own master.
240:
History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom § Stuart foreign policy
193:
123:
57:
441:— made his journey there in search of a wife. He died at the house of the
167:
143:
30:
418:'s projected movement of troops raised in England to rescue James's son-in-law
462:
366:
278:
197:
183:
134:— and of Juana de Acuña, heiress of the noble house of Acuña. He was born in
687:
Don Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, conde de Gondomar : el Maquiavelo español
623:
Don Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, conde de Gondomar : el Maquiavelo español
598:
Don Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, conde de Gondomar : el Maquiavelo español
563:
of the Spanish Academy; and there is a life in English by F.H. Lyon (1910).
481:
323:
223:
65:
286:
282:
246:
219:
127:
69:
346:, Lord High Treasurer, whose daughter was married to James's favourite,
297:
aroused particular animosity. He was attacked by popular pamphleteers —
520:. These private letters are frequently written totally or partially in
290:
259:
215:
658:
Don Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, conde de Gondomar: el Maquiavelo español
546:
The Prince and the Infanta: The Cultural Politics of the Spanish Match
434:
430:
423:
404:
358:
171:
80:
285:
Austria, and to avert English attacks on Spanish possessions in the
162:
in 1585. They met forces again four years later in Vigo, after the "
293:
parties. The active part he took in promoting the execution of Sir
495:
317:
94:
29:
201:
159:
87:" was brought into common English usage in references to him.
309:
made him a principal character in the strange political play
403:
In 1619 he returned to London and remained until 1622. The
536:
Gondomar's missions to England were largely dealt with in
544:(London, 1883–1884) and more recently in Glyn Redworth,
289:. His success made him odious to the anti-Spanish and
723:
Charles H. Carter, "Gondomar: Ambassador to James I"
579:
Charles H. Carter, "Gondomar: Ambassador to James I"
182:
as governor of Baiona, and keeper of the fortress of
112:
Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, Count of Gondomar —Lord of
710:"Gondomar, Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, Count of"
660:(1. ed.). Gijón: Ed. Trea. pp. 143–185.
142:, inheriting large estates both in Galicia and in
625:(1. ed.). Gijón: Ed. Trea. pp. 51–71.
600:(1. ed.). Gijón: Ed. Trea. pp. 47–51.
469:, and it is now in the Royal Library at Madrid.
315:, which was suppressed by order of the council.
50:Don Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, conde de Gondomar
798:Ambassadors of Spain to the Kingdom of England
338:were Gondomar's principal friends at court –
106:He was the eldest son of the Galician knight
8:
719:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
361:in enemy country, and he took for his maxim
273:The ambassador's task in the prelude to the
437:when the Prince of Wales— afterwards
426:for France, and the project was let slide.
214:estate and was already collecting his fine
42:Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, Count of Gondomar
733:
305:, was widely believed — and the dramatist
532:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Authorities
414:The tensest late confrontation was over
572:
357:Gondomar conceived of his embassy as a
472:A portrait of Gondomar, attributed to
348:Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham
340:Henry Howard, 1st Earl of Northampton
7:
222:, and apparently as a friend of the
150:in repelling an English raid led by
146:. He took an active part during the
685:Bartolomé Benito, Fernando (2005).
656:Bartolomé Benito, Fernando (2005).
621:Bartolomé Benito, Fernando (2005).
596:Bartolomé Benito, Fernando (2005).
352:Thomas Howard, 21st Earl of Arundel
64:, October 2, 1626), was a Spanish (
34:Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, Count of
559:, issued at Madrid in 1869 by the
492:Gondomar and the Galician language
344:Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk
277:was to keep James from aiding the
25:
689:(1. ed.). Gijón: Ed. Trea.
79:, and as a fiendish schemer for
803:Ambassadors of Spain to Austria
249:pleased the literary tastes of
808:17th-century Spanish diplomats
363:aventurar la vida y osar morir
1:
420:Frederick V, Elector Palatine
818:17th-century Spanish writers
813:16th-century Spanish writers
730:.2 (1964), pp. 189–208.
99:The fortress of Monte Real,
27:Spanish diplomat (1567–1626)
301:'s extravagant propaganda,
56:, November 1, 1567 –
839:
823:People from Astorga, Spain
237:
757:
748:
743:
736:
281:states against Spain and
371:Luisa Carvajal y Mendoza
176:the assault on A Corunha
18:Diego Sarmiento de Acuña
716:Encyclopædia Britannica
586:.2 (1964), pp. 189-208.
561:Sociedad de Bibliófilos
553:Don Pascual de Gayangos
725:The Historical Journal
581:The Historical Journal
538:Samuel Rawson Gardiner
513:
478:Stowe, Buckinghamshire
331:
322:Portrait of Gondomar,
103:
38:
499:
350:, Lord High Admiral,
321:
238:Further information:
234:The embassy to London
166:" was turned away in
98:
33:
467:Charles III of Spain
443:Constable of Castile
383:Louis XIII of France
218:. He was known as a
548:(New Haven, 2003).
264:Maria Anna of Spain
255:the Prince of Wales
793:Counts of Gondomar
764:Sarmiento de Acuña
542:History of England
526:Kingdom of Galicia
514:
476:, was formerly at
433:. Gondomar was in
394:Sir Walter Raleigh
332:
180:Philip II of Spain
114:Salvaterra de Miño
104:
39:
771:
770:
758:Succeeded by
751:Count of Gondomar
392:In the matter of
376:Addled Parliament
275:Thirty Years' War
152:Sir Francis Drake
148:Anglo-Spanish War
16:(Redirected from
830:
766:
738:Spanish nobility
734:
720:
712:
700:
672:
671:
653:
647:
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637:
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612:
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307:Thomas Middleton
116:, who served as
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474:Diego Velázquez
312:A Game at Chess
266:(the proposed "
242:
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196:, and later of
93:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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707:, ed. (1911).
705:Chisholm, Hugh
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666:
648:
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631:
613:
606:
588:
571:
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533:
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493:
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416:Count Mansfeld
407:expedition of
398:Ciudad Guayana
328:Simon de Passe
295:Walter Raleigh
235:
232:
164:English Armada
132:Canary Islands
92:
89:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
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696:84-9704-162-3
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667:84-9704-162-3
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607:84-9704-162-3
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531:
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518:house of Alba
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486:Robert Cooper
483:
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387:Spanish Match
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342:(died 1614),
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268:Spanish Match
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228:Duke of Lerma
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85:Machiavellian
82:
78:
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63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
37:
32:
19:
749:
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727:
724:
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686:
657:
651:
646:information.
641:
622:
616:
597:
591:
583:
580:
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560:
556:
551:In Spanish,
550:
545:
541:
535:
515:
510:
471:
459:
455:
428:
413:
402:
391:
380:
362:
356:
333:
310:
302:
299:Thomas Scott
272:
258:
251:King James I
243:
211:Casa del Sol
209:
207:
187:
117:
107:
105:
83:. The term "
77:King James I
74:
58:Casalarreina
49:
41:
40:
788:1626 deaths
783:1567 births
482:mezzotinted
409:Roger North
144:Old Castile
777:Categories
755:1617–1626
679:References
500:Statue in
463:Valladolid
367:Portsmouth
303:Vox populi
279:Protestant
198:Valladolid
189:corregidor
184:Monte Real
119:corregidor
91:Early life
745:New title
480:. It was
439:Charles I
324:engraving
224:favourite
522:Galician
502:Gondomar
451:La Rioja
287:Americas
283:Habsburg
257:and the
247:latinity
220:courtier
168:A Coruña
128:governor
70:diplomat
66:Galician
62:La Rioja
36:Gondomar
506:Galicia
445:, near
336:Howards
291:Puritan
260:infanta
216:library
140:Galicia
138:, near
136:Astorga
130:of the
54:Astorga
46:Spanish
693:
664:
629:
604:
435:Madrid
431:Vienna
424:Artois
405:Guyana
359:sortie
330:, 1622
226:, the
172:Lisbon
156:Baiona
101:Baiona
81:Popery
762:Diego
567:Notes
174:; in
691:ISBN
662:ISBN
627:ISBN
602:ISBN
447:Haro
334:The
202:Vigo
194:Toro
170:and
160:Vigo
158:and
126:and
124:Toro
540:'s
484:by
449:in
389:).
326:by
192:of
154:on
122:of
109:Don
779::
713:.
504:,
488:.
453:.
68:)
60:,
52:;
48::
728:7
699:.
670:.
635:.
610:.
584:7
508::
44:(
20:)
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