Diesel exhaust - Knowledge (XXG)

1156: 4796:"... dds ratios and frequencies of each trigger were used to compute population-attributable fractions (PAFs), which estimate the proportion of cases that could be avoided if a risk factor were removed. PAFs depend not only on the risk factor strength at the individual level but also on its frequency in the community. ... he exposure prevalence for triggers in the relevant control time window ranged from 0.04% for cocaine use to 100% for air pollution. ... Taking into account the OR and the prevalences of exposure, the highest PAF was estimated for traffic exposure (7.4%) ... 1092: 2324: 5517: 1036: 3070: 2204: 1184:

different array of pollutants than spark-driven engines, differences that are sometimes qualitative (what pollutants are there, and what are not), but more often quantitative (how much of particular pollutants or pollutant classes are present in each). For instance, diesel engines produce one-twenty-eighth the carbon monoxide that gasoline engines do, as they burn their fuel in excess air even at full load.

2582: 2846: 2788: 1048: 97: 2716: 2952:(unlike regular diesel). Mixing in bio ether (or other fuels such as hydrogen) into conventional diesel also tends to have a beneficial effect on the pollutants that are emitted. In addition to changing the fuel, US engineers have also come up with two other principles and distinct systems to all on-market products that meet the U.S. 2010 emissions criteria, 2687:

especially the case with indirect injection engines, which are less thermally efficient. With electronic injection, the timing and length of the injection sequence can be altered to compensate for this. Older engines with mechanical injection can have mechanical and hydraulic governor control to alter the timing, and multi-phase electrically controlled

1519: 1147:) and particulate matter (PM) in the exhaust. So, while diesel fuel contains slightly more carbon (2.68 kg CO₂/litre) than petrol (2.31 kg CO₂/litre), overall CO₂ emissions of a diesel car tend to be lower due to higher efficiency. In use, on average, this equates to around 200 g CO₂/km for petrol and 120 g CO₂/km for diesel. 2948:) tends to be a very effective means to reduce pollutants such as NOx and CO. When running on dimethyl ether (DME) for instance, particulate matter emissions are near-nonexistent, and the use of diesel particulate filters could even be omitted. Also, given that DME can be made from animal, food, and agricultural waste, it can even be 2376: 2659:. These local low temperatures occur at the cylinder walls, and at the surface of large droplets of fuel. At these areas where it is relatively cold, the mixture is rich (contrary to the overall mixture which is lean). The rich mixture has less air to burn and some of the fuel turns into a carbon deposit. Modern car engines use a 25: 3052:, the first on the exhaust manifold, with variable geometry and containing the EGR system; and a second a fixed geometry turbocharger. Recirculated exhaust gas and the compressed air from the turbochargers have separate coolers, and air merges before entering the intake manifold, and all subsystems are controlled by a central 2429:. Because of their small size, inhaled particles may easily penetrate deep into the lungs. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the exhaust stimulate nerves in the lungs, causing reflex coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath. The rough surfaces of these particles makes it easy for them to bind with other 1230:. These especially harmful particulate contaminants are at their peak when such engines are run without sufficient oxygen to fully combust the fuel; when a diesel engine runs at idle, enough oxygen is usually present to burn the fuel completely. (The oxygen requirement in non-idling engines is usually satisfied using 3250:

composition can vary markedly with fuel composition, engine type, operating conditions ... combustion of petroleum fuel produces primarily carbon dioxide, water, and nitrogen ... The health risks lie in the small, invisible or poorly visible particles ... carbon (EC) core of diesel soot ... serves as

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from different engine technologies and even different fuels are not necessarily comparable. One study has shown that 95% of the volatile component of diesel nanoparticles is unburned lubricating oil. Long-term effects still need to be further clarified, as well as the effects on susceptible groups of

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After a week-long meeting of international experts, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), which is part of the World Health Organization (WHO), today classified diesel exhaust as probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 1), based on enough evidence that exposure is associated with an

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emissions less than 0.07 g/mile, and in the U.S., by 2010, NOx emissions must be less than 0.03 g/mile. Moreover, in recent years the United States, Europe, and Japan have extended emissions control regulations from covering on-road vehicles to include farm vehicles and locomotives, marine vessels,

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in this test system). Other studies concluded that while in certain specific cases (i.e. low loads, more saturated feedstocks, ...), NOx emissions can be lower than with diesel fuel, in most cases NOx emissions are higher, and the NOx emissions even go up as more biofuel is mixed in. Pure biodiesel

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Emissions from diesel engines contribute to the production of ground-level ozone, which can damage crops, trees, and other vegetation. Diesel exhaust also contributes to the formation of acid rain, which affects soil, lakes, and streams, and can enter the human food chain via water, produce, meat,

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When starting from cold, the engine's combustion efficiency is reduced because the cold engine block draws heat out of the cylinder in the compression stroke. The result is that fuel is not burned fully, resulting in blue and white smoke and lower power outputs until the engine has warmed. This is

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under any conditions differ considerably from spark-ignition engines, because, by design, diesel engine power is directly controlled by the fuel supply, not by control of the air/fuel mixture, as in conventional gasoline engines. As a result of these differences, diesel engines generally produce a

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High doses of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and benzylbutyl phthalate (BzBP) during the fetal period produced lowered testosterone levels, testicular atrophy, and Sertoli cell abnormalities in the male animals and, at higher doses, ovarian abnormalities in the female

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than air. With the greater soot production, EGR is often combined with a particulate matter (PM) filter in the exhaust. In turbocharged engines, EGR needs a controlled pressure differential across the exhaust manifold and intake manifold, which can be met by such engineering as use of a variable

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in the exhaust system, with commercialized systems being somewhat lower. SCR systems do not necessarily need particulate matter (PM) filters; when SNCR and PM filters are combined, some engines have been shown to be 3-5% more fuel efficient. A disadvantage of the SCR system, in addition to added

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that constitutes a unique challenge with regard to their reduction. While total nitrogen oxides from petrol cars have decreased by around 96% through adoption of exhaust catalytic converters as of 2012, diesel cars still produce nitrogen oxides at a similar level to those bought 15 years earlier

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In March 2012, U.S. government scientists showed that underground miners exposed to high levels of diesel fumes have a threefold increased risk for contracting lung cancer compared with those exposed to low levels. The $ 11.5 million Diesel Exhaust in Miners Study (DEMS) followed 12,315 miners,

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The scientific evidence was reviewed thoroughly by the Working Group and overall it was concluded that there was sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of diesel exhaust. The Working Group found that diesel exhaust is a cause of lung cancer (sufficient evidence) and also noted a

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upfront development cost (which can be offset by compliance and improved performance), is the need to refill the reductant, the periodicity of which varies with the miles driven, load factors, and the hours used. The SNCR system is not as efficient at higher revolutions per minute (

1121:. Its composition may vary with the fuel type or rate of consumption, or speed of engine operation (e.g., idling or at speed or under load), and whether the engine is in an on-road vehicle, farm vehicle, locomotive, marine vessel, or stationary generator or other application. 2464:

in PM emitted during hot idling were greater than those from cold idling; reasons for PM reduction in biodiesel emissions were suggested to result from the oxygenated structure of biodiesel fuel, as well as arising from changes in technology (including the use of a

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Diesel exhaust plays a role in climate change. Reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from diesel engines through improved fuel economy or idle reduction strategies can help address climate change, improve our nation’s energy security, and strengthen our economy.

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geometry turbocharger, which has inlet guide vanes on the turbine to build exhaust backpressure in the exhaust manifold directing exhaust gas to the intake manifold. It also requires additional external piping and valving, and so requires additional maintenance.

3048:, the farm equipment manufacturer, is implementing such a combined SCR-EGR design, in a 9-liter "inline 6" diesel engine that involves both system types, a PM filter and additional oxidation catalyst technologies. The combined system incorporates two 1245:

were introduced in exhaust systems. Even so, diesel exhausts continue to contain an array of inorganic and organic pollutants, in various classes, and in varying concentrations (see below), depending on fuel composition and engine running conditions.

2568:) is still in its infancy, and the nature and extent of negative health impacts from diesel exhaust continues to be discovered, it remains controversial whether the public health impact of diesels is higher than that of petrol-fueled vehicles. 4191:

Jarfelt, Kirsten; Dalgaard, Majken; Hass, Ulla; Borch, Julie; Jacobsen, Helene; Ladefoged, Ole (2016-10-11). "Antiandrogenic effects in male rats perinatally exposed to a mixture of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate".

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Diesel exhaust includes ... acetaldehyde; antimony compounds; arsenic; benzene; beryllium compounds; bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate; dioxins and dibenzofurans; formaldehyde; inorganic lead; mercury compounds; nickel; POM (including PAHs); and

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Exposure to diesel exhaust particulates is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen, based on limited evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans and supporting evidence from studies in experimental animals and mechanistic

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The types and quantities of nanoparticles can vary according to operating temperatures and pressures, presence of an open flame, fundamental fuel type and fuel mixture, and even atmospheric mixtures. As such, the resulting types of

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Unlike international shipping, that has a Sulfur limit at 3.5% mass/mass outside ECA until 2020, where it reduces to 0,5% outside ECA, diesel for on road use and off-road (heavy equipment) has been limited in all of EU since 2009.

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Sakurai, Hiromu; Tobias, Herbert J.; Park, Kihong; Zarling, Darrick; Docherty, Kenneth S.; Kittelson, David B.; McMurry, Peter H.; Ziemann, Paul J. (2003). "On-line measurements of diesel nanoparticle composition and volatility".

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using diesel-powered equipment in underground mines. Adverse health effects have also been observed in the general population at ambient atmospheric particle concentrations well below the concentrations in occupational settings.

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which collects carbon particles using a "Kaalink" cylindrical device that is retrofitted into a vehicle's exhaust system, after processing to remove heavy metals and carcinogens, the company plans to use the carbon to make ink.

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Tong, H. Y.; Karasek, F. W. (1984-10-01). "Quantitation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in diesel exhaust particulate matter by high-performance liquid chromatography fractionation and high-resolution gas chromatography".

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emissions, but can negatively impact efficiency and the production of soot particles. The richer mix is achieved by displacing some of the intake air, but is still lean compared to petrol engines, which approach the

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Silverman, D. T.; Samanic, C. M.; Lubin, J. H.; Blair, A. E.; Stewart, P. A.; Vermeulen, R.; Coble, J. B.; Rothman, N.; Schleiff, P. L.; Travis, W. D.; Ziegler, R. G.; Wacholder, S.; Attfield, M. D. (5 March 2012).

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Wärtsilä have tested an engine and compared smoke-output, when using conventional fuel system and common rail fuel system, the result shows improvement on all operation conditions when using the common rail system.

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However, vehicles registered from 2005–2010 emit similar or higher levels of NOx compared with vehicles before 1995. In this respect, NOx emissions from diesel cars have changed little over a period of about 20

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Acute (short-term) exposure ... results in irritation of the eyes, mucous membranes, ... Chronic (long-term) exposure ... has resulted in effects on the peripheral and central nervous systems and the liver and

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The full load limit of a diesel engine in normal service is defined by the "black smoke limit", beyond which point the fuel cannot be completely burned. As the "black smoke limit" is still considerably lean of

816: 2295:, which is a component of the air pollution implicated in human cancer, heart and lung damage, and mental functioning. Moreover, diesel exhaust contains contaminants listed as carcinogenic for humans by the 995: 990: 1159:

A diesel engine that operates below the smoke limit produces a visible exhaust. In modern motor vehicle diesel engines, this condition is generally avoided by burning the fuel in excess air even at full

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Using U.S. EPA's revised draft 1999 Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999), diesel exhaust (DE) is likely to be carcinogenic to humans by inhalation from environmental exposures.

2655:(or more specifically diesel particulate matter) from their exhaust. The black smoke consists of carbon compounds that have not burned because of local low temperatures where the fuel is not fully 5922:

Department of Labor, Mine Safety and Health Administration. Diesel Particulate Matter Exposure of Underground Metal and Nonmetal Miners: Final Rule, January 19, 2001. Federal Register 66(13):5706.

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which requires all heavy-duty diesel trucks and buses, with a few exceptions, that operate in California to either retrofit or replace engines in order to reduce diesel particulate matter. The US

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and conventional diesel (B20) was reported by Omidvarborna and coworkers, where they conclude PM emissions appeared lower in cases of mixed diesel/biodiesel use, where they were dependent on the

2274:"Diesel and gasoline have been limited to 10 ppm sulfur since 2009 (for on-road vehicles) and 2011 (non-road vehicles). Mandatory specifications also apply to more than a dozen fuel parameters." 2249: 2561:

in the general public, as the cause of 7.4% of all attacks. It is impossible to tell how much of this effect is due to the stress of being in traffic and how much is due to exposure to exhaust.

1176:. While the distribution of the individual components of raw (untreated) diesel exhaust varies depending on factors like load, engine type, etc., the adjacent table shows a typical composition. 2694:

Wärtsilä states that there are two ways of forming smoke, on large diesel engines, one being fuel hitting metal and not having time to burn off. The other being, when too much fuel is in the

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is currently seeking to refine understanding of the health effects of traffic pollution. Ambient traffic-related air pollution was associated with decreased cognitive function in older men.

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Silverman, Debra T.; Samanic, Claudine M.; Lubin, Jay H.; Blair, Aaron E.; Stewart, Patricia A.; Vermeulen, Roel; Coble, Joseph B.; Rothman, Nathaniel; Schleiff, Patricia L. (2012-06-06).

3167: 1226:, sometimes visible as opaque dark-colored smoke) has traditionally been of greater concern, as it presents different health concerns and is rarely produced in significant quantities by 2260:(MSHA) issued a health standard in January 2001 designed to reduce diesel exhaust exposure in underground metal and nonmetal mines; on September 7, 2005, MSHA published a notice in the 3598: 1215:

to meet the newer standards applicable in many jurisdictions. Auxiliary diesel systems designed to remediate the nitrogen oxide pollutants are described in a separate section below.

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Rossberg, Manfred; Lendle, Wilhelm; Pfleiderer, Gerhard; Tögel, Adolf; Dreher, Eberhard-Ludwig; Langer, Ernst; Rassaerts, Heinz; Kleinschmidt, Peter; Strack, Heinz (2000-01-01).

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a nucleus for condensation of organic compounds from unburned or incompletely burned fuel ... it still appears that nitrated PAHs are the most predominant bacterial mutagens

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Emissions from diesel vehicles have been reported to be significantly more harmful than those from petrol vehicles. Diesel combustion exhaust is a source of atmospheric

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Campbell, Robert M.; Lee, Milton L. (1984-05-01). "Capillary column gas chromatographic determination of nitro polycyclic aromatic compounds in particulate extracts".

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Arlt, Volker M.; Glatt, Hansruedi; Muckel, Eva; Pabel, Ulrike; Sorg, Bernd L.; Seidel, Albrecht; Frank, Heinz; Schmeiser, Heinz H.; Phillips, David H. (2003-07-10).

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Attfield, Michael D.; Schleiff, Patricia L.; Lubin, Jay H.; Blair, Aaron; Stewart, Patricia A.; Vermeulen, Roel; Coble, Joseph B.; Silverman, Debra T. (2012-06-06).

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Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), on diesel engines, can be used to achieve a richer fuel to air mixture and a lower peak combustion temperature. Both effects reduce

2214: with: a general introduction with citations that covers current international agreements and federal regulations in English-speaking countries. You can help by 1000: 6193: 4443:"Activation of 3-nitrobenzanthrone and its metabolites by human acetyltransferases, sulfotransferases and cytochrome P450 expressed in Chinese hamster V79 cells" 5142: 3691:

New diesels produce similar nitrogen oxides to those bought 15 years ago. Typical modern diesel cars emit around 20 times more nitrogen oxides than petrol cars.

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Bruske-Holhfield, I; Mohner, M; Ahrens, W; et al. (1999). "Lung cancer risk in male workers occupationally exposed to diesel motor emissions in Germany".

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Omidvarbornaa, Hamid; Kumara, Ashok; Kim, Dong-Shik (2014). "Characterization of Particulate Matter Emitted from Transit Buses Fueled with B20 in Idle Modes".

6174: 2253: 6132: 5143:"Air pollution and lung cancer incidence in 17 European cohorts: prospective analyses from the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE)" 2691:, that stay on for a period after start-up to ensure clean combustion; the plugs are automatically switched to a lower power to prevent their burning out. 2296: 1234:.) From the particle emission standpoint, exhaust from diesel vehicles has been reported to be significantly more harmful than those from petrol vehicles. 1137: 1078: 766: 5538:

Guan, B; Zhan, R; Lin, H; Huang, Z. (2014). "Review of state of the art technologies of selective catalytic reduction of NOx from diesel engine exhaust".

2798: 2679:, it is possible to obtain more power by exceeding it, but the resultant inefficient combustion means that the extra power comes at the price of reduced 2528:

Mortality from diesel soot exposure in 2001 was at least 14,400 out of the German population of 82 million, according to the official report 2352 of the

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However, the lean-burning nature of diesel engines and the high temperatures and pressures of the combustion process result in significant production of

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Scheepers, P. T.; Bos, R. P. (1992-01-01). "Combustion of diesel fuel from a toxicological perspective. I. Origin of incomplete combustion products".

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is in its infancy, and health effects from nanoparticles produced by all types of diesel engines are still being uncovered. It is clear, that diesel

5569:"Simultaneous reduction of NOx and smoke from a direct-injection diesel engine with exhaust gas recirculation and diethyl ether | Request PDF" 4329: 1203:

under real-world tests; hence, diesel cars emit around 20 times more nitrogen oxides than petrol cars. Modern on-road diesel engines typically use

2502:, tightness of chest, and irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat. Long-term exposures can lead to chronic, more serious health problems such as 3720:

Much of the problem is down to EU emission standards, which have long allowed diesel engines to emit much more nitrogen dioxide than petrol ones.

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controlling for key carcinogens such as cigarette smoke, radon, and asbestos. This allowed scientists to isolate the effects of diesel fumes.

6239: 5384: 4134:"The association between semen quality in workers and the concentration of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in polyvinyl chloride pellet plant air" 3843: 3822: 3801: 3081: with: the further sourced content on such things as diesel particulate filters and use of alternate fuels, placed here with citations;: 2257: 985: 5298:

Mitteilungen Institut für Verbrennungskraftmaschinen und Thermodynamik, Publisher: Institut für Verbrennungskraftmaschinen und Thermodynamik

6182: 2367:(EPA) established the Clean School Bus USA initiative in an effort to unite private and public organizations in curbing student exposures. 259: 5112: 2252:

to provide funding for upgrading engines ahead of emissions regulations. In 2008, the California Air Resources Board also implemented the

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Attfield, M. D.; Schleiff, P. L.; Lubin, J. H.; Blair, A.; Stewart, P. A.; Vermeulen, R.; Coble, J. B.; Silverman, D. T. (5 March 2012).

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are severe and pervasive. Although one study found no significant evidence that short-term exposure to diesel exhaust results in adverse

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Acute Inflammatory Responses in the Airways and Peripheral Blood After Short-Term Exposure to Diesel Exhaust in Healthy Human Volunteers

5677: 386: 306: 2996:). SCR is being optimized to have higher efficiency with broader temperatures, to be more durable, and to meet other commercial needs. 6062: 4812: 980: 894: 336: 2865: 6201: 4355:"3-Nitrobenzanthrone, a Powerful Bacterial Mutagen and Suspected Human Carcinogen Found in Diesel Exhaust and Airborne Particulates" 4309: 3608: 3243: 3157: 3152: 2953: 2897: 2827: 2629: 2141: 2015: 2001: 1844: 1744: 836: 741: 61: 2809: 5616:"Effect of hydrogen-diesel fuel co-combustion on exhaust emissions with verification using an in–cylinder gas sampling technique" 4866: 3675: 3147: 2308: 2100: 1950: 1858: 1804: 1786: 1595: 1125: 5782: 3313: 6157: 2603: 1686: 1071: 781: 544: 126: 43: 6080:

Abschaetzung positiver gesundheitlicher Auswirkungen durch den Einsatz von Partikelfiltern bei Dieselfahrzeugen in Deutschland

4793:: "Taking into account the OR and the prevalences of exposure, the highest PAF was estimated for traffic exposure (7.4%)... " 5709: 2607: 2245: 1635: 2414:, DPM can take the form of individual particles or chain aggregates, with most in the invisible sub-micrometer range of 100 1155: 35: 5244: 4402:"3-Nitrobenzanthrone, a potential human cancer hazard in diesel exhaust and urban air pollution: a review of the evidence" 2968: 2518:

at age 1 and persistent wheezing at age 3 in the Cincinnati Childhood Allergy and Air Pollution Study birth cohort study.

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accounted for around one quarter of the pollution in the air and a high share of sickness caused by automotive pollution.

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There has been research into ways that troops in deserts can recover drinkable water from their vehicles' exhaust gases.

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For over 10 years, concerns have been raised in the US regarding children's exposure to DPM as they ride diesel-powered

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Omidvarbornaa, Hamid; Kumara, Ashok; Kim, Dong-Shik (2015). "Recent Studies on Soot Modeling for Diesel Combustion".

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animals (Jarfelt et al., 2005; Lovekamp-Swan and Davis, 2003; McKee et al., 2004; NTP-CERHR, 2003a, 2003b, 2006).

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Help add sources such as review articles, monographs, or textbooks. Please also establish the relevance for any

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combustion in air are carbon dioxide, water, and nitrogen. The other components exist primarily from incomplete

5928:"Weight of the Evidence or Wait for the Evidence? Protecting Underground Miners from Diesel Particulate Matter" 5704:

Bennett, Sean (2004). Medium/Heavy Duty Truck Engines, Fuel & Computerized Management Systems 2nd Edition,

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particles and then intermittently burn them using extra fuel injected directly into the filter. This prevents

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Weight of the Evidence or Wait for the Evidence? Protecting Underground Miners from Diesel Particulate Matter

6234: 5796: 821: 776: 396: 5113:"Tox Town - Diesel - Toxic chemicals and environmental health risks where you live and work - Text Version" 6224: 5866: 2993: 2548: 2503: 2239: 959: 446: 4658: 4353:

Enya, Takeji; Suzuki, Hitomi; Watanabe, Tetsushi; Hirayama, Teruhisa; Hisamatsu, Yoshiharu (1997-10-01).

3916: 2960:(EGR). Both are in the exhaust system of diesel engines, and are further designed to promote efficiency. 1237:

Diesel exhausts, long known for their characteristic smells, changed significantly with the reduction of

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Dual Fuel Kit retrofits a diesel generator set to operate on a mixture of both gas and diesel, with 70%

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Krivoshto, Irina N.; Richards, John R.; Albertson, Timothy E. & Derlet, Robert W. (January 2008).

5724:"Behaviour Study of Particulate Matter and Chemical Composition with Different Combustion Strategies" 5627: 5487: 5422:

Poppy, Guy M.; Newman, Tracey A.; Farthing, Emily; Lusebrink, Inka; Girling, Robbie D. (2013-10-03).

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Safety and Health Topics: Diesel Exhaust - Partial List of Chemicals Associated with Diesel Exhaust

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Talibi, Midhat; Hellier, Paul; Balachandran, Ramanarayanan; Ladommatos, Nicos (12 September 2014).

4935:"The Diesel Exhaust in Miners Study: A Nested Case-Control Study of Lung Cancer and Diesel Exhaust" 4173: 3335:"The Diesel Exhaust in Miners study: a nested case-control study of lung cancer and diesel exhaust" 3053: 2949: 2734: 2499: 2466: 2434: 2024: 1965: 1915: 1862: 1830: 1790: 1681: 1242: 806: 751: 716: 642: 569: 519: 514: 499: 156: 6018:"Exposure to diesel exhaust in the trucking industry and possible relationships with lung cancer" 5402: 5035: 4850: 4784: 4480: 3890: 3625: 3513: 2695: 2419: 1040: 801: 677: 439: 221: 161: 131: 78: 4032:

Gebel, T. (1997-11-28). "Arsenic and antimony: comparative approach on mechanistic toxicology".

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Abgasgesetzgebung Pkw, leichte Nfz und Lkw – Fortschreibung der Grenzwerte bei Dieselfahrzeugen

5120: 4983: 3451: 3263: 1136:. It contains several substances that are also listed individually as human carcinogens by the 6180:

Impact of Fuel Metal Impurities on the Durability of a Light-Duty Diesel Aftertreatment System

6066: 6037: 6004: 5957: 5705: 5505: 5453: 5390: 5380: 5226: 5162: 4964: 4914: 4842: 4776: 4626: 4618: 4575: 4472: 4464: 4423: 4382: 4305: 4274: 4256: 4217: 4209: 4155: 4065: 4057: 3839: 3818: 3797: 3736:; Tate, J.; Murrells, T.; Stedman, J.; Li, Y.; Grice, S.; Kent A & Tsagatakis, I. (2011). 3604: 3579: 3505: 3497: 3429: 3411: 3372: 3354: 3239: 2916: 2235: 2184: 2180: 1910: 1658: 689: 612: 605: 559: 426: 216: 211: 121: 5681: 6058: 6029: 5994: 5986: 5947: 5939: 5874: 5731: 5635: 5547: 5495: 5443: 5435: 5333: 5216: 5208: 5154: 5069: 4954: 4946: 4904: 4896: 4832: 4824: 4768: 4757:"Public health importance of triggers of myocardial infarction: comparative risk assessment" 4644: 4610: 4567: 4499: 4454: 4413: 4374: 4297: 4264: 4248: 4201: 4145: 4049: 3983: 3880: 3775: 3569: 3489: 3419: 3403: 3362: 3346: 3231: 3114: 3032:

that removes heat before re-entering the engine, and works due to the exhaust gases' higher

2487: 2261: 1035: 949: 846: 786: 672: 625: 574: 534: 509: 494: 476: 451: 391: 276: 226: 5845:"Recovery and purification of water from the exhaust gases of int ernal combustion engines" 5424:"Diesel exhaust rapidly degrades floral odours used by honeybees : Scientific Reports" 4885:"The Diesel Exhaust in Miners Study: A Cohort Mortality Study With Emphasis on Lung Cancer" 3392:"The Diesel Exhaust in Miners study: a cohort mortality study with emphasis on lung cancer" 6205: 6115: 5521: 5516: 5087: 4870: 3637: 2125: 1671: 1415: 1392: 734: 694: 564: 529: 461: 401: 329: 266: 166: 6198: 6127: 5551: 3298:. National Toxicology Program, Department of Health and Human Services. October 2, 2014. 6168: 5820: 5631: 5520: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the 5491: 5476:"The pollutant emissions from diesel-engine vehicles and exhaust aftertreatment systems" 5329: 4370: 4045: 3876: 3858:"The pollutant emissions from diesel-engine vehicles and exhaust aftertreatment systems" 3771: 2733:

Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the

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The following are classes of specific chemicals that have been found in diesel exhaust.

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The following are classes of chemical compounds that have been found in diesel exhaust.

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To rapidly reduce particulate matter from heavy-duty diesel engines in California, the

2095: 2083: 1341: 1195: 1165: 1133: 1052: 856: 756: 711: 704: 699: 456: 151: 5844: 5352:"Understanding Diesel Engine Cold Start: Causes, Effects, And Solutions | FuelFlowPro" 5337: 5158: 4863: 4772: 4053: 4004: 3069: 2470:(B100) even ends up having 10-30% more NOx emissions compared to regular diesel fuel. 2203: 1173: 6218: 5568: 5293: 5248: 5009: 4354: 4150: 4133: 3988: 3971: 3894: 3794:

Dieselmotor-Management im Überblick. 2nd edition. Springer Fachmedien, Wiesbaden 2014

3033: 2945: 2920: 2676: 2540: 2457: 2426: 2292: 1887: 1839: 1219: 1199: 1180: 1110: 871: 361: 356: 351: 109: 5351: 4788: 4484: 5640: 5615: 4205: 3517: 3172: 3049: 2652: 2644: 2461: 2336: 2110: 1945: 1934: 1739: 1639: 1544: 1447: 1118: 904: 866: 851: 682: 647: 592: 311: 171: 5892: 5722:

Goswami, Angshuman; Barman, Jyotirmoy; Rajput, Karan; Lakhlani, Hardik N. (2013).

5589: 4301: 3222: 2656: 2557:

concluded that traffic exposure is the single most serious preventable trigger of

3970:

Tschanz, Frédéric; Amstutz, Alois; Onder, Christopher H.; Guzzella, Lino (2010).

3574: 3557: 3532: 5183:

Particulate matter air pollution contributes to lung cancer incidence in Europe.

3280:

positive association (limited evidence) with an increased risk of bladder cancer

3122: 3118: 2924: 2845: 2581: 2507: 2441: 2391: 2312: 1996: 1231: 1129: 1102:

diesel locomotive with their characteristic dense exhaust when starting a train.

826: 524: 504: 141: 5073: 4813:"Traffic-related air pollution and cognitive function in a cohort of older men" 3779: 3652: 2264:

proposing to postpone the effective date from January 2006 until January 2011.

6179: 5500: 5475: 5212: 4132:

Huang, Li-Ping; Lee, Ching-Chang; Hsu, Ping-Chi; Shih, Tung-Sheng (Jul 2011).

4107: 3885: 3045: 2553: 2411: 2360: 2060: 1169: 876: 632: 136: 5943: 5509: 5394: 5294:"Diesel or Petrol ? An environmental comparison hampered by uncertainty" 4707: 4622: 4579: 4468: 4386: 4260: 4213: 4061: 3945: 3501: 3415: 3358: 6175:

Diesel Exhaust Particulates: Reasonably Anticipated to Be A Human Carcinogen

6033: 5975:"Case control study of lung cancer and truck driving in the Teamsters union" 4418: 4401: 2972: 2759: 2755: 2483: 2449: 2415: 2344: 1648: 1589: 1533: 944: 899: 861: 811: 746: 652: 116: 96: 86: 6162: 6070: 5961: 5655: 5457: 5230: 5166: 4968: 4918: 4846: 4780: 4476: 4427: 4278: 4221: 4159: 3583: 3433: 3376: 2979:, DEF) — into the exhaust of a diesel engine to convert nitrogen oxides (NO 2715: 6171:, U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Safety & Health Administration 6165:, U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Safety & Health Administration 6041: 6008: 5990: 4950: 4900: 4630: 4237:"Mechanisms of phthalate ester toxicity in the female reproductive system" 4069: 3509: 3407: 3350: 3235: 2812:

cited. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed.

2375: 6063:

10.1002/(sici)1097-0274(199910)36:4<405::aid-ajim1>3.3.co;2-n

5878: 5735: 4538:

Report on Carcinogens Background Document for Diesel Exhaust Particulates

2984: 2763: 2515: 2495: 2479: 2407: 2340: 1985: 1974: 1871: 1813: 1753: 1696: 1602: 1578: 1529: 1470: 316: 4828: 4614: 4571: 3493: 3106: 3056:

that optimizes minimization of pollutants released in the exhaust gas.

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are having to become more efficient and have fewer pollutants in their

2403: 2399: 2150: 2136: 1853: 1799: 1781: 1767: 1625: 1484: 5723: 5474:

Reşitoğlu, İbrahim Aslan; Altinişik, Kemal; Keskin, Ali (2015-01-01).

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and water. SNCR systems have been prototyped that reduce 90% of the NO

2731:

emissions. They affect smog, ozone, acid rain, and pulmonary problems.

2521:

The NERC-HPA funded Traffic Pollution and Health in London project at

6141: 6108: 5271:"Congress of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis" 4252: 2664: 2511: 2491: 2453: 2164: 2071: 2049: 2010: 1899: 1706: 1615: 1238: 954: 934: 841: 831: 539: 6017: 5893:"Apparatus and method of recovering water from engine exhaust gases" 2564:

Since the study of the detrimental health effects of nanoparticles (

1260:

Average Diesel engine exhaust composition (Merker, Teichmann, 2014)

4546:

Concentration (ng/mg extract) ... Concentration (μg/g of particles)

3600:

Alternative Transportation Fuels: Utilisation in Combustion Engines

3269:. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). June 12, 2012 2975:

such as ammonia or urea — the latter aqueous, where it is known as

6158:

Diesel exhaust – peer-reviewed studies by Health Effects Institute

3836:

Geschichte des deutschen Verbrennungsmotorenbaus von 1860 bis 1918

3738:

Trends in NOX and NO2 emissions and ambient measurements in the UK

2478:

Exposures have been linked with acute short-term symptoms such as

2430: 2374: 2348: 2322: 1154: 1090: 964: 909: 301: 5036:"How diesel fumes could cause 'flare up' of respiratory symptoms" 5867:"Extraction of Liquid Water from the Exhaust of a Diesel Engine" 4984:"No Breathing in the Aisles. Diesel Exhaust Inside School Buses" 3972:"A Real-Time Soot Model for Emission Control of a Diesel Engine" 3856:

Resitoglu, Ibrahim Aslan; Altinisik, Kemal; Keskin, Ali (2015).

2668: 2445: 2395: 2288: 1960: 1877: 1223: 1179:

The physical and chemical conditions that exist inside any such

939: 186: 181: 146: 4811:

Power; Weisskopf; Alexeeff; Coull; Spiro; Schwartz (May 2011).

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Nawrot, TS; Perez, L; Künzli, N; Munters, E; Nemery, B (2011).

3558:"The Toxicity of Diesel Exhaust: Implications for Primary Care" 3482:

International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health

1207:(SCR) systems to meet emissions laws, as other methods such as 4330:"Devil in the diesel – Lorries belch out what may be the most" 3740:. London: Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. 3175:- intentional creation of conspicuous excessive diesel exhaust 3063: 3017: 2928: 2839: 2781: 2728: 2709: 2575: 2198: 1512: 1263:

Diesel's first engine exhaust composition (Hartenstein, 1895)

1188: 18: 5753: 5751: 6190:, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 3143:

Carl Moyer Memorial Air Quality Standards Attainment Program

2425:

The main particulate fraction of diesel exhaust consists of

2250:

Carl Moyer Memorial Air Quality Standards Attainment Program

3085:, no more top-of-the-head content dumping. You can help by 4680:"Diesel fumes more damaging to health than petrol engines" 3105:

A new technology being tested in 2016 has been created by

2514:

attributable to traffic was significantly associated with

1266:

Diesel engine exhaust composition (Khair, Majewski, 2006)

3917:"Measurement of Carbon Monoxide in Diesel Engine Exhaust" 3168:

National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants

2547:

effects, effects that are correlated with an increase in

2343:

workers, occupants of residential homes in vicinity of a

3676:"Diesel cars emit more nitrogen oxides than petrol cars" 2754:

Experiments in 2013 showed that diesel exhaust impaired

5783:"These Pens Use Ink Made Out Of Recycled Air Pollution" 3597:

Gajendra Babu, M.K.; Subramanian, K.A. (18 June 2013).

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such as ash particulates, metallic abrasion particles,

2215: 1540: 4708:"Diesel exhausts do cause cancer, says WHO - BBC News" 2437:, thus increasing the hazards of particle inhalation. 1257:

Average Diesel engine exhaust composition (Reif 2014)

5865:

Barros, Sam; Atkinson, William; Piduru, Naag (2015).

4235:

Lovekamp-Swan, Tara; Davis, Barbara J. (2003-02-01).

6128:

NIOSH Mining Safety and Health Topic: Diesel Exhaust

6122:

Emission of different pollutants from diesel engines

3817:. 7th edition. Springer Fachmedien, Wiesbaden 2014, 3562:

The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine

3457:. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) 3319:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2003-02-28. 3293:"Report on Carcinogens: Diesel Exhaust Particulates" 2671:

at the expense of wasting a small quantity of fuel.

2444:

matter (PM) emissions from transit buses running on

1269:

Diesel engine exhaust composition (various sources)

5292:Int Panis, L; Rabl; De Nocker, L; Torfs, R (2002). 5141:Ole Raaschou-Nielsen; et al. (July 10, 2013). 4659:"EU: Fuels: Diesel and Gasoline | Transport Policy" 3028:ideal. The lower peak temperature is achieved by a 2394:component of diesel exhaust, which includes diesel 1222:(fine particulate matter) in diesel exhaust (e.g., 3006:Exhaust gas recirculation § In diesel engines 5973:Steenland, K; Silverman, DT; Hornung, DW (1990). 5759:"Technology to Reduce Emissions in Large Engines" 4873:North Central Texas Council of Governments, 2008. 4544:. National Toxicology Program. December 3, 1998. 5377:Pounder's marine diesel engines and gas turbines 5197:"Diesel Exhaust Exposure, Wheezing and Sneezing" 4864:Health Concerns Associated with Excessive Idling 2860:, potentially preventing the article from being 2240:Non-road diesel engine § Emission standards 2191:isomer descriptions at each compound's article. 6016:Steenland, K; Silverman, DT; Zaebst, D (1992). 5590:"Alternative Fuels Data Center: Dimethyl Ether" 3705:"Why is killer diesel still poisoning our air?" 2927:. For instance, light duty truck must now have 38:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling 4982:Solomon, Gina; Campbell, Todd (January 2001). 4294:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 3753: 3751: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3198: 6086:Berlin 2003. Report 2352, especially page 32. 5680:. Dieselforum.org. 2010-01-01. Archived from 5678:"What is SCR? | Diesel Technology Forum" 5062:Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 4939:JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 4889:JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1072: 8: 4726: 4724: 4702: 4700: 2541:health detriments of fine particle emissions 2254:2008 California Statewide Truck and Bus Rule 5480:Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 4647:. Bay Area Air Quality Management District. 4095: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4079: 3813:Günter P. Merker, Rüdiger Teichmann (ed.): 2610:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2532:(Federal Environmental Agency of Germany). 2379:Heavy truck, with visible particulate soot. 1143:Methods exist to reduce nitrogen oxides (NO 16:Gaseous exhaust produced by a diesel engine 5700: 5698: 3838:(in German), Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer, 3732:Carslaw D., Beevers; S., Westmoreland E.; 3537:. Boca Raton, FL, US: CRC Press. p. 4 3264:"IARC: DIESEL ENGINE EXHAUST CARCINOGENIC" 2880:reliable, independent, third-party sources 1079: 1065: 969: 95: 73: 5998: 5951: 5639: 5499: 5447: 5220: 4958: 4908: 4836: 4806: 4804: 4750: 4748: 4500:"4-Nitrobiphenyl | C6H5C6H4NO2 - PubChem" 4458: 4417: 4268: 4149: 3987: 3884: 3573: 3423: 3366: 3163:List of IARC Group 3 possible carcinogens 3083:significant sentences only with citations 2898:Learn how and when to remove this message 2828:Learn how and when to remove this message 2630:Learn how and when to remove this message 62:Learn how and when to remove this message 6163:Safety and Health Topics: Diesel Exhaust 5620:International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 4732:"WHO: Diesel Exhaust Causes Lung Cancer" 4296:. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. 4194:Reproductive Toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.) 4106:. EPA. 2002. p. 113. Archived from 3760:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 3396:Journal of the National Cancer Institute 3339:Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2874:by replacing them with more appropriate 1724: 1566: 1421: 1248: 6051:American Journal of Industrial Medicine 6022:American Journal of Industrial Medicine 5533: 5531: 3445: 3443: 3194: 2932:and stationary generator applications. 2857:too closely associated with the subject 2327:Two diesel particulate matter monitors. 2041:Irritant, damages nerves/liver/kidneys 1241:content of diesel fuel, and again when 1008: 972: 85: 6098:2003. Report 2353, especially page 25. 5400: 4359:Environmental Science & Technology 3633: 3623: 2648:people with cardiopulmonary diseases. 1584:Toxicity similar to arsenic poisoning 6194:Diesel exhaust: what you need to know 5656:"Innovations | Eden Innovations" 5469: 5467: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4323: 4321: 2258:Mine Safety and Health Administration 1109:is the gaseous exhaust produced by a 7: 6183:National Renewable Energy Laboratory 5552:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2014.02.021 3452:"Diesel Engine Exhaust Carcinogenic" 2608:adding citations to reliable sources 1745:IARC Group 2B (possible) carcinogens 1132:and has a positive association with 5088:"Effects of Biodiesel on Emissions" 4990:. Natural Resources Defense Council 3314:"Diesel engine exhaust; CASRN N.A." 2335:(DPM) is an occupational hazard to 307:Radium and radon in the environment 14: 6152:American Journal of Public Health 5979:American Journal of Public Health 5932:American Journal of Public Health 5907:"Newsroom | Department of Energy" 4817:Environmental Health Perspectives 4241:Environmental Health Perspectives 4003:Board, California Air Resources. 3158:List of IARC Group 2B carcinogens 3153:List of IARC Group 2A carcinogens 2954:selective non-catalytic reduction 2363:to and from school. In 2013, the 2170:IARC Group 3 possible carcinogens 2156:IARC Group 3 possible carcinogens 2116:IARC Group 3 possible carcinogens 1773:IARC Group 3 possible carcinogens 1759:IARC Group 3 possible carcinogens 1665:IARC Group 3 possible carcinogens 1609:IARC Group 3 possible carcinogens 1211:(EGR) cannot adequately reduce NO 6199:Health Effects of Diesel Exhaust 5515: 5195:Bernstein, David I. (Jul 2012). 4151:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.04.093 4101:"EPA Report on diesel emissions" 3989:10.3182/20100712-3-DE-2013.00107 3148:List of IARC Group 1 carcinogens 3068: 2855:may rely excessively on sources 2844: 2786: 2714: 2580: 2572:Variation with engine conditions 2309:List of IARC Group 1 carcinogens 2202: 1687:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 1517: 1046: 1034: 23: 4645:"Strategic Incentives Division" 4447:International Journal of Cancer 4034:Chemico-Biological Interactions 3703:Lean, Geoffrey (Jul 19, 2013). 3230:. pp. 553, 555, 556, 562. 2535:The study of nanoparticles and 2506:, cardiopulmonary disease, and 2460:modes, and fuel type, and that 2371:Concerns regarding particulates 2365:Environmental Protection Agency 2331:Exposure to diesel exhaust and 127:Atmospheric dispersion modeling 6150:Article by Celeste Monforton. 5785:. IFL Science. 17 August 2016. 5641:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.07.039 5245:"Environmental Research Group" 4206:10.1016/j.reprotox.2004.11.005 4005:"The Report on Diesel Exhaust" 3815:Grundlagen Verbrennungsmotoren 3468:increased risk of lung cancer. 3221:Lippmann, Morton, ed. (2009). 2500:difficult or labored breathing 2246:California Air Resources Board 1532:format but may read better as 996:Least polluted cities by PM2.5 1: 6230:Air pollution control systems 5338:10.1016/S1352-2310(02)01017-8 5159:10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70279-1 4773:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62296-9 4302:10.1002/14356007.a06_233.pub2 4054:10.1016/s0009-2797(97)00087-2 2969:Selective catalytic reduction 2964:Selective catalytic reduction 2803:secondary or tertiary sources 2386:(DPM), sometimes also called 1570:Class of chemical contaminant 1205:selective catalytic reduction 467:Electrical resistance heating 6240:History of the diesel engine 6208:- fact sheet by Cal/EPA and 4678:Vidal, John (Jan 27, 2013). 3674:Fuller, Gary (Jul 8, 2012). 3575:10.3122/jabfm.2008.01.070139 3184:Volkswagen emissions scandal 2934:Changing to a different fuel 177:Persistent organic pollutant 101:Air pollution from a factory 5540:Applied Thermal Engineering 5275:www.blackwellpublishing.com 4734:. Medpage Today. 2012-06-12 3653:"What Are Diesel Emissions" 2651:Diesel engines can produce 2319:Occupational health effects 1826:bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate 1250:Diesel exhaust composition 6256: 5871:SAE Technical Paper Series 5728:SAE Technical Paper Series 5201:Allergy Asthma Immunol Res 5074:10.1016/j.jece.2014.09.020 5068:(4, December): 2335–2342. 5016:. United States Government 4174:"CDC: Phthalates Overview" 3865:Clean Techn Environ Policy 3780:10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.019 3651:Majewski, W. Addy (2012). 3603:. CRC Press. p. 230. 3009: 3003: 2233: 1115:internal combustion engine 6210:American Lung Association 6133:Diesel Particulate Matter 5501:10.1007/s10098-014-0793-9 5213:10.4168/aair.2012.4.4.178 3915:Grenier, Michael (2005). 3886:10.1007/s10098-014-0793-9 3534:Chemistry of Diesel Fuels 3179:Vehicle emissions control 3000:Exhaust gas recirculation 2958:exhaust gas recirculation 2810:primary research articles 2661:diesel particulate filter 2410:. When released into the 2384:Diesel particulate matter 2333:diesel particulate matter 2301:World Health Organization 2142:IARC Group 2B carcinogens 2016:IARC Group 2B carcinogens 2002:IARC Group 2B carcinogens 1892:"ow to moderate" toxicity 1845:IARC Group 2A carcinogens 1684:organic matter, including 1209:exhaust gas recirculation 722:War and environmental law 342:Health effects from noise 192:Volatile organic compound 6137:www.defendingscience.org 5944:10.2105/ajph.2005.064410 4504:pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 3976:IFAC Proceedings Volumes 3834:Sass, Friedrich (1962), 3825:., Chapter 7.1, Fig. 7.1 3012:Water injection (engine) 2388:diesel exhaust particles 2189:ortho-, meta-, and para- 1951:IARC Group 1 carcinogens 1859:IARC Group 1 carcinogens 1805:IARC Group 1 carcinogens 1787:IARC Group 1 carcinogens 1596:IARC Group 1 carcinogens 1164:The primary products of 347:Marine mammals and sonar 6034:10.1002/ajim.4700210612 5557:(subscription required) 5318:Atmospheric Environment 4710:. Bbc.co.uk. 2012-06-12 4400:Volker M. Arlt (2005). 4138:Fertility and Sterility 3531:Song, Chunsham (2000). 3224:Environmental Toxicants 2307:), as present in their 2101:IARC Group 1 carcinogen 1541:converting this section 822:Freshwater salinization 742:Agricultural wastewater 6109:Diesel Information Hub 6090:Umweltbundesamt Berlin 5407:: CS1 maint: others ( 3034:specific heat capacity 2725:is missing information 2549:cardiovascular disease 2530:Umweltbundesamt Berlin 2504:cardiovascular disease 2380: 2328: 1676:5.6 ppm or 6500 μg/m³ 1228:spark-ignition engines 1161: 1103: 1041:Environment portal 5991:10.2105/ajph.80.6.670 5926:Monforton, C (2006). 4419:10.1093/mutage/gei057 3236:10.1002/9780470442890 2681:combustion efficiency 2523:King's College London 2378: 2326: 2234:Further information: 2030:Strongly carcinogenic 1927:Strongly carcinogenic 1286:(Volume?) percentage 1158: 1117:, plus any contained 1094: 782:Industrial wastewater 550:Municipal solid waste 472:Soil guideline values 6142:Clean School Bus USA 5879:10.4271/2015-01-2806 5801:news.webindia123.com 5736:10.4271/2013-01-2741 5281:on January 30, 2009. 4603:Analytical Chemistry 4560:Analytical Chemistry 4176:. 7 September 2021. 3190:References and notes 2977:diesel exhaust fluid 2604:improve this section 2456:model, cold and hot 1728:Chemical contaminant 1487:+ solid substances) 1483:Particulate matter ( 1243:catalytic converters 1124:Diesel exhaust is a 991:Most polluted cities 643:Overhead power lines 5632:2014IJHE...3915088T 5626:(27): 15088–15102. 5492:2015CTEP...17...15R 5330:2003AtmEn..37.1199S 5324:(9–10): 1199–1210. 5147:The Lancet Oncology 5117:toxtown.nlm.nih.gov 4951:10.1093/jnci/djs034 4901:10.1093/jnci/djs035 4829:10.1289/ehp.1002767 4615:10.1021/ac00276a034 4572:10.1021/ac00270a035 4371:1997EnST...31.2772E 4046:1997CBI...107..131G 3946:"Gaseous Emissions" 3877:2015CTEP...17...15R 3772:2015RSERv..48..635O 3408:10.1093/jnci/djs035 3351:10.1093/jnci/djs034 3054:engine control unit 2467:catalytic converter 2420:ultrafine particles 2025:3-nitrobenzanthrone 1986:methyl ethyl ketone 1966:Endocrine disruptor 1916:Endocrine disruptor 1863:endocrine disruptor 1831:Endocrine disruptor 1791:endocrine disruptor 1734:Concentration, ppm 1251: 807:Ocean acidification 717:Unexploded ordnance 638:Advertising clutter 570:Post-consumer waste 515:Foam food container 500:Biodegradable waste 157:Global distillation 6204:2019-12-09 at the 6135:, a case study at 6114:2020-02-24 at the 5428:Scientific Reports 5010:"Clean School Bus" 4869:2014-01-16 at the 3792:Konrad Reif (ed): 3494:10.1007/bf00380904 2917:emission standards 2706:Ecological effects 2696:combustion chamber 2551:, a 2011 study in 2381: 2329: 2311:. In 2014, diesel 1718:Specific chemicals 1543:, if appropriate. 1283:Volume percentage 1280:Volume percentage 1277:Volume percentage 1249: 1162: 1126:Group 1 carcinogen 1104: 1053:Ecology portal 678:Herbicidal warfare 222:Introduced species 162:Indoor air quality 132:Chlorofluorocarbon 42:You can assist by 5440:10.1038/srep02779 5386:978-0-08-094361-9 5251:on April 19, 2013 4767:(9767): 732–740. 4609:(12): 2129–2134. 4460:10.1002/ijc.11143 4379:10.1021/es961067i 4365:(10): 2772–2776. 3844:978-3-662-11843-6 3823:978-3-658-03194-7 3802:978-3-658-06554-6 3103: 3102: 2908: 2907: 2900: 2838: 2837: 2830: 2797:needs additional 2752: 2751: 2663:(DPF) to capture 2640: 2639: 2632: 2448:and a mixture of 2313:exhaust pollution 2236:Emission standard 2232: 2231: 2185:aromatic compound 2177: 2176: 1924:1,8-dinitropyrene 1911:dibutyl phthalate 1715: 1714: 1562: 1561: 1506: 1505: 1442:50–1000 ppm 1410:100–500 ppm 1089: 1088: 1024: 1023: 690:Nuclear holocaust 613:Urban heat island 427:Radioactive waste 212:Biological hazard 122:Air quality index 72: 71: 64: 6247: 6154:, February 2006. 6144:, EPA Initiative 6077:Wichmann, H.-E. 6074: 6045: 6012: 6002: 5969: 5964:. Archived from 5955: 5911: 5910: 5903: 5897: 5896: 5889: 5883: 5882: 5862: 5856: 5855: 5853: 5851: 5841: 5835: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5825: 5817: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5807: 5793: 5787: 5786: 5779: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5769: 5763: 5755: 5746: 5745: 5743: 5742: 5719: 5713: 5702: 5693: 5692: 5690: 5689: 5674: 5668: 5667: 5665: 5663: 5652: 5646: 5645: 5643: 5611: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5600: 5586: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5575: 5565: 5559: 5558: 5555: 5546:(1–2): 395–414. 5535: 5526: 5519: 5513: 5503: 5471: 5462: 5461: 5451: 5419: 5413: 5412: 5406: 5398: 5373: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5363: 5348: 5342: 5341: 5312: 5306: 5305: 5289: 5283: 5282: 5277:. Archived from 5267: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5247:. Archived from 5241: 5235: 5234: 5224: 5192: 5186: 5185: 5180: 5178: 5173:on July 15, 2013 5169:. Archived from 5138: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5128: 5119:. 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Archived from 4840: 4808: 4799: 4792: 4752: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4739: 4728: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4715: 4704: 4695: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4675: 4669: 4668: 4666: 4665: 4655: 4649: 4648: 4641: 4635: 4634: 4597: 4584: 4583: 4566:(6): 1026–1030. 4555: 4549: 4548: 4543: 4533: 4518: 4517: 4511: 4510: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4462: 4438: 4432: 4431: 4421: 4397: 4391: 4390: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4340: 4325: 4316: 4315: 4289: 4283: 4282: 4272: 4253:10.1289/ehp.5658 4232: 4226: 4225: 4188: 4182: 4181: 4170: 4164: 4163: 4153: 4129: 4123: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4112: 4105: 4097: 4074: 4073: 4029: 4023: 4022: 4016: 4015: 4000: 3994: 3993: 3991: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3921: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3888: 3862: 3853: 3847: 3832: 3826: 3811: 3805: 3790: 3784: 3783: 3755: 3746: 3745: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3717: 3715: 3700: 3694: 3693: 3688: 3686: 3671: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3635: 3631: 3629: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3594: 3588: 3587: 3577: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3464: 3462: 3456: 3447: 3438: 3437: 3427: 3387: 3381: 3380: 3370: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3318: 3310: 3304: 3303: 3297: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3276: 3274: 3268: 3260: 3254: 3253: 3229: 3218: 3098: 3095: 3072: 3064: 3041:Combined systems 2971:(SCR) injects a 2903: 2896: 2892: 2889: 2883: 2848: 2840: 2833: 2826: 2822: 2819: 2813: 2790: 2789: 2782: 2760:detect the scent 2747: 2744: 2738: 2718: 2710: 2635: 2628: 2624: 2621: 2615: 2584: 2576: 2488:light-headedness 2474:Specific effects 2422:(UFP) or PM0.1. 2418:, also known as 2283:General concerns 2267:Sulfur content: 2262:Federal Register 2227: 2224: 2206: 2199: 1725: 1567: 1557: 1554: 1548: 1539:You can help by 1521: 1520: 1513: 1509:Chemical classes 1426: 1252: 1081: 1074: 1067: 1051: 1050: 1049: 1039: 1038: 970: 673:Chemical warfare 575:Waste management 535:Industrial waste 510:Electronic waste 495:Advertising mail 477:Phytoremediation 452:Land degradation 392:Depleted uranium 277:Overillumination 227:Invasive species 99: 89: 74: 67: 60: 56: 53: 47: 27: 26: 19: 6255: 6254: 6250: 6249: 6248: 6246: 6245: 6244: 6215: 6214: 6206:Wayback Machine 6116:Wayback Machine 6105: 6093:Future Diesel. 6084:Umweltbundesamt 6048: 6015: 5972: 5925: 5919: 5917:Further reading 5914: 5905: 5904: 5900: 5891: 5890: 5886: 5873:. Vol. 1. 5864: 5863: 5859: 5849: 5847: 5843: 5842: 5838: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821:"Article title" 5819: 5818: 5814: 5805: 5803: 5795: 5794: 5790: 5781: 5780: 5776: 5767: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5756: 5749: 5740: 5738: 5730:. Vol. 1. 5721: 5720: 5716: 5703: 5696: 5687: 5685: 5676: 5675: 5671: 5661: 5659: 5654: 5653: 5649: 5613: 5612: 5608: 5598: 5596: 5594:afdc.energy.gov 5588: 5587: 5583: 5573: 5571: 5567: 5566: 5562: 5556: 5537: 5536: 5529: 5473: 5472: 5465: 5421: 5420: 5416: 5399: 5387: 5375: 5374: 5370: 5361: 5359: 5356:fuelflowpro.com 5350: 5349: 5345: 5314: 5313: 5309: 5291: 5290: 5286: 5269: 5268: 5264: 5254: 5252: 5243: 5242: 5238: 5194: 5193: 5189: 5176: 5174: 5140: 5139: 5135: 5126: 5124: 5111: 5110: 5106: 5096: 5094: 5086: 5085: 5081: 5059: 5058: 5054: 5044: 5042: 5034: 5033: 5029: 5019: 5017: 5008: 5007: 5003: 4993: 4991: 4981: 4980: 4976: 4945:(11): 855–868. 4931: 4930: 4926: 4895:(11): 869–883. 4882: 4881: 4877: 4871:Wayback Machine 4862: 4858: 4810: 4809: 4802: 4754: 4753: 4746: 4737: 4735: 4730: 4729: 4722: 4713: 4711: 4706: 4705: 4698: 4688: 4686: 4677: 4676: 4672: 4663: 4661: 4657: 4656: 4652: 4643: 4642: 4638: 4599: 4598: 4587: 4557: 4556: 4552: 4541: 4535: 4534: 4521: 4508: 4506: 4497: 4496: 4492: 4440: 4439: 4435: 4399: 4398: 4394: 4352: 4351: 4347: 4338: 4336: 4327: 4326: 4319: 4312: 4291: 4290: 4286: 4234: 4233: 4229: 4190: 4189: 4185: 4172: 4171: 4167: 4131: 4130: 4126: 4116: 4114: 4110: 4103: 4099: 4098: 4077: 4031: 4030: 4026: 4013: 4011: 4002: 4001: 3997: 3969: 3968: 3964: 3954: 3952: 3944: 3943: 3939: 3929: 3927: 3919: 3914: 3913: 3909: 3899: 3897: 3860: 3855: 3854: 3850: 3833: 3829: 3812: 3808: 3791: 3787: 3757: 3756: 3749: 3731: 3730: 3726: 3713: 3711: 3702: 3701: 3697: 3684: 3682: 3673: 3672: 3668: 3658: 3656: 3650: 3649: 3645: 3632: 3622: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3596: 3595: 3591: 3555: 3554: 3550: 3540: 3538: 3530: 3529: 3525: 3479: 3478: 3474: 3460: 3458: 3455:(Press release) 3454: 3449: 3448: 3441: 3402:(11): 869–883. 3389: 3388: 3384: 3345:(11): 855–868. 3332: 3331: 3327: 3316: 3312: 3311: 3307: 3295: 3291: 3290: 3286: 3272: 3270: 3267:(Press release) 3266: 3262: 3261: 3257: 3246: 3227: 3220: 3219: 3196: 3192: 3139: 3131: 3099: 3093: 3090: 3079:needs expansion 3073: 3062: 3043: 3021: 3014: 3008: 3002: 2990: 2983:) into gaseous 2982: 2966: 2913: 2904: 2893: 2887: 2884: 2869: 2849: 2834: 2823: 2817: 2814: 2807: 2791: 2787: 2780: 2748: 2742: 2739: 2732: 2719: 2708: 2636: 2625: 2619: 2616: 2601: 2585: 2574: 2476: 2373: 2321: 2285: 2280: 2278:Health concerns 2242: 2228: 2222: 2219: 2212:needs expansion 2197: 2126:propionaldehyde 2038:4-nitrobiphenyl 1720: 1685: 1672:nitrogen oxides 1558: 1552: 1549: 1538: 1522: 1518: 1511: 1502:1–30 mg·m 1425: 1419: 1416:Nitrogen oxides 1393:Carbon monoxide 1371: 1347: 1320: 1296: 1214: 1196:nitrogen oxides 1192: 1153: 1146: 1128:, which causes 1085: 1047: 1045: 1033: 1026: 1025: 925: 917: 916: 890: 882: 881: 817:Pharmaceuticals 797:Nonpoint source 737: 727: 726: 695:Nuclear fallout 668: 658: 657: 628: 618: 617: 608: 598: 597: 588: 580: 579: 565:Packaging waste 530:Hazardous waste 490: 482: 481: 442: 432: 431: 402:Nuclear fallout 397:Nuclear fission 377: 367: 366: 332: 322: 321: 297: 289: 288: 262: 260:Electromagnetic 252: 251: 242: 234: 233: 207: 197: 196: 167:Ozone depletion 112: 102: 87: 68: 57: 51: 48: 41: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6253: 6251: 6243: 6242: 6237: 6235:Diesel engines 6232: 6227: 6217: 6216: 6213: 6212: 6196: 6191: 6185: 6177: 6172: 6166: 6160: 6155: 6145: 6139: 6130: 6125: 6119: 6104: 6103:External links 6101: 6100: 6099: 6087: 6075: 6057:(4): 405–414. 6046: 6028:(6): 887–890. 6013: 5985:(6): 670–674. 5970: 5968:on 2011-05-25. 5938:(2): 271–276. 5923: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5912: 5898: 5884: 5857: 5836: 5812: 5788: 5774: 5747: 5714: 5694: 5669: 5658:. 28 June 2016 5647: 5606: 5581: 5560: 5527: 5463: 5414: 5385: 5368: 5343: 5307: 5284: 5262: 5236: 5207:(4): 178–183. 5187: 5133: 5104: 5079: 5052: 5027: 5001: 4974: 4924: 4875: 4856: 4853:on 2014-11-21. 4800: 4798: 4797: 4744: 4720: 4696: 4670: 4650: 4636: 4585: 4550: 4519: 4490: 4453:(5): 583–592. 4433: 4412:(6): 399–410. 4392: 4345: 4328:Pearce, Fred. 4317: 4310: 4284: 4247:(2): 139–145. 4227: 4200:(4): 505–515. 4183: 4165: 4124: 4075: 4040:(3): 131–144. 4024: 4009:www.arb.ca.gov 3995: 3962: 3937: 3907: 3848: 3827: 3806: 3785: 3747: 3724: 3695: 3666: 3655:. Ecopoint Inc 3643: 3609: 3589: 3548: 3523: 3488:(3): 149–161. 3472: 3439: 3382: 3325: 3305: 3284: 3255: 3244: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3187: 3186: 3181: 3176: 3170: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3138: 3135: 3130: 3129:Water recovery 3127: 3113:In India, the 3101: 3100: 3076: 3074: 3067: 3061: 3060:Other remedies 3058: 3042: 3039: 3030:heat exchanger 3026:stoichiometric 3019: 3004:Main article: 3001: 2998: 2988: 2980: 2965: 2962: 2950:carbon-neutral 2938:dimethyl ether 2921:diesel engines 2912: 2909: 2906: 2905: 2852: 2850: 2843: 2836: 2835: 2794: 2792: 2785: 2779: 2776: 2750: 2749: 2722: 2720: 2713: 2707: 2704: 2677:stoichiometric 2669:carbon buildup 2638: 2637: 2588: 2586: 2579: 2573: 2570: 2566:nanotoxicology 2545:extrapulmonary 2537:nanotoxicology 2475: 2472: 2427:fine particles 2390:(DEP), is the 2372: 2369: 2320: 2317: 2305:United Nations 2293:fine particles 2284: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2230: 2229: 2209: 2207: 2196: 2193: 2175: 2174: 2172: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2158: 2153: 2147: 2146: 2144: 2139: 2133: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2122: 2121: 2118: 2113: 2107: 2106: 2103: 2098: 2096:benzo(a)pyrene 2092: 2091: 2088: 2086: 2084:benzo(e)pyrene 2080: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2068: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2057: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2046: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2035: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2021: 2020: 2018: 2013: 2007: 2006: 2004: 1999: 1993: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1982: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1971: 1970: 1968: 1963: 1956: 1955: 1953: 1948: 1942: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1931: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1921: 1920: 1918: 1913: 1907: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1896: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1884: 1883: 1881: 1874: 1868: 1867: 1865: 1856: 1850: 1849: 1847: 1842: 1836: 1835: 1833: 1828: 1822: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1810: 1809: 1807: 1802: 1796: 1795: 1793: 1784: 1778: 1777: 1775: 1770: 1764: 1763: 1761: 1756: 1750: 1749: 1747: 1742: 1736: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1712: 1710: 1703: 1702: 1700: 1693: 1692: 1690: 1678: 1677: 1674: 1668: 1667: 1662: 1655: 1654: 1652: 1645: 1644: 1642: 1632: 1631: 1629: 1622: 1621: 1619: 1612: 1611: 1606: 1599: 1598: 1593: 1586: 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914: 913: 912: 907: 897: 891: 888: 887: 884: 883: 880: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 857:Surface runoff 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 824: 819: 814: 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 757:Eutrophication 754: 749: 744: 738: 733: 732: 729: 728: 725: 724: 719: 714: 712:Scorched earth 709: 708: 707: 705:Nuclear winter 702: 700:Nuclear famine 697: 687: 686: 685: 675: 669: 664: 663: 660: 659: 656: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 629: 624: 623: 620: 619: 616: 615: 609: 604: 603: 600: 599: 596: 595: 589: 586: 585: 582: 581: 578: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 491: 488: 487: 484: 483: 480: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 457:Bioremediation 454: 449: 443: 438: 437: 434: 433: 430: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 387:Bioremediation 384: 378: 373: 372: 369: 368: 365: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 337:Transportation 333: 328: 327: 324: 323: 320: 319: 314: 309: 304: 298: 295: 294: 291: 290: 287: 286: 284:Radio spectrum 281: 280: 279: 274: 263: 258: 257: 254: 253: 250: 249: 243: 240: 239: 236: 235: 232: 231: 230: 229: 219: 214: 208: 203: 202: 199: 198: 195: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 164: 159: 154: 152:Global dimming 149: 144: 139: 134: 129: 124: 119: 113: 108: 107: 104: 103: 100: 92: 91: 83: 82: 70: 69: 31: 29: 22: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6252: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6225:Air pollution 6223: 6222: 6220: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6170: 6167: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6153: 6149: 6146: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6123: 6120: 6117: 6113: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6102: 6097: 6096: 6091: 6088: 6085: 6082: 6081: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5924: 5921: 5920: 5916: 5908: 5902: 5899: 5894: 5888: 5885: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5861: 5858: 5846: 5840: 5837: 5822: 5816: 5813: 5802: 5798: 5792: 5789: 5784: 5778: 5775: 5760: 5754: 5752: 5748: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5718: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5701: 5699: 5695: 5684:on 2015-10-08 5683: 5679: 5673: 5670: 5657: 5651: 5648: 5642: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5610: 5607: 5595: 5591: 5585: 5582: 5570: 5564: 5561: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5534: 5532: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5518: 5511: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5470: 5468: 5464: 5459: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5418: 5415: 5410: 5404: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5382: 5378: 5372: 5369: 5357: 5353: 5347: 5344: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5311: 5308: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5288: 5285: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5266: 5263: 5250: 5246: 5240: 5237: 5232: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5191: 5188: 5184: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5153:(9): 813–22. 5152: 5148: 5144: 5137: 5134: 5123:on 2017-02-04 5122: 5118: 5114: 5108: 5105: 5093: 5092:dieselnet.com 5089: 5083: 5080: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5056: 5053: 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4299: 4295: 4288: 4285: 4280: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4231: 4228: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4187: 4184: 4180: 4175: 4169: 4166: 4161: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4128: 4125: 4113:on 2014-09-10 4109: 4102: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4076: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4028: 4025: 4021: 4010: 4006: 3999: 3996: 3990: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3966: 3963: 3951: 3947: 3941: 3938: 3925: 3918: 3911: 3908: 3896: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3859: 3852: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3831: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3810: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3789: 3786: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3754: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3739: 3735: 3728: 3725: 3721: 3710: 3709:The Telegraph 3706: 3699: 3696: 3692: 3681: 3677: 3670: 3667: 3654: 3647: 3644: 3639: 3627: 3612: 3610:9781439872819 3606: 3602: 3601: 3593: 3590: 3585: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3552: 3549: 3536: 3535: 3527: 3524: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3476: 3473: 3469: 3453: 3446: 3444: 3440: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3386: 3383: 3378: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3329: 3326: 3322: 3315: 3309: 3306: 3302: 3294: 3288: 3285: 3281: 3265: 3259: 3256: 3252: 3247: 3245:9780470442890 3241: 3237: 3233: 3226: 3225: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3195: 3189: 3185: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3140: 3136: 3134: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3108: 3097: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3077:This section 3075: 3071: 3066: 3065: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3051: 3050:turbochargers 3047: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3022: 3013: 3007: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2986: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2946:diethyl ether 2943: 2939: 2935: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2910: 2902: 2899: 2891: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2858: 2853:This section 2851: 2847: 2842: 2841: 2832: 2829: 2821: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2800: 2795:This section 2793: 2784: 2783: 2777: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2765: 2761: 2758:' ability to 2757: 2746: 2736: 2730: 2726: 2723:This section 2721: 2717: 2712: 2711: 2705: 2703: 2699: 2697: 2692: 2690: 2684: 2682: 2678: 2672: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2649: 2646: 2645:nanoparticles 2634: 2631: 2623: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2599: 2598: 2594: 2589:This section 2587: 2583: 2578: 2577: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2562: 2560: 2556: 2555: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2531: 2526: 2524: 2519: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2423: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2377: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2362: 2357: 2353: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2325: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2299:(part of the 2298: 2294: 2290: 2282: 2277: 2275: 2272: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2241: 2237: 2226: 2217: 2213: 2210:This section 2208: 2205: 2201: 2200: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2179:Includes all 2173: 2171: 2168: 2166: 2163: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2123: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2108: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2093: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2081: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2047: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1958: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1888:chlorobenzene 1886: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1876:Byproduct of 1875: 1873: 1870: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1840:1,3-Butadiene 1838: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1820: 1818:Mild toxicity 1817: 1815: 1812: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1737: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1723: 1717: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1640:dibenzofurans 1637: 1634: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1576: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1556: 1547:is available. 1546: 1542: 1536: 1535: 1531: 1526:This section 1524: 1515: 1514: 1508: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1482: 1481: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1468: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1424: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1367: 1366: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1343: 1340: 1339: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1316: 1315: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1292: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1253: 1247: 1244: 1240: 1235: 1233: 1232:turbocharging 1229: 1225: 1221: 1216: 1210: 1206: 1201: 1200:air pollutant 1197: 1193: 1185: 1182: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1157: 1150: 1148: 1141: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1101: 1100: 1095:British Rail 1093: 1082: 1077: 1075: 1070: 1068: 1063: 1062: 1060: 1059: 1054: 1044: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1031: 1030: 1029: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1013: 1012: 1007: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 992: 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 978: 977: 976: 971: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 951: 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 927: 921: 920: 911: 908: 906: 903: 902: 901: 898: 896: 893: 892: 886: 885: 878: 875: 873: 872:Water quality 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 739: 736: 731: 730: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 692: 691: 688: 684: 681: 680: 679: 676: 674: 671: 670: 667: 662: 661: 654: 651: 649: 648:Traffic signs 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 630: 627: 622: 621: 614: 611: 610: 607: 602: 601: 594: 591: 590: 584: 583: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 555:Nanomaterials 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 492: 486: 485: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 444: 441: 436: 435: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 417:Radioactivity 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 379: 376: 371: 370: 363: 362:Soundproofing 360: 358: 357:Noise control 355: 353: 352:Noise barrier 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 334: 331: 326: 325: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 299: 293: 292: 285: 282: 278: 275: 273: 270: 269: 268: 265: 264: 261: 256: 255: 248: 245: 244: 238: 237: 228: 225: 224: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 209: 206: 201: 200: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 158: 155: 153: 150: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 118: 115: 114: 111: 106: 105: 98: 94: 93: 90: 84: 80: 76: 75: 66: 63: 55: 45: 39: 37: 32:This article 30: 21: 20: 6151: 6136: 6094: 6089: 6083: 6079: 6054: 6050: 6025: 6021: 5982: 5978: 5966:the original 5935: 5931: 5901: 5887: 5870: 5860: 5848:. 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Retrieved 3258: 3249: 3223: 3173:Rolling coal 3132: 3112: 3104: 3094:October 2015 3091: 3087:adding to it 3082: 3078: 3044: 3015: 2967: 2956:(SNCR), and 2940:, and other 2919:tightening, 2914: 2894: 2888:October 2015 2885: 2870:Please help 2854: 2824: 2818:October 2015 2815: 2796: 2772: 2768: 2764:oilseed rape 2753: 2743:January 2017 2740: 2724: 2700: 2693: 2685: 2673: 2650: 2641: 2626: 2620:October 2015 2617: 2602:Please help 2590: 2563: 2559:heart attack 2552: 2534: 2529: 2527: 2520: 2510:. 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Deere.com 5304:(1): 48–54. 4406:Mutagenesis 3955:21 November 3926:(R-436): 11 3766:: 635–647. 3634:|work= 3123:fossil fuel 3119:natural gas 2508:lung cancer 2442:particulate 2440:A study of 2435:environment 2392:particulate 1997:naphthalene 1384:~11 % 1360:~12 % 1309:~67 % 1293:Nitrogen (N 1151:Composition 1130:lung cancer 1111:diesel type 930:Area source 772:Groundwater 525:Green waste 505:Brown waste 489:Solid waste 247:Information 142:Exhaust gas 6219:Categories 5806:2023-05-30 5768:2015-10-22 5741:2016-06-17 5710:1401814999 5688:2015-10-22 5362:2024-04-12 5127:2017-02-04 5020:19 October 4994:19 October 4761:The Lancet 4738:2015-10-22 4714:2015-10-22 4664:2019-12-24 4509:2016-10-11 4339:2016-10-11 4014:2016-10-11 3982:(7): 226. 3616:24 October 3541:24 October 3273:August 14, 3046:John Deere 3010:See also: 2872:improve it 2862:verifiable 2770:and fish. 2689:glow plugs 2653:black soot 2554:The Lancet 2416:nanometers 2412:atmosphere 2195:Regulation 2120:3399–7321 2078:3532–8002 2061:phosphorus 1959:inorganic 1682:polycyclic 1333:~9 % 1170:combustion 1017:By country 1009:Categories 900:Pollutants 877:Wastewater 847:Stagnation 792:Monitoring 767:Freshwater 633:Air travel 520:Food waste 462:Defecation 272:Ecological 205:Biological 137:Combustion 77:Part of a 52:April 2024 44:editing it 5522:CC BY 4.0 5510:1618-9558 5403:cite book 5395:500844605 4623:0003-2700 4580:0003-2700 4498:Pubchem. 4469:1097-0215 4387:0013-936X 4261:0091-6765 4214:0890-6238 4117:19 August 4062:0009-2797 3950:DieselNet 3895:109912053 3871:(1): 17. 3636:ignored ( 3626:cite book 3502:0340-0131 3416:1460-2105 3359:1460-2105 2973:reductant 2942:bioethers 2876:citations 2799:citations 2766:flowers. 2735:talk page 2591:does not 2484:dizziness 2450:biodiesel 2408:silicates 2345:rail yard 1880:injection 1709:compounds 1699:compounds 1661:compounds 1651:compounds 1649:manganese 1628:compounds 1618:compounds 1605:compounds 1592:compounds 1590:beryllium 1581:compounds 1317:Oxygen (O 1194:(gaseous 1097:Class 55 945:Garbology 862:Turbidity 812:Oil spill 762:Firewater 747:Biosolids 653:Vandalism 412:Poisoning 407:Plutonium 382:Actinides 375:Radiation 117:Acid rain 88:Pollution 6202:Archived 6112:Archived 6071:10470005 5962:16380560 5524:license. 5458:24091789 5434:: 2779. 5255:March 8, 5231:22754710 5177:July 10, 5167:23849838 4988:NRDC.org 4969:22393209 4919:22393207 4867:Archived 4847:21172758 4789:20168936 4781:21353301 4485:45714816 4477:12740904 4428:16199526 4279:12573895 4222:15749265 4160:21621774 4020:styrene. 3846:. p. 466 3804:. p. 171 3584:18178703 3461:June 12, 3434:22393207 3377:22393209 3301:studies. 3137:See also 3121:and 30% 2985:nitrogen 2778:Remedies 2657:atomized 2516:wheezing 2496:coughing 2480:headache 2404:sulfates 2400:aerosols 2341:railroad 2337:truckers 2183:of this 2105:208–558 2090:487–946 2033:0.6-6.6 1975:methanol 1872:chlorine 1814:biphenyl 1754:acrolein 1697:selenium 1603:chromium 1579:antimony 1553:May 2024 1493:0.0008% 1471:Aldehyde 1368:Water (H 1274:Species 1001:Treaties 981:Diseases 837:Shipping 802:Nutrient 752:Diseases 317:Wildfire 6042:1621697 6009:1693040 6000:1404737 5953:1470492 5850:25 July 5829:25 July 5662:25 July 5628:Bibcode 5599:25 July 5574:25 July 5488:Bibcode 5449:3789406 5326:Bibcode 5222:3378923 5097:25 July 5045:25 July 5014:EPA.gov 4960:3369553 4910:3373218 4838:3094421 4631:6209996 4515:kidney. 4367:Bibcode 4270:1241340 4070:9448748 4042:Bibcode 3930:20 July 3900:20 July 3873:Bibcode 3768:Bibcode 3518:4721619 3510:1383162 3425:3373218 3368:3369553 3107:Air Ink 2925:exhaust 2911:General 2866:neutral 2612:removed 2597:sources 2433:in the 2303:of the 2151:toluene 2137:styrene 2027:(3-NBA) 1854:cadmium 1800:benzene 1782:arsenic 1768:aniline 1659:mercury 1636:dioxins 1626:cyanide 1490:0.008% 1485:sulfate 1475:0.001% 1453:0.005% 1430:0.034% 1398:0.043% 895:History 777:Hypoxia 606:Thermal 560:Plastic 422:Uranium 296:Natural 241:Digital 217:Genetic 6118:, AECC 6069: 6040: 6007: 5997: 5960: 5950: 5708: 5508: 5456: 5446: 5393: 5383: 5229: 5219: 5165: 4967: 4957: 4917: 4907: 4845: 4835: 4787: 4779: 4689:5 June 4629: 4621: 4578: 4483: 4475: 4467: 4426: 4385: 4308: 4277: 4267: 4259: 4220: 4212: 4158: 4068: 4060: 3893: 3842: 3821: 3800: 3743:years. 3714:5 June 3685:5 June 3659:5 June 3607: 3582: 3516: 3508: 3500: 3450:IARC. 3432: 3422: 3414: 3375: 3365: 3357: 3242: 2936:(i.e. 2727:about 2665:carbon 2512:carbon 2492:nausea 2454:engine 2431:toxins 2406:, and 2349:miners 2347:, and 2187:. 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