1326:, an intermittent fasting regimen might " energy supply to vital organs and tissues... powerfully activates cell-protective and cellular repair pathways, including autophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis and antioxidant defenses, which may promote resilience to cellular stress." The effects of decreased serum glucose and depleted hepatic glycogen causing the body to switch to ketogenic metabolism are similar to the effects of reduced carbohydrate-based diets. There is evidence demonstrating profound metabolic benefits of intermittent fasting in rodents. However, evidence is lacking or contradictory in humans and requires further investigation, especially over the long-term. Some evidence suggests that intermittent restriction of caloric intake has no weight-loss advantages over continuous calorie restriction plans. For adults, fasting diets appear to be safe and tolerable, however there is a possibility that periods of fasting and hunger could lead to overeating and to weight regain after the fasting period. Adverse effects of fasting are often moderate and include halitosis, fatigue, weakness, and headaches. Fasting diets may be harmful to children and the elderly.
1478:
such "untreated" participants are typically not included in diet studies, it is possible that diets do result in lower weights in the long-term relative to people who do not diet. Others have suggested that dieting is ineffective as a long-term intervention. For each individual, the results will be different, with some even regaining more weight than they lost, while a few others achieve a tremendous loss, so that the "average weight loss" of a diet is not indicative of the results other dieters may achieve. A 2001 meta-analysis of 29 American studies found that participants of structured weight-loss programs maintained an average of 23% (3 kg) of their initial weight loss after five years, representing a sustained 3.2% reduction in body mass. Unfortunately, patients are generally unhappy with weight loss of <10%, and reductions even as high as 10% are insufficient for changing someone with an "obese" BMI to a "normal weight" BMI.
1493:
loss is an in-person, high-intensity, comprehensive lifestyle intervention: overweight or obese adults should maintain regular (at least monthly) contact with a trained interventionalist who can help them engage in exercise, monitor their body weight, and reduce their calorie consumption. Even with high-intensity, comprehensive lifestyle interventions (consisting of diet, physical exercise, and bimonthly or even more frequent contact with trained interventionists), gradual weight regain of 1β2 kg/year still occurs. For patients at high medical risk, bariatric surgery or medications may be warranted in addition to the lifestyle intervention, as dieting by itself may not lead to sustained weight loss.
1094:
1006:, which contained the particular plan for the diet he had successfully followed. His own diet was four meals per day, consisting of meat, greens, fruits, and dry wine. The emphasis was on avoiding sugar, sweet foods, starch, beer, milk and butter. Banting's pamphlet was popular for years to come, and would be used as a model for modern diets. The pamphlet's popularity was such that the question "Do you bant?" referred to his method, and eventually to dieting in general. His booklet remains in print as of 2007.
1314:, causes the body to deplete its glycogen stores. Once glycogen is depleted the body begins to fuel the brain using ketones, while also metabolizing body protein (including but not limited to skeletal muscle) to be used to synthesize sugars for use as energy by the rest of the body. Most experts believe that a prolonged fast can lead to muscle wasting, although some dispute this. The use of short-term fasting, or various forms of
213:
6153:
6183:
6173:
111:
70:
6163:
1599:
multiple weight change procedures, including alternate day fasting and time-restricted feeding but also exercise and overeating, found systematic "energetic errors" for all these procedures. This shows that the body cannot precisely compensate for errors in energy/calorie intake, countering the Set-Point Theory and potentially explaining both
1342:. Therefore, long term implementation of a plant-based diet requires effective counseling and nutritional supplementation as necessary. Plant-based diets are effective for short-term treatment of overweight and obesity, likely due to the high consumption of low energy density foods. However, evidence for long-term efficacy is limited.
1717:
people will lose weight. Those who participated in groups had more treatment time and were more likely to lose enough weight to improve their health. Study authors suggested that one explanation for the difference is that group participants spent more time with the clinician (or whoever delivered the
1477:
Some studies have found that, on average, short-term dieting results in a "meaningful" long-term weight-loss, although limited because of gradual 1 to 2 kg/year weight regain. Because people who do not participate in weight-loss programs also tend to gain weight over time, and baseline data from
1598:
The Set-Point Theory, first introduced in 1953, postulated that each body has a preprogrammed fixed weight, with regulatory mechanisms to compensate. This theory was quickly adopted and used to explain failures in developing effective and sustained weight loss procedures. A 2019 systematic review of
1321:
Intermittent fasting commonly takes the form of periodic fasting, alternate-day fasting, time-restricted feeding, and/or religious fasting. It can be a form of reduced-calorie dieting but pertains entirely to when the metabolism is activated during the day for digestion. The changes to eating habits
1244:
to determine the effectiveness of low-calorie diets. They found that these diets lowered total body mass by 8% in the short term, over 3β12 months. Women doing low-calorie diets should have at least 1,000 calories per day and men should have approximately 1,200 calories per day. These caloric intake
1062:
Low-fat diets involve the reduction of the percentage of fat in one's diet. Calorie consumption is reduced because less fat is consumed. Diets of this type include NCEP Step I and II. A meta-analysis of 16 trials of 2β12 months' duration found that low-fat diets (without intentional restriction
1514:
in people without weight-related health problems. A 2009 meta-analysis of 26 studies found that "intentional weight loss had a small benefit for individuals classified as unhealthy (with obesity-related risk factors), especially unhealthy obese, but appeared to be associated with slightly increased
1352:
The
Mediterranean diet is characterized by high consumption of vegetables, fruits, legumes, whole-grain cereals, seafood, olive oil, and nuts. Red meat, dairy and alcohol are only recommended in moderation. Studies show that the Mediterranean diet is associated with short term as well as long term
1345:
The Paleo diet includes foods that were available to our hunter-gatherer ancestors including meat, nuts, eggs, some oils, fresh fruits, and vegetables. Overall, it is high in protein and moderate in fats and carbohydrates. Some limited evidence suggests various health benefits and effective weight
1523:
Due to extreme or unbalanced diets, dietary supplements are sometimes taken in an attempt to replace missing vitamins or minerals. While some supplements could be helpful for people eating an unbalanced diet (if replacing essential nutrients, for example), overdosing on any dietary supplement can
1492:
Long term losses from dieting are best maintained with continuing professional support, long term increases in physical activity, the use of anti-obesity medications, continued use of meal replacements, and additional periods of dieting to undo weight regain. The most effective approach to weight
1337:
Plant-based diets include vegetarian and vegan diets, and can range from the simple exclusion of meat products to diets that only include raw vegetables, fruits, nuts, seeds, legumes, and sprouted grains. Exclusion of animal products can reduce the intake of certain nutrients, which might lead to
1461:
of six randomized controlled trials found no difference between low-calorie, low-carbohydrate, and low-fat diets in terms of short-term weight loss, with a 2β4 kilogram weight loss over 12β18 months in all studies. Diets that severely restrict calorie intake do not lead to long term weight loss.
1674:
It is estimated that about 1 out of 3 Americans is dieting at any given time. 85% of dieters are women. Approximately sixty billion dollars are spent every year in the USA on diet products, including "diet foods," such as light sodas, gym memberships or specific regimes. 80% of dieters start by
1287:
The concept of crash dieting is to drastically reduce calories, using a very-low-calorie diet. Crash dieting can be highly dangerous because it can cause various kind of issues for the human body. Crash dieting can produce weight loss but without professional supervision all along, the extreme
1542:
in the presence of certain risk factors. A 2006 study found that dieting and unhealthy weight-control behaviors were predictive of obesity and eating disorders five years later, with the authors recommending a "shift away from dieting and drastic weight-control measures toward the long-term
953:. He himself was tremendously overweight and would constantly eat large quantities of rich food and drink. He began a meatless diet, taking only milk and vegetables, and soon regained his health. He began publicly recommending his diet for everyone who was obese. In 1724, he wrote
904:
for people with weight-related health problems, but not for otherwise healthy people. One survey found that almost half of all
American adults attempt to lose weight through dieting, including 66.7% of obese adults and 26.5% of normal weight or underweight adults. Dieters who are
1263:
and produce an average loss of 1.5β2.5 kg (3.3β5.5 lb) per week. "2-4-6-8", a popular diet of this variety, follows a four-day cycle in which only 200 calories are consumed the first day, 400 the second day, 600 the third day, 800 the fourth day, and then totally
1457:(low-fat, low-carbohydrate, etc.) have been shown to be no more effective than one another and no more effective than diets that maintain a typical mix of foods with smaller portions and perhaps some substitutions (e.g. low-fat milk, or less salad dressing). A
4746:
Levitsky DA, Sewall A, Zhong Y, Barre L, Shoen S, Agaronnik N, et al. (February 2019). "Quantifying the imprecision of energy intake of humans to compensate for imposed energetic errors: A challenge to the physiological control of human food intake".
1322:
on a regular basis do not have to be severe or absolutely restrictive to see benefits to cardiovascular health, such as improved glucose metabolism, reduced inflammation, and reduced blood pressure. Studies have suggested that for people in
3063:
The
British Dietetic Association (BDA) today revealed its much-anticipated annual list of celebrity diets to avoid in 2018. The line-up this year includes Raw Vegan, Alkaline, Pioppi and Ketogenic diets as well as Katie Price's Nutritional
1551:
When the body is expending more energy than it is consuming (e.g. when exercising), the body's cells rely on internally stored energy sources, such as complex carbohydrates and fats, for energy. The first source to which the body turns is
884:, etc.), have been shown to be no more effective than one another. As weight regain is common, diet success is best predicted by long-term adherence. Regardless, the outcome of a diet can vary widely depending on the individual.
3723:
1465:
A major challenge regarding weight loss and dieting relates to compliance. While dieting can effectively promote weight loss in the short term, the intervention is hard to maintain over time and suppresses skeletal muscle
1496:
Many studies overestimate the benefits of calorie restriction because the studies confound exercise and diet (testing the effects of diet and exercise as a combined intervention, rather than the effects of diet alone).
3433:
2314:"2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society"
1239:
Low-calorie diets usually produce an energy deficit of 500β1,000 calories per day, which can result in a 0.5 to 1 kilogram (1.1 to 2.2 pounds) weight loss per week. The
National Institutes of Health reviewed 34
1706:, while others are quite informal. Some groups advocate certain prepared foods or special menus, while others train dieters to make healthy choices from restaurant menus and while grocery-shopping and cooking.
1644:(or diet journal), lost twice as much weight as those who did not keep a food log, suggesting that if a person records their eating, they are more aware of what they consume and therefore eat fewer calories.
2929:
Lowβcarbohydrate diets are of interest for improving glycaemic outcomes in the management of Type 1 diabetes. There is limited evidence to support their routine use in the management of Type 1 diabetes.
1658:
A 2009 review found limited evidence suggesting that encouraging water consumption and substituting energy-free beverages for energy-containing beverages (i.e., reducing caloric intake) may facilitate
1400:
Another kind of diet focuses not on the dieter's health effects, but on its environment. The One Blue Dot plan of the BDA offers recommendations towards reducing diets' environmental impacts, by:
4916:
1481:
Partly because diets do not reliably produce long-term positive health outcomes, some argue against using weight loss as a goal, preferring other measures of health such as improvements in
1268:, after which the cycle repeats. There is some evidence that these diets results in considerable weight loss. These diets are not recommended for general use and should be reserved for the
4987:
4662:, Guo J, Story M, Haines J, Eisenberg M (April 2006). "Obesity, disordered eating, and eating disorders in a longitudinal study of adolescents: how do dieters fare 5 years later?".
4304:
Mensinger JL, Calogero RM, Stranges S, Tylka TL (2016). "A weight-neutral versus weight-loss approach for health promotion in women with high BMI: A randomized-controlled trial".
2895:
Seckold R, Fisher E, de Bock M, King BR, Smart CE (March 2019). "The ups and downs of low-carbohydrate diets in the management of Type 1 diabetes: a review of clinical outcomes".
4885:
3425:
1346:
loss with this diet. However, similar to the plant-based diet, the Paleo diet has potential nutritional deficiency risks, specifically with vitamin D, calcium, and iodine.
5674:
1607:. This review was conducted on short-term studies, therefore such a mechanism cannot be excluded in the long term, as evidence is currently lacking on this timeframe.
1584:, which can be used to generate energy. The primary by-products of metabolism are carbon dioxide and water; carbon dioxide is expelled through the respiratory system.
1349:
Gluten-free diets are often used for weight loss but little has been studied about the efficacy of this diet and metabolic mechanism for its effectiveness is unclear.
1470:. Suppressed thermogenesis accelerates weight regain once the diet stops, unless that phase is accompanied by a well-timed exercise intervention, as described by the
1662:. A 2009 article found that drinking 500 ml of water prior to meals for a 12-week period resulted in increased long-term weight reduction. (References given in
1259:
Very low calorie diets provide 200β800 calories per day, maintaining protein intake but limiting calories from both fat and carbohydrates. They subject the body to
3514:"Novel Nutritional and Dietary Approaches to Weight Loss for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Ketogenic Diet, Intermittent Fasting, and Bariatric Surgery"
223:
6189:
893:
3299:
5011:"Group versus one-to-one multi-component lifestyle interventions for weight management: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials"
3312:'A crash diet is typically a very low-calorie diet, where you eat a very restrictively for a short period of time,' explains Registered Dietician, Helen Bond.
1524:
cause a range of side effects depending on the supplement and dose that is taken. Supplements should not replace foods that are important to a healthy diet.
1306:
Fasting is the act of intentional taking a long time interval between meals. Lengthy fasting (multiple days in a week) might be dangerous due to the risk of
4854:
4347:
Mann T, Tomiyama AJ, Westling E, Lew AM, Samuels B, Chatman J (April 2007). "Medicare's search for effective obesity treatments: diets are not the answer".
4200:
Mann T, Tomiyama JA, Westling E, Lew AM, Samuels B, Chatman J (April 2007). "Medicare's search for effective obesity treatments: Diets are not the answer".
3077:
2171:
Mann T, Tomiyama AJ, Westling E, Lew AM, Samuels B, Chatman J (April 2007). "Medicare's search for effective obesity treatments: diets are not the answer".
3050:
2565:
1334:
This type of diet is based on the restriction of specific foods or food groups. Examples include gluten-free, Paleo, plant-based, and
Mediterranean diets.
832:
1187:
There is a lack of standardization of how much carbohydrate low-carbohydrate diets must have, and this has complicated research. One definition, from the
3362:
1624:
or skipping meals, and strategically placed snacks before meals, may be recommendable to reduce cardiovascular risks as part of a broader lifestyle and
1449:
individuals, with diet success most predicted by adherence and little effect resulting from the type or brand of diet. As weight maintenance depends on
4908:
2742:
Freire R (January 2020). "Scientific evidence of diets for weight loss: Different macronutrient composition, intermittent fasting, and popular diets".
1011:
1637:
942:, which represents a notion of a whole way healthy lifestyle including both mental and physical health, rather than a narrow weight-loss regimen.
2608:
6103:
4947:
2655:
2618:
2531:
2497:
2239:
1188:
3332:
4796:"Meal Timing and Frequency: Implications for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association"
3238:
2830:
4963:
3889:"Long-term effects of 4 popular diets on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials"
3557:
3839:
922:
5081:
American
Dietetic Association (June 2003). "Position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada: Vegetarian diets".
4877:
1620:
A meal timing schedule is known to be an important factor of any diet. Recent evidence suggest that new scheduling strategies, such as
1560:). Glycogen is a complex carbohydrate, 65% of which is stored in skeletal muscles and the remainder in the liver (totaling about 2,000
4545:"Weight loss from maximum body weight and mortality: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Linked Mortality File"
2402:
416:
2369:
373:
275:
257:
194:
97:
5054:
1367:
Detox diets are promoted with unsubstantiated claims that they can eliminate "toxins" from the human body. Many of these diets use
3268:
1763:
1738:
1288:
reduction in calories and potential unbalance in the diet's composition can lead to detrimental effects, including sudden death.
5176:
4595:
825:
601:
5125:
One Year
Effectiveness of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone Diets in Decreasing Body Weight and Heart Disease Risk
2962:
2464:
789:
132:
125:
4076:
2408:
1009:
The first weight-loss book to promote calorie counting, and the first weight-loss book to become a bestseller, was the 1918
2585:
5548:
4050:
3628:"Short-term modified alternate-day fasting: a novel dietary strategy for weight loss and cardioprotection in obese adults"
3016:
1943:
422:
2438:
1663:
1653:
1310:. During prolonged fasting or very low calorie diets the reduction of blood glucose, the preferred energy source of the
1221:
579:
897:, he outlined the details of a particular low-carbohydrate, low-calorie diet that led to his own dramatic weight loss.
6113:
6093:
5225:
5131:
1395:
1241:
774:
175:
3291:
938:
147:
6123:
5608:
5578:
1783:
1572:, the mobilization and catabolism of fat stores for energy. In this process fats, obtained from adipose tissue, or
1386:). Detox diets tend to result in short-term weight loss (because of calorie restriction), followed by weight gain.
973:
818:
292:
4846:
1044:. Some people follow a diet to gain weight (such as people who are underweight or who are attempting to gain more
1675:
themselves, whereas 20% see a professional or join a paid program. The typical dieter attempts 4 tries per year.
1273:
950:
397:
38:
3110:
3046:
6098:
4494:"Intention to lose weight, weight changes, and 18-y mortality in overweight individuals without co-morbidities"
1788:
1198:, where low-carbohydrate diets achieve outcomes similar to other diets, as weight loss is mainly determined by
1093:
794:
239:
154:
83:
3354:
6138:
5469:
5441:
5149:
2852:
Trapp CB, Barnard ND (April 2010). "Usefulness of vegetarian and vegan diets for treating type 2 diabetes".
1798:
754:
661:
349:
318:
121:
6108:
5538:
5350:
4356:
4209:
2215:
In sum, there is little support for the notion that diets lead to lasting weight loss or health benefits.
2180:
1534:
1482:
1194:
There is no good evidence that low-carbohydrate dieting confers any particular health benefits apart from
748:
161:
6016:
5624:
5568:
5500:
5329:
1442:
1281:
1269:
1254:
1213:
1101:
1084:
1071:
881:
779:
654:
530:
490:
2071:"Lifestyle modification for obesity: new developments in diet, physical activity, and behavior therapy"
2624:
1216:, but there is no evidence of any distinctive benefit for this purpose and the diet carries a risk of
1063:
of caloric intake) resulted in average weight loss of 3.2 kg (7.1 lb) over habitual eating.
6046:
6021:
5654:
5553:
5360:
5296:
3930:"Comparison of weight loss among named diet programs in overweight and obese adults: a meta-analysis"
1773:
1692:
1621:
1486:
1315:
1301:
1161:
764:
716:
450:
4361:
4214:
3183:"Diet and exercise in management of obesity and overweight: Diet and exercise for weight management"
2185:
485:
143:
6172:
6051:
5518:
5169:
2674:
Matarese LE, Pories WJ (December 2014). "Adult weight loss diets: metabolic effects and outcomes".
1703:
1284:. People attempting these diets must be monitored closely by a physician to prevent complications.
1234:
1199:
873:
784:
695:
596:
560:
460:
407:
6182:
4012:"Low-carbohydrate diets for overweight and obesity: a systematic review of the systematic reviews"
5986:
5692:
5461:
5433:
5365:
5301:
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4979:
4772:
4382:
4329:
4235:
4042:
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3494:
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2920:
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2206:
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1471:
1129:
621:
412:
3928:
Johnston BC, Kanters S, Bandayrel K, Wu P, Naji F, Siemieniuk RA, et al. (September 2014).
2017:"Comparison of weight-loss diets with different compositions of fat, protein, and carbohydrates"
4077:"Are low-fat diets better than other weight-reducing diets in achieving long-term weight loss?"
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6011:
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4827:
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4182:
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3707:
3699:
3657:
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3600:
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2614:
2527:
2493:
2398:
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2283:
2235:
2198:
2146:
2100:
2046:
1994:
1935:
1866:
1748:
1659:
1510:
A number of studies have found that intentional weight loss is associated with an increase in
1067:
981:
671:
480:
369:
359:
300:
6166:
3126:"Rate of weight loss can be predicted by patient characteristics and intervention strategies"
2521:
6006:
5913:
5697:
5629:
5593:
5588:
5583:
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5533:
5479:
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5022:
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4817:
4807:
4756:
4718:
4710:
4671:
4630:
4556:
4515:
4505:
4464:
4423:
4413:
4366:
4313:
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4266:
4219:
4172:
4131:
4026:
3982:
3941:
3900:
3887:
Atallah R, Filion KB, Wakil SM, Genest J, Joseph L, Poirier P, et al. (November 2014).
3807:
3758:
3691:
3639:
3592:
3525:
3468:
3397:
3194:
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3137:
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3000:
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2798:
2751:
2683:
2487:
2333:
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2136:
2090:
2082:
2036:
2028:
1984:
1927:
1856:
1848:
1753:
1733:
1684:
1641:
1425:
Promoting tap water and unsweetened tea/coffee as the de facto choice for healthy hydration.
1109:
1037:
1016:
711:
706:
586:
470:
465:
432:
402:
354:
3230:
1191:, specifies low-carbohydrate diets as having less than 20% of calories from carbohydrates.
5749:
5717:
5634:
5563:
5558:
5413:
5380:
5324:
5185:
3863:"Environmentally sustainable diets are a Win-Win for the planet and health say dietitians"
2559:
1778:
1539:
1045:
999:
989:
925:
888:
686:
641:
591:
541:
518:
512:
455:
427:
5123:
Dansinger ML, Gleason JL, Griffith JL, Li WJ, Selker HP, Schaefer EJ (12 November 2003).
2361:
2312:
Jensen MD, Ryan DH, Apovian CM, Ard JD, Comuzzie AG, Donato KA, et al. (June 2014).
5010:
1683:
Some weight loss groups aim to make money, others work as charities. The former include
6210:
6156:
6118:
5841:
5702:
5451:
5446:
5162:
4822:
4795:
4723:
4698:
4520:
4493:
4428:
4401:
4281:
4254:
3513:
3158:
3125:
2338:
2329:
2313:
2095:
2070:
2041:
2016:
2015:
Sacks FM, Bray GA, Carey VJ, Smith SR, Ryan DH, Anton SD, et al. (February 2009).
1861:
1836:
1557:
1511:
1323:
1217:
1205:
799:
626:
536:
475:
392:
3987:
3970:
3260:
2086:
1702:
These organizations' customs and practices differ widely. Some groups are modelled on
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5831:
5791:
5781:
5727:
5644:
5528:
5408:
5403:
5390:
5306:
5050:
4983:
4791:
4469:
4452:
4333:
4161:"A review and meta-analysis of the effect of weight loss on all-cause mortality risk"
3795:
3780:
3612:
3580:
3553:
2771:
2554:
2262:"A review and meta-analysis of the effect of weight loss on all-cause mortality risk"
1768:
1758:
1713:
programmes rather than receiving one-on-one support may increase the likelihood that
1515:
mortality for healthy individuals, and for those who were overweight but not obese."
1467:
1458:
1454:
1383:
1031:
869:
759:
680:
611:
364:
168:
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5154:
4776:
4587:
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3905:
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3835:
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2924:
2881:
2826:
5573:
5523:
5418:
5189:
4659:
4386:
4239:
3719:
3498:
3426:"Intermittent Fasting Can Lead to Muscle Loss, But It Doesn't Have to β Here's Why"
2210:
1743:
1625:
1307:
1105:
1057:
877:
804:
739:
721:
616:
606:
546:
235:
89:
2460:
1022:
It was estimated that over 1000 weight-loss diets have been developed up to 2014.
4964:"Group programmes for weight loss may be more effective than one-to-one sessions"
4812:
4510:
4096:
3596:
3004:
2392:
1931:
1048:). Diets can also be used to maintain a stable body weight or to improve health.
6186:
5945:
5669:
5659:
5495:
5250:
4760:
4317:
3763:
3746:
3679:
2581:
1803:
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1600:
1581:
1318:, have been used as a form of dieting to circumvent the issues of long fasting.
1311:
1195:
1157:
1141:
1041:
910:
901:
853:
701:
636:
631:
344:
339:
329:
110:
4714:
4675:
4370:
4223:
4011:
3695:
3529:
3457:"Health effects of intermittent fasting: hormesis or harm? A systematic review"
3386:"Health effects of intermittent fasting: hormesis or harm? A systematic review"
3141:
2985:
2194:
1912:
1538:, George Hsu concludes that dieting is likely to lead to the development of an
6041:
6031:
5921:
5897:
5856:
5826:
5811:
5776:
5758:
5664:
5598:
4635:
4618:
4177:
4160:
3811:
2865:
2802:
2755:
2278:
2261:
2225:
2223:
1728:
1429:
1362:
1338:
nutritional deficiencies of protein, iron, zinc, calcium, and vitamins D and B
1260:
1149:
996:
988:
in the urine) Rollo worked out a diet that had success for what is now called
977:
961:
921:
906:
666:
556:
334:
324:
5034:
3819:
3772:
3703:
3653:
3537:
3482:
3149:
3097:
2942:
2810:
2687:
2430:
6133:
6026:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5884:
5851:
5806:
5796:
5735:
5712:
5707:
5649:
5639:
5603:
5240:
5220:
5094:
4588:"Office of Dietary Supplements - Dietary Supplements: What You Need to Know"
3946:
3929:
3644:
3627:
3473:
3456:
3402:
3385:
2569:. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 192β193.
2141:
2124:
1989:
1972:
1793:
1696:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1379:
1181:
1145:
946:
744:
5102:
5042:
4940:
Perspectives on everyday life : a cross disciplinary cultural analysis
4831:
4768:
4732:
4683:
4570:
4529:
4478:
4437:
4418:
4378:
4325:
4290:
4271:
4231:
4186:
4145:
4092:
4038:
3996:
3955:
3914:
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3711:
3661:
3604:
3545:
3490:
3411:
3208:
3167:
3106:
3012:
2958:
2916:
2873:
2818:
2763:
2695:
2347:
2287:
2202:
2150:
2104:
2050:
1998:
1939:
1870:
4644:
2032:
1568:, mainly carbohydrates. When glycogen is nearly depleted, the body begins
6061:
5996:
5991:
5889:
5861:
5786:
5771:
5684:
5395:
5275:
3796:"Popular Weight Loss Strategies: a Review of Four Weight Loss Techniques"
2489:
Joslin's
Diabetes Mellitus: Edited by C. Ronald Kahn ... [et Al.]
1577:
1553:
1209:
1177:
1124:) are limited, and replaced with foods containing a higher percentage of
1066:
A low-fat, plant-based diet has been found to improve control of weight,
969:
857:
691:
522:
508:
17:
4975:
4561:
4544:
4136:
4119:
1852:
957:, in which he advises exercise and fresh air and avoiding luxury foods.
6128:
6088:
5978:
5876:
5836:
5816:
5801:
5766:
5370:
5245:
5215:
3971:"Impact of dietary patterns and interventions on cardiovascular health"
1714:
1604:
1450:
1446:
1376:
1297:
1265:
1165:
1137:
985:
865:
861:
526:
314:
5026:
4790:
St-Onge MP, Ard J, Baskin ML, Chiuve SE, Johnson HM, Kris-Etherton P,
4030:
3680:"Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Vegetarian Diets"
3199:
3182:
2986:"Is There an Optimal Diet for Weight Management and Metabolic Health?"
2908:
1913:"Is There an Optimal Diet for Weight Management and Metabolic Health?"
6036:
6001:
5937:
5929:
5866:
5846:
5821:
5230:
1372:
1245:
values vary depending on additional factors, such as age and weight.
1153:
849:
769:
5127:. American Heart Association Scientific Sessions. Orlando, Florida.
4453:"Thinness and weight loss: beneficial or detrimental to longevity?"
2394:
Calories & corsets : a history of dieting over 2,000 years
1224:
naming it one of the "top five worst celeb diets to avoid" in 2018.
1097:
An example of a low-carbohydrate dish, cooked kale and poached eggs
928:
popularized one of the first weight loss diets in the 19th century.
3581:"Role of ketones, ketogenic diets and intermittent fasting in ICU"
2125:"Long-term weight-loss maintenance: a meta-analysis of US studies"
1173:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1092:
920:
551:
3626:
Varady KA, Bhutani S, Church EC, Klempel MC (30 September 2009).
3579:
Gunst J, Casaer MP, Langouche L, Van den Berghe G (August 2021).
3325:"Crash diets can cause transient deterioration in heart function"
3041:
3039:
3037:
2558:
968:
in 1797. It described the benefits of a meat diet for those with
6066:
5423:
5375:
5235:
5136:
Never
Satisfied: A Cultural History of Diets, Fantasies, and Fat
1561:
1368:
1277:
1169:
1133:
566:
5158:
2650:. New York: Faber & Faber, Incorporated. pp. 185β189.
4402:"Weight science: evaluating the evidence for a paradigm shift"
4255:"Weight science: evaluating the evidence for a paradigm shift"
1564:
in the whole body). It is created from the excess of ingested
1125:
995:
The first popular diet was "Banting", named after the
English
206:
104:
63:
3512:
Becker A, Gaballa D, Roslin M, Gianos E, Kane J (July 2021).
2123:
Anderson JW, Konz EC, Frederich RC, Wood CL (November 2001).
913:
may have an increased mortality rate as a result of dieting.
4010:
Churuangsuk C, Kherouf M, Combet E, Lean M (December 2018).
876:
diets, such as those emphasising particular macronutrients (
4699:"Mitochondrial ion channels: gatekeepers of life and death"
4492:
SΓΈrensen TI, Rissanen A, Korkeila M, Kaprio J (June 2005).
3745:
Agoulnik D, Lalonde MP, Ellmore GS, McKeown NM (May 2021).
1966:
1964:
1543:
implementation of healthful eating and physical activity".
852:
food in a regulated way to decrease, maintain, or increase
4806:(9). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): e96βe121.
2582:"WILLIAM BANTING: The Father of the Low-Carbohydrate Diet"
1353:
weight loss in addition to health and metabolic benefits.
5110:
Cheraskin E (1993). "The Breakfast/Lunch/Dinner Ritual".
5009:
Abbott S, Smith E, Tighe B, Lycett D (28 December 2020).
1474:. Most diet studies do not assess long-term weight loss.
1422:
Reducing high fat, sugar and salty foods overconsumption.
1419:
Promoting seasonal locally sourced fruits and vegetables.
3794:
Obert J, Pearlman M, Obert L, Chapin S (December 2017).
1462:
Extreme diets may, in some cases, lead to malnutrition.
2787:"Low-Fat/Calorie Foods: Current State and Perspectives"
231:
42:
3455:
Horne BD, Muhlestein JB, Anderson JL (1 August 2015).
2069:
Wadden TA, Webb VL, Moran CH, Bailer BA (March 2012).
1382:. Detox diets can include fasting or exclusion (as in
4909:"Planning to Go on a Diet? One Word of Advice: Don't"
4847:"Using food diaries doubles weight loss, study shows"
3261:"Take the test: Is an 800-calorie diet right for me?"
3124:
Finkler E, Heymsfield SB, St-Onge MP (January 2012).
2613:. USA: New York: Cosimo Classics. pp. 64 pages.
1276:
such as loss of lean muscle mass, increased risks of
1208:
was first established as a medical diet for treating
3747:"Part 1: The Origin and Evolution of the Paleo Diet"
3384:
Horne BD, Muhlestein JB, Anderson JL (August 2015).
1718:
programme) than those receiving one-on-one support.
6079:
5977:
5875:
5757:
5748:
5726:
5683:
5617:
5509:
5488:
5460:
5432:
5389:
5338:
5315:
5289:
5268:
5259:
5150:
Diet reviews by the Harvard School of Public Health
4120:"PGC-1Ξ± and exercise in the control of body weight"
3292:"Are crash diets ever a good idea for weight loss?"
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
1212:. It became a popular diet for weight loss through
909:(but not obese), who are normal weight, or who are
2118:
2116:
2114:
887:The first popular diet was "Banting", named after
3684:Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
3130:Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
3049:. British Dietetic Association. 7 December 2017.
2362:"Products - Data Briefs - Number 313 - July 2018"
2260:Harrington M, Gibson S, Cottrell RC (June 2009).
3893:Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes
2492:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 3.
1489:(HAES) approach or a "weight neutral" approach.
4697:O'Rourke B, Cortassa S, Aon MA (October 2005).
2669:
2667:
2791:Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
1040:is most commonly pursued by those who want to
984:. By means of Dobson's testing procedure (for
5170:
4118:Summermatter S, Handschin C (November 2012).
2255:
2253:
2251:
1204:One form of low-carbohydrate diet called the
1004:Letter on Corpulence, Addressed to the Public
894:Letter on Corpulence, Addressed to the Public
826:
220:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
5083:Journal of the American Dietetic Association
4664:Journal of the American Dietetic Association
4159:Harrington M, Gibson S, Cottrell RC (2009).
3678:Melina V, Craig W, Levin S (December 2016).
3355:"How crash diets harm your health - CNN.com"
2064:
2062:
2060:
4457:Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1441:Several diets are effective for short-term
1164:), as well as low carbohydrate foods (e.g.
856:, or to prevent and treat diseases such as
98:Learn how and when to remove these messages
26:
5754:
5265:
5177:
5163:
5155:
3632:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
3461:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
3390:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
3187:Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
3047:"Top 5 worst celeb diets to avoid in 2018"
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2129:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1640:showed that dieters who kept a daily food
833:
819:
287:
4970:(Plain English summary). 27 August 2021.
4821:
4811:
4722:
4634:
4560:
4519:
4509:
4468:
4427:
4417:
4360:
4280:
4270:
4213:
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4135:
3986:
3945:
3904:
3762:
3643:
3472:
3401:
3198:
3157:
3096:
2337:
2277:
2234:. Westport, Conn: Greenwood. p. 11.
2184:
2140:
2094:
2040:
1988:
1860:
1012:Diet and Health: With Key to the Calories
276:Learn how and when to remove this message
258:Learn how and when to remove this message
195:Learn how and when to remove this message
5015:Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics
1973:"JAMA patient page. Healthy weight loss"
1410:Promoting fish from sustainable sources.
1404:Reducing meat to 70g per person per day.
32:This is an accepted version of this page
5138:. New York: Free Press/Macmillan, 1986.
4619:"Can dieting cause an eating disorder?"
4253:Bacon L, Aphramor L., Aphramor (2011).
2010:
2008:
1837:"Diet in the management of weight loss"
1816:
1699:and groups run by local organizations.
1638:American Journal of Preventive Medicine
299:
28:
4056:from the original on 23 September 2019
3969:Zarraga IG, Schwarz ER (August 2006).
2785:Sandrou DK, Arvanitoyannis IS (2000).
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2648:Candy: A Century of Panic and Pleasure
131:Please improve this article by adding
4919:from the original on 11 November 2019
4582:
4580:
4543:Ingram DD, Mussolino ME (June 2010).
3673:
3671:
3436:from the original on 10 November 2022
3241:from the original on 22 November 2017
2965:from the original on 13 February 2020
2723:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2372:from the original on 12 December 2020
1416:Focusing on wholegrain starchy foods.
1189:American Academy of Family Physicians
1112:. Foods high in carbohydrates (e.g.,
1002:. In 1863, he wrote a booklet called
900:Some guidelines recommend dieting to
59:Regulation of the consumption of food
7:
6162:
4400:Bacon L, Aphramor L (January 2011).
3053:from the original on 6 February 2020
2411:from the original on 14 January 2023
1108:consumption relative to the average
1015:by American physician and columnist
6104:Fruits & Veggies β More Matters
4888:from the original on 14 August 2021
2467:from the original on 20 August 2021
2021:The New England Journal of Medicine
1594:Energy homeostasis Β§ Imbalance
5112:Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine
4878:"The Heavy Price of Losing Weight"
4857:from the original on 14 March 2012
4598:from the original on 24 April 2021
3335:from the original on 29 April 2022
2330:10.1161/01.cir.0000437739.71477.ee
2320:(Professional society guideline).
1453:intake, diets emphasising certain
417:Epidemiology of metabolic syndrome
57:
5057:from the original on 22 June 2022
4990:from the original on 22 June 2022
3988:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.603910
3560:from the original on 1 March 2024
3271:from the original on 18 June 2022
3022:from the original on 19 July 2018
2833:from the original on 15 June 2022
2588:from the original on 11 June 2011
2441:from the original on 30 June 2022
2087:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.039453
1949:from the original on 19 July 2018
79:This article has multiple issues.
6181:
6171:
6161:
6152:
6151:
4549:International Journal of Obesity
4470:10.1097/00005768-199908000-00007
4124:International Journal of Obesity
3842:from the original on 7 July 2022
3800:Current Gastroenterology Reports
3726:from the original on 7 July 2022
3365:from the original on 19 May 2022
3302:from the original on 7 July 2022
3078:"Dietary therapies for epilepsy"
2941:Last AR, Wilson SA (June 2006).
2232:Obesity (Biographies of Disease)
1764:National Weight Control Registry
1739:Dietary Guidelines for Americans
1083:This section is an excerpt from
972:, basing this recommendation on
955:An Essay of Health and Long Life
211:
109:
68:
3906:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.113.000723
2526:. Laurence Chalem. p. 39.
2461:"The Ethics of Diet - A Catena"
960:The Scottish military surgeon,
87:or discuss these issues on the
2676:Nutrition in Clinical Practice
2520:Chalem LD (5 September 2009).
2431:"History's weirdest fad diets"
1636:A 2008 study published in the
790:Social determinants of obesity
1:
4876:Williams G (2 January 2013).
3895:(Systematic review of RCTs).
2523:Essential Diabetes Leadership
2230:Petrelli J, Wolin KY (2009).
1709:Attending group meetings for
423:Metabolically healthy obesity
133:secondary or tertiary sources
4813:10.1161/cir.0000000000000476
4511:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020171
3597:10.1097/MCC.0000000000000841
3290:Bonet A (28 November 2018).
3076:Kossoff EH, Wang HS (2013).
3005:10.1053/j.gastro.2017.01.056
1932:10.1053/j.gastro.2017.01.056
1654:Weight loss effects of water
1407:Prioritising plant proteins.
1272:as they are associated with
1242:randomized controlled trials
1222:British Dietetic Association
864:. As weight loss depends on
580:Obesity-associated morbidity
6114:Latin American Diet Pyramid
6094:Dairy Council of California
5549:Gluten-free and casein-free
4761:10.1016/j.appet.2018.11.017
4318:10.1016/j.appet.2016.06.006
4075:Schooff M (February 2003).
3764:10.1097/NT.0000000000000482
3430:Jefferson Health New Jersey
2984:Thom G, Lean M (May 2017).
1911:Thom G, Lean M (May 2017).
1835:Strychar I (January 2006).
1413:Moderate dairy consumption.
1396:Environmental vegetarianism
1390:Environmentally sustainable
775:Obesity and the environment
234:, discuss the issue on the
6227:
6124:Mediterranean Diet Pyramid
5579:Low-fiber/low-residue diet
4845:Hellmich N (8 July 2008).
4715:10.1152/physiol.00020.2005
4676:10.1016/j.jada.2006.01.003
4451:Gaesser GA (August 1999).
4371:10.1037/0003-066x.62.3.220
4224:10.1037/0003-066x.62.3.220
3696:10.1016/j.jand.2016.09.025
3530:10.1007/s11886-021-01515-1
3518:Current Cardiology Reports
3142:10.1016/j.jada.2011.08.034
2266:Nutrition Research Reviews
2195:10.1037/0003-066x.62.3.220
1784:Nutritional rating systems
1651:
1591:
1393:
1360:
1295:
1252:
1232:
1082:
1055:
1029:
6190:Health and fitness portal
6147:
5196:
4907:Brown H (24 March 2015).
4636:10.1017/S0033291797004753
4349:The American Psychologist
4178:10.1017/S0954422409990035
4081:American Family Physician
3812:10.1007/s11894-017-0603-8
2947:American Family Physician
2866:10.1007/s11892-010-0093-7
2803:10.1080/10408690091189211
2756:10.1016/j.nut.2019.07.001
2324:(25 Suppl 2): S102βS138.
2279:10.1017/S0954422409990035
2173:The American Psychologist
1971:Guth E (September 2014).
1483:cardiovascular biomarkers
398:Classification of obesity
5470:Bodybuilding supplements
4942:. Palgrave Pivot, Cham.
3861:BDA (20 November 2018).
3181:Fock KM, Khoo J (2013).
3098:10.4103/2319-4170.107152
2943:"Low-carbohydrate diets"
2854:Current Diabetes Reports
2688:10.1177/0884533614550251
1789:Online weight loss plans
1603:and weight gain such as
1506:Increased mortality rate
966:Notes of a Diabetic Case
891:. In his 1863 pamphlet,
795:Social stigma of obesity
39:latest accepted revision
6139:Vegetarian Diet Pyramid
5442:Ovo-lacto vegetarianism
5095:10.1053/jada.2003.50142
3947:10.1001/jama.2014.10397
3645:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28380
3474:10.3945/ajcn.115.109553
3403:10.3945/ajcn.115.109553
2566:Encyclopædia Britannica
1990:10.1001/jama.2014.10929
1799:Table of food nutrients
1576:, are broken down into
949:was the English doctor
755:Fat acceptance movement
662:Anti-obesity medication
350:Gestational weight gain
6109:Healthy eating pyramid
5655:Time Restricted Eating
5539:Fluid restriction diet
4623:Psychological Medicine
4419:10.1186/1475-2891-10-9
4272:10.1186/1475-2891-10-9
1535:Psychological Medicine
1282:electrolyte imbalances
1102:Low-carbohydrate diets
1098:
929:
120:relies excessively on
5609:Specific carbohydrate
5501:Very-low-calorie diet
4202:American Psychologist
4021:(Systematic review).
2142:10.1093/ajcn/74.5.579
2033:10.1056/NEJMoa0804748
1691:. The latter include
1485:, sometimes called a
1270:management of obesity
1255:Very low calorie diet
1214:celebrity endorsement
1096:
1085:Low-carbohydrate diet
1072:cardiovascular health
936:comes from the Greek
924:
780:Obesity and sexuality
655:Management of obesity
531:Binge eating disorder
491:Waist-to-height ratio
5554:Intermittent fasting
4658:Neumark-Sztainer D,
4351:. Eating Disorders.
4204:. Eating Disorders.
2610:Letter on Corpulence
2077:(Narrative review).
1774:Nutrition psychology
1704:twelve-step programs
1693:Overeaters Anonymous
1622:intermittent fasting
1532:In an editorial for
1487:Health at Every Size
1375:and other juicy low-
1316:intermittent fasting
1302:Intermittent fasting
1274:adverse side effects
1180:, and other fibrous
765:Health at Every Size
717:Weight loss coaching
451:Body adiposity index
240:create a new article
232:improve this article
222:may not represent a
5519:Calorie restriction
4976:10.3310/alert_47460
4617:Hsu LK (May 1997).
4562:10.1038/ijo.2010.41
4137:10.1038/ijo.2012.12
3585:Curr Opin Crit Care
3331:. 2 February 2018.
2607:Banting W (2005) .
2584:. Second Opinions.
2391:Foxcroft L (2014).
1853:10.1503/cmaj.045037
1519:Dietary supplements
1235:Calorie restriction
1200:calorie restriction
848:is the practice of
785:Sedentary lifestyle
597:Fatty liver disease
561:Starvation response
461:Body fat percentage
408:Genetics of obesity
29:Page version status
5434:Semi-vegetarianism
4938:Berger AA (2018).
3085:Biomedical Journal
2560:"Corpulence"
2486:Joslin EP (2005).
2437:. 2 January 2013.
1679:Weight loss groups
1472:Summermatter cycle
1099:
1068:blood sugar levels
930:
622:Obesity and cancer
503:Related conditions
413:Metabolic syndrome
35:
6198:
6197:
6075:
6074:
5744:
5743:
5317:Sustainable diets
5027:10.1111/jhn.12853
4949:978-3-319-99794-0
4794:(February 2017).
4406:Nutrition Journal
4130:(11): 1428β1435.
4031:10.1111/obr.12744
4025:(12): 1700β1718.
3936:(Meta-analysis).
3690:(12): 1970β1980.
3237:. 27 April 2018.
3200:10.1111/jgh.12407
2953:(11): 1942β1948.
2909:10.1111/dme.13845
2897:Diabetic Medicine
2657:978-0-86547-756-8
2646:Kawash S (2013).
2620:978-1-59605-085-3
2580:Groves B (2002).
2533:978-1-4392-4566-8
2499:978-0-7817-2796-9
2397:. Profile Books.
2241:978-0-313-35275-1
1749:High residue diet
1660:weight management
982:diabetes mellitus
945:One of the first
843:
842:
672:Bariatric surgery
481:Relative Fat Mass
370:Childhood obesity
360:Weight management
301:Human body weight
286:
285:
278:
268:
267:
260:
242:, as appropriate.
205:
204:
197:
179:
102:
47:25 September 2024
16:(Redirected from
6218:
6185:
6175:
6165:
6164:
6155:
6154:
5755:
5589:Monotrophic diet
5569:Low-carbohydrate
5534:Elimination diet
5480:Therapeutic food
5475:Meal replacement
5462:Supplement diets
5330:Planetary health
5266:
5202:
5179:
5172:
5165:
5156:
5132:Schwartz, Hillel
5128:
5119:
5106:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5062:
5006:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4995:
4960:
4954:
4953:
4935:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4904:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4873:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4862:
4842:
4836:
4835:
4825:
4815:
4787:
4781:
4780:
4743:
4737:
4736:
4726:
4694:
4688:
4687:
4655:
4649:
4648:
4638:
4614:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4584:
4575:
4574:
4564:
4555:(6): 1044β1050.
4540:
4534:
4533:
4523:
4513:
4489:
4483:
4482:
4472:
4463:(8): 1118β1128.
4448:
4442:
4441:
4431:
4421:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4364:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4284:
4274:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4217:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4180:
4156:
4150:
4149:
4139:
4115:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4095:. Archived from
4072:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4055:
4016:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3990:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3949:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3908:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3766:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3675:
3666:
3665:
3647:
3638:(5): 1138β1143.
3623:
3617:
3616:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3476:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3432:. 30 June 2021.
3422:
3416:
3415:
3405:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3307:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3202:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3161:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3109:. Archived from
3100:
3082:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3060:
3058:
3043:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3021:
2999:(7): 1739β1751.
2993:Gastroenterology
2990:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2739:
2700:
2699:
2671:
2662:
2661:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2623:. Archived from
2604:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2562:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2341:
2309:
2292:
2291:
2281:
2257:
2246:
2245:
2227:
2218:
2217:
2188:
2168:
2155:
2154:
2144:
2120:
2109:
2108:
2098:
2081:(9): 1157β1170.
2066:
2055:
2054:
2044:
2012:
2003:
2002:
1992:
1968:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1948:
1926:(7): 1739β1751.
1920:Gastroenterology
1917:
1908:
1875:
1874:
1864:
1832:
1754:Intuitive eating
1734:Carbon footprint
1711:weight reduction
1588:Set-Point Theory
1528:Eating disorders
1249:Very low-calorie
1078:Low-carbohydrate
1017:Lulu Hunt Peters
976:'s discovery of
882:low-carbohydrate
835:
828:
821:
712:Weight loss camp
707:Obesity medicine
587:Arteriosclerosis
471:Corpulence index
466:Body Shape Index
433:Set point theory
403:Exercise paradox
387:Medical concepts
355:Diet (nutrition)
309:General concepts
288:
281:
274:
263:
256:
252:
249:
243:
215:
214:
207:
200:
193:
189:
186:
180:
178:
137:
113:
105:
94:
72:
71:
64:
21:
6226:
6225:
6221:
6220:
6219:
6217:
6216:
6215:
6201:
6200:
6199:
6194:
6143:
6081:
6071:
5973:
5949:
5941:
5933:
5925:
5917:
5909:
5901:
5893:
5871:
5740:
5722:
5679:
5613:
5511:
5505:
5489:Non-solid diets
5484:
5456:
5428:
5414:Milk substitute
5393:
5385:
5339:Religious diets
5334:
5311:
5285:
5255:
5200:
5192:
5186:Human nutrition
5183:
5146:
5141:
5122:
5109:
5080:
5076:
5074:Further reading
5071:
5070:
5060:
5058:
5008:
5007:
5003:
4993:
4991:
4962:
4961:
4957:
4950:
4937:
4936:
4932:
4922:
4920:
4906:
4905:
4901:
4891:
4889:
4875:
4874:
4870:
4860:
4858:
4844:
4843:
4839:
4789:
4788:
4784:
4745:
4744:
4740:
4696:
4695:
4691:
4657:
4656:
4652:
4616:
4615:
4611:
4601:
4599:
4586:
4585:
4578:
4542:
4541:
4537:
4491:
4490:
4486:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4362:10.1.1.666.7484
4346:
4345:
4341:
4303:
4302:
4298:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4215:10.1.1.666.7484
4199:
4198:
4194:
4158:
4157:
4153:
4117:
4116:
4112:
4102:
4100:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4059:
4057:
4053:
4019:Obesity Reviews
4014:
4009:
4008:
4004:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3927:
3926:
3922:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3871:
3869:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3845:
3843:
3793:
3792:
3788:
3751:Nutrition Today
3744:
3743:
3739:
3729:
3727:
3677:
3676:
3669:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3578:
3577:
3573:
3563:
3561:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3439:
3437:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3368:
3366:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3338:
3336:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3305:
3303:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3274:
3272:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3244:
3242:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3113:on 1 June 2018.
3080:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3056:
3054:
3045:
3044:
3035:
3025:
3023:
3019:
2988:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2968:
2966:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2836:
2834:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2741:
2740:
2703:
2673:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2630:
2628:
2621:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2591:
2589:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2470:
2468:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2444:
2442:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2414:
2412:
2405:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2375:
2373:
2368:. 7 June 2019.
2360:
2359:
2355:
2311:
2310:
2295:
2259:
2258:
2249:
2242:
2229:
2228:
2221:
2186:10.1.1.666.7484
2170:
2169:
2158:
2122:
2121:
2112:
2068:
2067:
2058:
2014:
2013:
2006:
1970:
1969:
1962:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1915:
1910:
1909:
1878:
1834:
1833:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1779:Nutrition scale
1724:
1685:Weight Watchers
1681:
1672:
1656:
1650:
1634:
1618:
1613:
1596:
1590:
1549:
1540:eating disorder
1530:
1521:
1508:
1503:
1501:Adverse effects
1439:
1398:
1392:
1365:
1359:
1341:
1332:
1304:
1296:Main articles:
1294:
1257:
1251:
1237:
1231:
1226:
1225:
1218:adverse effects
1202:and adherence.
1088:
1080:
1060:
1054:
1034:
1028:
1000:William Banting
990:type 2 diabetes
939:δίαιΟΞ± (diaita)
926:William Banting
919:
889:William Banting
874:calorie-reduced
870:different kinds
839:
810:
809:
735:
727:
726:
687:Caloric deficit
657:
647:
646:
642:Type 2 diabetes
592:Atherosclerosis
582:
572:
571:
542:Hyperthyroidism
519:Eating disorder
504:
496:
495:
486:Waistβhip ratio
456:Body mass index
446:
438:
437:
428:Obesity paradox
388:
380:
379:
310:
282:
271:
270:
269:
264:
253:
247:
244:
229:
216:
212:
201:
190:
184:
181:
138:
136:
130:
126:primary sources
114:
73:
69:
60:
55:
54:
53:
52:
51:
50:
34:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6224:
6222:
6214:
6213:
6203:
6202:
6196:
6195:
6193:
6192:
6179:
6169:
6159:
6148:
6145:
6144:
6142:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6119:French paradox
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6085:
6083:
6077:
6076:
6073:
6072:
6070:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5983:
5981:
5975:
5974:
5972:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5887:
5881:
5879:
5873:
5872:
5870:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5842:Selenocysteine
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5763:
5761:
5752:
5746:
5745:
5742:
5741:
5739:
5738:
5732:
5730:
5724:
5723:
5721:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5703:Master Cleanse
5700:
5695:
5689:
5687:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5621:
5619:
5615:
5614:
5612:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5515:
5513:
5507:
5506:
5504:
5503:
5498:
5492:
5490:
5486:
5485:
5483:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5466:
5464:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5438:
5436:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5400:
5398:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5342:
5340:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5332:
5327:
5321:
5319:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5293:
5291:
5290:Regional diets
5287:
5286:
5284:
5283:
5278:
5272:
5270:
5263:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5184:
5182:
5181:
5174:
5167:
5159:
5153:
5152:
5145:
5144:External links
5142:
5140:
5139:
5129:
5120:
5107:
5089:(6): 748β765.
5077:
5075:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5021:(3): 485β493.
5001:
4955:
4948:
4930:
4913:Slate Magazine
4899:
4868:
4837:
4782:
4738:
4709:(5): 303β315.
4689:
4670:(4): 559β568.
4650:
4629:(3): 509β513.
4609:
4592:ods.od.nih.gov
4576:
4535:
4484:
4443:
4392:
4355:(3): 220β233.
4339:
4296:
4245:
4208:(3): 220β233.
4192:
4151:
4110:
4099:on 15 May 2008
4087:(3): 507β508.
4067:
4002:
3981:(9): 961β973.
3961:
3940:(9): 923β933.
3920:
3899:(6): 815β827.
3879:
3867:www.bda.uk.com
3853:
3786:
3737:
3667:
3618:
3591:(4): 385β389.
3571:
3504:
3467:(2): 464β470.
3447:
3417:
3396:(2): 464β470.
3376:
3346:
3316:
3282:
3252:
3222:
3173:
3116:
3068:
3033:
2976:
2933:
2903:(3): 326β334.
2887:
2860:(2): 152β158.
2844:
2797:(5): 427β447.
2777:
2701:
2682:(6): 759β767.
2663:
2656:
2638:
2627:on 8 July 2011
2619:
2599:
2572:
2557:, ed. (1911).
2546:
2532:
2512:
2498:
2478:
2452:
2422:
2404:978-1847654588
2403:
2383:
2353:
2293:
2247:
2240:
2219:
2179:(3): 220β233.
2156:
2135:(5): 579β584.
2110:
2056:
2027:(9): 859β873.
2004:
1960:
1876:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1680:
1677:
1671:
1668:
1652:Main article:
1649:
1646:
1633:
1630:
1626:dietary change
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1589:
1586:
1566:macronutrients
1558:glycogenolysis
1548:
1545:
1529:
1526:
1520:
1517:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1455:macronutrients
1438:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1391:
1388:
1361:Main article:
1358:
1355:
1339:
1331:
1330:Exclusion Diet
1328:
1324:intensive care
1293:
1290:
1253:Main article:
1250:
1247:
1233:Main article:
1230:
1227:
1206:ketogenic diet
1089:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1056:Main article:
1053:
1050:
1030:Main article:
1027:
1024:
974:Matthew Dobson
918:
915:
841:
840:
838:
837:
830:
823:
815:
812:
811:
808:
807:
802:
800:Weight cutting
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
742:
736:
734:Social aspects
733:
732:
729:
728:
725:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
689:
684:
674:
669:
664:
658:
653:
652:
649:
648:
645:
644:
639:
634:
629:
627:Osteoarthritis
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
583:
578:
577:
574:
573:
570:
569:
564:
554:
549:
544:
539:
537:Food addiction
534:
516:
505:
502:
501:
498:
497:
494:
493:
488:
483:
478:
476:Lean body mass
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
447:
444:
443:
440:
439:
436:
435:
430:
425:
420:
410:
405:
400:
395:
393:Adipose tissue
389:
386:
385:
382:
381:
378:
377:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
311:
308:
307:
304:
303:
297:
296:
284:
283:
266:
265:
248:September 2020
226:of the subject
224:worldwide view
219:
217:
210:
203:
202:
185:September 2020
117:
115:
108:
103:
77:
76:
74:
67:
58:
56:
36:
30:
27:
25:
24:
23:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6223:
6212:
6209:
6208:
6206:
6191:
6188:
6184:
6180:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6168:
6160:
6158:
6150:
6149:
6146:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6086:
6084:
6078:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5984:
5982:
5980:
5976:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5944:
5942:
5936:
5934:
5928:
5926:
5920:
5918:
5912:
5910:
5904:
5902:
5896:
5894:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5878:
5874:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5832:Phenylalanine
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5792:Glutamic acid
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5782:Aspartic acid
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5764:
5762:
5760:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5747:
5737:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5729:
5728:List of diets
5725:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5686:
5682:
5676:
5675:U.S. military
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5622:
5620:
5616:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5529:Diabetic diet
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5516:
5514:
5508:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5487:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5463:
5459:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5431:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5409:Meat analogue
5407:
5405:
5404:Fruitarianism
5402:
5401:
5399:
5397:
5392:
5391:Vegetarianism
5388:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5343:
5341:
5337:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5322:
5320:
5318:
5314:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5302:Mediterranean
5300:
5298:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5288:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5258:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5201:Main articles
5199:
5198:
5195:
5191:
5190:healthy diets
5187:
5180:
5175:
5173:
5168:
5166:
5161:
5160:
5157:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5143:
5137:
5133:
5130:
5126:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5079:
5078:
5073:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5005:
5002:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4968:NIHR Evidence
4965:
4959:
4956:
4951:
4945:
4941:
4934:
4931:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4903:
4900:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4872:
4869:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4841:
4838:
4833:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4786:
4783:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4742:
4739:
4734:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4693:
4690:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4654:
4651:
4646:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4613:
4610:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4583:
4581:
4577:
4572:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4539:
4536:
4531:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4498:PLOS Medicine
4495:
4488:
4485:
4480:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4447:
4444:
4439:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4396:
4393:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4343:
4340:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4300:
4297:
4292:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4249:
4246:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4196:
4193:
4188:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4171:(1): 93β108.
4170:
4166:
4162:
4155:
4152:
4147:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4114:
4111:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4071:
4068:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4013:
4006:
4003:
3998:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3965:
3962:
3957:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3924:
3921:
3916:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3883:
3880:
3868:
3864:
3857:
3854:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3790:
3787:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3757:(3): 94β104.
3756:
3752:
3748:
3741:
3738:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3622:
3619:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3575:
3572:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3508:
3505:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3451:
3448:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3421:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3380:
3377:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3350:
3347:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3320:
3317:
3313:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3286:
3283:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3256:
3253:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3231:"How to diet"
3226:
3223:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3177:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3120:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2977:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2937:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2891:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2848:
2845:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2781:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2653:
2649:
2642:
2639:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2603:
2600:
2587:
2583:
2576:
2573:
2568:
2567:
2561:
2556:
2550:
2547:
2535:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2516:
2513:
2501:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2482:
2479:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2423:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2387:
2384:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2357:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2272:(1): 93β108.
2271:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1769:Nutrigenomics
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1759:List of diets
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1705:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1678:
1676:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1615:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1595:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1527:
1525:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1468:thermogenesis
1463:
1460:
1459:meta-analysis
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1437:Effectiveness
1436:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1384:juice fasting
1381:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1335:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1299:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1256:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1236:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1036:A restricted
1033:
1032:List of diets
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1007:
1005:
1001:
998:
993:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
958:
956:
952:
951:George Cheyne
948:
943:
941:
940:
935:
927:
923:
916:
914:
912:
908:
903:
898:
896:
895:
890:
885:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
836:
831:
829:
824:
822:
817:
816:
814:
813:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
760:Fat fetishism
758:
756:
753:
750:
746:
743:
741:
738:
737:
731:
730:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
697:
693:
690:
688:
685:
682:
681:List of diets
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
659:
656:
651:
650:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
612:Heart disease
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
584:
581:
576:
575:
568:
565:
562:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
532:
528:
524:
520:
517:
514:
510:
507:
506:
500:
499:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
448:
442:
441:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
418:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
390:
384:
383:
375:
371:
368:
366:
365:Overnutrition
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
320:
316:
313:
312:
306:
305:
302:
298:
294:
290:
289:
280:
277:
262:
259:
251:
241:
237:
233:
227:
225:
218:
209:
208:
199:
196:
188:
177:
174:
170:
167:
163:
160:
156:
153:
149:
146: β
145:
141:
140:Find sources:
134:
128:
127:
123:
118:This article
116:
112:
107:
106:
101:
99:
92:
91:
86:
85:
80:
75:
66:
65:
62:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
6187:Food portal,
6099:Food pyramid
6080:Nutritional
5524:Cardiac diet
5512:restrictions
5496:Liquid diets
5260:
5210:
5135:
5124:
5115:
5111:
5086:
5082:
5059:. Retrieved
5018:
5014:
5004:
4992:. Retrieved
4967:
4958:
4939:
4933:
4921:. Retrieved
4912:
4902:
4890:. Retrieved
4881:
4871:
4859:. Retrieved
4850:
4840:
4803:
4799:
4785:
4752:
4748:
4741:
4706:
4702:
4692:
4667:
4663:
4653:
4626:
4622:
4612:
4600:. Retrieved
4591:
4552:
4548:
4538:
4501:
4497:
4487:
4460:
4456:
4446:
4409:
4405:
4395:
4352:
4348:
4342:
4309:
4305:
4299:
4262:
4258:
4248:
4205:
4201:
4195:
4168:
4165:Nutr Res Rev
4164:
4154:
4127:
4123:
4113:
4101:. Retrieved
4097:the original
4084:
4080:
4070:
4060:23 September
4058:. Retrieved
4022:
4018:
4005:
3978:
3974:
3964:
3937:
3933:
3923:
3896:
3892:
3882:
3870:. Retrieved
3866:
3856:
3844:. Retrieved
3803:
3799:
3789:
3754:
3750:
3740:
3728:. Retrieved
3687:
3683:
3635:
3631:
3621:
3588:
3584:
3574:
3564:26 September
3562:. Retrieved
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547:Malnutrition
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374:Epidemiology
319:Epidemiology
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5759:Amino acids
5698:Macrobiotic
5670:Raw foodism
5660:Liquid diet
5630:Cotton ball
5625:Entomophagy
5618:Other diets
5584:Low-protein
5544:Gluten-free
5452:Pollotarian
5447:Pescetarian
5281:Plant-based
5269:Basic types
5251:Staple food
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4892:11 November
4800:Circulation
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3359:www.cnn.com
2969:23 February
2631:28 December
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2376:25 December
2366:www.cdc.gov
2318:Circulation
2075:Circulation
1953:24 November
1804:Underweight
1689:Peertrainer
1616:Meal timing
1601:weight loss
1582:fatty acids
1443:weight loss
1229:Low-calorie
1220:, with the
1196:weight loss
1042:lose weight
911:underweight
902:lose weight
854:body weight
702:Liposuction
637:Sleep apnea
632:Prediabetes
345:Weight loss
340:Weight gain
330:Underweight
6042:Phosphorus
6032:Molybdenum
5857:Tryptophan
5827:Methionine
5812:Isoleucine
5777:Asparagine
5665:Ninja diet
5599:Renal diet
5564:Low-FODMAP
5559:Low-sodium
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1632:Food diary
1592:See also:
1430:food waste
1394:See also:
1380:vegetables
1363:Detox diet
1261:starvation
1182:vegetables
997:undertaker
978:glycosuria
962:John Rollo
947:dietitians
907:overweight
667:Bariatrics
557:Starvation
335:Body shape
325:Overweight
155:newspapers
122:references
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6134:MyPyramid
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6027:Manganese
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5959:Vitamin D
5954:Vitamin C
5946:Vitamin B
5938:Vitamin B
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5906:Vitamin B
5898:Vitamin B
5890:Vitamin B
5885:Vitamin A
5852:Threonine
5807:Histidine
5797:Glutamine
5750:Nutrition
5736:Diet food
5718:Slow-Carb
5713:Superfood
5708:Junk food
5693:Cambridge
5685:Fad diets
5604:Soft diet
5510:Specific
5419:Raw vegan
5376:Rastafari
5351:Christian
5241:Nutrition
5221:Dietitian
5051:229691531
5035:0952-3871
4984:241732368
4851:USA Today
4357:CiteSeerX
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1428:Reducing
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932:The word
749:Criticism
745:Fast food
236:talk page
144:"Dieting"
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5997:Chromium
5992:Chlorine
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5862:Tyrosine
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