819:
773:
892:
171:
756:
31:
96:
719:
The 2007 classification of
Kingdom Fungi is the result of a large-scale collaborative research effort involving dozens of mycologists and other scientists working on fungal
1282:
2412:
2386:
818:
1084:
727:
within the Fungi, two of which—the
Ascomycota and the Basidiomycota—are contained within a branch representing subkingdom Dikarya. The
1275:
1048:
Lutzoni, F.; et al. (2004). "Assembling the fungal tree of life: progress, classification, and evolution of subcellular traits".
1251:
772:
1323:
1318:
2391:
1402:
1392:
1375:
1268:
2417:
148:
86:
170:
2489:
877:
1975:
759:
Dikaryons shown in a
Basidiomycete mitosis cycle. Note the two nuclei coming from two separate original fungi
2182:
1832:
1790:
1749:
1407:
2313:
2048:
1782:
1566:
947:
1980:
1950:
1842:
1608:
2448:
1927:
1837:
1589:
1576:
1558:
1370:
1299:
1260:
905:
579:
510:
332:
131:
2068:
1619:
1955:
2494:
2427:
2378:
2360:
2215:
2162:
1721:
1584:
1099:
261:
72:
1438:
952:
2192:
2167:
1965:
1917:
1907:
1708:
1647:
1642:
803:
108:
2106:
1614:
2268:
2220:
2207:
2187:
2172:
2152:
2101:
1960:
1772:
1744:
1698:
1634:
1387:
1365:
1353:
1328:
1173:
1123:
973:
720:
534:
251:
165:
122:
117:
77:
2453:
2435:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2177:
2028:
1878:
1764:
1690:
1397:
1360:
1348:
1338:
1227:
1165:
1115:
1065:
1030:
965:
852:
occurs and the resulting four haploid nuclei migrate into four, usually external cells called
848:) occurs in the basidia, club-shaped end cells. Shortly after formation of the diploid cell,
564:
2440:
2297:
2144:
2091:
2033:
1942:
1899:
1870:
1754:
1716:
1624:
1312:
1217:
1207:
1157:
1131:
1107:
1057:
1020:
1012:
957:
934:
Hibbett, D.S.; et al. (March 2007). "A higher level phylogenetic classification of the
243:
220:
43:
2273:
2263:
2245:
2197:
2111:
2063:
2053:
2043:
1970:
1932:
1808:
1731:
1599:
1515:
1485:
1480:
1255:
991:
Hibbett, DS; Blackwell, M; James, TY; Spatafora, JW; Taylor, JW; Vilgalys, R (July 2018).
549:
495:
1248:
1196:"An Overview of the Function and Maintenance of Sexual Reproduction in Dikaryotic Fungi"
1103:
2373:
2258:
2253:
2078:
2058:
2038:
2020:
2005:
1990:
1847:
1739:
1680:
1343:
1222:
1195:
1161:
1025:
992:
594:
63:
58:
30:
2483:
2351:
2129:
2096:
2086:
2010:
1823:
1813:
1672:
1448:
841:
837:
828:
811:
651:
609:
473:
324:
300:
239:
39:
1016:
755:
2157:
1922:
1800:
1430:
1177:
1127:
977:
897:
853:
744:
377:
328:
205:
95:
961:
2345:
1490:
1291:
736:
448:
312:
157:
143:
137:
1888:
1661:
887:
873:
782:
765:
636:
435:
319:. The Dikarya are most of the so-called "higher fungi", but also include many
296:
288:
269:
235:
104:
52:
2336:
1212:
2466:
845:
795:
743:
organisms. The lengths of the branches in this tree are not proportional to
728:
365:
182:
1231:
1119:
1069:
1061:
1034:
969:
1169:
2461:
2399:
2330:
1912:
1546:
1537:
1523:
1382:
833:
401:
351:
320:
316:
304:
1111:
1085:"Reconstructing the early evolution of Fungi using a six-gene phylogeny"
2134:
849:
791:
740:
388:
2404:
1295:
787:
724:
192:
2307:
1148:
Cavalier-Smith, T. (1998). "A revised six-kingdom system of life".
331:
the two divisions regularly group together. In a 1998 publication,
864:
Sexual reproduction has been proposed to have evolved in both the
817:
799:
771:
754:
732:
460:
308:
292:
2365:
713:
Phylogeny of the
Dikarya and upper-level taxa in Kingdom Fungi.
2311:
1264:
806:
appear to be produced by all members of this group.
2320:
2244:
2206:
2143:
2128:
2077:
2019:
1998:
1989:
1941:
1898:
1887:
1869:
1860:
1822:
1799:
1781:
1763:
1730:
1707:
1689:
1671:
1660:
1633:
1598:
1575:
1557:
1545:
1536:
1514:
1507:
1473:
1447:
1429:
1422:
1189:
1187:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
1276:
8:
42:, which includes (clockwise from top-left):
1249:AFTOL classification at Dave Hibbett's site
323:species that would have been classified as
2308:
2140:
1995:
1895:
1866:
1668:
1554:
1542:
1511:
1453:
1426:
1283:
1269:
1261:
832:can be divided into three major lineages:
94:
29:
20:
1221:
1211:
1024:
951:
335:referred to this group as the Neomycota.
107:clockwise from top-left, which includes
917:
822:Basidiomycota life cycle and morphology
7:
2428:211d4fd8-2df2-45bc-87e9-6f381c5c5751
993:"Phylogenetic taxon definitions for
798:enclosed in a special sac called an
776:Ascomycota life cycle and morphology
790:, is characterized by formation of
629:
488:
466:
441:
394:
384:
358:
347:
303:, both of which in general produce
1162:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x
14:
1083:James, T.Y.; et al. (2006).
223:, T.Y.James & Vilgalys (2007)
890:
169:
1017:10.5598/imafungus.2018.09.02.05
802:. The genetic components for
1:
1194:Wallen RM, Perlin MH (2018).
844:. Fusion of haploid nuclei (
962:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.004
880:under stressful conditions.
295:that includes the divisions
327:in historical literature.
87:Meredithblackwellia eburnea
2511:
1050:American Journal of Botany
995:Fungi, Dikarya, Ascomycota
735:and their relationship to
2294:
1456:
1306:
731:depicts the major fungal
649:
634:
627:
607:
592:
577:
562:
547:
532:
508:
493:
486:
471:
464:
446:
439:
414:
399:
392:
382:
363:
356:
315:, but are always without
257:
250:
233:
228:
166:Scientific classification
164:
153:Schizosaccharomyces pombe
102:
93:
37:
28:
23:
1213:10.3389/fmicb.2018.00503
878:homologous recombination
2183:Cryptomycocolacomycetes
1976:Sporopachydermiomycetes
1791:Calcarisporiellomycetes
1833:Palaeovesiarbusmycetes
1783:Calcarisporiellomycota
1750:Ramicandelaberomycetes
1567:Neocallimastigomycetes
1062:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1446
823:
777:
760:
723:. It recognizes seven
2449:Paleobiology Database
2300:(polyphyletic group).
1928:Schizosaccharomycetes
1590:Monoblepharidomycetes
1559:Neocallimastigomycota
906:List of fungal orders
872:as an adaptation for
821:
775:
758:
580:Entomophthoromycotina
511:Neocallimastigomycota
333:Thomas Cavalier-Smith
132:Sarcoscypha austriaca
2216:Peribolosporomycetes
2163:Agaricostilbomycetes
2049:Collemopsidiomycetes
1923:Pneumocystidomycetes
1722:Entomophthoromycetes
1585:Hyaloraphidiomycetes
1466:Paramicrosporidiales
940:Mycological Research
874:repair of DNA damage
73:Exobasidium vaccinii
2193:Spiculogloeomycetes
2168:Cystobasidiomycetes
1981:Trigonopsidomycetes
1951:Alloascoideomycetes
1908:Archaeorhizomycetes
1843:Archaeosporomycetes
1709:Entomophthoromycota
1648:Blastocladiomycetes
1643:Physodermatomycetes
1609:Caulochytriomycetes
1449:Microsporidiomycota
1112:10.1038/nature05110
1104:2006Natur.443..818J
804:sexual reproduction
751:Sexual reproduction
113:Morchella esculenta
53:Dacrymyces palmatus
16:Subkingdom of fungi
2269:Bartheletiomycetes
2221:Monilielliomycetes
2208:Ustilaginomycotina
2188:Atractiellomycetes
2173:Microbotryomycetes
2153:Tritirachiomycetes
2102:Laboulbeniomycetes
1838:Paraglomeromycetes
1773:Mortierellomycetes
1745:Dimargaritomycetes
1699:Basidiobolomycetes
1635:Blastocladiomycota
1577:Monoblepharomycota
1254:2021-04-23 at the
1150:Biological Reviews
824:
778:
761:
535:Blastocladiomycota
127:Tuber melanosporum
118:Neolecta vitellina
82:Phallus indusiatus
2477:
2476:
2436:Open Tree of Life
2314:Taxon identifiers
2305:
2304:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2236:Exobasidiomycetes
2231:Ustilaginomycetes
2226:Malasseziomycetes
2178:Classiculomycetes
2124:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2069:Xylobotryomycetes
2029:Candelariomycetes
1879:Entorrhizomycetes
1856:
1855:
1765:Mortierellomycota
1691:Basidiobolomycota
1656:
1655:
1620:Sanchytriomycetes
1532:
1531:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1498:
860:Adaptive function
717:
716:
707:
706:
698:
697:
689:
688:
680:
679:
671:
670:
662:
661:
565:Kickxellomycotina
521:
520:
425:
424:
282:
281:
277:
276:W. B. Kendr. 1985
273:
265:
224:
158:Microsporum canis
2502:
2470:
2469:
2457:
2456:
2444:
2443:
2431:
2430:
2421:
2420:
2408:
2407:
2395:
2394:
2382:
2381:
2369:
2368:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2309:
2298:fungi imperfecti
2145:Pucciniomycotina
2141:
2092:Geoglossomycetes
2034:Coniocybomycetes
1996:
1956:Dipodascomycetes
1943:Saccharomycotina
1900:Taphrinomycotina
1896:
1871:Entorrhizomycota
1867:
1755:Kickxellomycetes
1717:Neozygitomycetes
1669:
1625:Chytridiomycetes
1555:
1543:
1512:
1454:
1427:
1335:
1315:
1298:classification,
1285:
1278:
1271:
1262:
1236:
1235:
1225:
1215:
1191:
1182:
1181:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1130:. Archived from
1098:(7113): 818–22.
1089:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1028:
988:
982:
981:
955:
931:
900:
895:
894:
893:
630:
489:
467:
442:
395:
385:
359:
348:
343:
342:
329:Phylogenetically
275:
268:
260:
259:Carpomycetaceae
244:Entorrhizomycota
219:
174:
173:
98:
48:Amanita muscaria
33:
21:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2490:Fungus taxonomy
2480:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2465:
2460:
2452:
2447:
2439:
2434:
2426:
2424:
2416:
2411:
2403:
2398:
2390:
2385:
2377:
2372:
2364:
2359:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2316:
2306:
2301:
2278:
2274:Tremellomycetes
2264:Wallemiomycetes
2246:Agaricomycotina
2240:
2202:
2198:Pucciniomycetes
2132:
2116:
2112:Sordariomycetes
2073:
2064:Lecanoromycetes
2054:Dothideomycetes
2044:Arthoniomycetes
2015:
1985:
1971:Saccharomycetes
1937:
1933:Taphrinomycetes
1913:Neolectomycetes
1891:
1883:
1852:
1818:
1809:Endogonomycetes
1795:
1777:
1759:
1732:Kickxellomycota
1726:
1703:
1685:
1664:
1652:
1629:
1600:Chytridiomycota
1594:
1571:
1550:
1528:
1516:Aphelidiomycota
1508:Aphelidiomyceta
1495:
1486:Metchnikovellea
1481:Chytridiopsidea
1469:
1460:Morellosporales
1443:
1418:
1417:
1333:
1311:
1302:
1289:
1256:Wayback Machine
1245:
1240:
1239:
1200:Front Microbiol
1193:
1192:
1185:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1134:
1087:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1056:(10): 1446–80.
1047:
1046:
1042:
990:
989:
985:
953:10.1.1.626.9582
933:
932:
919:
914:
896:
891:
889:
886:
862:
816:
770:
753:
708:
699:
690:
681:
672:
663:
550:Zoopagomycotina
522:
496:Chytridiomycota
426:
341:
266:
242:
238:
218:
168:
78:bamboo mushroom
17:
12:
11:
5:
2508:
2506:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2482:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2458:
2445:
2432:
2422:
2409:
2396:
2383:
2370:
2357:
2342:
2326:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2303:
2302:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2259:Agaricomycetes
2256:
2254:Dacrymycetales
2250:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2212:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2149:
2147:
2138:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2083:
2081:
2079:Sordariomyceta
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2059:Eurotiomycetes
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2039:Lichinomycetes
2036:
2031:
2025:
2023:
2021:Dothideomyceta
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2006:Orbiliomycetes
2002:
2000:
1993:
1991:Pezizomycotina
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1947:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1904:
1902:
1893:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1875:
1873:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1848:Glomeromycetes
1845:
1840:
1835:
1828:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1805:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1787:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1769:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1740:Zoopagomycetes
1736:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1713:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1695:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1681:Olpidiomycetes
1677:
1675:
1666:
1665:(paraphyletic)
1658:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1639:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1611:
1604:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1581:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1563:
1561:
1552:
1551:(paraphyletic)
1540:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1520:
1518:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1463:Nucleophagales
1461:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1439:Rozellomycetes
1435:
1433:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1408:Mesomycetozoea
1405:
1400:
1390:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1344:Diaphoretickes
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1244:
1243:External links
1241:
1238:
1237:
1183:
1140:
1137:on 2007-06-11.
1075:
1040:
1011:(2): 291–298.
983:
916:
915:
913:
910:
909:
908:
902:
901:
885:
882:
861:
858:
815:
808:
794:spores called
769:
762:
752:
749:
715:
714:
710:
709:
705:
704:
701:
700:
696:
695:
692:
691:
687:
686:
683:
682:
678:
677:
674:
673:
669:
668:
665:
664:
660:
659:
656:
655:
648:
645:
644:
641:
640:
633:
628:
626:
618:
617:
614:
613:
606:
603:
602:
599:
598:
595:Mucoromycotina
591:
588:
587:
584:
583:
576:
573:
572:
569:
568:
561:
558:
557:
554:
553:
546:
543:
542:
539:
538:
531:
528:
527:
524:
523:
519:
518:
515:
514:
507:
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503:
500:
499:
492:
487:
485:
482:
481:
478:
477:
470:
465:
463:
457:
456:
453:
452:
445:
440:
438:
432:
431:
428:
427:
423:
422:
419:
418:
413:
410:
409:
406:
405:
398:
393:
391:
383:
381:
374:
373:
370:
369:
362:
357:
355:
346:
340:
337:
280:
279:
274:Dikaryomycota
255:
254:
248:
247:
231:
230:
226:
225:
213:
209:
208:
203:
196:
195:
190:
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:
162:
161:
100:
99:
91:
90:
68:Boletus edulis
59:Clathrus ruber
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2507:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2332:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2299:
2293:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2131:
2130:Basidiomycota
2127:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2097:Leotiomycetes
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2087:Xylonomycetes
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2011:Pezizomycetes
2009:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1966:Pichiomycetes
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1918:Novakomycetes
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1824:Glomeromycota
1821:
1815:
1814:Mucoromycetes
1812:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1673:Olpidiomycota
1670:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1474:Microsporidia
1472:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1431:Rozellomycota
1428:
1425:
1423:Rozellomyceta
1421:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1371:Stramenopiles
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1334:(major groups
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1300:fungal orders
1297:
1293:
1286:
1281:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1156:(3): 203–66.
1155:
1151:
1144:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1079:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
1000:
999:Basidiomycota
996:
987:
984:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
954:
949:
946:(5): 509–47.
945:
941:
937:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
918:
911:
907:
904:
903:
899:
888:
883:
881:
879:
875:
871:
870:Basidiomycota
867:
859:
857:
855:
854:basidiospores
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
830:
829:Basidiomycota
820:
814:
813:
812:Basidiomycota
809:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
784:
774:
768:
767:
763:
757:
750:
748:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
712:
711:
703:
702:
694:
693:
685:
684:
676:
675:
667:
666:
658:
657:
654:
653:
652:Basidiomycota
647:
646:
643:
642:
639:
638:
632:
631:
625:
624:
620:
619:
616:
615:
612:
611:
610:Glomeromycota
605:
604:
601:
600:
597:
596:
590:
589:
586:
585:
582:
581:
575:
574:
571:
570:
567:
566:
560:
559:
556:
555:
552:
551:
545:
544:
541:
540:
537:
536:
530:
529:
526:
525:
517:
516:
513:
512:
506:
505:
502:
501:
498:
497:
491:
490:
484:
483:
480:
479:
476:
475:
474:Microsporidia
469:
468:
462:
459:
458:
455:
454:
451:
450:
444:
443:
437:
434:
433:
430:
429:
421:
420:
417:
412:
411:
408:
407:
404:
403:
397:
396:
390:
387:
386:
379:
376:
375:
372:
371:
368:
367:
361:
360:
354:
353:
350:
349:
345:
344:
338:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
301:Basidiomycota
298:
294:
290:
286:
278:
271:
263:
256:
253:
249:
246:
245:
241:
240:Basidiomycota
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
214:
211:
210:
207:
204:
201:
198:
197:
194:
191:
188:
187:
184:
181:
178:
177:
172:
167:
163:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:fission yeast
146:
145:
140:
139:
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:black truffle
120:
119:
114:
110:
106:
103:Diversity of
101:
97:
92:
89:
88:
83:
79:
75:
74:
69:
65:
61:
60:
55:
54:
49:
45:
41:
40:Basidiomycota
38:Diversity of
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2321:
2158:Mixiomycetes
2107:Sareomycetes
1861:
1801:Mucoromycota
1615:Coenomycetes
1393:Opisthokonta
1203:
1199:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1132:the original
1095:
1091:
1078:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1008:
1004:
998:
994:
986:
943:
939:
935:
898:Fungi portal
869:
865:
863:
827:
825:
810:
781:
779:
764:
745:evolutionary
718:
650:
635:
622:
621:
608:
593:
578:
563:
548:
533:
509:
494:
472:
447:
415:
400:
378:Opisthokonta
364:
284:
283:
258:
234:
215:
212:Subkingdom:
206:Symbiomycota
199:
156:
152:
142:
136:
130:
126:
116:
112:
109:common morel
85:
81:
71:
67:
57:
51:
47:
18:
2495:Subkingdoms
2346:Wikispecies
1961:Lipomycetes
1892:(sac fungi)
1491:Microsporea
1292:Opisthokont
826:The phylum
780:The phylum
747:distances.
737:opisthokont
449:Nucleariids
313:unicellular
309:filamentous
144:Rhizocarpon
138:Penicillium
2484:Categories
2296:See also:
1889:Ascomycota
1662:Zygomycota
1296:True fungi
1005:IMA Fungus
912:References
866:Ascomycota
796:ascospores
783:Ascomycota
766:Ascomycota
637:Ascomycota
436:Holomycota
321:anamorphic
297:Ascomycota
289:subkingdom
270:Caval.-Sm.
267:Neomycota
236:Ascomycota
229:Divisions
105:Ascomycota
44:fly-agaric
2467:100450496
1547:Zoosporic
1524:Aphelidea
1388:Amoebozoa
1366:Alveolata
1354:Cryptista
1329:Eukaryota
948:CiteSeerX
846:karyogamy
834:mushrooms
786:, or sac
729:cladogram
725:divisions
366:Amoebozoa
339:Phylogeny
307:, may be
305:dikaryons
189:Kingdom:
183:Eukaryota
2462:Tropicos
2400:MycoBank
2374:Fungorum
2366:10594877
2331:Wikidata
1538:Eumycota
1383:Amorphea
1361:Rhizaria
1349:Hacrobia
1339:Excavata
1324:Bacteria
1252:Archived
1232:29619017
1120:17051209
1070:21652303
1035:30622884
970:17572334
884:See also
721:taxonomy
402:Animalia
352:Unikonta
317:flagella
252:Synonyms
179:Domain:
24:Dikarya
2352:Dikarya
2337:Q755714
2322:Dikarya
2135:basidia
1862:Dikarya
1398:Animals
1319:Archaea
1223:5871698
1206:: 503.
1178:6557779
1170:9809012
1128:4302864
1100:Bibcode
1026:6317587
978:4686378
850:meiosis
792:meiotic
741:unikont
623:Dikarya
416:
389:Holozoa
285:Dikarya
221:Hibbett
216:Dikarya
155:), and
84:), and
64:porcini
2454:325036
2441:656316
2425:NZOR:
2418:451864
2405:501463
2392:936287
2379:501463
2133:(with
1376:Plants
1313:Domain
1230:
1220:
1176:
1168:
1126:
1118:
1092:Nature
1068:
1033:
1023:
976:
968:
950:
788:fungus
272:(1998)
264:(1907)
262:Bessey
1999:Other
1549:fungi
1403:Fungi
1174:S2CID
1135:(PDF)
1124:S2CID
1088:(PDF)
974:S2CID
936:Fungi
842:smuts
838:rusts
800:ascus
461:Fungi
325:molds
293:Fungi
287:is a
200:Clade
193:Fungi
2413:NCBI
2387:ITIS
1228:PMID
1166:PMID
1116:PMID
1066:PMID
1031:PMID
997:and
966:PMID
876:via
868:and
840:and
739:and
733:taxa
299:and
2361:EoL
1218:PMC
1208:doi
1158:doi
1108:doi
1096:443
1058:doi
1021:PMC
1013:doi
958:doi
944:111
938:".
311:or
291:of
129:),
115:),
70:),
50:),
2486::
2464::
2451::
2438::
2415::
2402::
2389::
2376::
2363::
2348::
2333::
1294::
1226:.
1216:.
1202:.
1198:.
1186:^
1172:.
1164:.
1154:73
1152:.
1122:.
1114:.
1106:.
1094:.
1090:.
1064:.
1054:91
1052:.
1029:.
1019:.
1007:.
1003:.
972:.
964:.
956:.
942:.
920:^
856:.
836:,
380:;
202::
147:,
141:,
135:,
121:,
76:,
62:,
56:,
2137:)
1831:†
1613:?
1607:?
1410:)
1284:e
1277:t
1270:v
1234:.
1210::
1204:9
1180:.
1160::
1110::
1102::
1072:.
1060::
1037:.
1015::
1009:9
1001:"
980:.
960::
151:(
125:(
111:(
80:(
66:(
46:(
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