687:
33:
290:
54:
372:
244:
in the neolithic site Arbon-Bleiche 3, Switzerland. This location is near a lake, which likely provided early humans with access to freshwater fish and frogs. The samples were dated from 3384 to 3370 BC, and is evidence that the prevalence of this infection was higher in early human history (before
450:
is distributed worldwide, though markedly less frequent in Africa and
Oceania, human infection is extremely rare. Regions around the Caspian Sea have the highest number of cases, with the most occurring in Iran. Infections are also most commonly found in areas where freshwater fish is a dietary
865:
Katafigiotis, Ioannis; Fragkiadis, Evangelos; Pournaras, Christos; Nonni, Afrodite & Stravodimos, Konstantinos G. (October 2013). "Case Report: A rare case of a 39-year-old male with a parasite called
Dioctophyma renale mimicking renal cancer at the computed tomography of the right kidney".
196:
is distributed worldwide, but is less common in Africa and
Oceania. It affects fish-eating mammals, particularly mink and dogs. Human infestation is rare, but results in kidney destruction, usually of one kidney and hence not fatal. A 2019 review listed a total of 37 known human cases of
1060:
Nakagawa, Tizianne
Larissa Duim Ribeiro; Bracarense, Ana Paula Frederico Rodrigues Loureiro; Faria Dos Reis, Antonio Carlos; Yamamura, Milton Hissashi & Headley, Selwyn Arlington (April 2007). "Giant kidney worm (Dioctophyma renale) infections in dogs from Northern Paraná, Brazil".
304:
inhabit the kidney (typically the right kidney). Females produce eggs which are passed in urine. In aquatic environments, eggs embryonate after 15–100 days. These eggs are ingested by an aquatic oligochaete, hatch, penetrate blood vessels, and develop into a stage three larvae. A
274:(intermittent pain in the kidney area), which may result from the rare migration of worms through ureters. In some cases the fibrosis occurring after parasite infection is an incidental finding in ultrasound or CT scan, mimicking renal cancer, leading to radical nephrectomy.
281:, the development of excess fibrous connective tissue. Global renal dysfunction is typically limited because the non-infected kidney is usually capable of assuming the increased work. However, parenchymal inflammation can lead to death in extreme circumstances.
389:
to parasitize humans. Adult male worms are 20–40 cm long and 5–6 mm wide; females can grow to 103 cm in length with a width of 10–12 mm. Both sexes appear bright red in color and taper at both the anterior and posterior ends. Male
410:
eggs in a patient's urine. However, obtaining patient history (i.e., if the patient has consumed undercooked or raw freshwater fish) is an important first step that can be coupled with radiological exams to search for enlarged or calcified kidneys.
397:
Eggs are 60–80 micrometres x 39–47 micrometres, contain an embryo, and have characteristic sculpturing of the shell. They have an oval-shape and brownish-yellow hue. Eggs have a thick shell, and the surface appears to be pitted except at the poles.
317:
host is then eaten by a definitive host, wherein juveniles penetrate intestinal lining and migrate to the liver. After maturing for approximately 50 days, the juveniles then migrate to the kidneys (typically the right kidney). Upon maturation,
454:
Non-human infections are more common worldwide, especially in areas of temperate climate. Prevalence in mink populations may be high, such as portions of
Ontario or Minnesota. Similarly, some minnow populations may be as high as 50%.
1013:
Ribeiro, Carlos Torres; Verocai, Guilherme Gomes & Tavares, Luiz
Eduardo Roland (April 2009). "Dioctophyme renale (Nematoda, Dioctophymatidae) Infection in the Crab-eating Fox (Cerdocyon thous) from Brazil".
467:
infections have resulted from undercooked or raw freshwater fish consumption. Thus, the simple practice of thoroughly cooking fish prior to consumption could be promoted and lead to eradication of
233:
2583:
2483:
245:
full understanding of proper cooking techniques). Eggs were also found in 2019 in a well-preserved largely fish-eating settlement in
England dating to 900 BC.
438:
to treat a patient, who was effectively cured. The use of anti-helminth drugs has not yet been evaluated as the proper course of action to treat this infection.
2496:
709:
197:
dioctophymiasis in 10 countries with the highest number (22) in China. Upon diagnosis through tissue sampling, the only treatment is surgical excision.
2457:
602:
793:
LeBailly, M.; Leuzinger, U.; Bouchet, F. (October 2003). "Dioctophymidae Eggs in
Coprolites From Neolithic Site of Arbon-Bleiche 3 (Switzerland)".
2563:
1276:
533:
847:
2509:
2573:
945:
2418:
767:
2578:
1202:
Ignjatovic, I; Stojkovic, I; Kutlesic, C & Tasic, S (January 2003). "Infestation of the Human Kidney with
Dioctophyma renale".
564:
2535:
463:
No public health measures have been undertaken or vaccines developed because of the rarity of human infection. The majority of
737:
1735:
1100:
2405:
2072:
1721:
1628:
1269:
1105:
970:
Mace, T. F. (January 1976). "Lessions in Mink (Mustela vision) Infected with Giant Kidney Worm (Dioctophyma renale)".
165:
53:
2436:
2501:
903:"Centrachid Fish as Paratenic Hosts of the Giant Kidney Worm, Dioctophyma Renale (Goeze, 1782), in Ontario, Canada"
713:
2449:
2312:
2235:
2206:
480:
1118:
2318:
1413:
1357:
427:
infection in humans. The only known means is surgical excision of either adult worms or the infected kidney.
2255:
2050:
2039:
1623:
1563:
1549:
1372:
1351:
795:
2386:
686:
2348:
2153:
1948:
1801:
1491:
1486:
1477:
1453:
1262:
2410:
610:
2034:
1577:
1458:
1339:
148:
537:
536:. Parasitology Research & Encyclopedic Reference of Parasitology. 22 February 2009. Archived from
356:
Transmission to humans typically occurs upon ingestion of raw or undercooked freshwater fish or frog.
2540:
2286:
2113:
1953:
1927:
1909:
1679:
1569:
2568:
2325:
2300:
2227:
1894:
1843:
1418:
1399:
1345:
1334:
2186:
2078:
2058:
2028:
1888:
1863:
1763:
1713:
1604:
1535:
1438:
1227:
1179:
1130:
1122:
1039:
995:
828:
509:
48:
1101:"Prevalence of Giant Kidney Worm (Dioctophyma renale) in Wild Mink (Mustela vison) in Minnesota"
2488:
949:
289:
2522:
1433:
1378:
1285:
1219:
1171:
1078:
1031:
987:
924:
883:
820:
812:
675:
657:
638:(giant kidney worm) accompanied by renal cancer and a retrospective study of dioctophymiasis"
363:. Confirmed cases of infection have occurred in minks, dogs, swine, bears, oxen, and humans.
2527:
2219:
2212:
2092:
1706:
1674:
1254:
1211:
1161:
1114:
1070:
1023:
979:
914:
875:
804:
665:
649:
189:
262:
infestation (known as dioctophymosis) typically present with unspecific symptoms including
224:
upon discovering the worms in a dog kidney. The family
Dioctophymidae has only one genus (
220:
was discovered in 1583. Almost two centuries later, in 1782, Johann Goeze first described
2046:
1960:
1698:
1648:
1643:
1541:
1526:
1465:
1364:
371:
2444:
2431:
2178:
2141:
2086:
1901:
1880:
1849:
1807:
1686:
1635:
1614:
1583:
1555:
1498:
1425:
670:
633:
568:
115:
2557:
2165:
2146:
1920:
1915:
1666:
1654:
1405:
1289:
632:
Yang, Fengkun; Zhang, Weizhe; Gong, Baiyan; Yao, Lan; Liu, Aiqin; Ling, Hong (2019).
1231:
1134:
1043:
999:
832:
406:
The only means of obtaining a definitive diagnosis is through the identification of
2305:
2261:
2157:
2064:
1939:
1510:
1183:
744:
32:
1074:
879:
743:. Mediterranean Zoonoses Control Center/World Health Organization. Archived from
277:
Adult worms typically only infect one kidney. The kidney is destroyed because of
2470:
2380:
2292:
2277:
2133:
2014:
1995:
1986:
1974:
1828:
1792:
1774:
1741:
1727:
1519:
1445:
1390:
1325:
428:
423:
Likely because of the rarity of human cases, there is no standard treatment for
310:
271:
125:
95:
2371:
1166:
1149:
1027:
653:
2197:
2119:
2104:
1874:
1833:
1248:
983:
919:
902:
435:
412:
241:
228:), and the name of the genus was in contention (with the possibility of being
105:
2423:
816:
661:
1819:
1662:
1315:
1310:
314:
306:
267:
263:
65:
1223:
1082:
1035:
887:
824:
781:
679:
205:
Dioctophymosis, dioctophymiasis, giant kidney worm, kidney worm infection,
1251:- YouTube video showing the removal of five giant kidney worms from a dog.
1175:
928:
2397:
2365:
2246:
2127:
2019:
1968:
1783:
1297:
991:
386:
278:
185:
85:
2462:
1857:
1599:
1126:
350:
346:
2475:
1215:
808:
607:
Tropical Medicine Central Resource International Society of Radiology
334:
330:
75:
2342:
710:"Dioctophyme renale Infection in Bears (Parasitic Disease Summary)"
1148:
Barros, D. M.; Lorini, M. L. & Persson, V. G. (October 1990).
394:
worms have a bursa, which is used to attach to facilitate mating.
370:
288:
848:"Bronze age meals in the marshes – seasoned with parasitic worms"
2514:
415:
will likely show hematuria blood tests may reveal eosinophilia.
326:
232:) for two hundred years. The issue was finally resolved by the
2346:
1258:
378:
eggs exhibiting the characteristic pitted and sculptured shell
342:
338:
1119:
10.1674/0003-0031(2001)145[0206:pogkwd]2.0.co;2
738:"An Introduction to FOODBORNE DISEASES & HACCP Systems"
736:
Charisis, N. S. & Vassalos, K. M. (22 February 2009).
601:
Palmer, Philip E. S.; Reeder, Maurice (22 February 2009).
901:
Measures, Lena N. & Anderson, Roy C. (January 1985).
567:. Molecular Medicine. 22 February 2009. Archived from
1150:"Dioctophymosis in the Little Grison (Galictis cuja)"
504:
502:
500:
498:
496:
603:"Kidney Worm: Dioctophymiasis and Eustrongylidiasis"
2355:
2276:
2245:
2196:
2103:
2013:
1985:
1938:
1827:
1818:
1791:
1782:
1773:
1760:
1697:
1613:
1598:
1509:
1476:
1389:
1324:
1309:
1296:
234:
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
766:
325:Definitive hosts are carnivorous mammals, notably
431:is generally considered extreme for human cases.
1099:Mech, L. David; Tracy, Shawn P. (January 2001).
946:"Giant Kidney Worm (Dioctophyme renale) in Dogs"
43:that was free floating in the abdomen of a dog
559:
557:
555:
553:
551:
549:
547:
188:(roundworm) whose mature form is found in the
1270:
1197:
1195:
1193:
8:
1055:
1053:
2343:
1824:
1788:
1779:
1770:
1610:
1321:
1306:
1277:
1263:
1255:
731:
729:
727:
725:
723:
512:. Kansas State University. 5 February 2001
31:
20:
2584:Taxa named by Johann August Ephraim Goeze
1165:
918:
669:
528:
526:
761:
759:
757:
596:
594:
592:
590:
588:
586:
584:
582:
580:
578:
1094:
1092:
940:
938:
704:
702:
700:
698:
696:
492:
459:Public health and prevention strategies
270:, loin pain, renal enlargement, and/or
7:
2450:8d0a52cd-cd0e-4f7c-a787-c119e6dc8f59
948:. PetEducation.com. Archived from
712:. 22 February 2009. Archived from
534:"Urinary System Diseases, Animals"
359:There are multiple reservoirs for
240:eggs were discovered in six human
14:
565:"Homo sapiens diseases - Metazoa"
685:
52:
254:Clinical presentation in humans
2564:Parasitic nematodes of mammals
180:, commonly referred to as the
1:
846:Ian Sample (16 August 2019).
1736:Diphyllobothrium mansonoides
1154:Journal of Wildlife Diseases
1075:10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.10.027
1016:Journal of Wildlife Diseases
972:Journal of Wildlife Diseases
907:Journal of Wildlife Diseases
880:10.1016/j.parint.2013.06.007
434:A physician reportedly used
322:can survive for five years.
2574:Nematodes described in 1782
2073:Angiostrongylus cantonensis
1722:Spirometra erinaceieuropaei
1106:American Midland Naturalist
771:. Gideon. 22 February 2009.
285:Transmission and life cycle
2600:
1167:10.7589/0090-3558-26.4.538
1028:10.7589/0090-3558-45.1.248
868:Parasitology International
2313:Capillaria philippinensis
2236:Halicephalobus gingivalis
2207:Strongyloides stercoralis
984:10.7589/0090-3558-12.1.88
920:10.7589/0090-3558-21.1.11
481:List of parasites (human)
309:host may then ingest the
154:
147:
49:Scientific classification
47:
39:
30:
23:
2579:Rare infectious diseases
2319:Intestinal capillariasis
1414:Dicrocoelium dendriticum
1204:Urologia Internationalis
654:10.1051/parasite/2019023
2306:Trichuriasis / Whipworm
2256:Enterobius vermicularis
2051:Cutaneous larva migrans
1624:Echinococcus granulosus
1564:Heterophyes heterophyes
1550:Gastrodiscoides hominis
1373:Trichobilharzia regenti
1063:Veterinary Parasitology
796:Journal of Parasitology
2154:Visceral larva migrans
1949:Gnathostoma spinigerum
1802:Dracunculus medinensis
1708:Diphyllobothrium latum
1487:Paragonimus westermani
1454:Opisthorchis viverrini
379:
313:. The oligochaete or
297:
2035:Ancylostoma duodenale
1578:Metagonimus yokogawai
768:"Infectious Diseases"
510:"Animal Parasitology"
471:infection in humans.
374:
292:
2445:Fauna Europaea (new)
2287:Trichinella spiralis
2114:Ascaris lumbricoides
1928:Lymphatic filariasis
1910:Wuchereria bancrofti
329:, but also includes
213:History of discovery
16:Species of roundworm
2301:Trichuris trichiura
2228:Trichostrongyliasis
1844:Onchocerca volvulus
1400:Clonorchis sinensis
1335:Schistosoma mansoni
1316:Trematode infection
2387:Dioctophyma renale
2357:Dioctophyme renale
2187:Parascaris equorum
2173:Dioctophyme renale
2079:Angiostrongyliasis
2059:Necator americanus
2029:Hookworm infection
1889:Dirofilaria repens
1714:Diphyllobothriasis
1605:Tapeworm infection
1536:Fasciolopsis buski
636:Dioctophyma renale
380:
376:Dioctophyme renale
302:Dioctophyme renale
298:
295:Dioctophyme renale
266:(blood in urine),
260:Dioctophyme renale
236:in 1987. In 2003,
218:Dioctophyme renale
207:Dioctophyme renale
190:kidneys of mammals
177:Dioctophyme renale
158:Dioctophyme renale
41:Dioctophyme renale
25:Dioctophyme renale
2551:
2550:
2523:Open Tree of Life
2349:Taxon identifiers
2340:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2272:
2271:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2004:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1630:E. multilocularis
1594:
1593:
1434:Fasciola hepatica
1286:Parasitic disease
1249:Giant Kidney Worm
1216:10.1159/000067695
809:10.1645/ge-3202rn
782:ICZN Opinion 1552
716:on June 15, 2009.
634:"A human case of
613:on 5 October 2019
571:on July 22, 2009.
540:on June 16, 2009.
258:Individuals with
184:, is a parasitic
182:giant kidney worm
173:
172:
2591:
2544:
2543:
2531:
2530:
2518:
2517:
2505:
2504:
2492:
2491:
2479:
2478:
2466:
2465:
2453:
2452:
2440:
2439:
2427:
2426:
2414:
2413:
2401:
2400:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2344:
2221:Trichostrongylus
2213:Strongyloidiasis
2093:Metastrongylosis
1825:
1789:
1780:
1771:
1675:Hymenolepis nana
1611:
1511:Intestinal fluke
1322:
1307:
1279:
1272:
1265:
1256:
1236:
1235:
1199:
1188:
1187:
1169:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1096:
1087:
1086:
1057:
1048:
1047:
1010:
1004:
1003:
967:
961:
960:
958:
957:
942:
933:
932:
922:
898:
892:
891:
862:
856:
855:
843:
837:
836:
790:
784:
779:
773:
772:
770:
763:
752:
751:
749:
742:
733:
718:
717:
706:
691:
690:
689:
683:
673:
629:
623:
622:
620:
618:
609:. Archived from
598:
573:
572:
561:
542:
541:
530:
521:
520:
518:
517:
506:
160:
57:
56:
35:
21:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2539:
2534:
2526:
2521:
2513:
2508:
2500:
2495:
2487:
2482:
2474:
2469:
2461:
2456:
2448:
2443:
2435:
2430:
2422:
2417:
2409:
2404:
2396:
2394:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2351:
2341:
2332:
2268:
2241:
2192:
2099:
2047:Ancylostomiasis
2017:
2001:
1981:
1961:Gnathostomiasis
1934:
1831:
1814:
1765:
1762:
1748:
1699:Pseudophyllidea
1693:
1644:Taenia saginata
1602:
1590:
1542:Fasciolopsiasis
1527:Echinostomiasis
1505:
1472:
1466:Opisthorchiasis
1385:
1365:Schistosomiasis
1359:S. intercalatum
1313:
1311:Fluke/trematode
1302:
1299:
1292:
1283:
1245:
1240:
1239:
1201:
1200:
1191:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1098:
1097:
1090:
1069:(3–4): 366–70.
1059:
1058:
1051:
1012:
1011:
1007:
969:
968:
964:
955:
953:
944:
943:
936:
900:
899:
895:
864:
863:
859:
845:
844:
840:
803:(5): 1073–076.
792:
791:
787:
780:
776:
765:
764:
755:
747:
740:
735:
734:
721:
708:
707:
694:
684:
631:
630:
626:
616:
614:
600:
599:
576:
563:
562:
545:
532:
531:
524:
515:
513:
508:
507:
494:
489:
477:
461:
444:
421:
404:
385:is the largest
369:
287:
256:
251:
215:
203:
169:
162:
156:
143:
51:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2597:
2595:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2556:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2532:
2519:
2506:
2493:
2480:
2467:
2454:
2441:
2432:Fauna Europaea
2428:
2415:
2402:
2392:
2377:
2361:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2309:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2282:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2251:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2202:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2179:Dioctophymosis
2169:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2142:Toxocara canis
2138:
2137:
2136:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2109:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2087:Metastrongylus
2083:
2082:
2081:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2041:A. braziliense
2031:
2025:
2023:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1991:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1944:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1902:Dirofilariasis
1892:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1881:Mansonelliasis
1871:
1870:
1869:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1850:Onchocerciasis
1839:
1837:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1808:Dracunculiasis
1797:
1795:
1786:
1777:
1768:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1703:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1687:Hymenolepiasis
1671:
1670:
1669:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1636:Echinococcosis
1619:
1617:
1615:Cyclophyllidea
1608:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1584:Metagonimiasis
1574:
1573:
1572:
1570:Heterophyiasis
1560:
1559:
1558:
1556:Amphistomiasis
1546:
1545:
1544:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1515:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1499:Paragonimiasis
1482:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1426:Dicrocoeliasis
1410:
1409:
1408:
1395:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1379:Swimmer's itch
1369:
1368:
1367:
1353:S. haematobium
1330:
1328:
1319:
1304:
1294:
1293:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1274:
1267:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1244:
1243:External links
1241:
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1189:
1140:
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1049:
1005:
962:
934:
893:
857:
838:
785:
774:
753:
750:on 2011-07-17.
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522:
491:
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293:Life cycle of
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247:
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137:
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2189:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2166:Baylisascaris
2163:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2131:
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2125:
2121:
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2016:
2012:
1998:
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1984:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1917:
1916:Brugia malayi
1912:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1855:
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1778:
1776:
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1769:
1767:
1759:
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1733:
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1719:
1715:
1712:
1711:
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1709:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1667:Cysticercosis
1664:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1633:
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1612:
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1571:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1557:
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1547:
1543:
1540:
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1538:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1493:P. kellicotti
1489:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1456:
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1451:
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1444:
1443:
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1436:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1406:Clonorchiasis
1404:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1300:platyhelminth
1295:
1291:
1290:helminthiases
1287:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1160:(4): 538–39.
1159:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1113:(1): 206–09.
1112:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1022:(2): 248–50.
1021:
1017:
1009:
1006:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
966:
963:
952:on 2015-07-24
951:
947:
941:
939:
935:
930:
926:
921:
916:
912:
908:
904:
897:
894:
889:
885:
881:
877:
874:(5): 459–60.
873:
869:
861:
858:
853:
849:
842:
839:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
797:
789:
786:
783:
778:
775:
769:
762:
760:
758:
754:
746:
739:
732:
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724:
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715:
711:
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703:
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697:
693:
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677:
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628:
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529:
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511:
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486:
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377:
373:
366:
364:
362:
357:
354:
352:
348:
344:
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336:
332:
328:
323:
321:
316:
312:
308:
303:
296:
291:
284:
282:
280:
275:
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261:
253:
248:
246:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
212:
210:
208:
200:
198:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
178:
167:
161:
159:
153:
150:
149:Binomial name
146:
142:
141:
136:
133:
132:
129:
128:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
87:
84:
81:
80:
77:
74:
71:
70:
67:
64:
61:
60:
55:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
2356:
2326:
2311:
2299:
2285:
2262:Enterobiasis
2254:
2234:
2220:
2205:
2185:
2172:
2171:
2164:
2158:Toxocariasis
2147:
2140:
2126:
2112:
2085:
2071:
2065:Necatoriasis
2057:
2040:
2033:
1994:
1967:
1954:
1947:
1940:Thelazioidea
1921:
1914:
1908:
1895:
1887:
1873:
1864:
1856:
1842:
1800:
1734:
1720:
1707:
1680:
1673:
1655:
1649:
1642:
1629:
1622:
1576:
1562:
1548:
1534:
1525:
1518:
1492:
1485:
1459:
1452:
1440:F. gigantica
1439:
1432:
1419:
1412:
1398:
1371:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1341:S. japonicum
1340:
1333:
1210:(1): 70–73.
1207:
1203:
1157:
1153:
1143:
1110:
1104:
1066:
1062:
1019:
1015:
1008:
978:(1): 88–92.
975:
971:
965:
954:. Retrieved
950:the original
913:(1): 11–19.
910:
906:
896:
871:
867:
860:
852:The Guardian
851:
841:
800:
794:
788:
777:
745:the original
714:the original
645:
641:
635:
627:
615:. Retrieved
611:the original
606:
569:the original
538:the original
514:. Retrieved
468:
464:
462:
453:
447:
445:
442:Epidemiology
433:
424:
422:
407:
405:
396:
391:
382:
381:
375:
360:
358:
355:
324:
319:
301:
299:
294:
276:
259:
257:
237:
229:
225:
221:
217:
216:
206:
204:
193:
181:
176:
175:
174:
157:
155:
139:
138:
126:
40:
24:
18:
2471:iNaturalist
2381:Wikispecies
2327:C. hepatica
2293:Trichinosis
2278:Adenophorea
2134:Anisakiasis
2015:Strongylida
1996:Gongylonema
1987:Spiruroidea
1975:Thelaziasis
1955:G. hispidum
1829:Filarioidea
1793:Camallanida
1775:Secernentea
1742:Sparganosis
1728:Sparganosis
1681:H. diminuta
1650:T. asiatica
1520:Echinostoma
1460:O. felineus
1446:Fasciolosis
1391:Liver fluke
1326:Blood fluke
617:24 February
429:Nephrectomy
311:oligochaete
272:renal colic
230:Dioctophyma
226:Dioctophyme
127:Dioctophyme
96:Chromadorea
2569:Ascaridida
2558:Categories
2198:Rhabditida
2120:Ascariasis
2105:Ascaridida
1896:D. immitis
1875:Mansonella
1867:filariasis
1834:Filariasis
1761:Roundworm/
1478:Lung fluke
1347:S. mekongi
1288:caused by
956:2015-07-23
516:2015-07-23
487:References
451:mainstay.
436:Ivermectin
419:Management
413:Urinalysis
367:Morphology
242:coprolites
209:infection
106:Ascaridida
1922:B. timori
1820:Spirurida
1766:infection
1663:Taeniasis
1656:T. solium
1420:D. hospes
1303:infection
1298:Flatworm/
817:1937-2345
662:1776-1042
469:D. renale
465:D. renale
448:D. renale
425:D. renale
408:D. renale
402:Diagnosis
392:D. renale
383:D. renale
361:D. renale
320:D. renale
315:paratenic
307:paratenic
268:nephritis
264:hematuria
238:D. renale
222:D. renale
194:D. renale
134:Species:
72:Kingdom:
66:Eukaryota
2489:11479086
2395:BioLib:
2372:Q5279085
2366:Wikidata
2247:Oxyurida
2128:Anisakis
2020:hookworm
1969:Thelazia
1784:Spiruria
1764:Nematode
1232:36839206
1224:12566820
1135:85945976
1083:17156927
1044:26764971
1036:19204359
1000:13412380
888:23811203
833:21884826
825:14627164
680:30963996
642:Parasite
475:See also
387:nematode
347:raccoons
279:fibrosis
201:Synonyms
186:nematode
112:Family:
86:Nematoda
82:Phylum:
76:Animalia
62:Domain:
2463:4554247
2148:T. cati
1865:Loa loa
1858:Loa loa
1600:Cestoda
1184:7805746
1176:2250331
1127:3083096
929:3157009
671:6454929
446:Though
351:weasels
335:coyotes
168:, 1782)
122:Genus:
102:Order:
92:Class:
2541:458944
2528:521937
2515:458944
2502:513045
2476:417535
2437:391546
2424:250735
2411:897525
1658:(pork)
1230:
1222:
1182:
1174:
1133:
1125:
1081:
1042:
1034:
998:
992:130503
990:
927:
886:
831:
823:
815:
678:
668:
660:
648:: 22.
349:, and
331:wolves
300:Adult
2536:WoRMS
2484:IRMNG
2419:EUNIS
2398:87281
1228:S2CID
1180:S2CID
1131:S2CID
1123:JSTOR
1040:S2CID
996:S2CID
829:S2CID
748:(PDF)
741:(PDF)
339:foxes
166:Goeze
2510:OBIS
2497:NCBI
2458:GBIF
2406:BOLD
2223:spp.
1220:PMID
1172:PMID
1079:PMID
1032:PMID
988:PMID
925:PMID
884:PMID
821:PMID
813:ISSN
676:PMID
658:ISSN
619:2009
343:dogs
327:mink
1212:doi
1162:doi
1115:doi
1111:145
1071:doi
1067:145
1024:doi
980:doi
915:doi
876:doi
805:doi
666:PMC
650:doi
192:.
2560::
2538::
2525::
2512::
2499::
2486::
2473::
2460::
2447::
2434::
2421::
2408::
2383::
2368::
2156:/
2145:/
2049:/
2038:/
1952:/
1919:/
1913:/
1678:/
1665:/
1653:/
1647:/
1627:/
1490:/
1457:/
1437:/
1417:/
1356:/
1350:/
1344:/
1338:/
1226:.
1218:.
1208:70
1206:.
1192:^
1178:.
1170:.
1158:26
1156:.
1152:.
1129:.
1121:.
1109:.
1103:.
1091:^
1077:.
1065:.
1052:^
1038:.
1030:.
1020:45
1018:.
994:.
986:.
976:12
974:.
937:^
923:.
911:21
909:.
905:.
882:.
872:62
870:.
850:.
827:.
819:.
811:.
801:89
799:.
756:^
722:^
695:^
674:.
664:.
656:.
646:26
644:.
640:.
605:.
577:^
546:^
525:^
495:^
353:.
345:,
341:,
337:,
333:,
2308:)
2304:(
2022:)
2018:(
1836:)
1832:(
1607:)
1603:(
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1314:(
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1234:.
1214::
1186:.
1164::
1137:.
1117::
1085:.
1073::
1046:.
1026::
1002:.
982::
959:.
931:.
917::
890:.
878::
854:.
835:.
807::
682:.
652::
621:.
519:.
164:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
