27:
47:
492:
212:
500:
463:, Raepsaet, in contrast, calculates a maximum pulling force of 27 kN, which would have needed a slightly smaller towing crew. Under these circumstances, the use of harnessed oxenâwhich has been refuted by Tolley on the basis of their relatively diminished pulling capabilitiesâwould have become feasible. However, the necessary expenditure of energy at the Diolkos must be regarded in both scenarios as considerable.
388:
1556:
475:, in the basic sense of a prepared track which so guides the vehicles running on it that they cannot leave the track. Measuring between 6 km (4 mi) and 8.5 km (5.3 mi), and being open to all on payment, it constituted even a public railway, a concept which according to Lewis did not reoccur until c. 1800. Also, its average
354:
483:
appear at all. On the other hand, the marked cambers of this road section may point at deliberate tracks as well. Generally, varying forms of the grooves can also be explained by the long period of operation of the
Diolkos, during which modifications and repairs must have significantly changed the appearance of the trackway.
366:(3.7â4.3 mi), 8 km (5 mi) or 8.5 km (5.3 mi) depending on the number of supposed bends taken into account. A total of 1,100 m (3,609 ft) has been archaeologically traced, mainly at its western end close to the Bay of Corinth. There the known trackway began at a mooring place south of the
339:
to points west and east. It is not known what tolls
Corinth extracted from the Diolkos on its territory, but the fact that the trackway was used and maintained long after its construction indicates that it remained for merchant ships an attractive alternative to the trip around Cape Malea for much of
482:
However, a close examination of the excavated tracks may give a different picture. While there is agreement that the grooves in the eastern part were cut deliberately into the stone slabs to guide cart wheels, those in the western section are interpreted by some authors as a result of wear or do not
530:
Systematic excavations were finally undertaken by the Greek archaeologist
Nikolaos Verdelis between 1956 and 1962, and these uncovered a nearly continuous stretch of 800 m (2,600 ft) and traced about 1,100 m (3,600 ft) in all. Even though Verdelis' excavation reports continue to
202:
The
Diolkos also had a commercial function in transporting goods. Little is known of its success in increasing trade but because of the length of time it was maintained, it is presumed that it had some positive impact. In addition to trade, during wartime the Diolkos may have been used to transport
455:
over an extended period of time, the pulling teamsâdepending on the slope and the surface of the cart trackâmust have numbered between 112 and 142 people, with a combined exertion of force of 33 to 42 kN, or around 3.8 tons weight. Bringing the trolley up to speed may have required as many as
370:
and ran parallel to the waterway for a few hundred meters, after which it switched to the north side, running in a slight bend a similar distance along the canal. From there on, the
Diolkos either followed in a straight line the course of the modern canal, or swung south in a wide arc. The roadway
407:
with parallel grooves running about 1.60 metres (63 in) apart. The roadway was 3.4 to 6 metres (11 to 20 ft) wide. Since ancient sources tell little about how the ships were hauled across, the mode of ship transport has largely to be reconstructed from the archaeological evidence. The
365:
in a curved course in order to avoid steeper gradients. The roadway passed the
Isthmus ridge at c. 79 m (259 ft) height with an average gradient of 1:70 (a 1.43% grade), while the steepest sections rose at a gradient of 1:16.5 (a 6% grade). Its total length is estimated at 6â7 km
314:
Despite the frequent mentioning of the
Diolkos in connection with military operations, modern scholarship assumes that the prime purpose of the trackway must have been the transport of cargo, considering that warships would not have needed transporting in this manner very often, and ancient
246:
The
Diolkos played an important role in Ancient Greek naval warfare. Greek historians note several occasions from the 5th to the 1st century BC when warships were hauled and pulled across the Isthmus in order to speed up naval campaigning. In 428 BC, the
408:
tracks indicate that transport on the
Diolkos was done with some sort of wheeled vehicle. Either vessel and cargo were hauled across on separate vehicles, or only the cargo was taken across and reloaded on a different ship at the other side of the Isthmus.
223:(460â395 BC) the Diolkos already seemed to be something ancient. Excavated letters and associated pottery found at the site indicate a construction date at the end of the 7th or beginning of the 6th century BC, that is around the time when
238:'s abortive canal works in 67 AD. Much later transports of warships across the Isthmus in the late 9th century, and around 1150, are assumed to have used a route other than the Diolkos, due to the extensive time lag.
450:
The scientist Tolley aimed to establish the manpower needed to haul the vessels over the isthmus ridge. Assuming that a trireme soaked with water weighed 38 tons including its trolley, and that a man can exert a force of
1988:
419:, 35 metres (115 ft) long, 5 metres (16 ft) beam), albeit difficult, was technically feasible, it is assumed that the vessels were usually smaller boats rather than ships. To avoid damaging the
944:
Although the name of the
Diolkos is not explicitly mentioned in these historical sources, its use on these occasions is generally assumed, as the Diolkos existed earlier and was available later. (
234:
The Diolkos remained reportedly in regular service until at least the middle of the 1st century AD, after which no more written references appear. Possibly the trackway was put out of use by
531:
provide the basis for modern interpretations, his premature death prevented full publication, leaving many open questions concerning the exact nature of the structure. Additional investigations
538:
Today, erosion caused by ship movements on the nearby Canal has left considerable portions of the Diolkos in a poor state, particularly at its excavated western end. Critics who blame the
511:, conducted extensive research on the topography of the Isthmus, but did not discover the Diolkos. Remains of the ship trackway were probably first identified by the German archaeologist
191:
were relatively sheltered waters. In addition, the overland passage of the Isthmus, a neck of land 6.4 km (4.0 mi) wide at its narrowest, offered a much shorter route to
116:
The main function of the Diolkos was the transfer of goods, although in times of war it also became a preferred means of speeding up naval campaigns. The 6-to-8.5-kilometre-long (
1868:
155:
until the middle of the first century AD. The Diolkos combined the two principles of the railway and the overland transport of ships, on a scale that remained unique in
456:
180 men. Assuming a speed of 2 km per hour over an estimated length of 6 kilometres, the transfer from sea to sea would have taken three hours to complete.
1948:
1973:
323:, which described the Diolkos as being in regular service during times of peace, also imply a commercial use of the trackway. Coinciding with the rise of
1866:
Werner, Walter (1997), "The largest ship trackway in ancient times: the Diolkos of the Isthmus of Corinth, Greece, and early attempts to build a canal",
1909:
1983:
1558:
Greek article of GreekArchitechts.gr mentioning petition site and showing pictures of the deterioration of the Diolkos from 1960 to 2006
527:
on traces of an ancient trackway across the Isthmus, while parts of the western quay were discovered by Harold North Fowler in 1932.
1978:
642:
Apart from the Diolkos at Corinth, there is scant literary evidence for two more ship trackways by that name in antiquity, both in
1900:
1702:
1953:
692:
324:
539:
375:, described by Strabo as the trackway's eastern terminal. Sections of the Diolkos have been destroyed by the 19th-century
26:
1968:
1731:
1753:
1649:
707:
1577:
306:
dragged across the Isthmus in a quickly executed operation, but this took place most likely on a different route.
1384:
For example, according to Tolley, three pairs of oxen can exert only twice as much pulling force as a single one
702:
651:
1963:
687:
175:, a dangerous sea journey round the Peloponnese, whose three headlands had a reputation for gales, especially
608:
595:
550:
The following ancient writers mention the transfer of ships across the Isthmus (in chronological order):
327:, the construction of the Diolkos may have initially served particularly for transporting heavy goods like
542:
for continued inactivity have launched a petition to save and restore the registered archaeological site.
524:
670:(90â168 AD) in his book on geography (IV, 5, 10) as connecting a false mouth of a partly silted up
512:
392:
1687:
520:
275:
271:
264:
156:
102:
46:
965:
535:, meant to complement Verdelisâ work, were later published by Georges Raepsaet and Walter Werner.
1778:
1770:
1719:
1674:
1666:
1644:
983:
626:
460:
444:
98:
31:
1019:
361:
The Diolkos ran across the narrowest part of the Isthmus, where the trackway followed the local
267:
had a fleet of about fifty vessels dragged across the Isthmus to the Bay of Corinth by his men.
113:, indicates that the trackway was common knowledge and had acquired a reputation for swiftness.
1001:
491:
211:
1958:
1730:
Lewis, M. J. T. (2001), "Railways in the Greek and Roman World", in Guy, A.; Rees, J. (eds.),
675:
620:
565:
436:
256:
248:
1877:
1842:
1805:
1789:
1762:
1733:
Early Railways. A Selection of Papers from the First International Early Railways Conference
1711:
1658:
440:
439:, must have been used. Ship and cargo were presumably pulled by men and animals with ropes,
279:
1792:; Tolley, Mike (1993), "Le Diolkos de l'Isthme à Corinthe: son tracé, son fonctionnement",
1894:
590:
316:
299:
184:
90:
508:
471:
According to the British historian of science M. J. T. Lewis, the Diolkos represented a
1881:
1368:
1366:
94:
65:
387:
1942:
1782:
1678:
697:
452:
376:
367:
251:
planned to transport their warships over the Diolkos to the Saronic Gulf to threaten
35:
20:
1853:
Verdelis, N. M. (1958), "Die Ausgrabungen des Diolkos wĂ€hrend der Jahre 1957â1959",
395:(c. 520 BC). This is the sort of boat that the Diolkos may have transported in
560:
188:
176:
110:
1685:
Drijvers, Jan Willem (1992), "Strabo VIII 2,1 (C335): Porthmeia and the Diolkos",
662:
which may have been located at the southern tip of the island of Pharos. Another
650:(c. 320â400 AD) records two passages from his 1st century AD colleague
219:
Ancient literature is silent on the date of the construction of the Diolkos. For
643:
602:
287:
259:, in 411 BC, they carted over a squadron heading quickly for operations at
109:
peninsula. The phrase "as fast as a Corinthian", penned by the comic playwright
106:
979:
961:
659:
554:
499:
476:
428:
362:
220:
196:
180:
172:
168:
1924:
1911:
1740:
1151:
1149:
647:
479:
of around 160 cm (5 ft 3 in) is similar to modern standards.
404:
396:
295:
224:
19:
For ancient attempts at cutting a canal through the Isthmus of Corinth, see
503:
When the tide comes in, blocks of the Diolkos fall into the sea, one by one
278:, while the larger warships sailed around Cape Malea. After his victory at
1855:
Mitteilungen des deutschen ArchÀologischen Instituts, Athenische Abteilung
1846:
1818:
Mitteilungen des deutschen ArchÀologischen Instituts, Athenische Abteilung
1809:
1015:
997:
572:
516:
332:
315:
historians were always more interested in war than commerce. Comments by
283:
1723:
712:
667:
472:
412:
291:
228:
145:
1774:
1670:
678:. Neither Xenocrates nor Ptolemy offers any details on his trackway.
584:
372:
336:
328:
320:
303:
252:
192:
79:
68:
1715:
751:
749:
353:
1766:
1662:
498:
490:
432:
416:
386:
352:
260:
210:
45:
25:
1647:(1979), "Archaic Greek Trade: Three Conjectures 1. The Diolkos",
1578:"Plans for the Restoration of the Ancient Diolkos Given Go-Ahead"
671:
614:
578:
420:
235:
105:
vessels to avoid the long and dangerous circumnavigation of the
1816:
Verdelis, N. M. (1956), "Der Diolkos am Isthmus von Korinth",
411:
Although a technical analysis has shown that the transport of
371:
ended at the Saronic Gulf at the village Schoinos, modern-day
50:
Strategic position of the Isthmus of Corinth between two seas.
1241:
1239:
1237:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
84:
73:
1476:
1474:
794:
792:
1989:
Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Peloponnese (region)
1903:
on City of Loutraki site (archived by the Wayback Machine)
924:
922:
575:
4.19.7â9 , 5.101.4 , frag. 162 (ed. M. Buettner-Wolst)
294:
to be carried over the Isthmus. In 868 AD, the
97:
which enabled boats to be moved overland across the
1700:Fraser, P. M. (1961), "The ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎŁ of Alexandria",
1829:Verdelis, N. M. (1957), "Le diolkos de L'Isthme",
215:Excavated western end close to the Gulf of Corinth
1869:The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology
89:, "portage machine") was a paved trackway near
1591:
1533:
1521:
1504:Verdelis, Nikolaos: "Le diolkos de L'Isthme",
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1465:
1437:
1425:
1405:
1385:
1372:
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1200:
1188:
1155:
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1065:
861:
779:
16:Paved trackway near Corinth in Ancient Greece
8:
1831:
1794:
144: mi) roadway was a rudimentary form of
1751:MacDonald, Brian R. (1986), "The Diolkos",
654:, in which the latter casually refers to a
403:The Diolkos was a trackway paved with hard
59:
1261:
1117:
1101:
1061:
949:
830:
507:The chief engineer of the Corinth Canal,
167:The Diolkos saved ships sailing from the
1594:, p. 233, save Livy and al-Idrisi (
1321:
869:
857:
810:
775:
767:
1739:, pp. 8â19 (10â15), archived from
723:
435:, to reduce sagging and hogging of the
274:fleet of 38 vessels was sent across by
1949:Ancient Greek buildings and structures
1628:
1616:
1607:Coll. Med II, 58, 54-55 (CMG VI, 1, 1)
1544:
1480:
1441:
1421:
1401:
1345:
1333:
1293:
1265:
1228:
1216:
1140:
1069:
1045:
1033:
913:
841:
818:
1833:Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique
1796:Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique
1595:
1517:
1506:Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique
1453:
1417:
1397:
1357:
1317:
1277:
1245:
1212:
1176:
1105:
1073:
932:
893:
881:
865:
814:
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783:
755:
739:Hutchins, R. M: "Thesmophoriazusae",
286:advanced as fast as possible against
7:
1281:
1257:
1085:
1057:
945:
928:
909:
897:
853:
771:
741:The Great Books of The Western World
1974:History of rail transport in Greece
1703:The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
302:had his whole fleet of one hundred
1882:10.1111/j.1095-9270.1997.tb01322.x
985:A History of the Peloponnesian War
967:A History of the Peloponnesian War
195:for ships sailing to and from the
14:
325:monumental architecture in Greece
1508:, (1957, 1958, 1960, 1961, 1963)
743:, N.Y: William Benton, pp. 647f.
611:(ed. Schmidt, I, p. 516.80)
379:and other modern installations.
1754:The Journal of Hellenic Studies
1650:The Journal of Hellenic Studies
495:Bank erosion at the western end
693:Architecture of ancient Greece
523:reported in his commentary on
1:
149:
290:by ordering part of his 260
203:lighter ships across land.
80:
69:
1984:Transport in ancient Greece
708:Timeline of railway history
633:2, Paris 1840, p. 123)
427:, thick ropes running from
2005:
1897:(including photos and map)
1592:Raepsaet & Tolley 1993
1534:Raepsaet & Tolley 1993
1522:Raepsaet & Tolley 1993
1493:Raepsaet & Tolley 1993
1466:Raepsaet & Tolley 1993
1438:Raepsaet & Tolley 1993
1426:Raepsaet & Tolley 1993
1406:Raepsaet & Tolley 1993
1386:Raepsaet & Tolley 1993
1373:Raepsaet & Tolley 1993
1306:Raepsaet & Tolley 1993
1201:Raepsaet & Tolley 1993
1189:Raepsaet & Tolley 1993
1156:Raepsaet & Tolley 1993
1098:Raepsaet & Tolley 1993
1066:Raepsaet & Tolley 1993
862:Raepsaet & Tolley 1993
780:Raepsaet & Tolley 1993
85:
74:
18:
1925:37.9499861°N 22.9612806°E
1375:, pp. 252f., 257â261
703:History of rail transport
540:Greek Ministry of Culture
391:Image of a ship on Attic
60:
1979:Ancient Greek technology
1895:Article on Corinth Canal
1619:, pp. 134 & 137
688:Ancient Greek technology
183:. By contrast, both the
1296:, p. 109 (fig. 17)
1219:, p. 108 (fig. 16)
948:, p. 152 (fn. 7);
931:, p. 152 (fn. 7);
912:, p. 152 (fn. 7);
844:, pp. 99 & 112
658:close to the harbor of
587:8.2.1 , 8.6.22 , 8.6.4
459:Assuming less load and
101:. The shortcut allowed
1930:37.9499861; 22.9612806
1832:
1795:
1203:, p. 238 (fig. 3)
952:, p. 192 (fn. 6))
504:
496:
400:
358:
216:
51:
43:
1954:Roman sites in Greece
1847:10.3406/bch.1957.2388
1810:10.3406/bch.1993.1679
900:, p. 152 (fn. 8)
758:, pp. 8 & 15
513:Habbo Gerhard Lolling
502:
494:
390:
356:
270:Three years later, a
255:, while later in the
214:
49:
29:
1590:All references from
1440:, pp. 237â243;
638:Other ship trackways
557:3.15.1, 8.7, 8.8.3â4
393:black-figure pottery
148:, and operated from
1969:Trackways in Greece
1921: /
730:Liddell & Scott
631:GĂ©ographie d'Ădrisi
521:James George Frazer
383:Track and transport
265:Demetrius of Pharos
38:close to where the
1901:Article on Diolkos
1580:. 25 January 2022.
1444:, pp. 103â105
1308:, pp. 259â261
1191:, pp. 237â246
519:edition. In 1913,
505:
497:
487:Modern exploration
443:and possibly also
423:during transport,
401:
359:
263:. In 220 BC,
217:
153: 600 BC
99:Isthmus of Corinth
52:
44:
1790:Raepsaet, Georges
676:Mediterranean Sea
629:(Joubert, P. A.:
621:George Sphrantzes
566:Thesmophoriazusae
368:more recent canal
257:Peloponnesian War
199:coast of Greece.
1996:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1919:
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1835:
1825:
1812:
1798:
1785:
1747:
1745:
1738:
1726:
1696:
1681:
1632:
1631:, pp. 134f.
1626:
1620:
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1121:
1115:
1109:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1036:, pp. 113f.
1031:
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989:
977:
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787:
765:
759:
753:
744:
737:
731:
728:
674:branch with the
666:is mentioned by
646:: The physician
461:rolling friction
310:Role in commerce
154:
151:
143:
142:
138:
135:
129:
128:
124:
121:
88:
87:
83:
78:, "across", and
77:
76:
72:
63:
62:
36:Canal of Corinth
2004:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1964:Ancient Corinth
1939:
1938:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1920:
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1865:
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1716:10.2307/3855873
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1499:
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1452:
1448:
1436:
1432:
1424:, p. 106;
1416:
1412:
1404:, p. 109;
1396:
1392:
1383:
1379:
1371:
1364:
1360:, pp. 12f.
1356:
1352:
1344:
1340:
1332:
1328:
1316:
1312:
1304:
1300:
1292:
1288:
1276:
1272:
1264:, p. 195;
1260:, p. 152;
1256:
1252:
1244:
1235:
1227:
1223:
1211:
1207:
1199:
1195:
1187:
1183:
1175:
1162:
1154:
1147:
1139:
1124:
1116:
1112:
1104:, p. 193;
1100:, p. 256;
1096:
1092:
1084:
1080:
1072:, p. 112;
1068:, p. 235;
1064:, p. 192;
1060:, p. 152;
1056:
1052:
1044:
1040:
1032:
1028:
1014:
1010:
996:
992:
978:
974:
960:
956:
943:
939:
927:
920:
908:
904:
892:
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880:
876:
864:, p. 256;
856:, p. 152;
852:
848:
840:
836:
829:
825:
809:
805:
797:
790:
782:, p. 256;
774:, p. 152;
770:, p. 526;
766:
762:
754:
747:
738:
734:
729:
725:
721:
684:
640:
599:, 4.9â11, 18.18
596:Natural History
591:Pliny the Elder
548:
546:Ancient sources
489:
469:
467:Ancient railway
385:
351:
346:
317:Pliny the Elder
312:
300:Niketas Oryphas
282:in 31 BC,
244:
242:Role in warfare
209:
185:Gulf of Corinth
165:
152:
140:
136:
133:
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126:
122:
119:
117:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1966:
1961:
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1951:
1941:
1940:
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1904:
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1889:External links
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1767:10.2307/629658
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1410:
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1390:
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1377:
1362:
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1320:, p. 14;
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1298:
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1262:MacDonald 1986
1250:
1233:
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1215:, p. 10;
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1118:MacDonald 1986
1110:
1102:MacDonald 1986
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950:MacDonald 1986
937:
918:
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896:, p. 11;
886:
874:
868:, p. 11;
860:, p. 75;
846:
834:
831:MacDonald 1986
823:
817:, p. 10;
813:, p. 75;
803:
788:
778:, p. 75;
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227:was tyrant of
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164:
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95:Ancient Greece
15:
13:
10:
9:
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2001:
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1916:22°57âČ40.61âłE
1913:37°56âČ59.95âłN
1902:
1899:
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1893:
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1879:
1876:(2): 98â119,
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1570:
1560:
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1524:, p. 239
1523:
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1507:
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1498:
1495:, p. 236
1494:
1489:
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1468:, p. 235
1467:
1462:
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1427:
1423:
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1414:
1411:
1408:, p. 246
1407:
1403:
1399:
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1336:, p. 111
1335:
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1327:
1323:
1322:Drijvers 1992
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1267:
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1231:, p. 106
1230:
1225:
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1218:
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1185:
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1173:
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1157:
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1143:, p. 109
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1087:
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916:, p. 114
915:
911:
906:
903:
899:
895:
890:
887:
883:
878:
875:
872:, p. 526
871:
870:Verdelis 1957
867:
863:
859:
858:Drijvers 1992
855:
850:
847:
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807:
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768:Verdelis 1957
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724:
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698:Corinth Canal
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418:
414:
409:
406:
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389:
382:
380:
378:
377:Corinth Canal
374:
369:
364:
357:Mooring place
355:
348:
343:
341:
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334:
330:
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322:
318:
309:
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301:
297:
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108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
82:
71:
67:
57:
48:
41:
37:
33:
28:
22:
21:Corinth Canal
1906:
1873:
1867:
1858:
1854:
1838:
1830:
1821:
1817:
1801:
1793:
1758:
1752:
1741:the original
1732:
1707:
1701:
1692:
1686:
1654:
1648:
1624:
1612:
1603:
1586:
1572:
1562:, retrieved
1557:
1551:
1540:
1529:
1513:
1505:
1500:
1488:
1483:, p. 98
1461:
1456:, p. 13
1449:
1433:
1413:
1393:
1380:
1353:
1341:
1329:
1324:, p. 76
1313:
1301:
1289:
1273:
1253:
1248:, p. 12
1224:
1208:
1196:
1184:
1179:, p. 10
1113:
1108:, p. 14
1093:
1081:
1076:, p. 13
1053:
1041:
1029:
1020:
1011:
1005:, 4.19.77â79
1002:
993:
984:
975:
966:
957:
940:
935:, p. 12
905:
889:
884:, p. 11
877:
849:
837:
826:
821:, p. 98
806:
801:, p. 15
786:, p. 11
763:
740:
735:
726:
663:
655:
641:
630:
594:
564:
561:Aristophanes
549:
537:
532:
529:
515:in the 1883
509:BĂ©la Gerster
506:
481:
470:
458:
449:
424:
410:
402:
360:
313:
269:
245:
233:
218:
201:
189:Saronic Gulf
177:Cape Matapan
166:
115:
111:Aristophanes
55:
53:
39:
1928: /
1841:: 526â529,
1804:: 233â261,
1761:: 191â195,
1710:: 134â138,
1657:: 152â155,
1645:Cook, R. M.
1629:Fraser 1961
1617:Fraser 1961
1545:Werner 1997
1481:Werner 1997
1442:Werner 1997
1422:Werner 1997
1402:Werner 1997
1346:Werner 1997
1334:Werner 1997
1294:Werner 1997
1266:Werner 1997
1229:Werner 1997
1217:Werner 1997
1141:Werner 1997
1070:Werner 1997
1046:Werner 1997
1034:Werner 1997
914:Werner 1997
842:Werner 1997
819:Werner 1997
644:Roman Egypt
603:Cassius Dio
340:antiquity.
288:Marc Antony
107:Peloponnese
64:, from the
1943:Categories
1638:References
1596:Lewis 2001
1564:2010-08-19
1518:Lewis 2001
1454:Lewis 2001
1418:Lewis 2001
1398:Lewis 2001
1358:Lewis 2001
1318:Lewis 2001
1278:Lewis 2001
1246:Lewis 2001
1213:Lewis 2001
1177:Lewis 2001
1106:Lewis 2001
1074:Lewis 2001
980:Thucydides
962:Thucydides
933:Lewis 2001
894:Lewis 2001
882:Lewis 2001
866:Lewis 2001
815:Lewis 2001
799:Lewis 2001
784:Lewis 2001
756:Lewis 2001
660:Alexandria
652:Xenocrates
555:Thucydides
425:hypozomata
363:topography
292:Liburnians
272:Macedonian
221:Thucydides
181:Cape Malea
173:Aegean Sea
169:Ionian Sea
1861:: 140â145
1783:250246094
1688:Mnemosyne
1679:161378605
1282:Cook 1979
1258:Cook 1979
1086:Cook 1979
1058:Cook 1979
1023:, 5.101.4
1021:Histories
1003:Histories
946:Cook 1979
929:Cook 1979
910:Cook 1979
898:Cook 1979
854:Cook 1979
772:Cook 1979
719:Footnotes
648:Oribasius
627:al-Idrisi
609:Hesychius
525:Pausanias
451:300
405:limestone
397:Periander
344:Structure
333:monoliths
296:Byzantine
225:Periander
157:antiquity
34:with the
1959:Portages
1016:Polybius
998:Polybius
969:, 3.15.1
682:See also
573:Polybius
517:Baedeker
445:capstans
413:triremes
399:'s time.
373:Kalamaki
298:admiral
284:Octavian
276:Philip V
249:Spartans
187:and the
163:Function
1824:: 51â59
1724:3855873
1695:: 75â78
987:, 8.7â8
713:Towpath
668:Ptolemy
664:diolkos
656:diolkos
581:42.16.6
569:647â648
533:in situ
473:railway
441:tackles
304:dromons
229:Corinth
207:History
171:to the
146:railway
139:⁄
125:⁄
103:ancient
91:Corinth
61:ÎίολÎșÎżÏ
56:Diolkos
40:diolkos
32:Isthmus
1781:
1775:629658
1773:
1722:
1677:
1671:630641
1669:
615:Suidas
585:Strabo
349:Course
337:timber
329:marble
321:Strabo
280:Actium
253:Athens
197:Ionian
193:Athens
81:holkos
1779:S2CID
1771:JSTOR
1744:(PDF)
1737:(PDF)
1720:JSTOR
1675:S2CID
1667:JSTOR
477:gauge
433:stern
261:Chios
86:áœÎ»ÎșÏÏ
66:Greek
672:Nile
623:1.33
617:2.92
605:51.5
579:Livy
437:hull
421:keel
415:(25
335:and
319:and
236:Nero
179:and
54:The
42:ran.
30:The
1878:doi
1843:doi
1806:doi
1802:117
1763:doi
1759:106
1712:doi
1659:doi
431:to
429:bow
130:to
93:in
75:ÎŽÎčÎŹ
70:dia
1945::
1874:26
1872:,
1859:73
1857:,
1839:81
1837:,
1822:71
1820:,
1800:,
1777:,
1769:,
1757:,
1718:,
1708:47
1706:,
1693:45
1691:,
1673:,
1665:,
1655:99
1653:,
1473:^
1365:^
1236:^
1163:^
1148:^
1125:^
1018:,
1000:,
982:,
964:,
921:^
791:^
748:^
593:,
563:,
447:.
331:,
231:.
159:.
150:c.
1880::
1845::
1808::
1765::
1714::
1661::
453:N
417:t
141:4
137:1
134:+
132:5
127:4
123:3
120:+
118:3
58:(
23:.
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