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accounts of beatings from
Indonesian soldiers and police. When the procession entered the cemetery some continued their protests before the cemetery wall. Around 200 more Indonesian soldiers arrived and advanced on the gathering, weapons drawn. In the graveyard, they opened fire on hundreds of unarmed civilians. At least 250 East Timorese were killed in the massacre. One of the dead was a
525:. As Stahl filmed the massacre, Goodman and Nairn tried to "serve as a shield for the Timorese" by standing between them and the Indonesian soldiers. The soldiers began beating Goodman, and when Nairn moved to protect her, they beat him with their weapons, fracturing his skull. The camera crew managed to smuggle the video footage to Australia. They gave it to Saskia Kouwenberg, a
625:
1990s, the government was coming under increasing international scrutiny. Copies of the Santa Cruz footage were distributed back into
Indonesia allowing more Indonesians to see the actions of their government uncensored. A number of pro-democracy student groups and their magazines began to openly and
596:
in East Timor since the occupation began, their activity took on a new urgency after the 1991 massacre. TAPOL, a
British organisation formed in 1973 to advocate for democracy in Indonesia, increased its work around East Timor. In the United States, the East Timor Action Network was founded and soon
438:
subsequently cancelled the delegation. The cancellation demoralised independence activists in East Timor, who had hoped to use the visit to raise the international profile of their cause. Tension between
Indonesian authorities and East Timorese youths rose in the days after Portugal's cancellation.
620:
The television pictures of the massacre were shown worldwide, causing the
Indonesian government considerable embarrassment. The coverage was a vivid example of how growth of new media in Indonesia was making it increasingly difficult for the "New Order" to control information flow in and out of
478:
During a brief confrontation between
Indonesian troops and protesters, some protesters and a major, Geerhan Lantara were stabbed. Stahl claimed Lantara had attacked a group of protesters including a girl carrying the flag of East Timor, and FRETILIN activist Constâncio Pinto reported witness
675:'s sovereignty over East Timor. The government had been promoting increased ties with the Indonesian military at the time of the massacre, but in 1999 temporarily cut off military ties in response to the violence after that year's independence referendum. Australian foreign minister
808:
Anderson, p. 146; Carey, p. 50; Singh, p. 157; Alatas, pp. 57–58; Amnesty (1991), p. 1. Alatas describes a peaceful procession "taken over by a small group of agitators", whose provocations included "the display of FRETILIN flags and banners" and "the shouting of anti-integration
563:
Indonesian authorities described the incident as a spontaneous reaction to violence from the protesters or a "misunderstanding". Objectors cited two factors: the documented history of mass violence committed by
Indonesian troops in places such as
466:. They attended a memorial service for Gomes on 12 November, during which several thousand men, women, and children walked from the Motael Church to the nearby Santa Cruz cemetery. Along the way, members of the group pulled out banners and
470:. Organizers of the protest maintained order during the protest; although it was loud, the crowd was peaceful and orderly, by most accounts. It was the largest and most visible demonstration against the Indonesian occupation since 1975.
447:. A confrontation ensued between pro-integration activists and those in the church; when it was over, one man on each side was dead. SebastiĂŁo Gomes, a supporter of independence for East Timor, was taken out of the church and shot by
866:
Carey, p. 50; Pinto and
Jardine, p. 191; Anderson, pp. 149–150; Alatas, p. 58; Singh, pp. 157–159. Pinto insisted that "there was no provocation", while Anderson discussed in detail the lack of warning shots.
1305:
551:
in the UK in
January 1992, as well as numerous other, more recent documentaries. Stahl's footage, combined with the testimony of Nairn and Goodman and others, caused outrage around the world. The program
785:
Singh, pp. 155–156; Pinto, pp. 183–184; Carey, p. 49; Alatas, p. 57. Alatas and Singh do not mention the presence of
Indonesian troops at the church. Carey describes Henriques as "a Timorese member of a
686:
in now independent East Timor, 12 November is remembered by the East Timorese as one of the bloodiest days in their history, one which drew worldwide attention to their fight for independence.
592:
In response to the massacre, activists around the world organised in solidarity with the East Timorese. Although a small network of individuals and groups had been working for human rights and
1591:
572:, Commander-in-Chief of the Indonesian forces, said two days after the massacre: "The army cannot be underestimated. Finally we had to shoot them. Delinquents like these
790:(masked killer) unit which had broken into the Motael Church ... to harass the sheltering students". Pinto describes him as "working for Indonesian intelligence".
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journalist, to prevent it being seized and confiscated by Australian authorities, who subjected the camera crew to a strip-search when they arrived in
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had increased military financial aid to US$ 1.56 billion and approved the resumption of direct US military training of Indonesian special forces.
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had close economic relations with Indonesia, including arms sales, and were reluctant to jeopardise these. An Australian organisation called the
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cut off all US military ties with the Indonesian military in 1999. By 2005, the US had resumed training and co-operation and by 2012 President
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to increase its diplomatic campaign. Portugal unsuccessfully tried to apply pressure by raising the issue with its fellow
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critically discuss not just East Timor, but also the "New Order" and the broader history and future of Indonesia.
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Quoted in Carey, p. 52. A slightly different wording ("...and we will shoot them") is quoted in Jardine, p. 17.
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Foreigners who had come to East Timor to observe the Portuguese delegation included independent US journalists
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had chapters in ten cities around the country. Other solidarity groups appeared in Portugal, Australia,
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The Santa Cruz Massacre, 1991: Thirty Years On. Proceedings of an International Research Symposium
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1991:
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training of Indonesian military personnel although arms sales continued from the US to the
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Hearman, Vannessa; Loney, Hannah; Ramos Gonçalves, Marisa; Leach, Michael, eds. (2023).
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451:, and integration activist Afonso Henriques was stabbed and killed during the fight.
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of the massacre's victims, listing 271 killed, 278 wounded, and 270 "disappeared".
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members in their dealings with Indonesia. However, other EU countries such as the
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Video: Re-enactment of the Massacre on the Ninth Anniversary Santa Cruz Massacre
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On 28 October, Indonesian troops had located a group of resistance members in
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In Australia, there was criticism of the federal government's recognition of
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17:
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838:"20 Years of Terror: Indonesia in Timor – An Angry Education with Max Stahl"
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534:
518:
1981:
1311:
Chega! The Report of the Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation
1200:"U.S. to resume aid to Kopassus Indonesia's controversial military forces"
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pro-independence demonstrators in the Santa Cruz cemetery in the capital,
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In October 1991, a delegation to East Timor consisting of members of the
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described the killings as "an aberration, not an act of state policy".
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East Timorese Journalist Marks 19th Anniversary of Santa Cruz Massacre
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East Timor's Unfinished Struggle: Inside the Timorese Resistance
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East Timor's Unfinished Struggle: Inside the Timorese Resistance
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430:, an Australian journalist who it regarded as supportive of the
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79:
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Comissão de Acolhimento, Verdade e Reconciliação de Timor Leste
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The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective
948:
880:
Carey, p. 51; Jardine, p. 16. The Portuguese solidarity group
1251:"Australia should avoid ties with Indonesia military: Study"
1351:
East Timor and the International Community: Basic Documents
1150:"Senator Leahy on Military Aid to Indonesia and East Timor"
1085:. East Timor Action Network. Retrieved on 18 February 2008.
661:
920:"Amy Goodman speaks with Jeremy Scahill on "Intercepted""
588:
A re-enactment of the Santa Cruz massacre, November 1998.
65:
The Santa Cruz massacre took place during a 1991 funeral
1423:
945:"FIRST TUESDAY (COLD BLOOD: THE MASSACRE OF EAST TIMOR)"
871:(1991) confirmed these claims via eyewitness testimony.
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1974:
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909:, 28 January 2008. Retrieved on February 14, 2008.
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The Forum of Democratic Leaders in the Asia-Pacific
181:
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151:
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124:
85:
74:
41:
1226:"CAAT Publications – Arms to Indonesia Factsheet"
1093:
1091:
1043:Brigadier General Warouw in Amnesty (1991), p. 4
1353:. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
426:objected to the inclusion in the delegation of
27:1991 massacre in Indonesian-occupied East Timor
1472:
1173:"Indonesia gets $ 1.56B in U.S. military aid"
347:
8:
799:Carey, p. 50; Jardine, p. 15; Alatas, p. 58.
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1013:Constâncio Pinto; Matthew Jardine (1997).
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1316:East Timor & Indonesia Action Network
1152:. East Timor and Indonesia Action Network
1132:ETAN Backgrounder for May 20 Independence
1069:
1067:
554:In Cold Blood: The Massacre of East Timor
545:In Cold Blood: The Massacre of East Timor
1540:Democratic Republic of East Timor (1975)
556:was the overall winner at the inaugural
1294:. By Steve Cox. London: Cassell, 1995.
1290:Carey, Peter. "Historical Background".
1136:East Timor and Indonesia Action Network
1120:East Timor and Indonesia Action Network
721:
285:
229:
210:
199:
32:For the 1981 event in El Salvador, see
1582:United Nations Administered East Timor
973:Jardine, pp. 16–17; Carey, pp. 52–53.
558:Amnesty International UK Media Awards
7:
1314:. Dili, East Timor: 2005. Online at
955:from the original on 19 October 2013
668:was established after the massacre.
537:. The video footage was used in the
400:Assembly of the Republic of Portugal
2058:Indonesian occupation of East Timor
1338:. Monroe, ME: Odonian Press, 1999.
1116:ETAN: U.S. Policy toward East Timor
901:"Massacre: The Story of East Timor"
666:Alice Springs Friends of East Timor
384:Indonesian occupation of East Timor
53:Indonesian occupation of East Timor
1328:Swinburne University of Technology
382:, on 12 November 1991, during the
25:
1407:Massacre: The Story of East Timor
1273:, Robert Gellately, Ben Kiernan,
949:ITN (Independent Television News)
576:must be shot, and they will be."
521:, who was filming undercover for
374:) was the murder of at least 250
34:Santa Cruz massacre (El Salvador)
2063:Massacres committed by Indonesia
1622:
1336:East Timor: Genocide in Paradise
1318:. Retrieved on 11 February 2008.
848:. Retrieved on 14 February 2008.
765:Hamline University Apakabar Site
748:"Jakarta 'sabotage Timor visit'"
639:Indonesian National Armed Forces
621:Indonesia, and that in the post-
406:was planned during a visit from
323:
221:
69:to the grave of SebastiĂŁo Gomes.
2078:Massacres of protesters in Asia
883:A Paz Ă© PossĂvel em Timor Leste
706:List of massacres in East Timor
1387:. Cambridge University Press.
1259:. Retrieved on 16 August 2007.
1106:CIIR, pp. 62–63; Dunn, p. 311.
767:. URL Accessed 26 August 2006.
1:
1385:A History of Modern Indonesia
990:. 4 June 1992. Archived from
899:Goodman, Amy and Allan Nairn.
776:Pinto, p. 183; Alatas, p. 57.
633:voted to cut off funding for
2083:November 1991 events in Asia
1179:. United Press International
533:, having been tipped off by
517:—and caught on videotape by
1097:Vickers (2005), pp. 200–201
763:, 28 October 1991. Read at
434:independence movement, and
2104:
1650:Cities, towns and villages
1364:Pinto, Constancio (1997).
1275:Cambridge University Press
857:Pinto and Jardine, p. 191.
818:Pinto and Jardine, p. 190.
652:The massacre prompted the
31:
2004:
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1292:Generations of Resistance
753:17 September 2006 at the
505:was witnessed by the two
58:
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1809:Supreme Court of Justice
1439:26 February 2009 at the
1412:14 November 2007 at the
1383:Vickers, Adrian (2005).
984:"'Cold Blood' AI Winner"
462:, and British cameraman
190:Anti-Christian sentiment
278:Contemporary East Timor
1814:United Nations mission
1560:Province of East Timor
1555:Provisional government
589:
130:; 32 years ago
1550:Indonesian occupation
903:. 1992. Excerpted at
869:Amnesty International
827:Krieger, pp. 257–258.
711:Pro-Indonesia militia
701:History of East Timor
654:Portuguese government
587:
424:Indonesian Government
408:UN Special Rapporteur
309:2006 political crisis
304:Vote for independence
258:Indonesian occupation
128:12 November 1991
109:8.56306°S 125.58667°E
78:Santa Cruz cemetery,
1692:Administrative posts
1424:IFET on the massacre
1419:ETAN on the massacre
1349:Krieger, Heike, ed.
1232:on 17 September 2008
523:Yorkshire Television
498:based in Australia.
186:Political repression
1587:International Force
1545:Indonesian invasion
1535:Japanese occupation
1429:Max Stahl Interview
1206:. Los Angeles Times
1198:Los Angeles Times.
1073:Jardine, pp. 67–69.
844:. 28. Reprinted at
468:East Timorese flags
388:East Timor genocide
386:and is part of the
370:(also known as the
368:Santa Cruz massacre
299:Santa Cruz massacre
294:Indonesian invasion
253:Democratic Republic
248:Japanese occupation
114:-8.56306; 125.58667
105: /
49:East Timor genocide
42:Santa Cruz massacre
2068:1991 in East Timor
1865:Telecommunications
1523:Colonial governors
1513:Pre-colonial Timor
1448:– video report by
1334:Jardine, Matthew.
994:on 19 October 2013
836:Kubiak, W. David.
682:Commemorated as a
594:self-determination
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2053:Massacres in 1991
2048:Conflicts in 1991
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1530:Japanese invasion
1326:. Hawthorn, Vic:
1302:. pp. 13–55.
1030:978-0-89608-541-1
986:(Press release).
489:political science
449:Indonesian troops
364:
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268:UN administration
195:
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16:(Redirected from
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445:Motael Church
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372:Dili massacre
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19:
18:Dili Massacre
1987:Coat of arms
1946:Prostitution
1911:Demographics
1760:Human rights
1740:Constitution
1696:
1599:Independence
1566:
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1384:
1365:
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1234:. Retrieved
1230:the original
1220:
1208:. Retrieved
1203:
1193:
1181:. Retrieved
1176:
1166:
1154:. Retrieved
1143:
1127:
1111:
1102:
1083:"About ETAN"
1078:
1057:
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1008:
996:. Retrieved
992:the original
978:
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939:
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914:
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677:Gareth Evans
670:
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641:. President
628:
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570:Try Sutrisno
562:
553:
544:
543:documentary
538:
509:journalists—
500:
493:human rights
491:student and
477:
474:The massacre
453:
412:Human Rights
397:
371:
367:
365:
298:
172:Perpetrators
47:Part of the
29:
1921:Health care
1855:Foreign aid
1840:Agriculture
1777:enforcement
1750:Foreign aid
1614:2008 crisis
1609:2006 crisis
1577:1999 crisis
631:US Congress
547:, shown on
515:Allan Nairn
511:Amy Goodman
460:Allan Nairn
456:Amy Goodman
404:journalists
402:and twelve
262:Timor Timur
212:History of
153:Attack type
112: /
100:125°35′12″E
87:Coordinates
51:during the
2042:Categories
1931:Literature
1789:Parliament
1704:Tatamailau
1488:East Timor
1368:. Boston:
1284:References
1177:World News
394:Background
230:Chronology
214:East Timor
135:1991-11-12
97:08°33′47″S
67:procession
1926:Languages
1916:Education
1875:Transport
1799:President
1745:Elections
1633:Geography
1604:Tribunals
998:9 January
959:9 January
886:compiled
809:slogans".
580:Aftermath
574:agitators
560:in 1992.
535:Indonesia
519:Max Stahl
464:Max Stahl
2027:Category
1951:Religion
1784:Military
1728:Politics
1709:Wildlife
1508:Timeline
1492:articles
1437:Archived
1410:Archived
1308:(CAVR).
1204:LA Times
953:Archived
929:7 August
751:Archived
690:See also
623:Cold War
607:Malaysia
566:Quelicai
507:American
503:massacre
496:activist
436:Portugal
432:Fretilin
203:a series
201:Part of
158:Massacre
75:Location
2011:Outline
1975:Symbols
1966:Smoking
1906:Culture
1901:Cuisine
1889:Society
1870:Tourism
1860:Poverty
1828:Economy
1660:Islands
1500:History
1256:Reuters
1236:12 July
1210:6 April
1183:6 April
1156:6 April
988:Reuters
760:The Age
673:Jakarta
643:Clinton
611:Ireland
603:Germany
416:Torture
139:(UTC+9)
133: (
1982:Anthem
1961:Sports
1850:Energy
1714:Plants
1687:Rivers
1670:Atauro
1645:Border
1592:UNTAET
1490:
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1148:ETAN.
1027:
615:Brazil
613:, and
531:Darwin
422:. The
286:Topics
272:UNTAET
205:on the
182:Motive
164:Deaths
144:Target
2018:Index
1936:Music
1698:Sucos
1665:Timor
1171:UPI.
788:ninja
717:Notes
647:Obama
599:Japan
527:Dutch
2088:Dili
1992:Flag
1765:LGBT
1675:Jaco
1389:ISBN
1374:ISBN
1355:ISBN
1340:ISBN
1296:ISBN
1238:2008
1212:2013
1185:2013
1158:2013
1025:ISBN
1000:2013
961:2013
931:2019
635:IMET
629:The
513:and
501:The
487:, a
458:and
441:Dili
410:for
380:Dili
366:The
167:250+
125:Date
80:Dili
1772:Law
549:ITV
443:'s
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