68:
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88:
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101:
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central carbon–carbon bond when provided with sufficient energy to overcome the barrier. The physical origin of the barrier is still not completely settled, although the overlap (exchange) repulsion between the hydrogen atoms on opposing ends of the molecule is perhaps the strongest candidate, with the stabilizing effect of
1969:. Natural gas from different gas fields varies in ethane content from less than 1% to more than 6% by volume. Prior to the 1960s, ethane and larger molecules were typically not separated from the methane component of natural gas, but simply burnt along with the methane as a fuel. Today, ethane is an important
1476:
At standard temperature and pressure, ethane is a colorless, odorless gas. It has a boiling point of −88.5 °C (−127.3 °F) and melting point of −182.8 °C (−297.0 °F). Solid ethane exists in several modifications. On cooling under normal pressure, the first modification to appear is
1550:
Ethane gives a classic, simple example of such a rotational barrier, sometimes called the "ethane barrier". Among the earliest experimental evidence of this barrier (see diagram at left) was obtained by modelling the entropy of ethane. The three hydrogens at each end are free to pinwheel about the
2157:. Until they warm to room temperature, the vapors from liquid ethane are heavier than air and can flow along the floor or ground, gathering in low places; if the vapors encounter an ignition source, the chemical reaction can flash back to the source of ethane from which they evaporated.
1481:, crystallizing in the cubic system. In this form, the positions of the hydrogen atoms are not fixed; the molecules may rotate freely around the long axis. Cooling this ethane below ca. 89.9 K (−183.2 °C; −297.8 °F) changes it to monoclinic metastable ethane II (
942:
2289:, p. 4. "Similarly, the retained names 'ethane', 'propane', and 'butane' were never replaced by systematic names 'dicarbane', 'tricarbane', and 'tetracarbane' as recommended for analogues of silane, 'disilane'; phosphane, 'triphosphane'; and sulfane, 'tetrasulfane'."
1555:
on the staggered conformation contributing to the phenomenon. Theoretical methods that use an appropriate starting point (orthogonal orbitals) find that hyperconjugation is the most important factor in the origin of the ethane rotation barrier.
1713:
in Titan's south polar regions. Further analysis of infrared spectroscopic data presented in July 2008 provided additional evidence for the presence of liquid ethane in
Ontario Lacus. Several significantly larger hydrocarbon lakes,
2027:. Ethane is favored for ethylene production because the steam cracking of ethane is fairly selective for ethylene, while the steam cracking of heavier hydrocarbons yields a product mixture poorer in ethylene and richer in heavier
945:
3433:
Najari, Sara; Saeidi, Samrand; Concepcion, Patricia; Dionysiou, Dionysios D.; Bhargava, Suresh K.; Lee, Adam F.; Wilson, Karen (2021). "Oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane: Catalytic and mechanistic aspects and future trends".
960:
876:
848:
1702:
It is suspected that ethane produced in this fashion on Titan rains back onto the moon's surface, and over time has accumulated into hydrocarbon seas covering much of the moon's polar regions. In mid-2005, the
2124:. A thin film of water quickly immersed in liquid ethane at −150 °C or colder freezes too quickly for water to crystallize. Slower freezing methods can generate cubic ice crystals, which can disrupt
3171:
Aydin, Kamil Murat; Williams, M.B.; Saltzman, E.S. (April 2007). "Feasibility of reconstructing paleoatmospheric records of selected alkanes, methyl halides, and sulfur gases from
Greenland ice cores".
3298:
Brown, R. H.; Soderblom, L. A.; Soderblom, J. M.; Clark, R. N.; Jaumann, R.; Barnes, J. W.; Sotin, C.; Buratti, B.; et al. (2008). "The identification of liquid ethane in Titan's
Ontario Lacus".
1987:
Ethane is most efficiently separated from methane by liquefying it at cryogenic temperatures. Various refrigeration strategies exist: the most economical process presently in wide use employs a
1722:
being the two largest, were discovered near Titan's north pole using radar data gathered by
Cassini. These lakes are believed to be filled primarily by a mixture of liquid ethane and methane.
1614:, it is much less abundant than methane, has a lifetime of only a few months compared to over a decade, and is also less efficient at absorbing radiation relative to mass. In fact, ethane's
3349:
Mumma, Michael J.; et al. (1996). "Detection of
Abundant Ethane and Methane, Along with Carbon Monoxide and Water, in Comet C/1996 B2 Hyakutake: Evidence for Interstellar Origin".
1995:, reducing the temperature to approximately −100 °C (−148 °F). At this low temperature, gaseous methane can be separated from the liquefied ethane and heavier hydrocarbons by
67:
2546:"Single-crystal structures and electron density distributions of ethane, ethylene and acetylene. I. Single-crystal X-ray structure determinations of two modifications of ethane"
87:
1125:
2220:
3048:
Simpson, Isobel J.; Sulbaek
Andersen, Mads P.; Meinardi, Simone; Bruhwiler, Lori; Blake, Nicola J.; Helmig, Detlev; Rowland, F. Sherwood; Blake, Donald R. (2012).
2358:
1559:
As far back as 1890–1891, chemists suggested that ethane molecules preferred the staggered conformation with the two ends of the molecule askew from each other.
2771:
Mo, Y.; Wu, W.; Song, L.; Lin, M.; Zhang, Q.; Gao, J. (2004). "The
Magnitude of Hyperconjugation in Ethane: A Perspective from Ab Initio Valence Bond Theory".
519:
4084:
2019:. When diluted with steam and briefly heated to very high temperatures (900 °C or more), heavy hydrocarbons break down into lighter hydrocarbons, and
3404:
2109:
by ethane oxidation. The economic viability of this process may rely on the low cost of ethane near Saudi oil fields, and it may not be competitive with
1262:
1543:
Rotating a molecular substructure about a twistable bond usually requires energy. The minimum energy to produce a 360° bond rotation is called the
2116:
Ethane can be used as a refrigerant in cryogenic refrigeration systems. On a much smaller scale, in scientific research, liquid ethane is used to
967:
2153:
Some additional precautions are necessary where ethane is stored as a cryogenic liquid. Direct contact with liquid ethane can result in severe
817:
914:
3519:
2244:
790:
3154:
1618:
largely results from its conversion in the atmosphere to methane. It has been detected as a trace component in the atmospheres of all four
1516:= 1.089(5) Å, and ∠CCH = 111.9(5)° by electron diffraction (the numbers in parentheses represents the uncertainties in the final digits).
2682:
Kemp, J. D.; Pitzer, Kenneth S. (1937). "The
Entropy of Ethane and the Third Law of Thermodynamics. Hindered Rotation of Methyl Groups".
3103:
Kort, E. A.; Smith, M. L.; Murray, L. T.; Gvakharia, A.; Brandt, A. R.; Peischl, J.; Ryerson, T. B.; Sweeney, C.; Travis, K. (2016).
2709:
Ercolani, G. (2005). "Determination of the
Rotational Barrier in Ethane by Vibrational Spectroscopy and Statistical Thermodynamics".
3614:
3559:
3273:
2666:
2334:
1250:
1210:
1179:
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1976:
and is separated from the other components of natural gas in most well-developed gas fields. Ethane can also be separated from
641:
4051:
2857:
Schreiner, P. R. (2002). "Teaching the right reasons: Lessons from the mistaken origin of the rotational barrier in ethane".
3587:
4093:
3016:
2806:
Pophristic, V.; Goodman, L. (2001). "Hyperconjugation not steric repulsion leads to the staggered structure of ethane".
908:
427:
1488:
The bond parameters of ethane have been measured to high precision by microwave spectroscopy and electron diffraction:
100:
458:
1733:. The existence of ethane in these distant solar system bodies may implicate ethane as a primordial component of the
1527:) barrier to rotation about the carbon-carbon bond. The curve is potential energy as a function of rotational angle.
2146:
At room temperature, ethane is an extremely flammable gas. When mixed with air at 3.0%–12.5% by volume, it forms an
4070:
2228:
2128:
by damaging the samples and reduce image quality by scattering the electron beam before it can reach the detector.
1132:
722:
704:
1519:
6879:
6874:
6102:
2024:
1991:, and can recover more than 90% of the ethane in natural gas. In this process, chilled gas is expanded through a
1773:
953:
342:
2299:
2121:
1615:
997:
372:
3412:
2070:
at temperatures greater than 500 °C) have discouraged the commercialization of most of them. Presently,
918:
867:
110:
6822:
6718:
6495:
3478:
1456:, who showed that the product of all these reactions was in fact ethane. Ethane was discovered dissolved in
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77:
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292:
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2020:
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142:
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5911:
4674:
3358:
3307:
3244:
3181:
3116:
3105:"Fugitive emissions from the Bakken shale illustrate role of shale production in global ethane shift"
3061:
2815:
2718:
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2040:
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130:
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5363:
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475:
206:
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900:
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5706:
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1981:
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252:
73:
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4820:
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4796:
4529:
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5148:
5136:
2614:
Harmony, Marlin D. (1990-11-15). "The equilibrium carbon–carbon single-bond length in ethane".
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1392:
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1222:
1020:
4875:
3209:"Lifetimes, direct and indirect radiative forcing, and global warming potentials of ethane (C
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3315:
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3124:
3069:
3050:"Long-term decline of global atmospheric ethane concentrations and implications for methane"
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2631:
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Experimentally, ethane is under investigation as a feedstock for other commodity chemicals.
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1400:
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currently manufactures two-stroke dual fuel engines (B&W ME-GIE) which can run on both
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1911:. At higher temperatures, especially in the range 600–900 °C (1,112–1,652 °F),
1026:
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3120:
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2125:
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2016:
1873:
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1744:
co-investigator) and his colleagues announced the spectroscopic discovery of ethane on
1634:
1611:
1465:
1424:
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1356:
1309:
1103:
974:
740:
683:
672:
479:
334:
2894:"Ueber die Aufhebung der freien Drehbarkeit von einfach verbundenen Kohlenstoffatomen"
2050:
chlorination of ethane has long appeared to be a potentially more economical route to
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2843:
2407:
2083:
1988:
1977:
1970:
1710:
1408:
1404:
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240:
38:
This article is about the chemical compound. For the emergency service protocol, see
3386:
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5989:
5694:
5682:
5425:
5315:
5234:
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3089:
2378:
Faraday, Michael (1834). "Experimental researches in electricity: Seventh series".
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1996:
1896:
1800:
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1734:
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1325:
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3370:
3509:
2225:
Nomenclature of
Organic Chemistry: IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013
2054:
than ethylene chlorination. Many processes for producing this reaction have been
400:
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5844:
5719:
5433:
5303:
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4748:
4647:
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4614:
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4305:
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3987:
3970:
3902:
3868:
3851:
2191:
2106:
1966:
1777:
1719:
1715:
1638:
1575:'s northern latitudes. The dark features are hydrocarbon lakes containing ethane
1482:
1297:
1266:
1258:
986:
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6087:
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5670:
5544:
4772:
4377:
4004:
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3400:
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2173:
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1838:
1642:
564:
303:
3024:
3002:
2909:
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2500:
5603:
5568:
5295:
5266:
5112:
5042:
4982:
4925:
4736:
4652:
4459:
3834:
2154:
2147:
2063:
2047:
2036:
1973:
1646:
1600:
1599:. Global ethane emission rates declined from 1984 to 2010, though increased
1592:
1584:
1461:
1416:
1278:
1079:
655:
305.32 K (32.17 °C; 89.91 °F) 48.714 bars (4,871.4 kPa)
447:
3455:
3327:
3081:
2878:
2835:
2792:
2784:
2399:
1949:
Such oxidative dehydrogenation reactions are relevant to the production of
3378:
3139:
2956:"Die dynamische Hypothese in ihrer Anwendung auf die Bernsteinsäuregruppe"
2871:
10.1002/1521-3773(20021004)41:19<3579::AID-ANIE3579>3.0.CO;2-S
2236:
1288:
Related compounds may be formed by replacing a hydrogen atom with another
6019:
5598:
5494:
5254:
5124:
5025:
4990:
4883:
4854:
4724:
4550:
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3104:
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2438:
2012:
1950:
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1904:
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1654:
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1282:
1074:
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2695:
17:
5858:
5521:
5242:
5104:
4917:
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4832:
4708:
4451:
4424:
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4141:
4101:
3953:
3732:
3698:
3664:
3634:
3486:
3447:
2730:
2087:
2032:
2000:
1992:
1962:
1908:
1900:
1769:
1761:
1344:
1333:
1305:
1051:
1046:
896:
595:
387:
343:
54:
2306:. US: National Center for Biotechnology Information. 16 September 2004
1841:
of ethane releases 1559.7 kJ/mol, or 51.9 kJ/g, of heat, and produces
5486:
5478:
4716:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4268:
3783:
3766:
3749:
3715:
3681:
3623:
3411:. Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. Archived from
2827:
2635:
2185:
2161:
2075:
2055:
2028:
1866:
1730:
1650:
1623:
1532:
1056:
283:
50:
46:
39:
3508:
Cavani, Fabrizio; Ballarini, Nicola (2009). Mizuno, Noritaka (ed.).
3257:
3208:
2986:
2955:
2924:
2893:
2484:
2453:
2422:
1102:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
3049:
2744:
Pitzer, R.M. (1983). "The Barrier to Internal Rotation in Ethane".
5220:
5096:
2275:
have the retained names ethane, propane, and butane, respectively.
2102:
2098:
2079:
2071:
1880:
1846:
1745:
1566:
1518:
1332:
solution. He mistook the hydrocarbon product of this reaction for
411:
263:
239:
229:
2925:"Theoretische Ergebnisse der Studien in der Bernsteinsäuregruppe"
2066:
reaction conditions (specifically, a reaction mixture containing
2987:"Die Anwendung der dynamischen Hypothese auf Ketonsäurederivate"
2423:"On the products of the action of potassium on cyanide of ethyl"
1891:
Combustion may also occur without an excess of oxygen, yielding
1657:
atom. When two methyl radicals recombine, the result is ethane:
1591:. Global ethane quantities have varied over time, likely due to
585:
4066:
3596:
3583:
Market-Driven Evolution of Gas Processing Technologies for NGLs
3582:
1980:, a mixture of gaseous hydrocarbons produced as a byproduct of
3043:
3041:
1423:
acetates. They mistook the product of these reactions for the
1336:
and did not investigate it further. The process is now called
1254:
1202:
3207:
Hodnebrog, Øivind; Dalsøren, Stig B.; Myrhe, Gunnar (2018).
2485:"Ueber die Identität des Aethylwasserstoffs und des Methyls"
1737:
from which the sun and planets are believed to have formed.
1165:
463:
109:
99:
3155:"One oil field a key culprit in global ethane gas increase"
2329:(86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. p. 8.88.
1387:
During the period 1847–1849, in an effort to vindicate the
1168:
1162:
3592:
1637:
action on methane gas, also present in these atmospheres:
1740:
In 2006, Dale Cruikshank of NASA/Ames Research Center (a
1485:
P 21/n). Ethane is only very sparingly soluble in water.
937:
3542:
Vallero, Daniel (June 7, 2010). "Cancer Slope Factors".
1776:. This reaction proceeds through the propagation of the
1120:
1999:. Further distillation then separates ethane from the
1502:= 1.088(5) Å, and ∠CCH = 111.6(5)° by microwave and
1211:
1180:
1171:
6834:
6675:
6446:
6101:
6051:
5954:
5931:
5895:
5857:
5718:
5641:
5628:
5560:
5537:
5514:
5477:
5424:
5286:
5233:
5095:
5084:
5041:
5018:
4981:
4908:
4874:
4845:
4707:
4613:
4604:
4549:
4514:
4479:
4444:
4409:
4259:
4248:
4193:
4153:
4140:
4100:
1419:metal, and, as did Faraday, by the electrolysis of
1199:
1159:
3544:Environmental Biotechnology: A Biosystems Approach
2221:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
1649:can photo-dissociate the methane molecule into a
615:206 kg/m (at critical point 305.322 K)
3276:. NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Archived from
399:
2661:(8 ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks. p. 95.
2251:The saturated unbranched acyclic hydrocarbons C
2168:hazard. Ethane poses no known acute or chronic
1729:, and it has since been detected in some other
1699:vapor with a half-life of around three months.
941:
215:
3166:
3164:
2991:Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft
2359:National Institute of Standards and Technology
1607:in the U.S. has arrested the decline by half.
4078:
3608:
2011:The chief use of ethane is the production of
8:
1965:, ethane is the second-largest component of
636:−88.5 °C; −127.4 °F; 184.6 K
626:−182.8 °C; −296.9 °F; 90.4 K
3479:"SABIC's Acetic Acid Plant Comes on Stream"
2518:. Vol. 3. Macmillan. pp. 144–145.
2188:: carbon-neutral alternative to natural gas
5951:
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5892:
5854:
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5511:
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4406:
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4190:
4150:
4085:
4071:
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3615:
3601:
3593:
3274:"NASA Confirms Liquid Lake on Saturn Moon"
2454:"On the isolation of the organic radicals"
2421:Kolbe, Hermann; Frankland, Edward (1849).
2082:) ethane-to-vinyl chloride pilot plant at
1633:Atmospheric ethane results from the Sun's
1300:. For example, an ethyl group linked to a
478:
333:
311:
59:
3256:
3157:. University of Michigan. April 26, 2016.
3138:
3128:
1756:The chemistry of ethane involves chiefly
613:544.0 kg/m (liquid at -88,5 °C)
435:
4031:
4027:
4014:
4010:
3997:
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3674:
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3640:
3511:Modern Heterogeneous Oxidation Catalysis
2684:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1441:
1437:
1430:
1320:Ethane was first synthesised in 1834 by
991:−135 °C (−211 °F; 138 K)
184:
180:
173:
166:
162:
3578:International Chemical Safety Card 0266
2859:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
2212:
524:
499:
474:
377:
2514:Roscoe, H.E.; Schorlemmer, C. (1881).
1583:, currently having a concentration at
1005:472 °C (882 °F; 745 K)
324:
2327:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
2286:
1403:produced ethane by the reductions of
506:Key: OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
291:
271:
7:
1579:Ethane occurs as a trace gas in the
1452:This error was corrected in 1864 by
2985:Bischoff, C.A.; Walden, P. (1893).
390:
3552:10.1016/B978-0-12-375089-1.10014-5
1253:, ethane is a colorless, odorless
784:52.14± 0.39 J K mol at 298 Kelvin
25:
2544:Van Nes, G.J.H.; Vos, A. (1978).
1251:standard temperature and pressure
3272:Brown, Bob; et al. (2008).
2553:Acta Crystallographica Section B
2489:Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie
1725:In 1996, ethane was detected in
1563:Atmospheric and extraterrestrial
1195:
1155:
1110:
866:
554:
86:
66:
3546:. Academic Press. p. 641.
3174:Journal of Geophysical Research
2616:The Journal of Chemical Physics
2458:Journal of the Chemical Society
2427:Journal of the Chemical Society
2101:launched a 34,000 t/a plant at
1106:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
3477:Ramkumar, K.S. (26 May 2005).
2229:The Royal Society of Chemistry
548:
104:Ball and stick model of ethane
1:
3588:Staggered and eclipsed ethane
3371:10.1126/science.272.5266.1310
677:3.8453 MPa (at 21.1 °C)
147:Dicarbane (never recommended)
4094:Binary compounds of hydrogen
3109:Geophysical Research Letters
1760:. Ethane can react with the
1265:on an industrial scale from
3237:Atmospheric Science Letters
2533:. Vol. 4. p. 385.
2300:"Ethane – Compound Summary"
2058:, but poor selectivity for
1622:, and in the atmosphere of
1218:) is a naturally occurring
95:
6896:
2483:Schorlemmer, Carl (1864).
2452:Frankland, Edward (1850).
2380:Philosophical Transactions
2003:and heavier hydrocarbons.
1915:is a significant product:
44:
37:
6103:Transition metal hydrides
4665:
4042:
3630:
3405:"Making Old Horizons New"
2972:10.1002/cber.189102401196
2941:10.1002/cber.189102401195
2573:10.1107/S0567740878007037
2325:Lide, D. R., ed. (2005).
1774:free-radical halogenation
1100:
1093:
1088:
1032:
847:
842:
764:
535:
515:
503:InChI=1S/C2H6/c1-2/h1-2H3
490:
199:
153:
141:
129:
124:
114:Spacefill model of ethane
94:
85:
65:
3436:Chemical Society Reviews
3017:"Trace gases (archived)"
3003:10.1002/cber.18930260254
2910:10.1002/cber.18900230197
2501:10.1002/jlac.18641320217
2122:cryo-electron microscopy
2113:elsewhere in the world.
2093:Similarly, in 2005, the
1616:global warming potential
1089:Supplementary data page
909:Precautionary statements
45:Not to be confused with
2531:Dictionary of Chemistry
2120:water-rich samples for
1691:In Earth's atmosphere,
838:−1561.0–−1560.4 kJ mol
754:Magnetic susceptibility
607:kg/m (gas at 0 °C)
78:rotational spectroscopy
6836:Exotic matter hydrides
3514:. Wiley. p. 291.
2785:10.1002/anie.200352931
2400:10.1098/rstl.1834.0008
2111:methanol carbonylation
2021:saturated hydrocarbons
1758:free radical reactions
1576:
1540:
1277:. Its chief use is as
948:
115:
105:
2954:Bischoff, CA (1891).
2923:Bischoff, CA (1891).
2892:Bischoff, CA (1890).
2865:(19): 3579–81, 3513.
2516:Treatise on Chemistry
2237:10.1039/9781849733069
2197:Biodegradable plastic
2074:operates a 1000 t/a (
2041:aromatic hydrocarbons
1610:Although ethane is a
1570:
1522:
947:
143:Systematic IUPAC name
113:
103:
3409:The PI's Perspective
3403:(November 1, 2006).
3194:10.1029/2006JD008027
3130:10.1002/2016GL068703
2773:Angew. Chem. Int. Ed
2470:10.1039/QJ8500200263
2439:10.1039/QJ8490100060
2160:Ethane can displace
2132:MAN Energy Solutions
1434:), of which ethane (
1310:alcohol in beverages
930:(fire diamond)
131:Preferred IUPAC name
6448:Lanthanide hydrides
6055:(Group 17 hydrides)
5634:(Group 16 hydrides)
5088:(Group 15) hydrides
3886:Hexadecane / Cetane
3363:1996Sci...272.1310M
3357:(5266): 1310–1314.
3320:10.1038/nature07100
3312:2008Natur.454..607B
3249:2018AtScL..19E.804H
3186:2007JGRD..112.7312A
3121:2016GeoRL..43.4617K
3074:10.1038/nature11342
3066:2012Natur.488..490S
2820:2001Natur.411..565P
2758:10.1021/ar00090a004
2723:2005JChEd..82.1703E
2696:10.1021/ja01281a014
2657:J, McMurry (2012).
2628:1990JChPh..93.7522H
2595:"Ethane as a solid"
2565:1978AcCrB..34.1947V
2392:1834RSPT..124...77F
2033:propene (propylene)
1709:orbiter discovered
1641:photons of shorter
662:Solubility in water
642:Critical point
572: g·mol
253:Beilstein Reference
76:of ethane based on
62:
27:Organic compound (H
4104:(Group 1) hydrides
3448:10.1039/D0CS01518K
3415:on August 28, 2008
2731:10.1021/ed082p1703
2529:Watts, H. (1868).
2202:Drop-in bioplastic
2172:risk. It is not a
1982:petroleum refining
1695:convert ethane to
1603:production at the
1597:natural gas fields
1581:Earth's atmosphere
1577:
1545:rotational barrier
1541:
1338:Kolbe electrolysis
1275:petroleum refining
1133:Infobox references
1095:Ethane (data page)
1033:Related compounds
949:
116:
106:
74:Molecular geometry
60:
6852:
6851:
6677:Actinide hydrides
6053:Hydrogen halides
6015:
5980:
5979:
5950:
5949:
5927:
5926:
5891:
5890:
5853:
5852:
5714:
5713:
5620:
5586:
5585:
5556:
5555:
5533:
5532:
5510:
5509:
5473:
5472:
5420:
5419:
5282:
5281:
5229:
5228:
5080:
5079:
5037:
5036:
5014:
5013:
4977:
4976:
4904:
4903:
4870:
4869:
4841:
4840:
4703:
4702:
4661:
4660:
4606:Group 14 hydrides
4600:
4599:
4545:
4544:
4510:
4509:
4475:
4474:
4440:
4439:
4405:
4404:
4244:
4243:
4189:
4188:
4060:
4059:
3521:978-3-527-62755-4
3060:(7412): 490–494.
3021:Atmosphere.mpg.de
2779:(15): 1986–1990.
2717:(11): 1703–1708.
2659:Organic chemistry
2622:(10): 7522–7523.
2246:978-0-85404-182-4
2142:Health and safety
2136:Marine diesel oil
2068:hydrochloric acid
2029:alkenes (olefins)
1851:chemical equation
1849:according to the
1693:hydroxyl radicals
1525:Newman projection
1523:Ethane (shown in
1393:organic chemistry
1330:potassium acetate
1223:chemical compound
1141:Chemical compound
1139:
1138:
1067:Related compounds
1021:Safety data sheet
891:Hazard statements
760:-37.37·10 cm/mol
459:CompTox Dashboard
241:Interactive image
120:
119:
16:(Redirected from
6887:
6880:Greenhouse gases
6875:Industrial gases
6013:
5952:
5929:
5893:
5855:
5716:
5639:
5618:
5558:
5535:
5512:
5475:
5422:
5284:
5231:
5093:
5039:
5016:
4979:
4906:
4872:
4843:
4705:
4663:
4611:
4547:
4512:
4477:
4442:
4407:
4257:
4191:
4151:
4087:
4080:
4073:
4064:
4034:
4017:
4000:
3983:
3966:
3949:
3932:
3915:
3898:
3881:
3864:
3847:
3830:
3813:
3796:
3779:
3762:
3745:
3728:
3711:
3694:
3677:
3660:
3643:
3617:
3610:
3603:
3594:
3566:
3565:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3485:. Archived from
3474:
3468:
3467:
3442:(7): 4564–4605.
3430:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3306:(7204): 607–10.
3295:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3225:), and butane (C
3204:
3198:
3197:
3168:
3159:
3158:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3132:
3115:(9): 4617–4623.
3100:
3094:
3093:
3045:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3023:. Archived from
3013:
3007:
3006:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2828:10.1038/35079036
2803:
2797:
2796:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2636:10.1063/1.459380
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2550:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2355:webbook.nist.gov
2347:
2341:
2340:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2304:PubChem Compound
2296:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2217:
1945:
1872: → 4
1665: → CH
1605:Bakken Formation
1571:A photograph of
1553:hyperconjugation
1454:Carl Schorlemmer
1444:
1433:
1401:Edward Frankland
1290:functional group
1248:
1247:
1246:
1238:
1237:
1227:chemical formula
1214:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1194:
1183:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1154:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1011:Explosive limits
976:
969:
962:
955:
940:
920:
916:
902:
898:
870:
834:
807:
780:
765:Thermochemistry
606:
571:
556:
550:
543:Chemical formula
483:
482:
467:
465:
439:
403:
392:
381:
362:Gmelin Reference
345:
337:
326:
315:
295:
275:
243:
219:
187:
176:
169:
96:
90:
70:
63:
21:
6895:
6894:
6890:
6889:
6888:
6886:
6885:
6884:
6855:
6854:
6853:
6848:
6830:
6826:
6818:
6810:
6802:
6794:
6786:
6778:
6770:
6762:
6754:
6746:
6738:
6730:
6722:
6715:
6711:
6704:
6696:
6688:
6671:
6667:
6659:
6651:
6643:
6635:
6627:
6619:
6611:
6603:
6595:
6587:
6579:
6571:
6563:
6555:
6547:
6539:
6531:
6523:
6515:
6507:
6499:
6491:
6483:
6475:
6467:
6459:
6442:
6432:
6423:
6415:
6411:
6398:
6390:
6359:
6345:
6330:
6315:
6307:
6299:
6291:
6283:
6270:
6262:
6249:
6236:
6223:
6210:
6202:
6194:
6186:
6178:
6170:
6162:
6154:
6146:
6138:
6130:
6122:
6114:
6097:
6054:
6047:
6042:
6033:
6010:
6001:
5993:
5976:
5966:
5946:
5942:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5906:
5887:
5883:
5879:
5870:
5849:
5840:
5836:
5828:
5824:
5816:
5812:
5804:
5800:
5792:
5788:
5780:
5776:
5768:
5764:
5756:
5752:
5744:
5740:
5731:
5710:
5702:
5698:
5690:
5686:
5678:
5674:
5666:
5662:
5653:
5633:
5631:
5624:
5616:
5607:
5594:
5582:
5572:
5552:
5548:
5529:
5525:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5490:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5453:
5449:
5441:
5437:
5416:
5407:
5403:
5395:
5391:
5383:
5379:
5371:
5367:
5359:
5355:
5347:
5343:
5335:
5331:
5323:
5319:
5311:
5307:
5299:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5262:
5258:
5250:
5246:
5225:
5216:
5212:
5204:
5200:
5192:
5188:
5180:
5176:
5168:
5164:
5156:
5152:
5144:
5140:
5132:
5128:
5120:
5116:
5108:
5087:
5076:
5072:
5064:
5033:
5029:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4994:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4957:
4953:
4945:
4941:
4933:
4929:
4921:
4900:
4891:
4887:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4837:
4828:
4824:
4816:
4812:
4804:
4800:
4792:
4788:
4780:
4776:
4768:
4764:
4756:
4752:
4744:
4740:
4732:
4728:
4720:
4699:
4694:
4686:
4678:
4657:
4596:
4592:
4584:
4580:
4572:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4525:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4490:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4455:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4420:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4385:
4381:
4373:
4369:
4361:
4357:
4349:
4345:
4337:
4333:
4325:
4321:
4313:
4309:
4301:
4297:
4289:
4285:
4272:
4251:
4240:
4236:
4228:
4220:
4212:
4204:
4185:
4145:
4143:
4136:
4103:
4096:
4091:
4061:
4056:
4052:List of alkanes
4038:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4016:
4012:
4008:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3642:
3638:
3626:
3621:
3574:
3569:
3562:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3492:
3490:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3418:
3416:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3283:
3281:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3258:10.1002/asl.804
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3170:
3169:
3162:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3047:
3046:
3039:
3030:
3028:
3015:
3014:
3010:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2814:(6837): 565–8.
2805:
2804:
2800:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2669:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2548:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2363:
2361:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2309:
2307:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2231:. p. 133.
2219:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2182:
2144:
2126:soft structures
2009:
1959:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1893:carbon monoxide
1884:
1877:
1870:
1864:
1860:
1829:
1825:
1822: → C
1821:
1817:
1808:
1804:
1797:
1791:
1787:
1754:
1727:Comet Hyakutake
1687:
1683:
1680: → C
1679:
1675:
1668:
1664:
1565:
1515:
1508:
1501:
1494:
1479:plastic crystal
1474:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1322:Michael Faraday
1318:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1212:
1198:
1189:
1188:
1181:
1158:
1149:
1148:
1142:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1128: ?)
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1084:
1068:
1061:
1040:
1039:Related alkanes
1002:
999:
981:
980:
979:
978:
971:
964:
957:
950:
946:
938:
911:
893:
879:
863:
835:
832:
826:
822:
819:
818:Std enthalpy of
808:
805:
799:
795:
792:
791:Std enthalpy of
781:
774:
757:
731:
713:
696:
694:
685:
664:
614:
611:
610:
604:
569:
559:
553:
545:
531:
528:
523:
522:
511:
508:
507:
504:
498:
497:
486:
468:
461:
442:
422:
406:
393:
364:
355:
318:
298:
278:
255:
246:
233:
222:
209:
195:
194:
186:
182:
178:
175:
171:
168:
164:
160:
149:
148:
137:
136:
81:
71:
58:
43:
36:
34:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6893:
6891:
6883:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6857:
6856:
6850:
6849:
6847:
6846:
6840:
6838:
6832:
6831:
6829:
6828:
6824:
6820:
6816:
6812:
6808:
6804:
6800:
6796:
6792:
6788:
6784:
6780:
6776:
6772:
6768:
6764:
6760:
6756:
6752:
6748:
6744:
6740:
6736:
6732:
6728:
6724:
6720:
6716:
6713:
6709:
6706:
6702:
6698:
6694:
6690:
6686:
6681:
6679:
6673:
6672:
6670:
6669:
6665:
6661:
6657:
6653:
6649:
6645:
6641:
6637:
6633:
6629:
6625:
6621:
6617:
6613:
6609:
6605:
6601:
6597:
6593:
6589:
6585:
6581:
6577:
6573:
6569:
6565:
6561:
6557:
6553:
6549:
6545:
6541:
6537:
6533:
6529:
6525:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6509:
6505:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6489:
6485:
6481:
6477:
6473:
6469:
6465:
6461:
6457:
6452:
6450:
6444:
6443:
6441:
6440:
6430:
6425:
6421:
6417:
6413:
6409:
6405:
6400:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6372:
6367:
6357:
6352:
6341:
6337:
6326:
6322:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6285:
6281:
6277:
6272:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6256:
6251:
6247:
6243:
6238:
6234:
6230:
6225:
6221:
6217:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6172:
6168:
6164:
6160:
6156:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6132:
6128:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6107:
6105:
6099:
6098:
6096:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6057:
6049:
6048:
6046:
6045:
6040:
6036:
6031:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6008:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5981:
5978:
5977:
5975:
5974:
5964:
5958:
5956:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5944:
5940:
5935:
5933:
5925:
5924:
5922:
5921:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5897:
5889:
5888:
5886:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5861:
5851:
5850:
5848:
5847:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5722:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5651:
5647:
5645:
5636:
5632:chalcogenides
5626:
5625:
5623:
5622:
5614:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5596:
5592:
5587:
5584:
5583:
5581:
5580:
5570:
5564:
5562:
5554:
5553:
5551:
5550:
5546:
5541:
5539:
5531:
5530:
5528:
5527:
5523:
5518:
5516:
5508:
5507:
5505:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5483:
5481:
5471:
5470:
5468:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5430:
5428:
5418:
5417:
5415:
5414:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5292:
5290:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5239:
5237:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5223:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5101:
5099:
5090:
5082:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5052:
5050:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5031:
5027:
5022:
5020:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4987:
4985:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4914:
4912:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4880:
4878:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4851:
4849:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4713:
4711:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4697:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4666:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4619:
4617:
4608:
4602:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4560:
4558:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4518:
4516:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4483:
4481:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4448:
4446:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4413:
4411:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4274:
4270:
4265:
4263:
4254:
4246:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4197:
4195:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4157:
4155:
4148:
4146:earth hydrides
4138:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4108:
4106:
4098:
4097:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4082:
4075:
4067:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4049:
4047:Higher alkanes
4043:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4022:Hentriacontane
4019:
4002:
3985:
3968:
3951:
3934:
3917:
3900:
3883:
3866:
3849:
3832:
3815:
3798:
3781:
3764:
3747:
3730:
3713:
3696:
3679:
3662:
3645:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3612:
3605:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3573:
3572:External links
3570:
3568:
3567:
3560:
3534:
3520:
3500:
3489:on 9 June 2013
3469:
3425:
3392:
3341:
3290:
3264:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3199:
3160:
3146:
3140:2027.42/142509
3095:
3037:
3008:
2977:
2946:
2915:
2884:
2849:
2798:
2763:
2752:(6): 207–210.
2746:Acc. Chem. Res
2736:
2701:
2674:
2667:
2649:
2606:
2586:
2536:
2521:
2506:
2495:(2): 234–238.
2475:
2464:(3): 263–296.
2444:
2413:
2370:
2342:
2335:
2317:
2291:
2279:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2181:
2178:
2164:and become an
2143:
2140:
2060:vinyl chloride
2052:vinyl chloride
2017:steam cracking
2008:
2005:
1958:
1955:
1947:
1946:
1889:
1888:
1882:
1875:
1868:
1862:
1858:
1843:carbon dioxide
1835:
1834:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1806:
1802:
1799: →
1795:
1789:
1785:
1753:
1750:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1653:radical and a
1612:greenhouse gas
1564:
1561:
1529:Energy barrier
1513:
1509:= 1.524(3) Å,
1506:
1499:
1495:= 1.528(3) Å,
1492:
1473:
1470:
1466:Edmund Ronalds
1425:methyl radical
1389:radical theory
1385:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1317:
1314:
1273:by-product of
1243:
1234:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1109:
1108:
1104:standard state
1101:
1098:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1003:
996:
993:
992:
989:
983:
982:
972:
965:
958:
951:
936:
935:
934:
933:
931:
922:
921:
912:
907:
904:
903:
894:
889:
886:
885:
880:
875:
872:
871:
864:
859:
856:
855:
845:
844:
840:
839:
836:
830:
824:
816:
813:
812:
809:
803:
797:
789:
786:
785:
782:
770:
767:
766:
762:
761:
758:
752:
749:
748:
743:
741:Conjugate acid
737:
736:
733:
729:
719:
718:
715:
711:
701:
700:
699:19 nmol Pa kg
697:
692:
682:
679:
678:
675:
673:Vapor pressure
669:
668:
665:
660:
657:
656:
653:
638:
637:
634:
628:
627:
624:
618:
617:
609:
608:
600:
598:
592:
591:
588:
582:
581:
580:Colorless gas
578:
574:
573:
567:
561:
560:
557:
551:
546:
541:
538:
537:
533:
532:
530:
529:
526:
518:
517:
516:
513:
512:
510:
509:
505:
502:
501:
493:
492:
491:
488:
487:
485:
484:
471:
469:
457:
454:
453:
450:
444:
443:
441:
440:
432:
430:
424:
423:
421:
420:
416:
414:
408:
407:
405:
404:
396:
394:
386:
383:
382:
375:
369:
368:
365:
360:
357:
356:
354:
353:
349:
347:
339:
338:
328:
320:
319:
317:
316:
308:
306:
300:
299:
297:
296:
288:
286:
280:
279:
277:
276:
268:
266:
260:
259:
256:
251:
248:
247:
245:
244:
236:
234:
227:
224:
223:
221:
220:
212:
210:
205:
202:
201:
197:
196:
193:
192:
189:
156:
155:
151:
150:
146:
145:
139:
138:
134:
133:
127:
126:
122:
121:
118:
117:
107:
92:
91:
83:
82:
72:
32:
28:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6892:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6862:
6860:
6845:
6842:
6841:
6839:
6837:
6833:
6827:
6821:
6819:
6813:
6811:
6805:
6803:
6797:
6795:
6789:
6787:
6781:
6779:
6773:
6771:
6765:
6763:
6757:
6755:
6749:
6747:
6741:
6739:
6733:
6731:
6725:
6723:
6717:
6707:
6705:
6699:
6697:
6691:
6689:
6683:
6682:
6680:
6678:
6674:
6668:
6662:
6660:
6654:
6652:
6646:
6644:
6638:
6636:
6630:
6628:
6622:
6620:
6614:
6612:
6606:
6604:
6598:
6596:
6590:
6588:
6582:
6580:
6574:
6572:
6566:
6564:
6558:
6556:
6550:
6548:
6542:
6540:
6534:
6532:
6526:
6524:
6518:
6516:
6510:
6508:
6502:
6500:
6494:
6492:
6486:
6484:
6478:
6476:
6470:
6468:
6462:
6460:
6454:
6453:
6451:
6449:
6445:
6438:
6434:
6433:
6426:
6424:
6418:
6416:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6393:
6391:
6385:
6382:
6378:
6377:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6365:
6361:
6360:
6353:
6351:
6349:
6344:
6338:
6336:
6334:
6329:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6310:
6308:
6302:
6300:
6294:
6292:
6286:
6284:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6265:
6263:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6205:
6203:
6197:
6195:
6189:
6187:
6181:
6179:
6173:
6171:
6165:
6163:
6157:
6155:
6149:
6147:
6141:
6139:
6133:
6131:
6125:
6123:
6117:
6115:
6109:
6108:
6106:
6104:
6100:
6094:
6090:
6089:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6056:
6050:
6044:
6037:
6035:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6012:
6004:
6002:
5996:
5994:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5982:
5972:
5968:
5967:
5960:
5959:
5957:
5953:
5943:
5937:
5936:
5934:
5930:
5920:
5910:
5908:
5901:
5900:
5898:
5894:
5884:
5874:
5872:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5860:
5856:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5831:
5829:
5819:
5817:
5807:
5805:
5795:
5793:
5783:
5781:
5771:
5769:
5759:
5757:
5747:
5745:
5735:
5733:
5726:
5725:
5723:
5721:
5717:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5693:
5691:
5681:
5679:
5669:
5667:
5657:
5655:
5648:
5646:
5644:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5627:
5621:
5617:
5610:
5608:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5589:
5588:
5578:
5574:
5573:
5566:
5565:
5563:
5559:
5549:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5536:
5526:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5513:
5503:
5493:
5491:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5480:
5476:
5466:
5456:
5454:
5444:
5442:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5427:
5423:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5398:
5396:
5386:
5384:
5374:
5372:
5362:
5360:
5350:
5348:
5338:
5336:
5326:
5324:
5314:
5312:
5302:
5300:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5289:
5285:
5275:
5265:
5263:
5253:
5251:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5236:
5232:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5207:
5205:
5195:
5193:
5183:
5181:
5171:
5169:
5159:
5157:
5147:
5145:
5135:
5133:
5123:
5121:
5111:
5109:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5098:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5083:
5073:
5067:
5065:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5030:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5017:
5007:
4997:
4995:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4984:
4980:
4970:
4960:
4958:
4948:
4946:
4936:
4934:
4924:
4922:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4911:
4907:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4877:
4873:
4863:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4848:
4844:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4819:
4817:
4807:
4805:
4795:
4793:
4783:
4781:
4771:
4769:
4759:
4757:
4747:
4745:
4735:
4733:
4723:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4706:
4696:
4689:
4687:
4681:
4679:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4664:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4616:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4603:
4593:
4587:
4585:
4575:
4573:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4538:
4528:
4526:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4513:
4503:
4493:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4478:
4468:
4458:
4456:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4443:
4433:
4423:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4408:
4398:
4388:
4386:
4376:
4374:
4364:
4362:
4352:
4350:
4340:
4338:
4328:
4326:
4316:
4314:
4304:
4302:
4292:
4290:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4247:
4237:
4231:
4229:
4223:
4221:
4215:
4213:
4207:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4192:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4139:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4102:Alkali metal
4099:
4095:
4088:
4083:
4081:
4076:
4074:
4069:
4068:
4065:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4041:
4023:
4020:
4006:
4003:
3989:
3986:
3972:
3969:
3955:
3952:
3938:
3935:
3921:
3918:
3904:
3901:
3887:
3884:
3870:
3867:
3853:
3850:
3836:
3833:
3819:
3816:
3802:
3799:
3785:
3782:
3768:
3765:
3751:
3748:
3734:
3731:
3717:
3714:
3700:
3697:
3683:
3680:
3666:
3663:
3649:
3646:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3629:
3625:
3618:
3613:
3611:
3606:
3604:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3563:
3561:9780123750891
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3538:
3535:
3523:
3517:
3513:
3512:
3504:
3501:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3473:
3470:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3429:
3426:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3393:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3345:
3342:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3294:
3291:
3280:on 2011-06-05
3279:
3275:
3268:
3265:
3259:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3217:), propane (C
3203:
3200:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3156:
3150:
3147:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3099:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3027:on 2008-12-22
3026:
3022:
3018:
3012:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2966:: 1085–1095.
2965:
2961:
2957:
2950:
2947:
2942:
2938:
2935:: 1074–1085.
2934:
2930:
2926:
2919:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2888:
2885:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2853:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2799:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2767:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2740:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2711:J. Chem. Educ
2705:
2702:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2678:
2675:
2670:
2668:9780840054449
2664:
2660:
2653:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2607:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2537:
2532:
2525:
2522:
2517:
2510:
2507:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2479:
2476:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2448:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2374:
2371:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2338:
2336:0-8493-0486-5
2332:
2328:
2321:
2318:
2305:
2301:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2248:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2216:
2213:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2170:toxicological
2167:
2163:
2158:
2156:
2151:
2149:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2095:Saudi Arabian
2091:
2089:
2085:
2084:Wilhelmshaven
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1989:turboexpander
1985:
1983:
1979:
1978:petroleum gas
1975:
1972:
1971:petrochemical
1968:
1964:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1886:
1878:
1871:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1813:
1810:
1798:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1764:, especially
1763:
1759:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1711:Ontario Lacus
1708:
1707:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1671:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1635:photochemical
1631:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1620:giant planets
1617:
1613:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1574:
1569:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1548:
1546:
1538:
1535:or about 2.9
1534:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1505:
1498:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1458:Pennsylvanian
1455:
1450:
1448:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1409:ethyl cyanide
1406:
1405:propionitrile
1402:
1398:
1397:Hermann Kolbe
1394:
1390:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1350:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1304:group yields
1303:
1299:
1296:is called an
1295:
1292:; the ethane
1291:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1271:petrochemical
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1207:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1176:
1152:
1146:
1134:
1127:
1122:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1065:
1064:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1001:
995:
994:
990:
988:
985:
984:
977:
970:
963:
956:
932:
929:
928:
924:
923:
913:
910:
906:
905:
895:
892:
888:
887:
884:
881:
878:
874:
873:
869:
865:
862:
858:
857:
853:
851:
846:
841:
837:
829:
821:
815:
814:
810:
802:
794:
788:
787:
783:
778:
773:
772:Heat capacity
769:
768:
763:
759:
755:
751:
750:
747:
744:
742:
739:
738:
734:
728:
724:
721:
720:
716:
710:
706:
703:
702:
698:
691:
687:
681:
680:
676:
674:
671:
670:
666:
663:
659:
658:
654:
651:
647:
643:
640:
639:
635:
633:
632:Boiling point
630:
629:
625:
623:
622:Melting point
620:
619:
616:
602:
601:
599:
597:
594:
593:
589:
587:
584:
583:
579:
576:
575:
568:
566:
563:
562:
547:
544:
540:
539:
534:
525:
521:
514:
500:
496:
489:
481:
477:
476:DTXSID6026377
473:
472:
470:
460:
456:
455:
451:
449:
446:
445:
438:
434:
433:
431:
429:
426:
425:
418:
417:
415:
413:
410:
409:
402:
398:
397:
395:
389:
385:
384:
380:
376:
374:
371:
370:
366:
363:
359:
358:
351:
350:
348:
346:
341:
340:
336:
332:
329:
327:
325:ECHA InfoCard
322:
321:
314:
310:
309:
307:
305:
302:
301:
294:
290:
289:
287:
285:
282:
281:
274:
270:
269:
267:
265:
262:
261:
257:
254:
250:
249:
242:
238:
237:
235:
231:
226:
225:
218:
214:
213:
211:
208:
204:
203:
198:
191:Ethyl hydride
190:
158:
157:
152:
144:
140:
132:
128:
123:
112:
108:
102:
98:
97:
93:
89:
84:
79:
75:
69:
64:
56:
52:
48:
41:
19:
6436:
6427:
6380:
6374:
6363:
6354:
6347:
6342:
6332:
6327:
6092:
6086:
6005:
5970:
5961:
5955:Livermoranes
5720:Polysulfanes
5643:Polyoxidanes
5611:
5576:
5567:
5068:
5060:
5055:
5046:
4648:Cycloalkynes
4643:Cycloalkenes
4638:Cycloalkanes
4615:Hydrocarbons
4588:
4576:
4568:
4563:
4554:
4154:Monohydrides
3647:
3543:
3537:
3525:. Retrieved
3510:
3503:
3491:. Retrieved
3487:the original
3482:
3472:
3439:
3435:
3428:
3417:. Retrieved
3413:the original
3408:
3395:
3354:
3350:
3344:
3303:
3299:
3293:
3282:. Retrieved
3278:the original
3267:
3240:
3236:
3202:
3177:
3173:
3149:
3112:
3108:
3098:
3057:
3053:
3029:. Retrieved
3025:the original
3020:
3011:
2994:
2990:
2980:
2963:
2959:
2949:
2932:
2928:
2918:
2901:
2897:
2887:
2862:
2858:
2852:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2749:
2745:
2739:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2658:
2652:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2598:. Retrieved
2589:
2556:
2552:
2539:
2530:
2524:
2515:
2509:
2492:
2488:
2478:
2461:
2457:
2447:
2430:
2426:
2416:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2362:. Retrieved
2354:
2345:
2326:
2320:
2308:. Retrieved
2303:
2294:
2282:
2250:
2224:
2215:
2166:asphyxiation
2159:
2152:
2145:
2138:and ethane.
2130:
2115:
2092:
2045:
2015:(ethene) by
2010:
1997:distillation
1986:
1960:
1948:
1897:acetaldehyde
1890:
1836:
1755:
1748:'s surface.
1742:New Horizons
1739:
1735:solar nebula
1724:
1704:
1701:
1690:
1632:
1609:
1578:
1558:
1549:
1542:
1510:
1503:
1496:
1489:
1487:
1475:
1451:
1413:ethyl iodide
1386:
1326:electrolysis
1319:
1287:
1285:production.
1261:, ethane is
1259:hydrocarbons
1257:. Like many
1144:
1143:
998:Autoignition
926:
882:
849:
827:
800:
776:
726:
708:
689:
649:
645:
612:
412:RTECS number
293:ChEMBL135626
200:Identifiers
154:Other names
5538:Bismuthanes
3988:Tetracosane
3971:Heneicosane
3903:Heptadecane
3869:Pentadecane
3852:Tetradecane
2997:(2): 1452.
2559:(6): 1947.
2192:Biorefining
2107:acetic acid
2105:to produce
2025:unsaturated
1967:natural gas
1720:Kraken Mare
1716:Ligeia Mare
1643:wavelengths
1639:ultraviolet
1483:space group
1324:, applying
1298:ethyl group
1267:natural gas
1000:temperature
987:Flash point
877:Signal word
811:−84 kJ mol
684:Henry's law
577:Appearance
536:Properties
331:100.000.741
273:CHEBI:42266
6859:Categories
5561:Moscovanes
5426:Phosphenes
5288:Phosphanes
5086:Pnictogen
5043:Flerovanes
4194:Dihydrides
4144:(Group 2)
4005:Nonacosane
3937:Nonadecane
3920:Octadecane
3419:2007-02-12
3284:2008-07-30
3031:2011-12-08
2690:(2): 276.
2600:2019-12-10
2386:: 77–122.
2364:2024-05-16
2310:7 December
2287:IUPAC 2014
2208:References
2174:carcinogen
2031:, such as
1957:Production
1839:combustion
1472:Properties
1027:inchem.org
861:Pictograms
820:combustion
667:56.8 mg L
565:Molar mass
437:L99N5N533T
304:ChemSpider
228:3D model (
207:CAS Number
159:Dimethyl (
6437:predicted
6381:predicted
6364:predicted
6093:predicted
5971:predicted
5630:Hydrogen
5577:predicted
5047:predicted
5019:Plumbanes
4983:Stannanes
4653:Annulenes
4555:predicted
4551:Nihonanes
4515:Thallanes
4480:Indiganes
4250:Group 13
4142:Alkaline
3835:Tridecane
3483:Arab News
3464:231946397
3401:Stern, A.
2960:Chem. Ber
2929:Chem. Ber
2898:Chem. Ber
2844:205017635
2644:0021-9606
2433:: 60–74.
2408:116224057
2155:frostbite
2150:mixture.
2148:explosive
2064:corrosive
2048:Oxidative
2039:, and in
2037:butadiene
1974:feedstock
1887:+ 3120 kJ
1780:radical:
1752:Chemistry
1645:than 160
1601:shale gas
1585:sea level
1468:in 1864.
1462:crude oil
1417:potassium
1279:feedstock
1269:and as a
1080:Digermane
919:P410+P403
852:labelling
793:formation
590:Odorless
448:UN number
419:KH3800000
352:200-814-8
344:EC Number
6350:< 1)
5896:Tellanes
5515:Stibanes
4910:Germanes
4445:Gallanes
4252:hydrides
3818:Dodecane
3801:Undecane
3456:33595011
3387:27362518
3328:18668101
3082:22914166
2879:12370897
2836:11385566
2793:15065281
2581:55183235
2351:"Ethane"
2223:(2014).
2180:See also
2056:patented
2013:ethylene
1951:ethylene
1913:ethylene
1905:methanol
1766:chlorine
1762:halogens
1697:methanol
1655:hydrogen
1626:'s moon
1537:kcal/mol
1302:hydroxyl
1283:ethylene
1263:isolated
1075:Disilane
1015:2.9–13%
927:NFPA 704
843:Hazards
756:(χ)
746:Ethanium
723:Basicity
686:constant
258:1730716
18:Dimethyl
6870:Alkanes
6335:< 1)
5932:Polanes
5859:Selanes
5845:more...
5707:more...
5479:Arsanes
5412:more...
5221:more...
4876:Silynes
4847:Silenes
4833:more...
4709:Silanes
4633:alkynes
4628:alkenes
4623:alkanes
4261:Boranes
3954:Icosane
3733:Heptane
3699:Pentane
3665:Propane
3635:Methane
3624:Alkanes
3379:8650540
3359:Bibcode
3351:Science
3336:4398324
3308:Bibcode
3245:Bibcode
3182:Bibcode
3117:Bibcode
3090:4373714
3062:Bibcode
2904:: 623.
2816:Bibcode
2719:Bibcode
2624:Bibcode
2561:Bibcode
2388:Bibcode
2267:, and C
2118:vitrify
2088:Germany
2023:become
2001:propane
1993:turbine
1963:methane
1909:ethanol
1901:methane
1814:Cl• + C
1770:bromine
1706:Cassini
1676:• + •CH
1593:flaring
1587:of 0.5
1445:) is a
1421:aqueous
1372:• + •CH
1334:methane
1316:History
1306:ethanol
1220:organic
1126:what is
1124: (
1052:Propane
1047:Methane
705:Acidity
688: (
596:Density
388:PubChem
217:74-84-0
61:Ethane
55:Methane
6865:Ethane
5235:Azenes
5097:Azanes
4410:Alanes
3784:Decane
3767:Nonane
3750:Octane
3716:Hexane
3682:Butane
3648:Ethane
3558:
3527:4 July
3518:
3493:4 July
3462:
3454:
3385:
3377:
3334:
3326:
3300:Nature
3180:(D7).
3088:
3080:
3054:Nature
2877:
2842:
2834:
2808:Nature
2791:
2665:
2642:
2579:
2406:
2333:
2243:
2186:Biogas
2162:oxygen
2076:tonnes
1961:After
1907:, and
1731:comets
1669:• + •H
1651:methyl
1624:Saturn
1533:kJ/mol
1531:is 12
1460:light
1411:) and
1308:, the
1294:moiety
1145:Ethane
1121:verify
1118:
1057:Butane
1023:(SDS)
883:Danger
605:
603:1.3562
570:30.070
520:SMILES
379:Ethane
284:ChEMBL
135:Ethane
125:Names
51:Ethyne
47:Ethene
40:ETHANE
3460:S2CID
3383:S2CID
3332:S2CID
3243:(2).
3086:S2CID
2840:S2CID
2577:S2CID
2549:(PDF)
2404:S2CID
2103:Yanbu
2099:SABIC
2097:firm
2080:annum
2072:INEOS
2007:Usage
1932:→ 2 C
1847:water
1811:+ Cl•
1778:ethyl
1772:, by
1746:Pluto
1628:Titan
1573:Titan
1447:dimer
1415:with
1328:of a
1249:. At
1225:with
495:InChI
452:1035
264:ChEBI
230:JSmol
53:, or
3556:ISBN
3529:2024
3516:ISBN
3495:2024
3452:PMID
3375:PMID
3324:PMID
3078:PMID
2875:PMID
2832:PMID
2789:PMID
2663:ISBN
2640:ISSN
2331:ISBN
2312:2011
2241:ISBN
2078:per
2062:and
2035:and
1940:+ H
1879:+ 6
1865:+ 7
1845:and
1837:The
1830:• +
1792:• +
1768:and
1718:and
1399:and
1355:• +
1351:→ CH
1281:for
1184:-ayn
915:P210
901:H280
897:H220
735:−36
586:Odor
428:UNII
401:6324
373:MeSH
367:212
313:6084
31:C–CH
6844:PsH
6823:CfH
6815:CfH
6807:BkH
6799:BkH
6791:CmH
6783:AmH
6775:AmH
6767:PuH
6759:PuH
6751:NpH
6743:NpH
6719:PaH
6701:ThH
6693:ThH
6685:AcH
6664:LuH
6656:LuH
6648:YbH
6640:TmH
6632:TmH
6624:ErH
6616:ErH
6608:HoH
6600:HoH
6592:DyH
6584:DyH
6576:TbH
6568:TbH
6560:GdH
6552:GdH
6544:EuH
6536:SmH
6528:SmH
6520:NdH
6512:NdH
6504:PrH
6496:PrH
6488:CeH
6480:CeH
6472:LaH
6464:LaH
6456:LaH
6429:CnH
6420:HgH
6403:HgH
6395:CdH
6387:ZnH
6376:RgH
6370:CuH
6356:DsH
6340:PtH
6325:PdH
6320:NiH
6312:IrH
6304:RhH
6296:CoH
6288:FeH
6280:FeH
6275:FeH
6267:CrH
6259:CrH
6254:CrH
6246:TaH
6241:TaH
6233:NbH
6228:NbH
6207:HfH
6199:HfH
6191:ZrH
6183:ZrH
6175:TiH
6167:TiH
6159:LuH
6151:LuH
6111:ScH
6088:HTs
6082:HAt
6072:HBr
6067:HCl
6025:HDO
6014:(?)
6011:O–O
5963:LvH
5939:PoH
5619:(?)
5569:McH
5545:BiH
5522:SbH
5487:AsH
5069:FlH
5061:FlH
5056:FlH
5026:PbH
4991:SnH
4918:GeH
4896:SiH
4717:SiH
4589:NhH
4569:NhH
4564:NhH
4522:TlH
4487:InH
4452:GaH
4417:AlH
4233:BaH
4225:SrH
4217:CaH
4209:MgH
4201:BeH
4181:BaH
4176:SrH
4171:CaH
4166:MgH
4161:BeH
4132:CsH
4127:RbH
4117:NaH
4112:LiH
3548:doi
3444:doi
3367:doi
3355:272
3316:doi
3304:454
3253:doi
3190:doi
3178:112
3135:hdl
3125:doi
3070:doi
3058:488
2999:doi
2968:doi
2937:doi
2906:doi
2867:doi
2824:doi
2812:411
2781:doi
2754:doi
2727:doi
2692:doi
2632:doi
2569:doi
2497:doi
2493:132
2466:doi
2435:doi
2396:doi
2384:124
2259:, C
2233:doi
2086:in
1928:+ O
1920:2 C
1857:2 C
1832:HCl
1595:at
1589:ppb
1514:C−H
1507:C−C
1500:C−H
1493:C−C
1464:by
1391:of
1376:→ C
1349:COO
1255:gas
1182:ETH
850:GHS
831:298
804:298
717:50
464:EPA
391:CID
179:(CH
177:or
165:CCH
6861::
6735:UH
6727:UH
6714:15
6708:Th
6474:10
6408:Hg
6220:VH
6215:VH
6143:YH
6135:YH
6127:YH
6119:YH
6077:HI
6062:HF
6020:HS
5998:HO
5990:HO
5985:HO
5916:Te
5907:Te
5880:Se
5871:Se
5839:10
5613:NH
5604:HN
5599:NH
5591:HN
5495:As
5406:12
5402:10
5394:11
5382:10
5296:PH
5215:12
5211:10
5203:11
5191:10
5105:NH
4999:Sn
4968:12
4962:Ge
4956:10
4950:Ge
4938:Ge
4926:Ge
4884:Si
4855:Si
4827:22
4823:10
4821:Si
4815:20
4809:Si
4803:18
4797:Si
4791:16
4785:Si
4779:14
4773:Si
4767:12
4761:Si
4755:10
4749:Si
4737:Si
4725:Si
4683:CH
4675:CH
4670:CH
4577:Nh
4530:Tl
4495:In
4460:Ga
4425:Al
4396:22
4392:18
4384:14
4380:10
4372:12
4360:10
4348:11
4324:10
4277:BH
4269:BH
4122:KH
4032:64
4028:31
4015:60
4011:29
3998:50
3994:24
3981:44
3977:21
3964:42
3960:20
3947:40
3943:19
3930:38
3926:18
3913:36
3909:17
3896:34
3892:16
3879:32
3875:15
3862:30
3858:14
3845:28
3841:13
3828:26
3824:12
3811:24
3807:11
3794:22
3790:10
3777:20
3760:18
3743:16
3726:14
3709:12
3692:10
3639:CH
3554:.
3481:.
3458:.
3450:.
3440:50
3438:.
3407:.
3381:.
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3365:.
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6137:6
6129:3
6121:2
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6091:(
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6034:O
6032:2
6030:D
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6000:3
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5969:(
5965:2
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5867:H
5837:S
5835:2
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5825:S
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5821:H
5815:8
5813:S
5811:2
5809:H
5803:7
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5799:2
5797:H
5791:6
5789:S
5787:2
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5779:5
5777:S
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5739:2
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5732:S
5730:2
5728:H
5701:5
5699:O
5697:2
5695:H
5689:4
5687:O
5685:2
5683:H
5677:3
5675:O
5673:2
5671:H
5665:2
5663:O
5661:2
5659:H
5654:O
5652:2
5650:H
5615:5
5606:5
5593:3
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5575:(
5571:3
5547:3
5524:3
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5497:2
5489:3
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5460:4
5458:P
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5448:3
5446:P
5440:2
5438:H
5436:2
5434:P
5404:H
5400:P
5392:H
5390:9
5388:P
5380:H
5378:8
5376:P
5370:9
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5364:P
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5354:6
5352:P
5346:7
5344:H
5342:5
5340:P
5334:6
5332:H
5330:4
5328:P
5322:5
5320:H
5318:3
5316:P
5310:4
5308:H
5306:2
5304:P
5298:3
5273:4
5271:H
5269:4
5267:N
5261:3
5259:H
5257:3
5255:N
5249:2
5247:H
5245:2
5243:N
5213:H
5209:N
5201:H
5199:9
5197:N
5189:H
5187:8
5185:N
5179:9
5177:H
5175:7
5173:N
5167:8
5165:H
5163:6
5161:N
5155:7
5153:H
5151:5
5149:N
5143:6
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5137:N
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5113:N
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