319:, the Middle East and Afghanistan. He "enjoyed a rapid rise in the Soviet Army as a specialist in charge of psychological and ideological warfare. Only a fully committed Communist could qualify for these posts, and he earned his credentials by grinding out propagandistic and agitational screeds." "But even as he was indoctrinating troops in Communist orthodoxy, General Volkogonov was struggling with private doubts based on the horrors he discovered hidden in the archives". Volkogonov also had the opportunity to view the conditions of various client states during the
674:). The book presents chapters on "the seven leaders of the Soviet Union: Lenin, Stalin, Khrushchev, Brezhnev, Andropov, Chernenko and Gorbachev." Volkogonov was in the Soviet Army during the reign of six of the seven leaders, and he had "direct working contact" with four of those leaders in his role as a colonel-general. The English editions were essentially condensed versions of the much longer Russian originals, as acknowledged by their translator and editor Harold Shukman.
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565:. I felt enormous relief, and at the same time a sense of deep regret that I had wasted so many years in Utopian captivity. Perhaps the only thing I achieved in this life was to break with the faith I had held for so long...Disillusionment first came to me as an idea, rather like the melancholy of a spiritual hangover. Then, it came as intellectual confusion. Finally, as the determination to confront the truth and understand it...
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429:"Not a single document, and a great amount of materials has been studied, substantiates the allegation that Mr. A. Hiss collaborated with the intelligence services of the Soviet Union," the official, Gen. Dmitry A. Volkogonov, chairman of the Russian Government's military intelligence archives, declared. He called the espionage accusations against Mr. Hiss "completely groundless."
557:, first met him in Oxford, England in 1989, he found Volkogonov to be "utterly unlike idea of a Soviet general." Shukman explained: "He did not strut or swagger, or drink or smoke, and in the many different situations in which I was to see him — in other countries, in Russia, with academics, etc., he was invariably easy-going and relaxed, and plainly popular."
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access. As part of this process, Volkogonov was able to personally review "many documents of the
Communist Party Central Committee and the Politburo." This declassification of state and Party papers allowed historians access which had never been allowed going back to the early formation of the Soviet Union seventy years before.
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In the early 1990s, Volkogonov was "the chairman of the commission investigating the hitherto unknown fates of allied prisoners of war in Soviet camps, chairman of the parliamentary committee for KGB and
Communist Party archives." The second parliamentary committee released 78 million files to public
448:
Volkogonov co-chaired a U.S.-Russia Joint
Commission on Prisoners of War, "and continued, always, to write." Volkogonov fell out of favor with Yeltsin in 1994, after opposing the use of force to solve ethnic disputes within areas of the former Soviet Union. Specifically, Volkogonov felt that Yeltsin
617:
During the August 1991 coup attempt in which a hardliners attempted to wrest control from
Gorbachev in an attempt to reassert the Communist Party's power in the Soviet Union, Volkogonov was in a hospital in London. When Volkogonov saw the news of the coup on television, he said to his editor, "So,
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years, Volkogonov "found documents that astounded him — papers that revealed top
Communists as cruel, dishonest and inept". Thus, while Volkogonov was actively writing and editing Soviet propaganda materials for troops, " was engaged in a lengthy, tortured but very private process of re-evaluating
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While the Stalin biography caused friction, everything really came to a head in June 1991, when he was forced to resign. Volkogonov had shown the other senior officers at the
Institute a draft of the first volume of a 10-volume official Soviet history of World War II. In it, Volkogonov criticized
480:. Deep in the basement of the huge grey building were shelves holding metal boxes that contained all the written records associated with Lenin. Volkogonov explained, "As I saw more and more closed Soviet archives, as well as the large Western collections at Harvard University and the
331:
Volkogonov was a fervent ideologue until the end of the 1970s, and devoted his energy to spreading
Marxism–Leninism within the military. Only with the most impeccable communist credentials did Volkogonov access the most secret Soviet archives. While reading in the archives during the
1509:
323:. While these countries received military aid, Volkogonov later recalled, "...they all became poorer; their economies were collapsing everywhere. And I came to the conclusion that the Marxist model was a real historic blind alley, and that we, too, were caught in a historic trap."
593:
writer described
Volkogonov: "For exposing truths and exploding myths, Volkogonov was often accused of treason and treachery. But he never retreated." Volkogonov was under tremendous pressures at the time. For instance he related that when he would enter the
598:(where he had held a seat as a liberal since the Gorbachev era), he would be met by Communist legislators who would "line up at the door and shout insults." Of this Volkogonov commented at the time, "I take these shouts as sounds of historical praise."
360:"Volkogonov admitted publicly that, like many senior Soviet officials, he had lived two mental lives, rising higher and higher in his career while burrowing deeper in the archives, as if symbolically undermining the system that had nurtured him."
441:"I was not properly understood... The Ministry of Defense also has an intelligence service, which is totally different, and many documents have been destroyed. I only looked through what the K.G.B. had. All I said was that I saw no evidence."
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519:
His biographical work, notably on
Trotsky, have also attracted varied reception. Some reviewers have argued he provides overwhelming evidence of the former’s ruthlessness in the name of the revolution. Conversely, other writers such as
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277:, who had fallen out of favor with Stalin and who was arrested that year. This was something Volkogonov only found out years later while doing his own research in the restricted archives in Moscow. His mother was sent to a
461:
Although
Volkogonov began intensive research into Lenin in 1990, by the late 1980s he was actually already arriving at his own conclusion regarding Lenin's role. He eventually became thoroughly disillusioned with
524:
have claimed bias in his historical interpretation to “proclaim that Marxism is evil and revolution is wrong”, superficial assessment of the ideological formulations and compared his book unfavourably to the
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303:
within himself. While reading early journals of Party members from the 1920s, Volkogonov realized "how stifled and sterile political debate in the Soviet Union had become in comparison to the early days."
355:
Although Volkogonov approached Lenin in the Stalin biography in a rather conventional way, he was passionate in his indictment of the Stalinist system. As he later remarked, "It immediately made me many
487:
Volkogonov always used to say "that in his own mind, Lenin was the last bastion to fall." He said that the turning point was when he discovered one of Lenin's orders calling for the public hanging of
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He had been director of the Institute of Military History since 1985, where he was heavily involved in research and writing. While there, Volkogonov compiled a two-volume collection of data on 45,000
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One British historian, summarizing Volkogonov's criticisms of Stalin's military role in World War II, then notes that "a number of officers at the Institute of Military History who had fought on the
1361:"Soviets Executed GIs After WWII : Prisoners: Other Americans were forced to renounce citizenship, Yeltsin writes Senate panel. But no sign of POWs from Korea, Vietnam wars found, Russian says"
622:, who had fired Volkogonov from the Institute three months earlier, had told him, "something will happen to get rid of the likes of you." From his hospital bed Volkogonov broadcast an appeal on the
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242:
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Responding to Volkogonov's last remarks, Hiss himself stated: "If he and his associates haven't examined all the files, I hope they will examine the others, and they will show the same thing."
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in Western Siberia: Volkogonov joked that as they were already in the Far East, and Stalin was not in the habit of sending his political prisoners to Hawaii, they had to be sent west."
633:, an American Russian organization tasked with finding American POWs in Russia. He told a US Senate committee that 730 American airmen had been captured on Cold War spy flights.
614:"Despite his undergoing extensive surgery for colon and liver cancer" in 1991, the pace of both his political activity and the publication of his writings increased sharply.
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and his lawyer in the United States. In 1948, Hiss had been accused of being a spy for the Soviet Union. When Hiss's lawyer contacted Volkogonov to check the
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382:"Accused of blackening the name of the army, as well as that of the Communist Party and the Soviet state, and personally attacked by Minister of Defense
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that had been built up around Lenin and Stalin. Volkogonov published books that contributed to the strain of liberal Russian thought that emerged during
269:. Volkogonov was the son of a collective farm manager and a schoolteacher. In 1937, when he was eight, Volkogonov's father was arrested and shot during
495:
Hang (hang without fail, so the people see) no fewer than one hundred known kulaks, rich men, bloodsuckers...Do it in such a way that for hundreds of
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Volkogonov began writing his biography of Stalin in 1978. He completed it by 1983, but it was banned by the Central Committee. It was published under
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Volkogonov told his editor that the "spiritual strength" that he displayed in his last years was derived from undergoing a Christian baptism. As one
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were critical of Volkogonov's writings on the war because he had never set foot on a battlefield. He was, they said, an 'armchair-general'."
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of the Soviet Union. The publication of the book on Stalin within Russia made Volkogonov "a pariah among his fellow senior officers".
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department in 1970. There he wrote propaganda pamphlets and manuals on psychological warfare and gained a reputation as a hardliner.
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By the end of his life, Volkogonov had "firmly committed himself to the view that Russia's only hope in 1917 lay in the liberal and
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has also disputed the historical assessments by modern historians such as Volkogonov in which he argued had falsely equated
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around, the people will see, tremble, know, shout: they are strangling and will strangle to death the bloodsucking kulaks.
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it was only late in my life, after long and tortuous inner struggle, that I was able to free myself of the chimera of
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Volkogonov entered the military at the age of seventeen in 1945, which was common for many orphans. He studied at the
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It was as early as the 1950s, while a young Army officer, that Volkogonov first discovered information that created
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Volkogonov died from cancer in December 1995 at the age of 67. His family donated his papers to the United States
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1381:"Taking Lyon on the Ninth Day? The 1964 Warsaw Pact Plan for a Nuclear War in Europe and Related Documents"
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Recipients of the Order "For Service to the Homeland in the Armed Forces of the USSR", 3rd class
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Trotsky: a biographer's problems. In The Trotsky reappraisal. Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul,(eds)
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Editor's Preface to Volkogonov's Autopsy for an Empire: The Seven Leaders who Built the Soviet Regime
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in December 1991, Volkogonov became the special adviser for defence issues to the Russian President
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further solidified this thought within him, but he kept these thoughts to himself at that time.
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Recipients of the Medal "For Distinction in Guarding the State Border of the USSR"
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During the decades that Volkogonov headed the Department of Special Propaganda, he visited
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When notice of Volkogonov's research became known in the West, inquiries came to him from
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officers who were arrested during the purges of the 1930s, in which 15,000 were shot.
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The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire: Political Leaders from Lenin to Gorbachev
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system within the last decade of his life before his death from cancer in 1995.
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647:(Вожди, or Vozhdi), which consists of the three books about: Vladimir Lenin (
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Later Volkogonov took issue with what amounted to exoneration of Hiss. In a
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1124:"After 40 Years, a Postscript on Hiss: Russian Official Calls Him Innocent"
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article entitled "Russian General Retreats on Hiss," Volkogonov clarified:
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Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 3rd class
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was taking "the advice of wrong-headed counselors" in deciding to invade
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Stalin's management of the war and his liquidation of Soviet officers.
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Autopsy For An Empire: The Seven Leaders Who Built the Soviet Regime
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Autopsy For An Empire: The Seven Leaders Who Built the Soviet Regime
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Autopsy for an Empire: the Seven Leaders Who Built the Soviet Regime
668:
Autopsy for an Empire: the Seven Leaders Who Built the Soviet Regime
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First convocation members of the State Duma (Russian Federation)
1383:. Parallel History Project on NATO and the Warsaw Pact. May 2000
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When Volkogonov's editor for the English editions of his books,
281:, where she died during World War II. The family was "exiled to
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to the Soviet army to not obey the orders of the coup leaders.
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List of members of the State Duma of Russia who died in office
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253:
in the late 1980s and the post-Soviet era of the early 1990s.
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Through his research in the restricted archives of the Soviet
984:"Dmitri Volkogonov, 67, Historian Who Debunked Heroes, Dies"
823:"Dmitri Volkogonov, 67, Historian Who Debunked Heroes, Dies"
186:; 22 March 1928 – 6 December 1995) was a Soviet and Russian
386:," and under pressure from Gorbachev, Volkogonov resigned.
484:
in California, Lenin's profile altered in my estimation".
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Corresponding Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
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by communist hardliners in August 1991, followed by the
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First Russian Biographies of Trotsky: A Review Article
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in Moscow in 1961, transferring to the Soviet Army's
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for most of his career, Volkogonov came to repudiate
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might be a counter-revolution, when compared to the
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Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
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1012:"Writing History, Soviet General Finds Revelation"
1052:Albert Axell, Russia's Heroes, 1941-45; 2001:248.
545:to present the notion of ideological continuity.
1088:Dmitri Volkogonov; Harold Shukman (1 May 1999).
936:"Dmitri Volkogonov Dies; Exposed Soviet Horrors"
1535:State Prize of the Russian Federation laureates
1338:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 19, 20.
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503:"It never occurred to us", he wrote, "that the
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273:for being found in possession of a pamphlet by
684:Mythical "Threat" and the Real Danger to Peace
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457:Biography of Lenin and Critique of Leninism
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27:Russian general and historian (1928-1995)
750:Credited as a Historical Consultant for
261:Volkogonov was born on 22 March 1928 in
1530:Recipients of the Order of the Red Star
1500:Lenin Military Political Academy alumni
1239:. Yale University Press. pp. 50–.
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666:He also finished just before his death
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1505:Recipients of the Lenin Komsomol Prize
1404:McInnes, Neil. "Volkogonov's journey"
1148:Schmemann, Serge (December 17, 1992).
421:archives for record of Hiss as a spy,
1220:Author's intro: Autopsy for an Empire
1122:Margolick, David (October 29, 1992).
688:Novosti Press Agency Publishing House
202:department. After research in secret
7:
1281:"Trotsky: The Eternal Revolutionary"
1094:. Simon and Schuster. pp. 24–.
390:Advisor to Yeltsin and 1990s Stances
1485:Advisers to the President of Russia
1480:People from Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai
1359:Ross, Michael (November 12, 1992).
1319:Singer, Daniel (24 February 1999).
1174:Howe, Marvine (December 17, 1992).
1062:Champion, Mark (October 12, 1992).
618:they've done it." Defense Minister
1580:Deaths from brain cancer in Russia
1550:Stalinism-era scholars and writers
1408:08849382, (Winter96/97), Issue 46
1150:"Russian General Retreats on Hiss"
982:Stanley, Alessandra (1995-12-07).
758:Trotsky: The Eternal Revolutionary
657:Trotsky: The Eternal Revolutionary
629:Volkogonov was the co-chairman of
25:
1560:20th-century Russian philosophers
773:, HarperCollins Publishers, 1998
752:Russia's War: Blood upon the Snow
610:Volkogonov's gravestone in Moscow
570:Dmitri Volkogonov, Introduction,
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1430:
1034:Breslauer, George (1998-06-14).
850:Dmitri Volkogonov (1 May 1999).
290:Lenin Military-Political Academy
1475:20th-century Russian historians
1279:Kramer, Mark (1 January 1997).
1010:Erlanger, Steven (1995-08-01).
934:Simon, Stephanie (1995-12-07).
509:events of February of that year
400:dissolution of the Soviet Union
396:1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt
306:Khrushchev's 1956 secret speech
184:Дми́трий Анто́нович Волкого́нов
1233:Richard Pipes (10 June 1999).
1064:"Volkogonov Rediscovers Lenin"
754:television documentary series.
582:coalition that emerged in the
505:'breakthrough' of October 1917
1:
956:Pipes, Richard (1996-03-24).
32:Eastern Slavic naming customs
1585:Burials at Kuntsevo Cemetery
856:. Free Press. pp. 12–.
706:The Army and Social Progress
659:, 1992); and Joseph Stalin (
222:. Despite being a committed
176:Dmitri Antonovich Volkogonov
72:Dmitri Antonovich Volkogonov
1555:Russian military historians
1218:Volkogonov, Dmitri (1999).
712:Stalin: Triumph and tragedy
708:, Progress Publishers, 1987
661:Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy
206:(both before and after the
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472:were housed in the former
212:biography of Joseph Stalin
30:In this name that follows
29:
1302:Thatcher, Ian D. (1994).
1176:"Keep Looking, Hiss Says"
736:. London: HarperCollins.
714:, Grove Weidenfeld, 1991
183:
169:
1321:"The Prophet Vulgarized"
910:Shukman, Harold (1998).
208:dissolution of the union
1565:Soviet colonel generals
1540:Historians of communism
1334:Broue., Pierre (1992).
218:, among others such as
1447:Quotations related to
1285:The Review of Politics
730:Lenin: A New Biography
649:Lenin: A New Biography
611:
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1308:. pp. 1417–1423.
1201:Autopsy for an Empire
695:The Psychological War
609:
572:Autopsy For An Empire
476:building on Moscow's
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358:
200:psychological warfare
152:Years of service
1545:Historians of Russia
1439:at Wikimedia Commons
301:cognitive dissonance
194:who was head of the
1575:Soviet philosophers
786:, Free Press, 1999
760:, Free Press, 1996
700:Progress Publishers
638:Library of Congress
584:February Revolution
529:. French historian
247:cult of personality
1199:Editor's Preface,
726:Volkogonov, Dmitry
612:
596:Russian Parliament
563:Bolshevik Ideology
515:Reception of works
491:peasants in 1918:
482:Hoover Institution
423:The New York Times
327:Researching Stalin
210:), he published a
18:Dimitri Volkogonov
1570:Soviet historians
1449:Dmitri Volkogonov
1437:Dmitri Volkogonov
1435:Media related to
1406:National Interest
1366:Los Angeles Times
1345:978-0-7486-0317-6
1246:978-0-300-07662-2
1101:978-0-684-87112-7
940:Los Angeles Times
863:978-1-4391-0572-6
831:. 7 December 1995
792:978-0-684-87112-7
779:978-0-00-255791-7
766:978-0-684-82293-8
743:978-0-00-255123-6
720:978-0-8021-1165-4
631:Task Force Russia
591:Los Angeles Times
580:social democratic
527:Deutscher trilogy
474:Central Committee
394:After the failed
342:Mikhail Gorbachev
337:Soviet history."
243:Central Committee
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57:Dmitri Volkogonov
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1415:Appearances
672:Sem Vozhdei
425:reported:
350:dissolution
348:before the
283:Krasnoyarsk
119:Nationality
44:family name
1459:Categories
1185:14 October
1159:14 October
1133:14 October
810:References
602:Last years
543:Trotskyism
415:Alger Hiss
294:propaganda
279:labor camp
265:, Eastern
257:Early life
129:Occupation
78:1928-03-22
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40:Antonovich
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1252:13 August
651:, 1994);
549:Character
539:Stalinism
356:enemies."
232:communism
224:Stalinist
188:historian
155:1945–1991
132:Historian
798:See also
728:(1994).
568:—
535:Leninism
464:Leninism
451:Chechnya
366:Red Army
346:Glasnost
334:Brezhnev
321:Cold War
317:Ethiopia
275:Bukharin
251:Glasnost
234:and the
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1107:26 July
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645:Leaders
267:Siberia
180:Russian
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1389:2015
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