258:
415:
understood, as argued by Jodoin, Ananthamoorthy, and Lofts, as requiring States to design climate policies and measures in a way that considers the rights of persons with disabilities and ensures that the policies themselves do not violate their rights. Moreover, this requirement could be understood as requiring States to reduce carbon emissions in order to avoid their negative human rights impacts on persons with disabilities. The UNCRPD also requires that States ensure the participation of persons with disabilities in the development and implementation of policies; accordingly, States should include persons with disabilities, through consultation or other processes, in the creation and implementation of climate policies.
295:
237:
change. For instance, individuals with certain pre-existing conditions or chronic illnesses may be more vulnerable to the effects of climate change, such as warmer temperatures and decreased air quality. However, a disproportionate number of persons with disabilities live in poverty, meaning that they may be unable to access crucial tools, like air conditioning, necessary to adapt to warmer temperatures and extreme heat events. The combined effects of economic inequality and an individual's health conditions can thus render them especially vulnerable to climate change.
229:
19:
325:, and the like. During a disaster, these devices are likely to be lost or destroyed. Additionally, when relief is provided to areas affected by natural disasters, these types of items are rarely provided, leaving disabled people to go without them for extended periods of time. Increased temperatures pose greater risks to disabled people, as many disabilities impact one's ability to regulate body temperatures. Climate change also poses specific risks to those with respiratory disabilities because the warming climate can increase
394:
143:
317:, another challenge disabled people may face is the loss of adaptive equipment that help them have increased mobility or ability to interface via sight or sound.Many people with disabilities depend on assistive devices that improve their physical functions and mobility. Once they are threatened by a disaster, assistive devices are out of reach because they are either lost or damaged. This would leave these people without adaptive support to survive. These could include
341:
81:, adopted in 2015, is a landmark international treaty that builds upon the framework established by the UNFCCC. Its main goal is to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, with efforts to limit the increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius. The agreement emphasizes the importance of sustainable development and includes provisions for financing and technology transfer to support developing countries in their climate actions.
2800:
2788:
27:
436:, the Agenda for Humanity and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. The Strategy enables the UN system to support the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and other international human rights instruments, as well as the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals, the Agenda for Humanity and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction.
2824:
2812:
1038:
277:. As such, disabled people are more likely to be affected by the same challenges faced by impoverished communities. People with disabilities experience poverty at more than twice the rate of non-disabled people. As the climate changes, crop failure and drought will become more common, leaving poorer communities without
447:
is achieved when people with disabilities meaningfully participate and when disability-related concerns are addressed in compliance with the
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. IASC Guidelines sets out the essential actions that humanitarian actors must take in order to effectively
248:
The report had actual outcomes. In 2019, Member states adopted two resolutions that were in the general assembly. "The first resolution titled "Promoting social integration through social inclusion" (A/C.3/74/L.17/Rev.1) and the second titled "Implementation of the
Convention on the Rights of Persons
236:
People with disabilities represent wide and diverse communities. However, on the whole, persons with disabilities are more vulnerable to climate change than persons without disabilities. Other factors, such as poverty, gender, or
Indigeneity, can also compound an individual's vulnerability to climate
431:
launched the UNDIS to bring disability inclusion to the forefront of all areas of the UN's work around the world. The United
Nations Disability Inclusion Strategy provides the foundation for sustainable and transformative progress on disability inclusion through all pillars of the work of the United
423:
The UN Partnership on the Rights of
Persons with Disabilities, a system wide partnership that UNDP hosts the technical secretariat with 5 other UN entities, can support UNCTs' joint UN work on disability inclusion. The UNDIS acts as a benchmark towards achieving transformative change for people with
96:
is an international treaty that focuses on protecting the rights and dignity of persons with disabilities. It is connected to the broader concept of sustainable development by promoting inclusivity, accessibility, and equal participation in all aspects of society. Disability is included in five
88:
are a set of 17 global goals adopted by all United
Nations Member States in 2015 as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The goals cover a wide range of sustainable development issues, including poverty, hunger, health, education, gender equality, clean water, and climate action
381:
Critical factors shape the resilience and adaptive ability of individuals within their communities. Such factors are: access to and control over natural, human, social, physical, and financial resources. People with disabilities have various types of vulnerabilities: poor education, lack of income,
353:
While disabled people are frequently less physically mobile, they also experience other mobility-related disadvantages. Disabled people often have more difficulty travelling internationally, despite technically having the right to international mobility. This typically occurs because countries will
309:
than those without disabilities because of social stigmas, exclusion, poverty, discriminatory policies, and a lack of health care programs for specific disabilities. When stressors related to climate change reduce the effectiveness of health care systems, these inequalities in access to health care
244:
In 2018, the United
Nations created a flagship report that has never been done before. The report was based on and talked about "disability and sustainable development goals". The report mentions how people with disabilities are at a disadvantage when it comes to climate change and the issues that
219:
Meaningful participation, inclusion and leadership of people with disabilities and their representative organizations within disaster risk management and climate-related decision-making strategy within a local, national, regional and global levels, is a human right approach to address their rights
414:
Under the UNCRPD, States have a number of obligations that are relevant in the context of climate change. The UNCRPD specifically requires that State
Parties "take into account the protection and promotion of the human rights of persons with disabilities in all policies and programs". This can be
410:
and its
Optional Protocol (A/RES/61/106) was adopted on 13 December 2006 at the United Nations Headquarters in New York, and was opened for signature on 30 March 2007. It had 82 signatories to the convention, 44 signatories to the Optional Protocol, and 1 ratification of the convention. It is the
377:
An emergency within the context of climate change puts people with disabilities with an increased risk because of their vulnerability. A guidance note created by the World Health
Organization regarding disability and emergency risk management describes a number of extra challenges faced by people
285:
are more acutely felt by poor neighborhoods, a problem which will only become more clear as climate change worsens. As job opportunities are lost due to the impacts of environmental disasters, disabled people are likely to be the first to lose employment or agricultural land.
432:
Nations: peace and security, human rights, and development. The Strategy enables the UN system to support the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and other international human rights instruments, as well as the achievement of the
240:
The UN flagship report on disability and development reveals that disabled youth face additional challenges that are related to their basic rights to higher education, as is the case in less developed countries where education for regular people is lacking.
73:
is an international treaty that was adopted in 1992 with the goal of addressing climate change and its impacts. It provides a framework for negotiating and implementing agreements to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to the changing climate.
365:
making up the bulk of movement. Unfortunately, there has been minimal research on the involvement in internal migration by disabled people, and the effects that this form of migration have on disabled people's adaptive capabilities are largely unknown.
173:, due to a lack of access to emergency resources and the difficulties imposed by limited mobility. Disabled people are also more adversely affected by climate change because a disproportionate number of disabled people live in
310:
between disabled and non-disabled people widen. Disruptions to social services and other essential services can be especially detrimental, as disabled people often rely on regular and reliable access to these services.
245:
come with it. The report states that the world needs to create action in order to remove the disadvantages that people with disabilities have. The report recommends actions that should be taken in order to do so.
213:. Another step taken to ensure that information about climate risks by the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) that publishes its new report highlighting the cases and further updates.
2524:
185:. A 2022 study by the Disability-Inclusive Climate Action Research Programme revealed that only 37 of 192 State Parties to the Paris Agreement currently refer to persons with disabilities in their
161:
more acutely compared to those without disabilities. Typically, disabled people are the most likely to be negatively affected by any form of emergency, whether it be an immediate emergency like a
390:
There are a number of frameworks and policies that highlight the governments use of a human rights-based approach when developing and implementing climate policies and programs to ensure equity.
181:. Despite this, and despite the fact that disabled people make up more than 15% of the global population, they have had minimal input and involvement in the decision-making process surrounding
913:"Disability and climate change: How climate-related hazards increase vulnerabilities among the most at risk populations and the necessary convergence of inclusive DRR and CCA (2018) - World"
2700:
138:– Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development, with emphasis on data collection, in particular disability disaggregated data.
2368:
648:
2541:
407:
93:
70:
47:
35:
205:
did not reference the relationship between disability and climate change. However, several international agreements and documents do elaborate on the relationship, such as the
1977:
1803:
1972:
1840:
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257:
411:
first comprehensive human rights treaty of the 21st century and is the first human rights convention to be open for signature by regional integration organizations.
1777:
1486:
206:
50:
are connected through their common goals of addressing global challenges and promoting sustainable development through policies and international cooperation.
778:
706:
216:
In 2019, the OHCHR published an analytical study on the promotion and protection of the rights of persons with disabilities in the context of climate change.
1719:
1603:
1862:
1820:
912:
962:
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1857:
1442:
2072:
1793:
1511:
1288:
1100:
540:
Annual Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and Reports of the Office of the High Commissioner and the Secretary-General
2428:
2217:
838:
1385:
649:
https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f10f916d115b114fe4e2b97/t/638789cb6fbc135d460385c0/1669827020085/DRCC+Status+Report_English_formatted.pdf
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2017:
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1982:
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1407:
492:
294:
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2536:
1962:
1924:
1869:
1339:
777:"Ending Poverty and Hunger for All Persons with Disabilities". United Nations Department of Social and Economic Affairs. 2019.
134:
126:
118:
89:(SDG 13). The Paris Agreement is closely aligned with SDG 13, emphasizing the need for urgent action to combat climate change.
664:
536:"Analytical study on the promotion and protection of the rights of persons with disabilities in the context of climate change"
2653:
1937:
1694:
110:
102:
779:
https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2019/11/poverty-hunger-disability-brief2019.pdf
690:
Analytical study on the promotion and protection of the rights of persons with disabilities in the context of climate change
2763:
2298:
444:
433:
201:
The increased risks of disabled people with respect to climate change have not been widely acknowledged. For example, the
85:
43:
2746:
2418:
1947:
1942:
1847:
1724:
1281:
202:
114:– Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all.
1957:
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182:
702:
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Disabled people are disproportionately represented in the poorest communities, and a large percent live below the
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2005:
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1422:
1358:
1319:
516:
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314:
2680:
963:"Disability and climate change : understanding vulnerability and building resilience in a changing world"
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2636:
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2030:
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1274:
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1952:
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1539:
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1519:
647:(Centre for Human Rights & Legal Pluralism & International Disability Alliance, November 2022).
2792:
2438:
2315:
2123:
1583:
1506:
493:"Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Disability | Division for Inclusive Social Development (DISD)"
354:
deny disabled migrants entry because of the perceived burden they are believed to place on the country.
142:
393:
106:– Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.
2631:
2509:
2200:
2170:
1745:
1672:
565:
457:
326:
249:
with Disabilities and the Optional Protocol thereto: accessibility" (A/C.3/74/L.32/Rev.1)" (UN.org).
987:
546:. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 22 April 2020 – via UNDOCS.
2648:
2423:
1657:
1652:
1197:
839:"IASC Guidelines, Inclusion of Persons with Disabilities in Humanitarian Action, July 2019 - World"
428:
2476:
2408:
2325:
2175:
2140:
2097:
2092:
2087:
1662:
1058:
814:
595:
362:
330:
937:
723:
340:
157:, both directly and indirectly. Individuals with disabilities are more likely to experience the
643:
Sébastien Jodoin, Katherine Lofts, Amanda Bowie-Edwards, Laurence Leblanc, & Chloe Rourke.
2710:
2373:
2118:
1884:
1677:
1640:
1427:
1381:
566:"Seeking a disability lens within climate change migration discourses, policies and practices"
274:
1247:"IASC Guidelines, Inclusion of Persons with Disabilities in Humanitarian Action, 2019 | IASC"
2753:
2320:
2303:
2244:
2135:
1899:
1623:
1496:
1432:
1050:
585:
577:
302:
Climate change results in more health care inequalities faced by persons with disabilities.
2705:
2626:
2590:
2519:
2493:
2481:
2398:
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2205:
2062:
1684:
1635:
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78:
39:
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1699:
1437:
1417:
1376:
1297:
298:
Lt. Governor Rutherford Tours the League for People with Disabilities' Vaccination Site
282:
209:, the 2013 Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage, and the preamble to the
170:
1013:"Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) | United Nations Enable"
305:
Even without the impacts of climate change, disabled people have less equal access to
2844:
2731:
2663:
2388:
2210:
2195:
2130:
2025:
1062:
599:
278:
1173:
2616:
2413:
2057:
2047:
1704:
1588:
1501:
189:, while only 46 State Parties refer to persons with disabilities in their domestic
581:
261:
Working woman on a company for people with disabilities in Viet nam a project type
18:
2643:
2160:
2152:
1412:
322:
306:
130:– Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.
2675:
2052:
1689:
613:
408:
United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UN CRPD)
318:
154:
1630:
517:
https://www.un.org/disabilities/documents/sdgs/disability_inclusive_sdgs.pdf
887:
448:
identify and respond to the needs and rights of persons with disabilities.
48:
United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD)
374:
It is paramount to recognize vulnerability and the capacity for adaption.
265:
Climate change poses multiple disadvantages to persons with disabilities.
1222:
1054:
703:"The impact of climate change on the rights of persons with disabilities"
1125:"Why the new UN Disability Inclusion Strategy is an opportunity for ITU"
402:
The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
26:
1608:
590:
174:
166:
2611:
424:
disability. It consists of a policy and an accountability framework.
334:
1037:
Jodoin, Sébastien; Ananthamoorthy, Nilani; Lofts, Katherine (2020).
938:"CARE's Climate Vulnerability and Capacity Analysis (CVCA) handbook"
382:
social exclusion and limited access to decision-making authorities.
1618:
392:
339:
293:
256:
227:
162:
1266:
665:"People with Disabilities Needed in Fight Against Climate Change"
535:
2562:
2267:
2003:
1563:
1475:
1356:
1308:
1270:
357:
In the greater picture of climate change motivated migration,
36:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
2525:
Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
790:
747:
745:
645:
Disability Rights in National Climate Policies: Status Report
2701:
Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change
988:"Disability and climate change report – it's time to act"
754:"How extreme weather threatens people with disabilities"
419:
The United Nations Disability Inclusion Strategy (UNDIS)
1077:"Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities"
888:"Climate and Health Concerns for Asthma and Allergies"
863:
2542:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
1039:"A Disability Rights Approach to Climate Governance"
2719:
2604:
2573:
2502:
2437:
2359:
2281:
2232:
2149:
2106:
2016:
1923:
1786:
1733:
1576:
1400:
1369:
1150:"Implementing the UN Disability Inclusion Strategy"
718:
716:
515:Disability-inclusive Sustainable Development Goals
795:Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment
2742:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
440:IASC Guidelines on Inclusive Humanitarian Action
177:, and people living in poverty are inherently
1487:History of climate change policy and politics
1282:
8:
232:Person with disability crossing river Ganges
1604:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
864:"eSubscription to United Nations Documents"
2823:
2811:
2570:
2559:
2278:
2264:
2013:
2000:
1573:
1560:
1472:
1366:
1353:
1305:
1289:
1275:
1267:
1101:"The New UN Disability Inclusion Strategy"
892:Asthma and Allergies Foundation of America
752:Harrington, Samantha (15 September 2019).
378:with disabilities in an emergency period.
127:SDG 11: Sustainable cities and communities
2369:Adaptation strategies on the German coast
1512:United Nations Climate Change conferences
589:
2073:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation
141:
25:
17:
2429:National Adaptation Programme of Action
2218:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
484:
2078:Economics of climate change mitigation
2041:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)
1392:Scientific consensus on climate change
724:"Body Temperature Regulation Problems"
602:– via Taylor and Francis Online.
211:2015 Paris Agreement on Climate Change
111:SDG 8: Decent work and economic growth
2737:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
815:"Disability Inclusive Climate Action"
7:
2759:Representative Concentration Pathway
1710:Tipping points in the climate system
1386:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
659:
657:
639:
637:
635:
633:
559:
557:
555:
553:
530:
528:
526:
524:
361:plays a relatively minor role, with
44:Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
2530:Nationally determined contributions
2240:Individual action on climate change
1455:World energy supply and consumption
187:nationally determined contributions
159:effects of climate change on humans
59:impact on persons with disabilities
2669:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis
1198:"UN Disability Inclusion Strategy"
1174:"UN Disability Inclusion Strategy"
397:Disabilities-health-climate-change
179:more at risk due to climate change
14:
2596:Satellite temperature measurement
2201:forestry for carbon sequestration
1492:History of climate change science
819:International Disability Alliance
135:SDG 17: Partnership for the goals
2822:
2810:
2799:
2798:
2786:
2447:Climate Change Performance Index
1251:interagencystandingcommittee.org
709:from the original on 2011-12-03.
2586:Instrumental temperature record
2537:Sustainable Development Goal 13
2654:Climate variability and change
1695:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
313:During climate change induced
1:
2764:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
2299:Climate emergency declaration
1227:www.humanitarianresponse.info
582:10.1080/09687599.2019.1655856
434:Sustainable Development Goals
344:Persons with Disabilities Day
155:individuals with disabilities
2747:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
1973:Middle East and North Africa
203:Millennium Development Goals
169:or a gradual emergency like
146:Disabled person from Bulacan
183:responses to climate change
153:disproportionately affects
122:within and among countries.
2867:
2581:Global surface temperature
2472:Popular culture depictions
2384:Ecosystem-based adaptation
2114:Carbon capture and storage
2036:Carbon offsets and credits
473:Disability rights movement
370:Vulnerability and Capacity
2851:Effects of climate change
2793:Climate change portal
2780:
2686:Extreme event attribution
2569:
2558:
2309:School Strike for Climate
2277:
2263:
2188:Climate-smart agriculture
2012:
1999:
1572:
1559:
1482:
1471:
1365:
1352:
1335:Climate change adaptation
1330:Climate change mitigation
1325:Effects of climate change
1315:
1304:
463:Climate change and cities
119:SDG 10: Reduce inequality
2696:Global warming potential
2503:International agreements
2150:Preserving and enhancing
1594:Arctic methane emissions
1516:Years in climate change
1423:Greenhouse gas emissions
1320:Causes of climate change
758:Yale Climate Connections
468:Disability and disasters
103:SDG 4: Quality education
53:This article focuses on
2727:Climate change scenario
2379:Disaster risk reduction
2031:Carbon emission trading
1841:U.S. insurance industry
1821:Civilizational collapse
1668:sea surface temperature
692:. UN Doc A/HRC/41/L.24.
359:international migration
2720:Research and modelling
2404:Nature-based solutions
2224:Nature-based solutions
2166:Carbon dioxide removal
2083:Fossil fuel divestment
2068:Climate risk insurance
1978:Small island countries
1599:Arctic sea ice decline
1223:"HumanitarianResponse"
570:Disability and Society
398:
345:
299:
262:
233:
207:2010 Cancun Agreements
147:
31:
23:
2681:Earth's energy budget
2564:Background and theory
2452:Climate crisis (term)
2124:Fossil fuel phase-out
2018:Economics and finance
1983:by individual country
1925:By country and region
1900:Security and conflict
1895:Psychological impacts
1584:Abrupt climate change
1507:Charles David Keeling
1340:By country and region
1043:Ecology Law Quarterly
427:UN Secretary-General
396:
343:
297:
260:
231:
145:
29:
21:
2510:Glasgow Climate Pact
2171:Carbon sequestration
1746:Mass mortality event
1055:10.2139/ssrn.3610193
564:Bell, Sarah (2020).
458:Assistive technology
2649:Climate sensitivity
2424:The Adaptation Fund
1880:Infectious diseases
1787:Social and economic
2220:(LULUCF and AFOLU)
2192:Forest management
2176:Direct air capture
2141:Sustainable energy
2098:Net zero emissions
2093:Low-carbon economy
2088:Green Climate Fund
1875:Indigenous peoples
1778:Plant biodiversity
1566:Effects and issues
845:. 12 November 2019
669:Human Rights Watch
497:social.desa.un.org
399:
363:internal migration
346:
331:ground level ozone
300:
263:
234:
191:climate adaptation
148:
32:
24:
22:Disability symbols
2838:
2837:
2776:
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2772:
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2711:Radiative forcing
2554:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2374:Adaptive capacity
2259:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2119:Energy transition
1995:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1715:Tropical cyclones
1641:Urban heat island
1555:
1554:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1428:Carbon accounting
1382:Greenhouse effect
1348:
1347:
386:Global frameworks
171:rising sea levels
2858:
2826:
2825:
2814:
2813:
2802:
2801:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2754:Paleoclimatology
2571:
2560:
2321:Ecological grief
2304:Climate movement
2279:
2265:
2245:Plant-based diet
2136:Renewable energy
2014:
2001:
1836:Economic impacts
1768:Invasive species
1624:Coastal flooding
1574:
1561:
1497:Svante Arrhenius
1473:
1443:from agriculture
1433:Carbon footprint
1418:Greenhouse gases
1367:
1354:
1306:
1291:
1284:
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903:
902:
900:
898:
884:
878:
877:
875:
874:
860:
854:
853:
851:
850:
835:
829:
828:
826:
825:
811:
805:
804:
802:
801:
787:
781:
775:
769:
768:
766:
764:
749:
740:
739:
737:
735:
720:
711:
710:
699:
693:
686:
680:
679:
677:
676:
661:
652:
641:
628:
627:
625:
624:
610:
604:
603:
593:
561:
548:
547:
532:
519:
513:
507:
506:
504:
503:
489:
429:António Guterres
2866:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2787:
2785:
2768:
2715:
2706:Orbital forcing
2600:
2565:
2546:
2520:Paris Agreement
2498:
2494:Warming stripes
2433:
2399:Managed retreat
2394:Loss and damage
2355:
2289:Business action
2273:
2251:
2228:
2151:
2145:
2102:
2063:Climate finance
2008:
1987:
1919:
1782:
1758:Extinction risk
1734:Flora and fauna
1729:
1690:Permafrost thaw
1685:Ozone depletion
1614:Extreme weather
1568:
1551:
1478:
1459:
1396:
1361:
1344:
1311:
1300:
1295:
1265:
1264:
1255:
1253:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1231:
1229:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1207:
1205:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1182:
1180:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1158:
1156:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1134:
1132:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1109:
1107:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1085:
1083:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1022:
1020:
1011:
1010:
1006:
997:
995:
986:
985:
981:
972:
970:
961:
960:
956:
947:
945:
936:
935:
931:
922:
920:
919:. 24 April 2020
911:
910:
906:
896:
894:
886:
885:
881:
872:
870:
862:
861:
857:
848:
846:
837:
836:
832:
823:
821:
813:
812:
808:
799:
797:
789:
788:
784:
776:
772:
762:
760:
751:
750:
743:
733:
731:
730:. 10 March 2011
722:
721:
714:
701:
700:
696:
687:
683:
674:
672:
663:
662:
655:
642:
631:
622:
620:
612:
611:
607:
563:
562:
551:
534:
533:
522:
514:
510:
501:
499:
491:
490:
486:
481:
454:
442:
421:
404:
388:
372:
351:
292:
283:Water shortages
271:
255:
226:
199:
79:Paris Agreement
67:
40:Paris Agreement
12:
11:
5:
2864:
2862:
2854:
2853:
2843:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2820:
2808:
2796:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2661:
2659:Cloud feedback
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2614:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2577:
2575:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2556:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2517:
2515:Kyoto Protocol
2512:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2469:
2467:Media coverage
2464:
2459:
2457:Climate spiral
2454:
2449:
2443:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2365:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2346:Public opinion
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2301:
2296:
2294:Climate action
2291:
2285:
2283:
2275:
2274:
2268:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2206:REDD and REDD+
2203:
2198:
2190:
2185:
2183:Carbon farming
2180:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2163:
2157:
2155:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2116:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2033:
2028:
2022:
2020:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1929:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1915:Water security
1912:
1910:Water scarcity
1907:
1905:Urban flooding
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1763:Forest dieback
1760:
1755:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1700:Sea level rise
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1673:stratification
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1580:
1578:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1438:Carbon leakage
1435:
1430:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1379:
1377:Climate system
1373:
1371:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1302:
1301:
1298:Climate change
1296:
1294:
1293:
1286:
1279:
1271:
1263:
1262:
1238:
1214:
1189:
1165:
1141:
1116:
1092:
1068:
1029:
1004:
979:
954:
944:. 31 July 2009
929:
904:
879:
855:
830:
806:
782:
770:
741:
712:
694:
681:
653:
629:
605:
576:(4): 682–687.
549:
520:
508:
483:
482:
480:
477:
476:
475:
470:
465:
460:
453:
450:
441:
438:
420:
417:
403:
400:
387:
384:
371:
368:
350:
347:
291:
288:
270:
267:
254:
251:
225:
222:
198:
195:
151:Climate change
140:
139:
131:
123:
115:
107:
66:
63:
55:climate change
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2863:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2831:
2830:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2732:Climate model
2730:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2664:Cloud forcing
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2557:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2439:Communication
2436:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2419:Vulnerability
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2389:Flood control
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2262:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2211:reforestation
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2196:afforestation
2194:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2131:Nuclear power
2129:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2026:Carbon budget
2024:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1863:Mental health
1861:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1804:United States
1802:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1658:deoxygenation
1656:
1654:
1653:acidification
1651:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1474:
1470:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1448:from wetlands
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1408:Deforestation
1406:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1292:
1287:
1285:
1280:
1278:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1228:
1224:
1218:
1215:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1117:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1030:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1005:
993:
989:
983:
980:
968:
964:
958:
955:
943:
939:
933:
930:
918:
914:
908:
905:
893:
889:
883:
880:
869:
865:
859:
856:
844:
840:
834:
831:
820:
816:
810:
807:
796:
792:
786:
783:
780:
774:
771:
759:
755:
748:
746:
742:
729:
725:
719:
717:
713:
708:
704:
698:
695:
691:
685:
682:
670:
666:
660:
658:
654:
650:
646:
640:
638:
636:
634:
630:
619:
615:
609:
606:
601:
597:
592:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
560:
558:
556:
554:
550:
545:
541:
537:
531:
529:
527:
525:
521:
518:
512:
509:
498:
494:
488:
485:
478:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
455:
451:
449:
446:
439:
437:
435:
430:
425:
418:
416:
412:
409:
401:
395:
391:
385:
383:
379:
375:
369:
367:
364:
360:
355:
348:
342:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
311:
308:
303:
296:
289:
287:
284:
280:
279:food security
276:
268:
266:
259:
253:Disadvantages
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
230:
223:
221:
217:
214:
212:
208:
204:
196:
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
144:
137:
136:
132:
129:
128:
124:
121:
120:
116:
113:
112:
108:
105:
104:
100:
99:
98:
95:
90:
87:
82:
80:
75:
72:
64:
62:
60:
56:
51:
49:
45:
41:
37:
28:
20:
16:
2827:
2815:
2803:
2784:
2617:Carbon cycle
2574:Measurements
2269:Society and
2153:carbon sinks
2058:Climate debt
2048:Carbon price
1870:Human rights
1830:
1705:Season creep
1663:heat content
1589:Anoxic event
1502:James Hansen
1254:. Retrieved
1250:
1241:
1230:. Retrieved
1226:
1217:
1206:. Retrieved
1204:. 2020-07-10
1201:
1192:
1181:. Retrieved
1177:
1168:
1157:. Retrieved
1153:
1144:
1133:. Retrieved
1131:. 2020-07-27
1128:
1119:
1108:. Retrieved
1104:
1095:
1084:. Retrieved
1080:
1071:
1046:
1042:
1032:
1021:. Retrieved
1019:. 2015-05-14
1016:
1007:
996:. Retrieved
994:. 2020-07-17
991:
982:
971:. Retrieved
969:. 2014-04-10
966:
957:
946:. Retrieved
941:
932:
921:. Retrieved
916:
907:
895:. Retrieved
891:
882:
871:. Retrieved
867:
858:
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