340:
31:
325:
472:"Unified sports" involve heterogeneous teams with athletes of mixed ability. Since the 1990s, Special Olympics Unified Sports have been promoting social inclusion through shared sports training and competition. This initiative has expanded globally and now involves more than 700,000 players in 127 countries worldwide. The principle behind unified sports is simple: training together and playing together is a quick path to friendship and understanding.
2638:
2050:
464:
not disabled. It is important for children with disabilities to get different types of support while participating in sports programs, for example, direct support from coaches and other athletes, indirect support from parents and non-human support from therapy dogs. Activities should be modified to suit different types of children's abilities and inclusivity is easier when activities are non-competitive.
2060:
2648:
2038:
205:. The first official Paralympic Games, which were simultaneously the 9th International Stoke Mandeville Games ('international' having been added when Dutch service personnel first took part in the Games in 1952), were held in Rome in 1960. The 2nd, 3rd and 4th Paralympic Games were simultaneously the 13th, 17th and 21st international Stoke Mandeville Games.
246:. This annual event held in the summer in Orlando, includes competitions in skateboarding, wakeboarding, rock climbing, mountain biking, surfing, moto-x and kayaking. Various organizations, such as Paradox Sports, have arisen to help empower and inspire disabled people through equipping and welcoming them into the extreme sports community.
57:. Some parasports are forms of adapted physical activities from existing non-disabled sports, while others have been specifically created for persons with a disability and do not have a non-disabled equivalent. Disability exists in four categories: physical, mental, permanent and temporary. At a competitive level,
216:(NSCD) at Winter Park in Colorado. Today, NSCD has 19 certified instructors and more than 1,000 volunteers. Disabled Sports USA has become one of the largest national multi-sport, multi-disability organizations in the United States, serving more than 60,000 wounded warriors, youth and adults annually.
475:
The NBA has been a major supporter of
Unified Sports, sponsoring the annual NBA Cares Special Olympics Unified Basketball Game during the NBA All-Star Weekend. The Walt Disney Company, ESPN and Special Olympics are also working on a two-year global initiative that will leverage the power of sports to
463:
Including children with intellectual disabilities in sports programs in which they play with non-disabled athletes results in these children becoming more involved in mainstream sports, incorporating more physical activity in their daily lives and it increases their interactions with children who are
226:
Since 1988, the
International Olympic Committee has chosen to validate Disabled Sports (physical disabilities) and incorporate it as a part of the Games: the staging of the Paralympic Games immediately follows the Olympic Games. This scheduling helps to foster greater interest in disabled sports. An
375:
on exertion. Long term physiological adaptations through prolonged training demonstrated within athletes with disabilities include increased respiratory volume, improved executive functions and increased reaction time among other benefits in relation to non athletes in the same age group. Although
164:(INAS-FID) was formed to support elite competition for athletes with intellectual disabilities. This was established in contrast to the more participative, "sport for all" approach of Special Olympics. For a time, athletes with intellectual disabilities were included in the Paralympic Games. After
370:
There is evidence to support that the use of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) as a training intervention can be implemented to increase the aerobic fitness, respiratory function, and overall quality of life in this population of athletes. IMT in particular has been shown to improve respiratory
268:
Southern
California to gain local control over disabled athletics programs. This group – SPORTS for Exceptional Athletes (S4EA) – serves people with developmental disabilities within the age range of 5 years old through adults. By combining people with and without disabilities, S4EA hopes that
180:
Organized sport for persons with physical disabilities existed as early as 1911, when the "Cripples
Olympiad" was held in the U.S.A. One of the successful athletes was Walter William Francis, a Welshman, who won both the running and wrestling championships. Later, events often developed out of
459:
There are specific strategies that may be employed to increase inclusion of people with disabilities in sports. This includes modifying rules or adapting activities for a particular individual. As well, maintaining a non-competitive focus helps to increase the inclusion of participants with
443:
has been one of the most proven theories on how athletes participate in competitions of this level. Studies have supported this theory especially in intellectually or developmentally disabled athletes. Studies have continued to question the motivation for joining such competitions like the
359:. Within each movement, different sports are practiced at different levels; for example, not all sports in the Paralympic movement are part of the Paralympic Games. In addition, many sports are practiced by persons with a disability outside the formal sports movements.
185:, in response to the needs of large numbers of injured ex-service members and civilians, sport was introduced as a key part of rehabilitation. Sport for rehabilitation grew into recreational sport and then into competitive sport. The pioneer of this approach was Sir
1403:
212:. Disabled Sports USA was established in 1967 by disabled military veterans, including Jim Winthers, to help rehabilitate the injured soldiers returning from Vietnam and originally named the National Amputee Skiers Association. In 1970, Hal O'Leary founded the
646:
During the
International Paralympic Committee (IPC) General Assembly in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, the IPC membership today decided in favour of the re-inclusion of athletes with an intellectual disability (ID athletes) in competitions, including the Paralympic
384:
Beginning in the late 1980s and early 1990s, work began within several countries and organizations to include athletes with disabilities in the non-disabled sport system. This included adding events for athletes with disabilities to major games such as the
393:, and integration of these athletes into non-disabled sports organizations. Since 1984, the Olympics have included exhibition events for Paralympic athletes. However, integration of full medal events has not taken place, and the status of athletes with a
172:, where a number of athletes participating in intellectual disability events were revealed to not be disabled, INAS-FID athletes were banned from Paralympic competition, but the ban on intellectually disabled athletes has since been lifted.
376:
parasports seem to have a positive impact on the disabled athletes, the impact really can interlude with one another. Specific authors, like
Marques and Alves, found that there are pros and cons to a parasport athlete's life.
295:
Today, there are many sport opportunities throughout the United States for injured service members, including cycling, shooting, wheelchair tennis and basketball, track and field, adapted water sports, and snow skiing. The
161:
1364:
157:, beginning in 1962. In 1968 the first international Special Olympics were held, in Chicago. Today, Special Olympics provides training and competition in a variety of sports for persons with intellectual disabilities.
2227:
339:
141:, governed by the CISS, which maintains separate games for deaf athletes based on their numbers, their special communication needs on the sports field, and the social interaction that is a vital part of sports.
2263:
269:
participating athletes will interact and form lasting bonds of friendship through shared sports and recreational activities in S4EA's served communities. Although the organization's focus is primarily
304:
to injured service members, and some organizations also offer sport opportunities to family and friends of injured service members in addition to the members themselves. Two
Paralympic-style
754:
2243:
2356:
2253:
535:
397:
in the
Olympic movement remains controversial. Within the Commonwealth Games, athletes with a disability were first included in 1990 Auckland Commonwealth Games, then at the
777:
2284:
227:
investigation published on a Swiss website has shown that more and more
International Sports Federations list disabled athletes than any other sportsmen or sportswomen.
901:
405:
they were included as full members of their national teams, making these the first fully inclusive international multi-sport games. This policy has continued with the
836:
242:, a manufacturer of prosthetic feet, organized this event to give amputee athletes a venue to compete in this increasingly popular sports genre also referred to as
1176:
2258:
134:
413:
became the first athlete with a disability to carry her country's flag in the
Opening Ceremonies of an integrated games. Individual athletes such as swimmer
2096:
1365:"The barriers, benefits and facilitators of leisure time physical activity among people with spinal cord injury: a meta-synthesis of qualitative findings"
2447:
733:
709:
1718:
30:
2482:
2346:
2248:
213:
1229:
2589:
816:"Le Sport avant tout, avec ou sans handicap – Info Stades, Salle polyvalentes, Fédération Sportives, Clubs, Championnats... tout le Handisport"
250:
677:
2315:
2558:
1862:
1324:"How sports clubs include children and adolescents with disabilities in their activities. A systematic search of peer-reviewed articles"
2452:
2351:
2305:
1206:
362:
Adapted sports help society learn about disability. They also can help remove some of the stigma associated with having a disability.
289:
193:
were being held in London, he organized a sports competition for wheelchair athletes at Stoke Mandeville. This was the origin of the
2651:
877:
540:
453:
2150:
344:
253:
were formed to standardize the rules of play and promote one of the few competitive team sports for motorized wheelchair users —
165:
2553:
2089:
1960:
1481:
58:
2467:
2411:
2518:
2279:
2155:
1741:
505:
2320:
297:
219:
In 1975, the Paralympic Games expanded to include those with limb amputations and visual impairments. Individuals with
2325:
2300:
2129:
1184:
2594:
2386:
2222:
2134:
2082:
1567:
2310:
2165:
659:
561:
456:
uncover themes among individuals and families for their participation or abstention from these Olympic programs.
440:
118:
93:
may also be used interchangeably with parasports, though technically this only refers to sports contested at the
54:
2487:
2462:
1884:
1811:
1534:
1261:
730:
915:
2677:
2601:
2548:
2543:
2472:
2011:
1631:
406:
402:
398:
239:
169:
706:
2584:
2523:
2477:
2021:
324:
194:
154:
1040:"Assessing the effects of inspiratory muscle training in a patient with unilateral diaphragm dysfunction"
2175:
1686:
1038:
Caleffi Pereira, Mayra; Dacha, Sauwaluk; Testelmans, Dries; Gosselink, Rik; Langer, Daniel (June 2019).
208:
Sports for persons with physical disabilities began to be organized in the US in the late 1960s through
2508:
2492:
2457:
2391:
1837:
1832:
1761:
1660:
1572:
1236:
1137:
433:
429:
190:
421:
have competed as equals against able bodied athletes at various events including the Olympic Games.
2672:
2641:
2160:
1975:
1952:
1879:
1776:
1604:
1577:
1562:
1529:
1474:
274:
254:
209:
114:
50:
685:
2574:
2396:
2124:
1996:
1965:
1932:
1899:
1852:
1665:
1648:
1395:
979:
895:
410:
390:
301:
149:
Sports for persons with intellectual disabilities began to be organized in the 1960s through the
137:, CISS (The International Committee of Sports for the Deaf). These games evolved into the modern
121:. Each group has a distinct history, organization, competition program, and approach to sport.
2528:
2431:
2381:
2192:
2063:
1789:
1653:
1599:
1582:
1524:
1387:
1345:
1262:"Commonwealth Games Federation - Commonwealth Sports - Elite Athletes With A Disability (EAD)"
1157:
1118:
1077:
1059:
1020:
883:
873:
830:
796:
305:
285:
90:
343:
Wounded Warrior Chuck Sketch participates in swim practice on Feb. 14, 2012 at United States
2621:
2616:
2513:
2426:
2170:
2016:
1927:
1909:
1847:
1756:
1746:
1728:
1626:
1619:
1504:
1379:
1335:
1149:
1108:
1067:
1051:
1010:
971:
786:
525:
449:
445:
270:
265:
202:
198:
182:
150:
94:
1214:
2330:
2053:
2006:
1991:
1917:
1869:
1794:
1784:
1696:
1594:
1589:
1514:
737:
713:
510:
418:
414:
308:
exist exclusively for wounded, injured or sick armed services personnel and veterans: the
186:
515:
2579:
2187:
2001:
1970:
1827:
1799:
1766:
1751:
1643:
1614:
1549:
1539:
1467:
1072:
1039:
530:
488:
484:
329:
313:
249:
Also in 2006, The Federation de Internationale Powerchair Football Association and The
235:
220:
815:
2666:
2416:
2182:
2042:
1894:
1857:
1708:
1691:
1609:
1423:
386:
309:
243:
983:
479:
Disabled drivers have competed in motorsport versus fully able drivers; for example
2533:
2401:
2361:
1842:
1804:
1736:
1636:
1399:
975:
962:
Goff, Mandy (March 2012). "Adapted Sport Programs for Veterans with Disabilities".
520:
480:
1153:
1383:
1285:
2611:
1713:
1681:
1138:"Investigating environmental factors and paralympic sports: an analytical study"
138:
1055:
292:, in conjunction with a wide range of other international sport organizations.
17:
2421:
2119:
2105:
1942:
1509:
1299:"Self Determination Theory: An Approach to Human Motivation & Personality"
1015:
998:
940:
791:
772:
612:
492:
394:
352:
106:
70:
46:
1349:
1161:
1063:
887:
351:
A wide range of sports have been adapted to be played by people with various
61:
are applied to allow people of varying abilities to face similar opposition.
2406:
261:
35:
1391:
1122:
1113:
1096:
1081:
1024:
800:
633:
1340:
1323:
1298:
1230:"A Review and Interpretation of the Events of the 1994 Commonwealth Games"
2538:
1874:
1701:
1557:
356:
278:
129:
Formal international competition in deaf sport began with the 1924 Paris
355:, as well as several that are unique just to disabled athletes, such as
260:
In 2007, a group of athletes, coaches, volunteers, and parents based in
162:
International Sports Federation for Persons with Intellectual Disability
2217:
1937:
1265:
1136:
Marques, Marianne Pinheiro; Alves, Ana Cristina de Jesus (2021-05-19).
372:
231:
707:"BLM Enters Into Memorandum of Understanding with Disabled Sports USA"
569:
1889:
591:
1228:
Van Ooyen and Justin Anjema, Mark; Anjema, Justin (25 March 2004).
870:
COMMUNICATION, SPORT AND DISABILITY : the case of power soccer
2264:
International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health
1490:
436:
with prosthetics after he lost his right lower leg due to cancer.
338:
323:
29:
1454:
153:
movement. This grew out of a series of summer camps organized by
1922:
425:
189:
of the Stoke Mandeville Hospital in England. In 1948, while the
110:
2078:
1463:
850:
2074:
1449:
109:
is generally divided into three broad disability groups: the
1444:
476:
promote an environment of social inclusion and acceptance.
69:
The term "parasports" arose as a portmanteau of the words
273:, S4EA has grown from this base to satellite programs in
1459:
1418:
1416:
2254:
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
964:
Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance
778:
Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development
755:"Disabled veterans vow to conquer Mount Kilimanjaro"
2567:
2501:
2440:
2374:
2339:
2293:
2272:
2236:
2210:
2203:
2143:
2112:
1984:
1951:
1908:
1820:
1775:
1727:
1674:
1548:
1497:
1177:"Integration Battle Heats Up At CommonWealth Games"
1142:
Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology
536:
1st World Deaf Ice Hockey and Curling Championships
1003:Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development
1322:Geidne, Susanna; Jerlinder, Kajsa (2016-05-01).
73:and sports. Other terms for the concept include
1363:Williams, T. L.; Smith; Papathomas, A. (2014).
1183:. Canadian Abilities Foundation. Archived from
771:Cooper, Rory A.; Nowak, Christopher J. (2011).
592:"International Committee of Sport for the Deaf"
38:at the 2014 Paris Athletics Paralympic Meeting.
2259:Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons
2090:
1475:
1235:. Redeemer University College. Archived from
660:"Skipper Francis at Thames Star, New Zealand"
230:In 2006, the Extremity Games were formed for
8:
900:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
731:"Leading By Example: Kirk Bauer Able-Bodied"
454:Motivations for joining the Special Olympics
27:Sports adapted for players with a disability
851:"Paradox Sports - Physical Adaptive Sports"
835:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
223:were allowed to compete beginning in 1980.
2647:
2448:Augmentative and alternative communication
2207:
2097:
2083:
2075:
1482:
1468:
1460:
718:US Bureau of Land Management Press Release
135:Comité International des Sports des Sourds
1339:
1317:
1315:
1286:FIFA erlaubt Steirer Einsatz mit Prothese
1112:
1071:
1014:
790:
371:muscle function and might help to reduce
868:S., JEFFRESS, DR. MICHAEL (2017-01-01).
316:which originated in the United Kingdom.
2483:Disproportionality in special education
553:
214:National Sports Center for the Disabled
181:rehabilitation programs. Following the
893:
828:
818:. Lausanne, Switzerland: Wheelchair.ch
251:United States Power Soccer Association
916:"Special Olympics members break away"
7:
943:. International Paralympic Committee
105:Organized sport for athletes with a
2590:Disability in children's literature
1101:Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly
45:are sports played by people with a
2453:Emotional or behavioral disability
1445:International Paralympic Committee
1424:"Special Olympics: Unified Sports"
403:2002 Manchester Commonwealth Games
290:International Paralympic Committee
25:
1095:Dehghansai, Nima (January 2017).
613:"The History of Special Olympics"
541:World Deaf Football Championships
432:can continue to play competitive
428:decided that Austrian footballer
407:2006 Melbourne Commonwealth Games
234:or limb difference to compete in
2646:
2637:
2636:
2058:
2049:
2048:
2036:
1409:from the original on 2018-07-20.
678:"Disabled Sports: Early History"
345:Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton
59:disability sport classifications
2059:
331:Marathon International de Paris
2468:Disability and LGBT identities
976:10.1080/07303084.2012.10598742
328:A wheelchair racer during the
197:, from which evolved both the
1:
2280:Services for mental disorders
1154:10.1080/17483107.2020.1780483
566:Canadian Paralympic Committee
506:Assistive technology in sport
312:in the United States and the
34:Iris Pruysen competes in the
2285:Services for disabled people
1384:10.1080/17437199.2014.898406
1264:. Thecgf.com. Archived from
636:. INAS-FID. 21 November 2009
298:Army Wounded Warrior Program
2568:Arts, media, culture, sport
920:The San Diego Union-Tribune
2694:
2595:Disability in horror films
2387:Activities of daily living
1056:10.1183/20734735.0129-2019
999:"Paralympics and veterans"
773:"Paralympics and veterans"
2632:
2030:
1016:10.1682/jrrd.2011.11.0209
792:10.1682/JRRD.2011.11.0209
664:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
441:self-determination theory
399:exhibition events in 1994
119:intellectual disabilities
55:intellectual disabilities
2488:Sexuality and disability
2463:Disability and disasters
2375:Structural and assistive
1632:Bodybuilding supplements
1372:Health Psychology Review
1097:"Touro College-New York"
101:Organization and history
2602:Disability in the media
2473:Disability and religion
2412:Personal Care Assistant
240:College Park Industries
170:2000 Summer Paralympics
145:Intellectual disability
2585:Disability in the arts
2478:Disability and poverty
2417:Physical accessibility
1114:10.1123/APAQ.2016-0030
997:Cooper; Nowak (2011).
348:
336:
195:Stoke Mandeville Games
155:Eunice Kennedy Shriver
39:
2176:driver rehabilitation
1341:10.1515/ssr-2016-0002
1288:, orf.at, 2013-05-13.
736:June 4, 2012, at the
342:
327:
232:people with limb loss
115:physical disabilities
33:
2509:Models of disability
2493:Youth and disability
2458:Invisible disability
2407:Orthotics and braces
2392:Assistive technology
2204:Rights, law, support
1328:Sport Science Review
562:"What is parasport?"
2161:Learning disability
1428:specialolympics.org
1207:"2004 IOC decision"
1181:Access Guide Canada
720:, December 24, 2011
682:Disabled Sports USA
288:is governed by the
257:(or power soccer).
255:powerchair football
210:Disabled Sports USA
176:Physical disability
133:, organized by the
2575:Disability culture
2502:Disability studies
2397:Independent living
2125:Disability studies
1649:Physical education
1217:on March 23, 2006.
1211:www.rickhansen.com
1175:Daignault, Louis.
941:"Paralympic Games"
712:2017-01-27 at the
666:. 17 October 1913.
417:and track athlete
411:Chantal Petitclerc
391:Commonwealth Games
349:
337:
306:multi-sport events
302:sitting volleyball
166:a cheating scandal
125:Hearing impairment
117:, and people with
40:
2660:
2659:
2529:Neuroqueer theory
2432:Web accessibility
2382:Accessible toilet
2370:
2369:
2223:Disability rights
2218:Ableism/disablism
2072:
2071:
2043:Sports portal
1654:Physical activity
1600:Athletic training
1583:Strength training
1535:Semi-professional
409:, where Canadian
91:Paralympic sports
83:disability sports
16:(Redirected from
2685:
2650:
2649:
2640:
2639:
2622:Special Olympics
2514:Inspiration porn
2427:Universal design
2228:Pejorative terms
2208:
2171:Physical therapy
2099:
2092:
2085:
2076:
2062:
2061:
2052:
2051:
2041:
2040:
2039:
1785:General managers
1687:Governing bodies
1484:
1477:
1470:
1461:
1455:Special Olympics
1432:
1431:
1430:. 3 August 2018.
1420:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1369:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1343:
1319:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1241:
1234:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1213:. Archived from
1203:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1187:on 12 April 2010
1172:
1166:
1165:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1116:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1075:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1018:
994:
988:
987:
959:
953:
952:
950:
948:
937:
931:
930:
928:
927:
912:
906:
905:
899:
891:
865:
859:
858:
847:
841:
840:
834:
826:
824:
823:
811:
805:
804:
794:
768:
762:
753:Candus Thomson,
751:
745:
742:Convene Magazine
727:
721:
705:Megan Crandall,
703:
697:
696:
694:
693:
684:. Archived from
674:
668:
667:
656:
650:
649:
643:
641:
630:
624:
623:
621:
619:
609:
603:
602:
600:
598:
588:
582:
581:
579:
577:
568:. Archived from
558:
526:IWAS World Games
450:Paralympic Games
446:Special Olympics
333:(Paris Marathon)
286:Paralympic sport
271:San Diego County
266:Special Olympics
203:Paralympic Games
199:IWAS World Games
183:Second World War
151:Special Olympics
95:Paralympic Games
21:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2628:
2563:
2497:
2436:
2366:
2340:Activist groups
2335:
2289:
2268:
2232:
2199:
2139:
2108:
2103:
2073:
2068:
2037:
2035:
2026:
1985:Sport by region
1980:
1947:
1918:Artificial turf
1904:
1875:Olympic culture
1816:
1771:
1723:
1670:
1544:
1515:Military sports
1493:
1488:
1441:
1436:
1435:
1422:
1421:
1414:
1406:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1321:
1320:
1313:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1284:
1280:
1271:
1269:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1245:
1243:
1242:on 31 July 2013
1239:
1232:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1190:
1188:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1037:
1036:
1032:
996:
995:
991:
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560:
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511:ASEAN ParaGames
501:
470:
448:as well as the
430:Martin Hofbauer
419:Oscar Pistorius
415:Natalie du Toit
382:
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187:Ludwig Guttmann
178:
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489:Clay Regazzoni
485:Albert Llovera
469:
468:Unified sports
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460:disabilities.
381:
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314:Invictus Games
281:, California.
236:extreme sports
221:cerebral palsy
177:
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113:, people with
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2012:North America
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879:9781138053588
875:
872:. ROUTLEDGE.
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759:Baltimore Sun
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739:
735:
732:
729:Chris Durso,
726:
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708:
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688:on 2016-02-05
687:
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618:September 12,
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401:, and at the
400:
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387:Olympic Games
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310:Warrior Games
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244:action sports
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191:Olympic Games
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160:In 1986, the
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72:
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60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
37:
32:
19:
2606:
2544:Anthropology
2534:Deaf studies
2524:Crip as verb
2402:Mobility aid
2362:Reach Canada
2135:Social model
2034:
1833:Cheerleaders
1742:Broadcasting
1637:Sports drink
1605:Chriopractic
1563:Biomechanics
1530:Professional
1519:
1427:
1375:
1371:
1358:
1331:
1327:
1302:. Retrieved
1293:
1281:
1270:. Retrieved
1266:the original
1256:
1246:12 September
1244:. Retrieved
1237:the original
1223:
1215:the original
1210:
1201:
1191:12 September
1189:. Retrieved
1185:the original
1180:
1170:
1145:
1141:
1131:
1107:(1): 72–90.
1104:
1100:
1090:
1047:
1043:
1033:
1006:
1002:
992:
970:(3): 27–28.
967:
963:
957:
947:12 September
945:. Retrieved
935:
924:. Retrieved
922:. 2007-04-26
919:
910:
869:
863:
854:
845:
820:. Retrieved
809:
782:
776:
766:
758:
749:
744:, June, 2010
741:
725:
717:
701:
690:. Retrieved
686:the original
681:
672:
663:
654:
645:
640:12 September
638:. Retrieved
628:
616:. Retrieved
607:
597:12 September
595:. Retrieved
586:
574:. Retrieved
570:the original
565:
556:
521:FESPIC Games
516:Défi sportif
481:Alex Zanardi
478:
474:
471:
462:
458:
438:
423:
383:
369:
361:
353:disabilities
350:
330:
294:
283:
259:
248:
229:
225:
218:
207:
179:
159:
148:
131:Silent Games
130:
128:
104:
86:
82:
78:
74:
68:
49:, including
42:
41:
2617:Paralympics
2612:Deaflympics
2422:Prosthetics
2113:Main topics
1938:Flying disc
1853:Memorabilia
1762:Sponsorship
1450:Deaflympics
284:Currently,
264:split from
139:Deaflympics
89:. The term
2673:Parasports
2667:Categories
2607:Parasports
2144:Approaches
2120:Disability
2106:Disability
1976:Regulation
1966:Ministries
1961:Sports law
1943:Sportswear
1880:Philosophy
1790:Journalism
1702:Postseason
1620:Psychology
1615:Physicians
1578:Physiology
1520:Parasports
1505:Individual
1304:2 December
1272:2012-09-16
926:2012-09-16
822:2012-09-16
692:2016-02-01
548:References
493:Jason Watt
395:disability
107:disability
71:paraplegic
47:disability
43:Parasports
2554:Education
2549:Geography
2193:education
2156:Inclusion
1997:Australia
1910:Equipment
1885:Rivalries
1870:Numbering
1863:Nicknames
1812:Promoters
1795:Magazines
1757:Marketing
1747:Economics
1666:Sociology
1627:Nutrition
1350:2069-7244
1162:1748-3107
1064:1810-6838
896:cite book
888:983162005
424:2013 the
380:Inclusion
262:San Diego
65:Etymology
36:long jump
2642:Category
2559:Journals
2539:Eugenics
2519:Bodymind
2326:Students
2273:Services
2054:Category
1953:Politics
1933:Exercise
1900:Violence
1800:Podcasts
1752:Industry
1729:Business
1644:Pedagogy
1595:Medicine
1568:Practice
1558:Exercise
1404:Archived
1392:25211208
1123:28218871
1082:31777570
1025:22234671
984:72401694
831:cite web
801:22234671
734:Archived
710:Archived
499:See also
434:football
389:and the
366:Training
357:goalball
335:in 2014.
279:Temecula
201:and the
51:physical
2294:Support
2064:Outline
2017:Oceania
1848:History
1828:Betting
1821:Culture
1692:Leagues
1550:Science
1540:Amateur
1400:2718370
1073:6876147
1044:Breathe
814:AB40V.
576:4 March
373:dyspnea
300:offers
275:Ventura
168:at the
2211:Rights
2188:school
2007:Europe
1992:Africa
1928:Caving
1858:Naming
1737:Agents
1709:School
1697:Season
1610:Injury
1590:Doping
1398:
1390:
1348:
1160:
1121:
1080:
1070:
1062:
1023:
982:
886:
876:
799:
647:Games.
452:. The
320:Sports
85:, and
2652:Lists
2357:MINDS
1923:Balls
1805:Radio
1767:Trade
1714:Teams
1682:Clubs
1525:Women
1498:Types
1491:Sport
1407:(PDF)
1396:S2CID
1368:(PDF)
1240:(PDF)
1233:(PDF)
980:S2CID
2331:CNIB
2316:SSDI
2311:Rail
2306:ODSP
2244:AODA
2002:Asia
1510:Team
1388:PMID
1346:ISSN
1306:2011
1248:2010
1193:2010
1158:ISSN
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