Disallowance and reservation in Canada

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were the purview of the government of the United Kingdom, and the governor general could not provide royal assent to those bills, and this advice was formalized in a July 1869 Order in Council directing lieutenant governors to follow Royal instructions and reserve bills which did not align with those instructions. Royal instructions were related to legislation governing eight subjects: authorizing divorce, conferring anything of value to the governor general, creating a new legal tender, committing Canada to an international treaty inconsistent with a British treaty, or contain provisions that were previously disallowed. In 1876, the minister of justice Blake wrote the Secretary of State for Colonies requesting greater independence, and specifically requesting that Britain would not use the power of reservation. Subsequently, the seventh paragraph of the Royal instructions were repealed in 1878 on the insistence of Blake. La Forest notes that the concept of British control over provincial legislatures was largely forgotten, and the power of reservation was not used by the government of the United Kingdom again. Albert notes that the additional autonomy provided to Canada made it the most independent British colony, and shortly later in 1878, Parliament passed legislation regarding divorce, a previously forbidden topic without repercussions. As early as 1873, the federal government under Macdonald advised lieutenant governors not to reserve bills which were firmly within the provincial powers to legislate, but were advised to reserve bills if the act conflicted with Dominion policy, imperial policy, or were

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is illegal or unconstitutional; the act is illegal or unconstitutional in part; in areas of shared federal-provincial jurisdiction the act clashes with an Act of Parliament; or the act affects the interests of the Dominion negatively. Macdonald's Order in Council also required that the department of justice complete a report on the offending provincial act that included the reasons why disallowance was necessary. Macdonald followed his own recommendations closely and produced a report each year listing the provincial acts he did not find objectionable, and a separate report of the provincial acts he found objectionable based on the criteria in the Order in Council. Macdonald's Order in Council also recommended that the minister of justice communicate with the province of an offending act to seek a solution before utilizing the power of disallowance. La Forest notes that despite a report stating that a provincial act was considered by the minister of justice to be not objectionable, there were instances where those acts were disallowed. While minister of justice, Macdonald actively drafted these legislative reports with his deputy minister

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until 1887. The new instructions reiterated that lieutenant governors authority for reservation was to be exercised as Dominion officers accountable to the governor general, not provincial cabinet, and further outlined a policy where the federal government preferred to deal with provincial acts through disallowance if necessary, not reservation. The practice of lieutenant governors reserving bills without instruction from the governor general continued, and was often met with the governor general reiterating this policy back to the lieutenant governor. La Forest notes that fewer bills were reserved after 1882, and those that were reserved did not receive assent from the governor general. Instead, the federal government referred the bills back to the respective legislature to be passed again.

1614:, asked to grant royal assent, called Aberhart and Attorney-General John Hugill to his office. He asked Hugill if, as a lawyer, he believed that the proposed laws were constitutional; Hugill replied that he did not. Aberhart said that he would take responsibility for the bills, which Bowen then signed. As they left the meeting, Aberhart asked Hugill for his resignation, which he received. The government of Canada found the Alberta acts highly objectionable, as their attempts to regulate banking fell within the constitutional purview of the federal government. The federal government disallowed all three acts shortly after. Following the disallowance, the Aberhart government re-introduced the bills under new names 498:: The following Provisions of this Act respecting the Parliament of Canada, namely, — the Provisions relating to Appropriation and Tax Bills, the Recommendation of Money Votes, the Assent to Bills, the Disallowance of Acts, and the Signification of Pleasure on Bills reserved, — shall extend and apply to the Legislatures of the several Provinces as if those Provisions were here re-enacted and made applicable in Terms to the respective Provinces and the Legislatures thereof, with the Substitution of the Lieutenant Governor of the Province for the Governor General, of the Governor General for the Queen and for a Secretary of State, of One Year for Two Years, and of the Province for Canada. 1311:. Instead the federal government under Laurier cautioned legislatures on instances where laws could be considered unjust, but left the matter to be resolved in the legislature or courts. Despite this supportive view of federalism, the Laurier government had no hesitancy on using disallowance in circumstances where an act conflicted with Dominion policy. The Laurier government disallowed laws passed by the British Columbia Legislature which adversely affected immigrants from Asia, as they conflicted with Dominion policy, but also could effect imperial interests and relations between the United Kingdom and Japan. Imperial interests were also recognized in the disallowance of the Ontario 478:: Where the Governor General assents to a Bill in the Queen's Name, he shall by the first convenient Opportunity send an authentic Copy of the Act to One of Her Majesty's Principal Secretaries of State, and if the Queen in Council within Two Years after Receipt thereof by the Secretary of State thinks fit to disallow the Act, such Disallowance (with a Certificate of the Secretary of State of the Day on which the Act was received by him) being signified by the Governor General, by Speech or Message to each of the Houses of the Parliament or by Proclamation, shall annul the Act from and after the Day of such Signification. 1231:'s monopoly, and sought to construct railways connected to the United States border. However, the Macdonald government had previously provided a monopoly to the Canadian Pacific Railway, not permitting any east–west line to be built south of the Canadian Pacific line in Western Canada, this was to protect Canadian Pacific from competition, and support the Macdonald's National Policy. Ten of the disallowed acts infringed on the Canadian Pacific monopoly directly by chartering competing companies, while two other acts generally promoted railway construction in Manitoba against the interests of the federal government. 1820: 917: 1327: 1717: 1121:

which a Legislature's power to do so was deemed "exceedingly doubtful". The decision to disallow the act went against the principles of Macdonald's 1868 report, and was protested by the Premier of Ontario Oliver Mowat and opposition in Parliament, including Wilfrid Laurier. Further accusations came from the opposition claiming the decision was motivated, as the individual who petitioned for disallowance was a known political friend of Macdonald. The Conservative government was unsuccessful at arguing that this disallowance aligned with previous decisions, and Conservative

1030: 1204: 1659: 1563:, with the only valid reasons for disallowance being interference with Dominion policy. Lapointe made statements in Parliament echoing his belief, evoking a parallel between Canada's success in seeking autonomy and guarantees during the Imperial Conferences in 1926 and 1930 against the use of disallowance by the government of the United Kingdom, and the relationship between the provinces and federal government. Lapointe went so far as to say he did not think disallowance could easily be used by the federal government. 1403:, a critic of Laurier's approach to disallowance was appointed minister of justice. Doherty strongly believed that the governor general should disallow an act on the grounds it is unjust, interferes with vested rights, or the obligations of a contract. Doherty described his view that disallowance "be properly invoked for the purpose of preventing, not inconsistently with the public interest, irreparable injustice or undue interference with private rights or property through the operation of local statutes 372: 7162: 242: 1503: 44: 1462: 588:", which occurs "when an entrenched constitutional provision loses its binding force upon political actors as a result of its conscious sustained nonuse and public repudiation by preceding and present political actors". A similar view is shared by Canadian political scientist Andrew Heard who considers the powers reflecting the values of a "bygone era", and no longer align with the Canadian views of federalism. Canadian political scientist 1606:. The first required all bankers to obtain a license from the Social Credit Commission and created a directorate for the control of each bank, most members of which would be appointed by the Social Credit Board. The second prevented unlicensed banks and their employees from initiating civil actions. The third prevented any person from challenging the constitutionality of Alberta's laws in court without receiving the approval of the 254: 7174: 1085: 1353:

six months after its passage. British Columbia continued to pass similar discriminatory legislation throughout 1902–1908 with the understanding the acts would be disallowed by the federal government; the reasoning by the provincial government was as protest to Ottawa, and to publicly display that immigrants from Asia were not welcome in British Columbia. Imperial interest in disallowance grew with the 1902

574:: Where a Bill passed by the Houses of the Parliament is presented to the Governor General for the Queen's Assent, he shall declare, according to his Discretion, but subject to the Provisions of this Act and to Her Majesty's Instructions, either that he assents thereto in the Queen's Name, or that he withholds the Queen's Assent, or that he reserves the Bill for the Signification of the Queen's Pleasure. 1299:

circumstances where the act was "unjust". During this period, thirty acts were disallowed, twenty-one of which were passed by the British Columbia Legislature; however, no act was disallowed on the grounds of injustice or inexpediency. Laurier's ideals on federalism and the supremacy of provincial legislatures in constitutionally defined areas was shared by his ministers of justice Oliver Mowat,

1768:, which transferred the authority to amend Canada's constitution to the Parliament of Canada, the final step to achieving full sovereignty. The Statute of Westminster amended the procedure for appointing the governor general, moving from the advice of Privy Council of the United Kingdom to the Canadian Cabinet, removing another aspect of British influence over the Canadian government. 1526:, Lapointe was careful to note that while the act constituted an injustice for the group that petitioned for its disallowance, the reason for recommending disallowance was only because it impeded on federal constitutional jurisdiction. Lapointe continued to allow courts to decide the validity of laws which exceeded the provincial governments constitutional authority to govern. 404:. Each jurisdiction is generally independent from the others in its realm of legislative authority. The division of powers between the federal government and the provincial governments is based on the principle of exhaustive distribution: all legal issues are assigned to either the federal Parliament or the provincial legislatures. In Canada, Parliament is composed of 1843:. Trudeau, a constitutional scholar, demurred, believing that disallowance would ultimately cause more political harm, and that it was better to have the conflicting matters adjudicated. Trudeau believed that disallowance was warranted only for laws that clearly violated federal power or that created disorder beyond the boundaries of the province enacting the law. 825:

on the instructions of the governor general in council, or reserve the bill for approval by the governor general. A bill that is reserved by the lieutenant governor does not become law unless it is granted royal assent within one year of passage. The lieutenant governor is provided "unrestricted" authority to reserve legislation based on the lieutenant governor's

1068:. This policy continued with successive ministers of justice. Despite this policy, lieutenant governors continued to reserve bills within the provincial constitutional domain and at times the governor general would have to provide royal assent. However, one instance where Macdonald did not recommend for royal assent was a reserved Ontario bill incorporating the 1548:'s reports on questions of disallowance were so brief that it is difficult to determine his personal opinions on the circumstances where disallowance would be acceptable, except that he subscribed to the belief that the courts should decide the validity of laws which may exceed the provincial governments constitutional authorities. 1522:

considered for disallowance ended, being replaced with a short special report on those which may be considered for disallowance. Lapointe continued the view that acts within the provincial constitutional jurisdiction should not be disallowed unless they conflicted with Dominion policy. In his report for Alberta's 1924

1758:(Cmd 3479), stating that both the prerogative and statutory powers of disallowance had "not been exercised for many years" in relation to dominion legislation. The agreement in 1930 essentially meant the United Kingdom would not reserve or disallow legislation without the approval of the Canadian federal cabinet. 1635:

required newspapers to print "clarifications" of stories that a committee of Social Credit legislators deemed inaccurate, and to reveal their sources on demand. Lieutenant Governor Bowen, mindful of the federal government's disallowance of the Social Credit Board's earlier legislation, reserved royal

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on the grounds that the act constituted an invasion of property rights granted by the Dominion government to the Canadian Pacific Railway. Doherty noted that the use of disallowance aligned with the fourth principle of Macdonald's memo of 1868, and was within the right of the Dominion to disallow the

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brought major changes to the use of disallowance by the federal government. In the years prior to the 1896 election, Laurier had made it clear he would not intervene in matters within provincial jurisdiction, unless the matters intervened with federal policy, and was not supportive of disallowance in

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spoke to as an unnecessary power and that issues of constitutionality of laws "falls naturally within the jurisdiction of the courts". Manitoba Premier Norquay, frustrated by repeated disallowance of railway charters, also challenged the federal powers. The 1887 conference passed two resolutions, one

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Macdonald considered the question of whether the governor general or the government of the United Kingdom would consider a provincial bills reserved by a lieutenant governor due to inconsistency with Royal instructions. Macdonald consulted Lord Granville, who advised that matters of imperial interest

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P.C. 1868-0611 describing the role of the Department of Justice and government of Canada when utilizing the powers of disallowance and reservation. Macdonald's Order in Council outlined four reasons disallowance would be considered by the department of justice for a provincial act: the act as a whole

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from 1867 until 1881. During this period many of the invalid provincial acts were those which encroached on federal constitutional responsibilities. The second most common grounds where there is a conflict between federal policies and interests is the most common reason for disallowance. From 1867 to

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by the Liberal government under Pierre Trudeau. The bill included a bill of rights which applied exclusively to the federal government. The bill also permitted provinces to opt-in to the bill of rights, and if they did, the powers of disallowance and reservation were repealed or made inapplicable to

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and it was within the general interest of the Dominion to maintain those rights to ensure continued certainty in investment. The Ontario Legislature protested the disallowance and passed the same Act three more times, all of which were disallowed, and finally the fourth attempt in 1884 which was not

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The process for reservation of a provincial act by the lieutenant governor begins following the bill passing third reading in the legislature and being forwarded to the lieutenant governor for royal assent. The lieutenant governor has three options: they may grant royal assent, withhold royal assent

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required drivers to pass on the right. The government of Nova Scotia asked for the act to be disallowed due to the confusion it would cause and the "grave danger to life and property", a request which Gouin weighed against options to call a special session of the Legislature or refer to the courts.

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Macdonald's government changed its view on reservation, and in November 1882 created a new standard for reservation to prevent situations of reservation by lieutenant governors on the advice of provincial cabinet. However, these standards do not appear to have been forwarded to lieutenant governors

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divides this history of Canada following Confederation into five periods based on the use of disallowance. The first period from Confederation in 1867–1881, second period from 1881 to 1896, third period from 1896 to 1911, the fourth period from 1911 to 1924, and the fifth period from 1924 until the

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In 1911, nearing the end of his period as Prime Minister, Laurier updated the principles for the use of disallowance. Laurier's instructions cautioned "great care" in use and respect for the local legislatures authority to govern in constitutional areas, but urged expediency in use of disallowance

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on his accord, and the federal government refused to recommend royal assent. Dunsmuir reasoned that the bill was similar to the previously disallowed acts, and the bill could interfere with federal interests and international relations. Members of the public rallied against Dunsmuir who previously

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requiring a language test, the act was subsequently disallowed nearly a year later by the Laurier government on the grounds of federal paramountcy on immigration after a petition from the Japanese Consul. The British Columbia Legislature passed a similar act shortly afterwards which was disallowed

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on each case of disallowance, which would be open to appeal. Macdonald and the federal government were invited to the conference but chose not to attend, the Macdonald's allies in the governments of British Columbia and Prince Edward Island also declined to attend. No action was taken on the first

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refused to recommend disallowance for acts that interfered with property rights similar to the Ontario act in 1881. La Forest notes that Thompson's actions as justice minister were at times inconsistent, disallowing some acts and refusing to recommend disallowance for similar reasons. Thompson was

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provision that was useful or of little importance, they generally communicated their concerns to the Legislature rather than use the power of disallowance. Macdonald was hesitant to disallow acts that he disagreed with, were petitioned against, or were otherwise disagreeable without a strong legal

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removed the power of the Parliament of the United Kingdom to create laws that impacted the dominions, unless the dominion specifically asked for it. This Statute effectively eliminated the obligation for certain laws created by the Canadian Parliament to be reserved by the governor general for the

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introduced a motion to Parliament describing federal interference in the law as an abuse of power and interfering within the constitutional rights of provinces to govern. La Forest notes at this instance the opinion of the Conservative and Liberal parties towards disallowance had flipped from the

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The British Columbia Legislature began introducing legislation prohibiting immigration from Asia in the period of 1900–1908. British Columbia had seen a large reduction in Asian immigration between the late 1880s and early 1890s which resulted in a period with less effort to restrict immigration,

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Provincial governments were not pleased with what they saw as the increasing interference of the federal government in provincial autonomy, and held the first Interprovincial Conference in Quebec City in October 1887 to discuss the issue, the meeting site was symbolic as had previously hosted the

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were disallowed. The British Columbia government had previously lobbied the federal government to require the Canadian Pacific Railway to hire labourers from Europe for railway construction instead of individuals of Chinese descent, and dissatisfied with progress made by the federal government on

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took their time and disallowed acts could remain in force for months before disallowance. Bruce Ryder notes that because of these delays by the Laurier cabinet, anti-Asian provincial immigration laws were in force more often in the province than not. In 1907, British Columbia Lieutenant Governor

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set by the lieutenant governor from others floating logs down a river. The report on disallowance cited removal property rights from individuals down river who would be forced to become "toll-keeper against his will", which amounted to taking away the "rights of one man and vest them in another"

1750:, and a committee approve a statement which affirmed the right of each dominion government to advise the Crown on its own affairs, and that the government of the United Kingdom should not make a decision against the advice of the dominion government. This was further reinforced by the following 670:

stipulates that the government of the United Kingdom has two years to disallow a law after receiving an official copy of it. However, an Act of the Canadian Parliament cannot be disallowed under Section 56 because it cannot be received by the British government. This convention was further

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Another common theme for disallowance during the period of 1881–1896 was provincial acts that conflicted with Dominion policy, most of which were outside of the powers of the provincial legislatures. Nearly half of the 38 acts disallowed during this period were because the acts interfered with

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part from provisions embodied in constitutions or in specific statutes expressly providing for reservation, it is recognized that it is the right of the Government of each Dominion to advise the Crown in all matters relating to its own affairs. Consequently, it would not be in accordance with

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The Balfour Declaration and the 1930 report were non-binding, but were later solidified in the Statute of Westminster 1931 which implemented aspects of the agreements at the imperial conferences, including limiting the legislative authority of the Parliament of the United Kingdom over Canada,

363:" was invalidated. The power of reservation has been exercised 21 times by the governor general, all before 1878, and 70 times by various lieutenant governors, with the most recent case in Saskatchewan in 1961 when the lieutenant governor reserved assent on a bill related to mining contracts. 1006:

did not fade away as the New Brunswick Legislature was emboldened to pass more provisions strengthening the provisions of the act, and a second resolution for disallowance was passed by the Parliament of Canada in 1873. Macdonald spoke out against Parliament's authority to disallow acts, and

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serving as minister of justice. Lapointe was appointed minister of justice three times, holding the role for over 10 years, with interludes for the Meighen and Bennett governments. With Lapointe, the practice for the minister of justice providing a comprehensive report provincial acts to be

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of the legislatures." Despite Doherty's broad view of the application of disallowance, he remained reluctant to recommend use of disallowance. Doherty acknowledged he was limited by federalism and the autonomy of provinces, the desire not to embarrass the legislatures, and the difficulty in

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Today the powers of disallowance and reservation, while still operative, are generally considered dormant, prompting some debates about whether they have effectively become obsolete through disuse. Comparative public law scholar Richard Albert has argued that both powers have fallen into

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protecting civil liberties such as a free press. The Supreme Court in responding to questions posed by the government of Alberta confirmed the validity of disallowance and reservation, with the Court unanimously confirming those powers were still in operation and exercisable. Justice

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Political scientist Andrew Heard argues that disallowance of federal law has been effectively forbidden by constitutional convention in Canada since 1942 when the Governor General was no longer permitted to forward Acts of Canadian Parliament to the government of the United Kingdom.

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passed a non-binding resolution stating the governor general of a Dominion nation would never use the power of reservation on the instructions of the government of the United Kingdom. These Royal Instructions were related to legislation governing eight subjects: authorizing

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effectively giving the country legal autonomy as a self-governing Dominion, though the Parliament of the United Kingdom retained the power to amend Canada's constitution at the request of Canada. The Parliament of the United Kingdom's authority remained in effect until the

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requires the lieutenant governor to send a copy of every act of the legislature which has been granted royal assent to the Governor General. For a period of up to one year from receipt of a copy of the act, the governor general in council may disallow the legislation. The

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for security purposes. St. Laurent disallowed the act in April 1943 as the obligation of identifying and restricting enemy aliens was an exclusive authority of the federal government. Alberta Premier William Aberhart died shortly afterwards in May 1943, and his successor

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made on the property placed after 1911. Gouin's report concluded the act was "extraordinary" and opposed the "principles of right and justice", and that the Nova Scotia Legislature had made "itself a court of appeal from the Supreme Court of Canada". Federal Conservative

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does not provide a specified period of time for the lieutenant governor to forward a copy of each provincial act to the federal government. Instructions were first provided in 1892 which gave the lieutenant governor ten days after royal assent to forward the act to the

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and held by the governor general acting on the advice of the Canadian federal cabinet (e.g., governor general in council). The decision to disallow a provincial act must be made within one year of the governor general's receipt of the act from the lieutenant governor.

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wrote the Secretary of State for Colonies, requesting greater independence, and specifically that Britain would not use the power of reservation. Subsequently, the seventh paragraph of the Royal Instructions was repealed in 1878 on the insistence of Blake, and jurist

1200:. The government of British Columbia did not see the recommendations of the Royal Commission as sufficient, and passed legislation duplicating the previous act limiting Chinese immigration to the province, which was subsequently disallowed by the federal government. 5619:

An Act to amend the Constitution of Canada with respect to matters coming within the legislative authority of the Parliament of Canada, and to approve and authorize the taking of measures necessary for the amendment of the Constitution with respect to certain other

5616: 1076:, that would either alienate his support with Catholics in Quebec or Protestants in Ontario. Instead of recommending royal assent, Macdonald recommended the Ontario Legislature pass the bill again, which it did, and the lieutenant governor provided royal assent. 1001:

refused to take action to disallow the act at the request of Parliament, and responded by affirming that the power of disallowance of provincial acts is held by the governor general acting on the advice of Canadian Cabinet. The controversy over the New Brunswick

982:, which abolished church-run schools, and compelled Catholics to financially contribute to the replacement system of government-run public schools called Common Schools. A majority of the House of Commons attempted to pass a resolution to disallow the act, while 1712:

slowly backed away from implementing social credit policies. During this period ending with Aberhart's death eleven Alberta acts were disallowed and three were reserved. The disallowance of Alberta's enemy alien act was the last time disallowance was used.

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called for changes to federal and provincial constitutional jurisdiction and the removal of disallowance and reservation. Canadian political scientist Peter H. Russell views the abolishment of disallowance and reservation as an eventuality and a "logical

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however increased immigration in 1899 and 1900 revitalized the call for restrictive immigration legislation in the province. The British government had foreseen the risk of anti-Asian immigration laws damaging imperial relations and trade, and during the

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notes the successive disallowances by Macdonald for the Manitoba railway charters hampered what should have been an alliance between Conservatives Macdonald and Norquay. Norquay subsequently lost the confidence of his party and resigned in 1887, and the

1192:. Minister of Justice Campbell rejected the argument, noting provinces could encourage immigration, but not prohibit immigration, and subsequently disallowed the act. Macdonald relented to requests to evaluate the Chinese immigration and appointed the 1852:, the Supreme Court found that "reservation and disallowance of provincial legislation, although in law still open, have, to all intents and purposes, fallen into disuse", and the non-use of the powers could evolve into a constitutional convention. 1107:

was actually authored by John A. Macdonald, as McDonald ceased his role as justice minister only a few days after its publication. The Ontario act was based on a disagreement between two logging firms, one of which owned by prominent Conservative

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responded to Parliament further reinforcing that disallowance was the responsibility of Canadian Cabinet and the governor general, much to the disappointment of the Liberal members and Edward Blake who moved the resolution. Macdonald allowed the

1116:, and another company sought to use the creek without the permission of the first company. The act gave the right to individuals to flow logs down rivers, creeks, and streams, and allowed those who made improvements along a river to receive a 3308:

La Forest notes there have been 13 reserved bills to receive royal assent by the governor general by publishing of his book in 1955, the 14th bill was reserved by the lieutenant governor of Saskatchewan in 1961 and subsequently granted royal

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in certain circumstances to reserve a bill for the sovereign's consideration, or may do so under their own discretion. That is, the governor-general would neither assent nor refuse assent to the bill, but would instead refer it to the

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expressed concern over the possibility of restrictive legislation in British Columbia. In August 1900, Japan announced voluntary restrictions on emigration to Canada, and a few weeks later the British Columbia Legislature passed the

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does not specify whether the authority rests with the governor general or the governor general in council (e.g., federal cabinet). However, the opinion that the authority rests with the governor general in council was affirmed by

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in 1971 included the removal of the powers of disallowance and reservation. Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau was willing to forgo these powers in exchange for a bill of rights which the provinces would be required to adhere to.

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Since Confederation, 70 bills passed by a provincial legislature have had royal assent reserved by a lieutenant governor, of which 14 bills of a provincial legislature have been granted royal assent by the governor general.

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The period of 1911–1924 coincided again with a reduction in use of the powers of disallowance by the federal government, with Borden's Conservatives disallowing one act, and King's Liberal government disallowing five acts.

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constitutional practice for advice to be tendered to His Majesty by His Majesty's Government in Great Britain in any matter appertaining to the affairs of a Dominion against the views of the Government of that Dominion.

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resolution, but Parliament led by a motion by Edward Blake moved to permit the governor general to provide the option to refer these matters to the court for an opinion in 1890, however, without the right of an appeal.

1555:, Lapointe was once again appointed justice minister. La Forest notes that Lapointe began to include in his reports more detail on the circumstances disallowance might properly be used. In his report on Ontario's 1935 592:

agrees that the powers have become politically "unusable" as Canadian understanding of federal–provincial relations has moved from a superior–subordinate relationship to one of equals who coordinate with each other.

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to provide the Canadian Parliament with the same privileges afforded the Parliament of the United Kingdom, including the authority to examine witnesses under oath. The Canadian Parliament subsequently passed a new

1379:. The final attempt by the British Columbia Legislature to regulate immigration from Asia came in 1908, which was made largely inoperable by two court challenges and eventually disallowed by the Laurier cabinet. 1678:

which was meant to change the terms on debt agreement was disallowed, as was another attempt to pass similar legislation a year later. Lapointe died in office in 1941, but his successor as minister of justice

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in 1868, which gave the Minister of Justice the responsibility to examine provincial legislation. Prime Minister John A. Macdonald held the position of Minister of Justice and shortly after the passing of the

1895:, Trudeau was able to succeed in entrenching the Charter of Rights and Freedoms into the Constitution, however he was unwilling to remove disallowance and reservation after the provinces negotiated for the 793:. The Order in Council is sent to the lieutenant governor of the province with the receipt for the day the provincial act was received by the Governor General. In accordance with Sections 56 and 90 of the 1887:

In a 1980 report by the Senate Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs, the powers of disallowance and reservation were described as "obsolete" and not compatible with Canadian federalism.

1357:. The British Columbia Legislature was also emboldened with the federal cabinet's slow response to disallow legislation, where during the 1800s, Macdonald's government disallowed acts without delay, the 1052:

reduced the salary of the governor general from $ 10,000 to $ 6,500 which was not granted and was not recommended for royal assent by the governor general or by the Secretary of State for the Colonies

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has only disallowed one federal law, while the government of Canada has disallowed 112 provincial laws, with the most recent instance occurring in 1943 when Alberta's law that limited land sales to

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appointed as the new minister of justice. Gouin's opinion on disallowance aligned with those of Doherty, in contrast to the Liberal government under Laurier. Gouin recommended disallowance of the

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The second period of disallowance and reservation came in 1881 which saw thirty-eight acts disallowed. The change in disallowance policy that separates this period came with the disallowance of

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as Minister of Justice (1875-1877) was highly influential in convincing the government of the United Kingdom to remove provisions advising the governor general to reserve acts of Parliament.

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views previously held from Confederation to 1923. Gouin also reviewed a 1921 act of the British Columbia Legislature on the petition of the Japanese Counsel General. The federal Cabinet

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Between 1867 and 1878, twenty-one federal bills were reserved, six of which were denied Royal Assent by the government of the United Kingdom, and no bills have been reserved since. The

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notes that the concept of British control over provincial legislatures was largely forgotten, and the power of reservation was not used by the government of the United Kingdom again.

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The power of disallowance and reservation for an act of the Parliament of Canada is provided to the King-in-Council (Privy Council of the United Kingdom) under Section 56 of the

1899:. Following patriation of the Constitution, the federal government continued to offer to remove the powers of disallowance and reservation in ongoing constitutional talks, including 901:. Macdonald's view on disallowance changed after 1881, as his government disallowed a growing number of provincial acts. For instance, Macdonald did not disallow the 1870 act of the 1408:

understanding the facts and reasons behind the passage of the legislation. Through the Borden years only one statute was disallowed, the 1917 British Columbia amendment to the

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Despite its loss in the Supreme Court reference, the government of Alberta continued to bring forward legislation which the federal government found objectionable. In 1939,

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in 1867, 112 provincial acts have been disallowed by the government of Canada, with the last occurrence in 1943 invalidating Alberta's legislation restricting land sales to

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amended provisions related to mining contracts, and allowed cabinet to modify existing mining contracts. Bastedo argued that he had doubts on the legislation being in the

889: 702:, committing Canada to an international treaty inconsistent with a British treaty, or containing provisions that were previously disallowed. In 1876, minister of justice 1792: 1559:, which ultimately was not disallowed, Lapointe noted that the then "modern view" of disallowance is incompatible with it being used on provincial legislation which is 6253: 986:

did not intend to use disallowance. Macdonald viewed the legislation as within the exclusive jurisdiction of the provincial legislature under Section 93 of the

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assent of the acts until their legality could be tested at the Supreme Court of Canada. This was the first use of the power of reservation in Alberta history. In

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the act to the Supreme Court, which found it was unconstitutional. Gouin subsequently recommended the disallowance of the act which occurred shortly afterwards.

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Reference re The Power of the Governor General in Council to Disallow Provincial Legislation and the Power of Reservation of a Lieutenant-Governor of a Province

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appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the federal government, with the duty of acting as the representative of the Crown for the province. Once a

1776:

The power of disallowance has not been used in Canada since the events in Alberta in the early-1940s. The final instance of reservation occurred in 1961 when

1646:

of the province's constitutional authority, affirmed the authority of the lieutenant governor to reserve royal assent, and first proposed the existence of an

6896: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6469: 6464: 1734:

This period was also a period of colonial change for Canada. The unrestricted authority for the government of the United Kingdom to disallow the laws of the

782:

together. In 1950, the federal government amended the requirements for transmission of provincial act to allow the lieutenant governor to send copies at the

468: 677:, which eliminated the Governor General's obligation to send official copies of laws to the government of the United Kingdom; and secondly by the repeal of 6459: 6339: 866: 742: 4095:

Minister of Justice - On the subject of the powers of disallowance of the Acts of Local Legislatures, possessed by the General Government of the Dominion

3299:

notes there have been 69 bills reserved by publishing of his book in 1955, the 70th bill was reserved by the lieutenant governor of Saskatchewan in 1961.

1156:

had taken place, and whether or not the injustice was sufficient reason for the act to be disallowed. Following Thompson, Conservative justice ministers

1587: 6436: 6431: 6273: 268: 160: 6832: 6278: 6164:

The disallowance of Manitoba railway legislation in the 1880's: railway policy as a factor in the relations of Manitoba with the Dominion, 1878-1888

1440:

which the Legislature felt the appellant MacNeil was poorly represented during the trial. The act vested MacNeil with the property taken during her

1270: 1185: 1172: 535: 483: 453: 341: 331: 327: 167: 1139:

Following the disallowance of the Ontario act, the minister of justice was inundated with petitions to disallow further acts, La Forest notes that

471:

dictated that the government of the United Kingdom was not capable of utilizing disallowance without the approval of the Canadian federal cabinet.

6633: 4566: 3577: 1413:

act. Further in this particular case, Doherty believed the power of disallowance was necessary to protect the province from passing unwise bills.

1017: 507: 202: 3287:

Historically some provinces had bicameral legislatures, but they all eventually dissolved their upper house or merged it with their lower house.

6426: 1586:

which included concepts such as $ 25 monthly dividends. Aberhart's government was slow in implementing economic changes, which resulted in the

998: 295:

Disallowance and reservation are historical constitutional powers in Canada that act as a mechanism to delay or overrule legislation passed by

6060:

Correspondence, reports of the Ministers of Justice, and orders in Council, upon the subject of Dominion and provincial legislation, 1896–1920

7210: 6944: 6152: 6096: 6039: 5991: 5925: 5873: 5832: 5740: 3746: 1140: 1008: 6079:

Correspondence, reports of the ministers of justice and orders in council upon the subject of Dominion and provincial legislation, 1867–1895

1210:, Premier of Quebec, organized the first meeting of provincial premiers in 1887 in opposition of the powers of disallowance and reservation. 913:

against the wishes of the trustees and other parties, as Macdonald viewed the Legislature as having the authority to pass this legislation.

7058: 6246: 1104: 801:. The act is officially annulled and no longer a valid law on the day the lieutenant governor advised the legislature of the disallowance. 4094: 1859:, journalists, and political commentators to call for these powers to be exercised when controversial or unpopular legislation is passed. 1058:

An Act respecting the Treaty between Her Majesty and the United States of America for the apprehension and surrender of certain offenders

7141: 1777: 1125:

conceded in Parliament that the disallowance was based on a new principle. Macdonald defended the decision on the concept of protecting

552: 506:, so any action lawfully done under an act's terms before the act has been disallowed remains legal. This principle was outlined in the 393: 6848: 1877:

An Act to amend the Constitution of Canada with respect to matters coming within the legislative authority of the Parliament of Canada

778:. These federal timelines were often not followed, and lieutenant governors generally preferred to transmitting all the statutes of a 147: 1334:

passed a series of bills restricting immigration from Asia to the province which were subsequently disallowed by the Laurier cabinet.

1248:. Soon afterward, the Canadian Pacific Railway monopoly was removed in exchange for a financial bailout by the Macdonald government. 319:

from a bill which has been passed by a provincial legislature; the bill is then "reserved" for consideration by the federal cabinet.

6912: 6454: 5899: 5789: 5766: 3446: 1791:. Bastedo reserved the bill on his own accord, and was not instructed to by the governor general in council. The bill passed by the 1722: 1624: 1300: 1045: 873:

The first period of disallowance and reservation was the period immediately following Confederation of Canada under Prime Ministers

127: 1839:

in 1977, which forbade the use of English language signs and openly contravened some procedural linguistic rights protected by the

6512: 534:

Reservation is the decision by a representative of the Crown to withhold royal assent from an act of the federal Parliament under

6298: 2663: 2051: 1827:

was willing to remove the powers of disallowance and reservation from the Canadian Constitution in exchange for a Bill of Rights.

1143:

who held the role from 1881 to 1885 studied each petition thoroughly, but only disallowed Ontario's further attempts to pass the

1022: 878: 643: 352: 55: 7200: 7178: 6997: 6319: 6239: 3270: 1915:

published a report on what they heard regarding constitutional reforms proposed by the federal government. The report entitled

1907:

in 1992. In 1991, the Beaudoin-Dobbie Committee, a committee composed of Senators and members of Parliament chaired by Senator

1655:

went so far as to write "there is no room for serious argument" that disallowance and reservation were no longer valid powers.

1376: 1260:. Amongst the issues discussed at the conference was the removal of the federal power of disallowance, to which Quebec Premier 192: 27: 3661:

An Act to provide for the examination of witnesses on Oath by Committees of the Senate and House of Commons, in certain cases

1836: 1607: 1552: 1417: 1396: 1295: 1245: 842: 746: 560: 1855:

While the powers of disallowance and reservation have not been exercised for a substantial period of time, it is common for

920:

John A. Macdonald, Canada's first Prime Minister and Minister of Justice developed the original principles of disallowance.

7205: 1788: 1638: 1575: 995: 775: 959:

An Act to empower the Police Court in the City of Halifax to sentence Juvenile Offenders to the Halifax Industrial School

7093: 6907: 6003:"Racism and the Constitution: The Constitutional Fate of British Columbia Anti-Asian Immigration Legislation, 1884-1909" 1856: 1383:

where legislatures acted in federal constitutional areas where "great confusion and hardship" could come to the public.

523: 425: 6314: 972:

In 1871, a question arose concerning the powers of the governor general, Canadian Cabinet and Parliament following the

7047: 6569: 5799:

Heard, Andrew (2015). "Constitutional Conventions and Written Constitutions: The Rule of Law Implications in Canada".

5576:"Lieutenant governor's remarks on Alberta Sovereignty Act drew Governor General's concern: 'Secret' briefing document" 3035: 2945: 2900: 2757: 2423: 2333: 2288: 2145: 1747: 1567: 1510: 1421: 1148: 715: 323: 185: 122: 6604: 1399:

marked the end of Laurier's Liberal government as the Conservative Party under Robert Borden formed the government.

6548: 6324: 1197: 1109: 1088: 978: 417: 409: 117: 82: 6207: 6081:. CIHM/ICMH collection de microfiches ;no. 14543. Ottawa: Canada. Department of Justice; Government Print Bureau. 736:

in Sections 55 and 90, with the authority resting with the governor general in council. Sections 55 and 90 of the

452:, and the act ceases to operate as law. The authority to disallow an act of the federal Parliament was set out in 315:") passed by a provincial legislature. Reservation is an authority granted to the lieutenant governor to withhold 6966: 6949: 6398: 1594:. Aberhart was able to placate the rebellion by promising to implement social credit policies beginning with the 973: 634: 377: 227: 3573: 789:

Disallowance of an act of a provincial legislature by the Governor General in Council is facilitated through an

6403: 6381: 1880: 1751: 1743: 1716: 1469:

requested two acts related to road traffic be disallowed as the acts provided opposing instructions to drivers.

1340: 1308: 1228: 690: 1566:

Lapointe's views on the powers of disallowance and reservation were tested by the government of Alberta under

1481:

which governed the use of roadways in the province. The Legislature inadvertently passed the amendment to the

432:

has passed through the chamber(s), the bill is presented to the governor-general (or lieutenant governor) for

854:

in 1954. The periods generally correspond to changes in the governing party of Parliament or prime minister.

7131: 7073: 6961: 6386: 6334: 6283: 5533: 5115: 3892: 3854: 1875:

Trudeau remained willing to trade the powers of disallowance and reservation for a bill of rights. In 1978,

1544:

from 1930 to 1935 did not disallow any legislation during their term. La Forest notes that justice minister

1473:

In a unique case, the Nova Scotia government petitioned Gouin to disallow two acts, a 1922 amendment to the

1437: 1354: 1253: 1041: 962: 625: 464: 217: 92: 5529: 5111: 3888: 3850: 1666:

passed eleven acts which were disallowed, and three which had royal assent reserved by Lieutenant Governor

1323:

that were seen to not cause considerable harm were not disallowed, and left to the legislature and courts.

7136: 7088: 6922: 6624: 6413: 6370: 6262: 5935: 5909: 3264: 1896: 1804: 1764: 1647: 1237: 1232: 1220: 1176: 1157: 1069: 966: 951: 947: 805: 397: 345: 336: 222: 142: 112: 102: 77: 72: 62: 35: 5547: 1756:

Report of the Conference on the Operation of Dominion Legislation and Merchant Shipping Legislation, 1929

797:, the lieutenant governor must advise the legislature of the disallowance, either by speech, message, or 1780: 1358: 983: 910: 783: 761: 400:. There are also three territorial governments in the far north, which exercise powers delegated by the 1803:, and the legislation was not legal. Bastedo's view was not shared by his constitutional advisors. The 1590:

where members of the legislative assembly revolted openly and threatened to defeat the government in a

1534: 1683:

continued to recommend the disallowance of Alberta acts that attempted to regulate banking, including

7083: 7078: 7018: 5524: 1904: 1848: 1450: 1165: 673: 445: 401: 389: 348:, was considered a means of ensuring parliament enacted legislation compliant with the constitution. 296: 132: 760:

The process for disallowance of an act of a provincial legislature begins after the bill has passed

7023: 6421: 6115: 5675: 3296: 1697:

An Act to prohibit the Sale of Lands to any Enemy Aliens and Hutterites for the Duration of the War

1466: 1304: 1053: 924:

Following Confederation in 1867, the Dominion government began the process of interpreting the new

902: 846: 779: 708: 429: 385: 371: 207: 67: 1044:

saw two bills passed by Parliament on May 22, 1868, and subsequently reserved by Governor General

7103: 7098: 7063: 6932: 6554: 6391: 6309: 5963: 5703: 4557: 3674: 1517:

La Forest describes the final stage for the use of disallowance and reservation to coincide with

1455: 1344: 1132: 906: 547: 326:, the powers of reservation and disallowance of federal legislation formally remain in place in 6119: 6087: 5938:(November 1961). "The Lieutenant-Governor's Discretionary Powers: The Reservation of Bill 56". 3326:

weeks later in April 1904, which was disallowed in January 1905. British Columbia passed a new

43: 7013: 6976: 6351: 6219: 6177: 6148: 6131: 6092: 6035: 6014: 5987: 5955: 5921: 5895: 5869: 5828: 5808: 5785: 5762: 5736: 5715: 5711: 5695: 3742: 3686: 3490: 3442: 3080: 2708: 2618: 2096: 2006: 1900: 1680: 1461: 1445: 1261: 1207: 1161: 991: 916: 898: 874: 503: 308: 107: 97: 6927: 6609: 6574: 6564: 6203: 6189: 6167: 6082: 6063: 6002: 5975: 5947: 5883: 5850: 5842: 5750: 5729: 5687: 5580: 3125: 2761: 2149: 1868: 1808: 1704: 1663: 1571: 1274: 1103:

passed by the Ontario Legislature. La Forest believes the report issued by justice minister

938: 790: 589: 413: 745:, Secretary of State for the Colonies in 1869, and later again affirmed in 1879 by Justice 610:. The only incidence of the King-in-Council using this authority occurred in 1873 when the 7008: 6954: 2810: 2198: 1908: 1800: 1591: 1518: 1506: 1400: 1331: 1291: 1241: 1216: 1126: 1122: 621: 612: 564: 460: 304: 137: 5548:"What to know about disallowance — the power that lets Ottawa 'disallow' provincial laws" 4562: 1924:" for the federal government and provinces in future constitutional reform discussions. 969:, which was within the exclusive constitutional jurisdiction of the federal government. 928:

and determining the responsibilities of each level of government. Parliament passed the

420:

acting as the representative of the Crown. In provinces, the legislature is composed of

6939: 6028: 5980: 5914: 5888: 5778: 5755: 5724: 3735: 2765: 2153: 1912: 1832: 1824: 1739: 1709: 1530: 1363: 943: 897:

rationale, a view shared by Liberal successors as Minister of Justice Edward Blake and

556: 1819: 882:

1881, the governor general disallowed 27 provincial acts, of which 25 were considered

7194: 7166: 7068: 6971: 6345: 6193: 6062:. Provincial legislation. Ottawa: Department of Justice; Government Printing Bureau. 5552: 3475: 2990: 2855: 2378: 2243: 1796: 1727: 1667: 1652: 1611: 1583: 1579: 1541: 1319:

from using a title they had under British law. Provincial acts which were considered

515: 421: 246: 212: 444:

Disallowance is the decision by a representative of the Crown to veto an act of the

6068: 1921: 1700: 1545: 1509:

as Minister of Justice recommended the disallowance of several acts of the Alberta

1224: 1203: 1171:

During this period, the government of British Columbia passed two acts restricting

1084: 1073: 1033: 798: 732:

The power of disallowance of an act of a provincial legislature is outlined in the

703: 699: 585: 433: 405: 316: 3675:"Perjury, Contempt and Privilege: The Coercive Powers of Parliamentary Committees" 344:. The initial intent of disallowance, and its practice for the first few years of 3436: 6559: 3322:

was disallowed on March 26, 1904. The British Columbia Legislature passed a new

2753: 2141: 1425: 1113: 954:

had Bernard draft the reports and merely wrote that he concurred on the report.

884: 813: 360: 303:. In contemporary Canadian history, disallowance is an authority granted to the 253: 5855: 1529:

There were no acts disallowed by the Conservative government of Prime Minister

1269:

removing the power of disallowance over topics within the provincial sphere of

1072:. Macdonald thought the bill was a political trap by Ontario premier and rival 6614: 6593: 6329: 6181: 5820: 1502: 1486: 1441: 1326: 1219:. Macdonald disallowed 13 railway charters issued by the fledgling provincial 1117: 826: 809: 629: 356: 258: 197: 87: 6223: 6135: 6018: 5959: 5812: 5699: 3690: 3494: 764:

in the legislature and the lieutenant governor has granted royal assent. The

3880: 3878: 1432:

passed by the Nova Scotia Legislature, which sought to evade a judgement in

1153: 1130:

disallowed and continued as law. The issue was settled in the landmark case

888:

of the powers of the provincial Legislatures. La Forest notes that when the

5691: 1494:

However, Gouin decided that disallowance "best met the needs of the case."

1371:

employed a large number of immigrants from Asia in his coal mines, and his

482:

The authority to disallow an act of a provincial legislature is set out in

1029: 6231: 1735: 5707: 1430:

An Act to vest certain lands in Victoria County to Jane E. MacNeil, 1922

1101:

An Act for Protecting the Public Interests in Rivers, Streams and Creeks

1658: 1112:

had built dams and other infrastructure on creeks to make it easier to

698:, conferring anything of value to the governor general, creating a new 695: 312: 6195:

The Constitution of Canada: An Introduction to its Development and Law

5967: 1533:

in place for three months in 1926 following his appointment after the

1273:, and a second resolution calling on the federal government to seek a 1184:

immigration, British Columbia attempted to regulate immigration under

6172: 6145:

Canadian constitutional conventions: the marriage of law and politics

1372: 542:, or an act of a provincial legislature under section 90 of the 5951: 3438:

And no one cheered: federalism, democracy, and the Constitution Act

1168:

refused to disallow an act solely on the basis that it was unjust.

990:, Macdonald also viewed the New Brunswick government under Premier 1818: 1715: 1657: 1501: 1460: 1325: 1202: 1083: 1028: 915: 861: 370: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3511: 1785:

An Act to Provide for the Alteration of Certain Mineral Contracts

937:

brought forward to Cabinet a report on June 8, 1868, approved as

6030:

Ex uno plures: federal provincial relations in Canada, 1867–1896

5982:

Constitutional odyssey: can Canadians become a sovereign people?

965:

in 1868. The act was disallowed in August 1869 as it dealt with

7120: 7045: 6995: 6894: 6591: 6537: 6368: 6296: 6235: 5731:

Canadian federalism: performance, effectiveness, and legitimacy

1016:

to stand, and was subsequently affirmed in its validity by the

957:

The first act to be disallowed by the Macdonald government was

869:

affirmed the power of disallowance rested with federal cabinet.

1610:. All three acts were quickly passed. New Lieutenant-Governor 546:. In the federal context, this meant the governor general was 6120:"The Royal Prerogative and the Office of Lieutenant Governor" 5735:(Second ed.). Don Mills, Ont.: Oxford University Press. 5283: 5281: 5279: 5277: 1315:

which the British Colonial Office petitioned as it prevented

1223:

between 1882 and 1887. the Manitoba government under Premier

1152:

also very willing to indicate in his reports where he saw an

5252: 5250: 5248: 42: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5235: 5233: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5190: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5134: 5132: 5130: 5128: 5126: 5124: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5029: 5027: 5025: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4670: 4668: 4604: 4602: 4380: 4378: 4098:, P.C. 1868-0611, June 9, 1868. Series A-1-d , Volume 6267. 4077: 4075: 1642:

the Supreme Court of Canada struck down the three bills as

1060:

received royal assent in June and subsequently became law.

829:, except as instructed by the governor general in council. 396:. These eleven governments derive their authority from the 5471: 5469: 4655: 4653: 4577: 4575: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4480: 4478: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4365: 4363: 4350: 4348: 4311: 4309: 4236: 4234: 4173: 4171: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4062: 4060: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4025: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3865: 3863: 3815: 3813: 3779: 3777: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3330:

again in January 1905, which was disallowed in April 1905.

1811:

quickly passed an order in council to grant royal assent.

5827:(Student ed.). Scarborough, Ont.: Thomson/Carswell. 5600: 5598: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3947: 5890:

Democracy in Alberta: Social Credit and the Party System

4988: 4986: 4984: 4971: 4969: 4944: 4942: 4893: 4891: 4736: 4734: 4697: 4695: 3830: 3828: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3737:

The revised Canadian Constitution : politics as law

1815:

Consideration of disallowance and reservation after 1961

1551:

When King's Liberals were returned to government in the

1080:

1881–1896: Macdonald, Abbot, Thompson, Bowell and Tupper

6539:

Amendments and other constitutional documents 1867–1982

5940:

The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science

3716: 3714: 3712: 424:, an elected group of representatives, overseen by the 6058:

Gisborne, Francis H.; Fraser, Arthur A., eds. (1922).

5847:

Disallowance and Reservation of Provincial Legislation

5676:"Constitutional Amendment by Constitutional Desuetude" 852:

Disallowance and Reservation of Provincial Legislation

3258: 3256: 1693:

Limitations of Actions Act, 1935, Amendment Act, 1941

6826:

Part II – Rights of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada

3418: 3416: 3414: 3412: 946:, however the successor Liberal minister of justice 6857: 6841: 6825: 6632: 6623: 6478: 6445: 6412: 1676:

An Act to amend the Limitation of Actions Act, 1935

6027: 5979: 5913: 5887: 5777: 5754: 5728: 3734: 753:, and once again by the Supreme Court in the 1938 719:approval of the government of the United Kingdom. 5449:Imperial Conference, 1930: Summary of Proceedings 5437:Imperial Conference, 1926: Summary of Proceedings 3570:Esquimalt & Nanaimo Railway Company v. Wilson 1793:Saskatchewan Co-operative Commonwealth Federation 6842:Part III – Equalization and regional disparities 6634:Part I – Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 5864:Macklem, Patrick; Rogerson, Carol, eds. (2017). 1662:The Social Credit government of Alberta Premier 1582:, an economic policy developed British engineer 1227:felt that high freight rates were caused by the 1175:individuals to the province, and permitting the 1136:by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. 1050:An Act to fix the Salary of the Governor General 638:. Recognizing the importance of this issue, the 340:, and are extended to provincial legislation by 5656: 3521: 3384: 1787:(Bill 56) at the end of the session during the 1726:was reserved by Lieutenant Governor of Alberta 1330:The British Columbia Legislature under Premier 569: 493: 473: 6346:Report on the Affairs of British North America 5074: 3461: 6247: 6034:. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. 5916:Social credit and the federal power in Canada 5335: 5311: 5299: 950:authored his own reports. Dorion's successor 305:governor general in council (federal cabinet) 276: 8: 3741:. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson. p. 82. 2563: 1951: 1181:An Act to prevent the Immigration of Chinese 463:. As part of the development of the modern 6340:Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada 6208:"Delegation of Legislative Power in Canada" 5780:Bible Bill: A Biography of William Aberhart 3435:Banting, Keith G.; Simeon, Richard (1983). 1835:faced public pressure to disallow Quebec's 1410:Vancouver Island Settler's Rights Act, 1904 1147:. Campbell's successor as justice minister 1091:'s request for disallowance of the Ontario 994:as friendly to his interests. President of 512:Wilson v. Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway Co. 7117: 7042: 6992: 6891: 6629: 6620: 6588: 6534: 6442: 6409: 6365: 6299:Pre-Confederation constitutional documents 6293: 6254: 6240: 6232: 5412: 5287: 1928:List of provincial laws disallowed by year 1317:English Institute of Chartered Accountants 1177:arrest of new immigrants without a warrant 467:reforms from 1926 to 1931 recognised that 283: 269: 22: 6171: 6086: 6067: 5854: 5849:. Ottawa: Canada. Department of Justice. 5376: 5268: 5256: 5239: 5224: 5212: 5200: 5181: 5162: 5150: 5138: 5095: 5062: 5050: 5033: 5016: 4882: 4865: 4848: 4836: 4824: 4812: 4800: 4788: 4776: 4764: 4752: 4725: 4713: 4686: 4674: 4659: 4593: 4581: 4544: 4532: 4513: 4501: 4484: 4469: 4452: 4440: 4421: 4396: 4384: 4369: 4354: 4339: 4327: 4315: 4276: 4264: 4252: 4240: 4225: 4213: 4201: 4189: 4177: 4150: 4138: 4126: 4114: 4081: 4066: 4051: 4039: 4016: 4004: 3992: 3971: 3938: 3926: 3909: 3869: 3819: 3783: 3673:Robert, Charles; Armitage, Blair (2007). 3612: 3593: 3557: 3476:"Modernisation of Royal Assent in Canada" 3363:(UK), 30 & 31 Vict., c. 3, ss. 55–56. 1685:The Debt Proceedings Suspension Act, 1941 1574:. The Aberhart government was elected in 755:Reference re Disallowance and Reservation 563:; assent, if then given, would be by the 5986:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 5920:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 5894:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 5776:Elliott, David R.; Miller, Iris (1987). 5525:Re: Resolution to amend the Constitution 2603: 2548: 1991: 1936: 6615:Kitchen Accord/Night of the Long Knives 6508:Fines and penalties for provincial laws 5680:The American Journal of Comparative Law 5644: 5604: 5487: 5475: 5400: 5388: 5323: 4960: 4740: 4701: 4300: 4288: 4162: 3959: 3648: 3578:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council 3353: 3252: 2545:Bills reserved by a lieutenant governor 1695:. The final Alberta act disallowed was 1588:1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt 1194:Royal Commission on Chinese Immigration 1018:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council 837:History of disallowance and reservation 518:'s disallowance of an amendment to the 508:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council 34: 6077:Hodgins, William Egerton, ed. (1896). 5632: 5511: 5451:, HMSO, London, 1930 (Cmd 3717), p. 18 5439:, HMSO, London, 1926 (Cmd 2768), p. 17 5359: 5347: 4565:, (1884) 9 AC 392 (7 April 1884), 3834: 3804: 3768: 3624: 3533: 1620:Credit of Alberta Regulation Act, 1937 1465:The government of Nova Scotia Premier 728:Disallowance of provincial legislation 632:, which was not permissible under the 118:British North America Acts (1867–1975) 6945:Individual ministerial responsibility 5460: 5424: 5004: 4992: 4975: 4948: 4933: 4921: 4909: 4897: 4644: 4632: 4620: 4608: 3720: 3636: 3545: 3441:. Toronto: Methuen. pp. 14, 16. 3403: 3375:(UK), 30 & 31 Vict., c. 3, s. 90. 2573: 1961: 1933:Acts disallowed by a governor general 1699:which prevented the sale of lands to 1689:The Orderly Payment of Land Debts Act 1498:1924–1954: King, Bennett, and Laurent 1377:1907 Anti-Oriental Riots in Vancouver 820:Reservation of provincial legislation 650:which amended Section 18 of the 520:Vancouver Island Settler's Rights Act 388:with eleven components: the national 7: 6513:Matters of a local or private nature 6147:. Toronto: Oxford University Press. 5499: 3422: 2593: 2558: 1981: 1946: 1524:An Act to impose a Tax upon Minerals 1343:Secretary of State for the Colonies 1095:to serve his own business interests. 1007:Secretary of State for the Colonies 7142:Constitution Act (British Columbia) 2568: 1956: 1778:Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan 1483:Act Relating to the Use of the Road 1475:Act Relating to the Use of the Road 1444:and retroactively disqualified any 620:was passed in the aftermath of the 602:Disallowance of federal legislation 553:secretary of state for the colonies 128:Succession to the Throne Act (1937) 7122:Provincial constitutions of Canada 7048:Interpretation of the Constitution 6198:. London: Oxford University Press. 5868:(Fifth ed.). Toronto: Emond. 5546:Dawson, Tyler (November 8, 2022). 1891:In the final negotiations for the 1879:(Bill C-60) was introduced to the 858:1867–1881: Macdonald and Mackenzie 685:Reservation of federal legislation 148:Succession to the Throne Act, 2013 14: 6913:Cabinet collective responsibility 6455:Peace, order, and good government 1723:Accurate News and Information Act 1633:Accurate News and Information Act 1625:Accurate News and Information Act 1366:reserved royal assent on the new 502:The power of disallowance is not 351:Since Confederation in 1867, the 7173: 7172: 7160: 6274:List of constitutional documents 5761:. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada. 5623:, 3rd Sess, 30th Parl, SC, 1978. 5574:Black, Matthew (March 9, 2023). 2588: 1976: 1805:Progressive Conservative cabinet 1596:Credit of Alberta Regulation Act 1489:on the left, while amendment to 1023:Maher v Town Council of Portland 644:Parliament of the United Kingdom 642:was subsequently amended by the 434:assent on the Sovereign's behalf 353:Government of the United Kingdom 252: 240: 18:Constitutional concept in Canada 3474:Richardson, Jessica J. (2004). 3271:British North America Act, 1867 3122: 3077: 3032: 2987: 2942: 2897: 2852: 2807: 2750: 2705: 2660: 2615: 2598: 2583: 2420: 2375: 2330: 2285: 2240: 2195: 2138: 2093: 2048: 2003: 1986: 1971: 1600:Bank Employees Civil Rights Act 1540:The Conservative government of 850:publishing of La Forest's book 679:The Publication of Statutes Act 6382:Charlottetown Conference, 1864 6279:Amendments to the Constitution 4558:Caldwell and another v McLaren 3704:Parliament of Canada Act, 1875 2578: 1966: 1884:the province and legislature. 1837:Charter of the French Language 1608:Lieutenant-Governor in Council 1553:1935 Canadian federal election 1418:1921 Canadian federal election 1397:1911 Canadian federal election 1296:1896 Canadian federal election 1265:calling for amendments to the 1198:head tax on Chinese immigrants 843:Canadian department of justice 784:adjournment of the legislature 648:Parliament of Canada Act, 1875 203:Charter of Rights and Freedoms 1: 7029:Other unsuccessful amendments 6190:Kennedy, William Paul McClure 6124:Canadian Parliamentary Review 6088:2027/aeu.ark:/13960/t3zs37z6q 5801:Dublin University Law Journal 3679:Canadian Parliamentary Review 3483:Canadian Parliamentary Review 1639:Reference Re Alberta Statutes 1485:requiring persons driving to 1420:saw the Liberal Party led by 1196:in 1885, which recommended a 841:In his book published by the 776:Secretary of State for Canada 123:Statute of Westminster (1931) 7211:Westminster system in Canada 7094:Interjurisdictional immunity 6918:Disallowance and reservation 6570:Statute of Westminster, 1931 6143:Heard, Andrew David (1991). 5825:Constitutional law of Canada 5784:. Edmonton: Reidmore Books. 4569: (on appeal from Canada) 3733:Cheffins, Ronald I. (1986). 1604:Judicature Act Amendment Act 1256:that laid the basis for the 1093:Rivers and Streams Act, 1881 524:British Columbia Legislature 375:Front page of a copy of the 6470:Matters excepted from s. 92 5866:Canadian Constitutional Law 5657:Macklem & Rogerson 2017 3706:, 38-39 Vict., c. 38 (U.K.) 3522:Macklem & Rogerson 2017 3385:Macklem & Rogerson 2017 3036:William Lyon Mackenzie King 2946:William Lyon Mackenzie King 2901:William Lyon Mackenzie King 2424:William Lyon Mackenzie King 2334:William Lyon Mackenzie King 2289:William Lyon Mackenzie King 1748:Balfour Declaration of 1926 1578:on the pledge to implement 324:Canadian constitutional law 7227: 7059:Indigenous self-government 6549:British North America Acts 6335:Constitutional Act of 1791 6325:Royal Proclamation of 1763 6320:Constitution of New France 6166:. University of Manitoba. 6162:Jackson, James A. (1945). 5075:Gisborne & Fraser 1922 3462:Bakvis & Skogstad 2008 3373:The Constitution Act, 1867 3361:The Constitution Act, 1867 1703:and Hutterites during the 1477:and the 1922 amendment to 1387:1911–1924: Borden and King 1290:The Liberal victory under 979:Common Schools Act of 1871 671:strengthened first by the 7154: 7127: 7116: 7054: 7041: 7004: 6991: 6967:Parliamentary sovereignty 6908:At His Majesty's pleasure 6903: 6890: 6600: 6587: 6544: 6533: 6503:Administration of justice 6498:Property and civil rights 6377: 6364: 6305: 6292: 6269: 6026:Stevenson, Garth (1993). 5336:Elliott & Miller 1987 5312:Elliott & Miller 1987 5300:Elliott & Miller 1987 3207: 3167: 2554: 2505: 2465: 1942: 1911:and Member of Parliament 1841:British North America Act 1783:reserved royal assent of 1313:Chartered Accountants Act 1267:British North America Act 1258:British North America Act 1190:British North America Act 1040:The first session of the 988:British North America Act 974:New Brunswick Legislature 935:Department of Justice Act 930:Department of Justice Act 926:British North America Act 738:British North America Act 652:British North America Act 640:British North America Act 635:British North America Act 624:and would have permitted 559:for consideration by the 469:constitutional convention 378:British North America Act 228:Canadian Human Rights Act 93:Constitutional Act (1791) 83:Royal Proclamation (1763) 6404:Fathers of Confederation 6284:Quasi-constitutional law 6007:Osgoode Hall Law Journal 5674:Albert, Richard (2014). 1752:1930 Imperial Conference 1744:1926 Imperial Conference 1557:The Power Commission Act 1341:1897 Colonial Conference 1309:Allen Bristol Aylesworth 1229:Canadian Pacific Railway 691:1887 Colonial Conference 626:parliamentary committees 586:constitutional desuetude 416:, and together with the 406:two legislative chambers 108:Supreme Court Act (1875) 73:Act of Settlement (1701) 7132:Constitution of Alberta 7074:Equal authenticity rule 6962:Parliamentary privilege 6399:London Conference, 1866 6387:Quebec Conference, 1864 6069:2027/mdp.35112103282390 1438:Supreme Court of Canada 1355:Anglo-Japanese Alliance 1179:, the acts both titled 1145:Rivers and Streams Acts 1042:1st Canadian Parliament 963:Nova Scotia Legislature 465:Commonwealth of Nations 454:section 56 of the 218:Canadian Bill of Rights 173:Unsuccessful amendments 113:Constitution Act (1886) 103:Constitution Act (1867) 7201:Constitution of Canada 7137:Constitution of Quebec 7089:Implied Bill of Rights 6923:Responsible government 6625:Constitution Act, 1982 6605:Fulton–Favreau formula 6575:Newfoundland Act, 1949 6565:Saskatchewan Act, 1905 6493:Works and undertakings 6414:Constitution Act, 1867 6263:Constitution of Canada 5757:Canada's First Century 5692:10.5131/AJCL.2014.0018 4563:[1884] UKPC 21 3276:Constitution Act, 1867 3265:Constitution Act, 1982 1897:notwithstanding clause 1893:Constitution Act, 1982 1828: 1807:led by Prime Minister 1765:Constitution Act, 1982 1742:was challenged in the 1731: 1671: 1648:implied bill of rights 1514: 1470: 1335: 1238:Manitoba Liberal Party 1221:government of Manitoba 1211: 1173:immigration of Chinese 1158:Charles Hibbert Tupper 1096: 1037: 996:Imperial Privy Council 921: 870: 806:Canadian Confederation 747:Jean-Thomas Taschereau 716:Statute of Westminster 576: 544:Constitution Act, 1867 540:Constitution Act, 1867 500: 488:Constitution Act, 1867 480: 459:, and was held by the 456:Constitution Act, 1867 450:provincial legislature 398:Constitution of Canada 394:provincial governments 386:Canada is a federation 382: 337:Constitution Act, 1867 301:provincial legislature 223:Implied bill of rights 143:Constitution Act, 1982 78:Treaty of Paris (1763) 63:Implied bill of rights 56:Constitutional history 47: 36:Constitution of Canada 6998:Constitutional debate 6310:Iroquois constitution 6001:Ryder, Bruce (1991). 1822: 1781:Frank Lindsay Bastedo 1719: 1661: 1505: 1491:The Motor Vehicle Act 1479:The Motor Vehicle Act 1464: 1329: 1206: 1087: 1032: 919: 911:George Jervis Goodhue 865: 628:to examine witnesses 374: 193:Constitutional debate 133:Letters Patent (1947) 68:Bill of Rights (1689) 46: 7206:Federalism in Canada 7019:Charlottetown Accord 6315:Mi'kmaq constitution 6204:La Forest, Gerard V. 5843:La Forest, Gerard V. 1905:Charlottetown Accord 1863:Proposals for reform 1849:Patriation Reference 1451:Henry Lumley Drayton 1424:return to power and 1166:Arthur Rupert Dickey 681:shortly afterwards. 674:Letters Patent, 1947 616:was disallowed. The 446:Parliament of Canada 390:Government of Canada 7024:Calgary Declaration 6422:Canadian federalism 6116:Cheffins, Ronald I. 5856:2027/uc1.c025712080 5463:, pp. 338–339. 5077:, pp. 704–710. 4936:, pp. 661–662. 4924:, pp. 658–660. 4611:, pp. 646–647. 4165:, pp. 472–473. 3536:, pp. 659–660. 3406:, pp. 336–337. 2664:Alexander Mackenzie 2052:Alexander Mackenzie 1467:George Henry Murray 1446:claims or interests 1305:Charles Fitzpatrick 1056:. The second bill, 1054:Marquess of Chandos 984:Macdonald's Cabinet 952:Télesphore Fournier 948:Antoine-Aimé Dorion 903:Ontario Legislature 890:minister of justice 879:Alexander Mackenzie 780:legislative session 548:formally instructed 426:Lieutenant Governor 208:Canadian federalism 98:Act of Union (1840) 7104:Dialogue principle 7064:Pith and substance 6933:King-in-Parliament 6858:Part VII – General 6555:Manitoba Act, 1870 6460:Trade and commerce 6392:Quebec Resolutions 6330:Quebec Act of 1774 6212:McGill Law Journal 5114:, 62 S.C.R. 504, 3663:, S.C. 1873, c. 1. 1857:opposition parties 1831:The government of 1829: 1772:1961: Saskatchewan 1732: 1672: 1622:(Bill 8), and the 1515: 1471: 1375:was burned in the 1345:Joseph Chamberlain 1336: 1286:1896–1911: Laurier 1244:took power in the 1212: 1141:Alexander Campbell 1133:McLaren v Caldwell 1097: 1038: 1014:Common Schools Act 1004:Common Schools Act 922: 871: 565:monarch-in-council 412:and the appointed 402:federal Parliament 383: 367:General principles 186:Constitutional law 48: 7188: 7187: 7167:Canada portal 7150: 7149: 7112: 7111: 7037: 7036: 7014:Meech Lake Accord 6987: 6986: 6977:Royal prerogative 6886: 6885: 6882: 6881: 6878: 6877: 6583: 6582: 6560:Alberta Act, 1905 6529: 6528: 6525: 6524: 6521: 6520: 6360: 6359: 6352:Act of Union 1840 6154:978-0-19-540719-8 6098:978-0-665-14543-8 6041:978-0-7735-0986-3 5993:978-0-8020-3936-1 5976:Russell, Peter H. 5936:Mallory, James R. 5927:978-0-8020-2254-7 5910:Mallory, James R. 5884:MacPherson, C. B. 5875:978-1-77255-071-9 5834:978-0-7798-1683-5 5751:Creighton, Donald 5742:978-0-19-542512-3 5532:, 1 S.C.R. 753, 5019:, pp. 98–99. 4839:, pp. 62–65. 4803:, pp. 46–47. 4779:, pp. 59–61. 4129:, pp. 25–26. 4007:, pp. 36–37. 3853:, 3 S.C.R. 575, 3847:Lenoir v. Ritchie 3748:978-0-07-548842-2 3244: 3243: 3081:Louis St. Laurent 2709:John A. Macdonald 2619:John A. Macdonald 2542: 2541: 2097:John A. Macdonald 2007:John A. Macdonald 1681:Louis St. Laurent 1616:Bank Taxation Act 1162:Thomas Mayne Daly 992:George Edwin King 905:that amended the 899:Rodolphe Laflamme 875:John A. Macdonald 751:Lenoir v. Ritchie 307:to invalidate an 293: 292: 247:Canada portal 138:Canada Act (1982) 88:Quebec Act (1774) 7218: 7176: 7175: 7165: 7164: 7163: 7118: 7099:Purposive theory 7043: 6993: 6928:Fusion of powers 6892: 6630: 6621: 6610:Victoria Charter 6589: 6535: 6443: 6410: 6366: 6294: 6256: 6249: 6242: 6233: 6227: 6199: 6185: 6175: 6158: 6139: 6102: 6090: 6073: 6071: 6045: 6033: 6022: 5997: 5985: 5971: 5931: 5919: 5905: 5893: 5879: 5860: 5858: 5838: 5816: 5795: 5783: 5772: 5760: 5746: 5734: 5723:Bakvis, Herman; 5719: 5660: 5654: 5648: 5642: 5636: 5630: 5624: 5614: 5608: 5602: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5581:Edmonton Journal 5571: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5560: 5543: 5537: 5521: 5515: 5509: 5503: 5497: 5491: 5485: 5479: 5473: 5464: 5458: 5452: 5446: 5440: 5434: 5428: 5422: 5416: 5410: 5404: 5398: 5392: 5386: 5380: 5374: 5363: 5357: 5351: 5345: 5339: 5333: 5327: 5321: 5315: 5309: 5303: 5297: 5291: 5285: 5272: 5266: 5260: 5254: 5243: 5237: 5228: 5222: 5216: 5210: 5204: 5198: 5185: 5179: 5166: 5160: 5154: 5148: 5142: 5136: 5119: 5108:McNeil v. Sharpe 5105: 5099: 5093: 5078: 5072: 5066: 5060: 5054: 5048: 5037: 5031: 5020: 5014: 5008: 5002: 4996: 4990: 4979: 4973: 4964: 4958: 4952: 4946: 4937: 4931: 4925: 4919: 4913: 4907: 4901: 4895: 4886: 4880: 4869: 4863: 4852: 4846: 4840: 4834: 4828: 4822: 4816: 4810: 4804: 4798: 4792: 4786: 4780: 4774: 4768: 4762: 4756: 4750: 4744: 4738: 4729: 4723: 4717: 4711: 4705: 4699: 4690: 4684: 4678: 4672: 4663: 4657: 4648: 4642: 4636: 4630: 4624: 4618: 4612: 4606: 4597: 4591: 4585: 4579: 4570: 4554: 4548: 4542: 4536: 4530: 4517: 4511: 4505: 4499: 4488: 4482: 4473: 4467: 4456: 4450: 4444: 4438: 4425: 4419: 4400: 4394: 4388: 4382: 4373: 4367: 4358: 4352: 4343: 4337: 4331: 4325: 4319: 4313: 4304: 4298: 4292: 4286: 4280: 4274: 4268: 4262: 4256: 4250: 4244: 4238: 4229: 4223: 4217: 4211: 4205: 4199: 4193: 4187: 4181: 4175: 4166: 4160: 4154: 4148: 4142: 4136: 4130: 4124: 4118: 4112: 4099: 4091: 4085: 4079: 4070: 4064: 4055: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4020: 4014: 4008: 4002: 3996: 3990: 3975: 3969: 3963: 3957: 3942: 3936: 3930: 3924: 3913: 3907: 3896: 3882: 3873: 3867: 3858: 3844: 3838: 3832: 3823: 3817: 3808: 3802: 3787: 3781: 3772: 3766: 3753: 3752: 3740: 3730: 3724: 3718: 3707: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3670: 3664: 3658: 3652: 3646: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3622: 3616: 3610: 3597: 3591: 3580: 3567: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3543: 3537: 3531: 3525: 3519: 3506: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3480: 3471: 3465: 3459: 3453: 3452: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3407: 3401: 3388: 3382: 3376: 3370: 3364: 3358: 3341: 3337: 3331: 3316: 3310: 3306: 3300: 3297:Gérard La Forest 3294: 3288: 3285: 3279: 3260: 3126:John Diefenbaker 2605: 2600: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2549: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1937: 1917:A Renewed Canada 1903:in 1987 and the 1869:Victoria Charter 1809:John Diefenbaker 1789:14th Legislature 1746:, which saw the 1705:Second World War 1664:William Aberhart 1572:William Aberhart 1535:King–Byng affair 1434:McNeil v. Sharpe 1275:judicial opinion 1233:James R. Mallory 939:Order in Council 847:Gérard La Forest 795:Constitution Act 791:Order in Council 771:Constitution Act 766:Constitution Act 734:Constitution Act 709:Gérard La Forest 668:Constitution Act 608:Constitution Act 590:Peter H. Russell 461:Crown in council 418:Governor General 410:House of Commons 311:(also called a " 285: 278: 271: 257: 256: 245: 244: 243: 23: 7226: 7225: 7221: 7220: 7219: 7217: 7216: 7215: 7191: 7190: 7189: 7184: 7161: 7159: 7146: 7123: 7108: 7050: 7033: 7009:Triple-E Senate 7000: 6983: 6955:Question Period 6899: 6874: 6853: 6837: 6821: 6619: 6596: 6579: 6540: 6517: 6480: 6474: 6447: 6441: 6408: 6373: 6356: 6301: 6288: 6265: 6260: 6230: 6202: 6188: 6161: 6155: 6142: 6114: 6110: 6108:Further reading 6105: 6099: 6076: 6057: 6051:Primary sources 6048: 6042: 6025: 6000: 5994: 5974: 5934: 5928: 5908: 5902: 5882: 5876: 5863: 5841: 5835: 5819: 5798: 5792: 5775: 5769: 5749: 5743: 5727:, eds. (2008). 5725:Skogstad, Grace 5722: 5673: 5669: 5664: 5663: 5655: 5651: 5643: 5639: 5631: 5627: 5615: 5611: 5603: 5596: 5586: 5584: 5573: 5572: 5568: 5558: 5556: 5545: 5544: 5540: 5522: 5518: 5510: 5506: 5498: 5494: 5486: 5482: 5474: 5467: 5459: 5455: 5447: 5443: 5435: 5431: 5423: 5419: 5413:MacPherson 1953 5411: 5407: 5399: 5395: 5387: 5383: 5375: 5366: 5358: 5354: 5346: 5342: 5334: 5330: 5322: 5318: 5310: 5306: 5298: 5294: 5288:MacPherson 1953 5286: 5275: 5267: 5263: 5255: 5246: 5238: 5231: 5223: 5219: 5211: 5207: 5199: 5188: 5180: 5169: 5161: 5157: 5149: 5145: 5137: 5122: 5106: 5102: 5094: 5081: 5073: 5069: 5061: 5057: 5049: 5040: 5032: 5023: 5015: 5011: 5003: 4999: 4991: 4982: 4974: 4967: 4959: 4955: 4947: 4940: 4932: 4928: 4920: 4916: 4908: 4904: 4896: 4889: 4881: 4872: 4864: 4855: 4847: 4843: 4835: 4831: 4823: 4819: 4811: 4807: 4799: 4795: 4787: 4783: 4775: 4771: 4763: 4759: 4751: 4747: 4739: 4732: 4724: 4720: 4712: 4708: 4700: 4693: 4685: 4681: 4673: 4666: 4658: 4651: 4643: 4639: 4631: 4627: 4619: 4615: 4607: 4600: 4592: 4588: 4580: 4573: 4555: 4551: 4543: 4539: 4531: 4520: 4512: 4508: 4500: 4491: 4483: 4476: 4468: 4459: 4451: 4447: 4439: 4428: 4420: 4403: 4395: 4391: 4383: 4376: 4368: 4361: 4353: 4346: 4338: 4334: 4326: 4322: 4314: 4307: 4299: 4295: 4291:, pp. 6–7. 4287: 4283: 4275: 4271: 4263: 4259: 4251: 4247: 4239: 4232: 4224: 4220: 4212: 4208: 4200: 4196: 4188: 4184: 4176: 4169: 4161: 4157: 4149: 4145: 4137: 4133: 4125: 4121: 4113: 4102: 4092: 4088: 4080: 4073: 4065: 4058: 4050: 4046: 4038: 4023: 4015: 4011: 4003: 3999: 3991: 3978: 3970: 3966: 3958: 3945: 3937: 3933: 3925: 3916: 3908: 3899: 3883: 3876: 3868: 3861: 3845: 3841: 3833: 3826: 3818: 3811: 3803: 3790: 3782: 3775: 3767: 3756: 3749: 3732: 3731: 3727: 3719: 3710: 3702: 3698: 3672: 3671: 3667: 3659: 3655: 3647: 3643: 3635: 3631: 3623: 3619: 3611: 3600: 3592: 3583: 3576:, 1 A.C. 202, 3574:1921 CanLII 424 3568: 3564: 3556: 3552: 3544: 3540: 3532: 3528: 3520: 3509: 3499: 3497: 3478: 3473: 3472: 3468: 3460: 3456: 3449: 3434: 3433: 3429: 3421: 3410: 3402: 3391: 3383: 3379: 3371: 3367: 3359: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3344: 3338: 3334: 3328:Immigration Act 3324:Immigration Act 3320:Immigration Act 3317: 3313: 3307: 3303: 3295: 3291: 3286: 3282: 3261: 3254: 3249: 2811:Wilfrid Laurier 2555:Prime Minister 2547: 2199:Wilfrid Laurier 1943:Prime Minister 1935: 1930: 1909:Gerald Beaudoin 1881:30th Parliament 1865: 1823:Prime Minister 1817: 1801:public interest 1795:led by Premier 1774: 1592:confidence vote 1519:Ernest Lapointe 1507:Ernest Lapointe 1500: 1401:Charles Doherty 1389: 1368:Immigration Act 1359:Laurier cabinet 1350:Immigration Act 1332:Richard McBride 1292:Wilfrid Laurier 1288: 1271:Section 92 1254:1864 Conference 1242:Thomas Greenway 1186:Section 95 1127:property rights 1123:Dalton McCarthy 1114:float logs down 1082: 860: 839: 822: 730: 725: 723:Provincial acts 687: 622:Pacific Scandal 618:Oaths Act, 1873 613:Oaths Act, 1873 604: 599: 581: 536:section 55 532: 484:section 90 442: 369: 342:section 90 328:section 55 289: 251: 249: 241: 239: 233: 232: 188: 178: 177: 163: 153: 152: 58: 19: 12: 11: 5: 7224: 7222: 7214: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7193: 7192: 7186: 7185: 7183: 7182: 7170: 7155: 7152: 7151: 7148: 7147: 7145: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7128: 7125: 7124: 7121: 7114: 7113: 7110: 7109: 7107: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7055: 7052: 7051: 7046: 7039: 7038: 7035: 7034: 7032: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7005: 7002: 7001: 6996: 6989: 6988: 6985: 6984: 6982: 6981: 6980: 6979: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6958: 6957: 6950:Interpellation 6947: 6942: 6940:Implied repeal 6937: 6936: 6935: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6904: 6901: 6900: 6895: 6888: 6887: 6884: 6883: 6880: 6879: 6876: 6875: 6873: 6872: 6867: 6861: 6859: 6855: 6854: 6852: 6851: 6845: 6843: 6839: 6838: 6836: 6835: 6829: 6827: 6823: 6822: 6820: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6638: 6636: 6627: 6618: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6601: 6598: 6597: 6592: 6585: 6584: 6581: 6580: 6578: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6545: 6542: 6541: 6538: 6531: 6530: 6527: 6526: 6523: 6522: 6519: 6518: 6516: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6484: 6482: 6476: 6475: 6473: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6451: 6449: 6440: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6418: 6416: 6407: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6395: 6394: 6384: 6378: 6375: 6374: 6369: 6362: 6361: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6354: 6349: 6343: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6306: 6303: 6302: 6297: 6290: 6289: 6287: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6270: 6267: 6266: 6261: 6259: 6258: 6251: 6244: 6236: 6229: 6228: 6218:(1): 131–147. 6200: 6186: 6159: 6153: 6140: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6103: 6097: 6074: 6054: 6053: 6052: 6047: 6046: 6040: 6023: 6013:(3): 619–676. 5998: 5992: 5972: 5952:10.2307/139438 5946:(4): 518–522. 5932: 5926: 5906: 5900: 5880: 5874: 5861: 5839: 5833: 5821:Hogg, Peter W. 5817: 5807:(1): 331–362. 5796: 5790: 5773: 5767: 5747: 5741: 5720: 5686:(3): 641–686. 5670: 5668: 5665: 5662: 5661: 5659:, p. 741. 5649: 5647:, p. 199. 5637: 5635:, p. 664. 5625: 5609: 5594: 5566: 5538: 5530:1981 CanLII 25 5516: 5514:, p. 665. 5504: 5502:, p. 130. 5492: 5490:, p. 521. 5480: 5478:, p. 520. 5465: 5453: 5441: 5429: 5427:, p. 338. 5417: 5415:, p. 211. 5405: 5403:, p. 119. 5393: 5391:, p. 117. 5381: 5377:La Forest 1955 5364: 5362:, p. 662. 5352: 5350:, p. 661. 5340: 5338:, p. 273. 5328: 5316: 5304: 5302:, p. 268. 5292: 5290:, p. 177. 5273: 5271:, p. 228. 5269:Creighton 1970 5261: 5259:, p. 229. 5257:Creighton 1970 5244: 5240:La Forest 1955 5229: 5225:La Forest 1955 5217: 5213:La Forest 1955 5205: 5201:La Forest 1955 5186: 5182:La Forest 1955 5167: 5163:La Forest 1955 5155: 5151:La Forest 1955 5143: 5139:La Forest 1955 5120: 5112:1915 CanLII 53 5100: 5096:La Forest 1955 5079: 5067: 5063:La Forest 1955 5055: 5051:La Forest 1955 5038: 5034:La Forest 1955 5021: 5017:La Forest 1955 5009: 5007:, p. 667. 4997: 4995:, p. 665. 4980: 4978:, p. 664. 4965: 4953: 4951:, p. 663. 4938: 4926: 4914: 4912:, p. 657. 4902: 4900:, p. 656. 4887: 4883:La Forest 1955 4870: 4866:La Forest 1955 4853: 4849:La Forest 1955 4841: 4837:La Forest 1955 4829: 4825:La Forest 1955 4817: 4815:, p. 227. 4813:Stevenson 1993 4805: 4801:La Forest 1955 4793: 4791:, p. 229. 4789:Stevenson 1993 4781: 4777:La Forest 1955 4769: 4765:Creighton 1970 4757: 4753:La Forest 1955 4745: 4730: 4726:Creighton 1970 4718: 4714:Creighton 1970 4706: 4691: 4689:, p. 151. 4687:Stevenson 1993 4679: 4677:, p. 150. 4675:Stevenson 1993 4664: 4660:Creighton 1970 4649: 4647:, p. 653. 4637: 4635:, p. 652. 4625: 4623:, p. 647. 4613: 4598: 4594:La Forest 1955 4586: 4582:La Forest 1955 4571: 4549: 4545:Stevenson 1993 4537: 4533:La Forest 1955 4518: 4514:La Forest 1955 4506: 4502:La Forest 1955 4489: 4485:Creighton 1970 4474: 4470:La Forest 1955 4457: 4453:Stevenson 1993 4445: 4441:La Forest 1955 4426: 4422:La Forest 1955 4401: 4397:La Forest 1955 4389: 4387:, p. 228. 4385:Stevenson 1993 4374: 4370:La Forest 1955 4359: 4355:La Forest 1955 4344: 4340:La Forest 1955 4332: 4328:La Forest 1955 4320: 4316:La Forest 1955 4305: 4293: 4281: 4279:, p. 130. 4277:Stevenson 1993 4269: 4265:La Forest 1955 4257: 4253:La Forest 1955 4245: 4241:La Forest 1955 4230: 4228:, p. 232. 4226:Stevenson 1993 4218: 4216:, p. 129. 4214:Stevenson 1993 4206: 4202:La Forest 1955 4194: 4192:, p. 128. 4190:Stevenson 1993 4182: 4178:La Forest 1955 4167: 4155: 4153:, p. 235. 4151:Stevenson 1993 4143: 4141:, p. 234. 4139:Stevenson 1993 4131: 4127:La Forest 1955 4119: 4115:La Forest 1955 4100: 4086: 4084:, p. 233. 4082:Stevenson 1993 4071: 4067:La Forest 1955 4056: 4052:La Forest 1955 4044: 4040:La Forest 1955 4021: 4017:La Forest 1955 4009: 4005:La Forest 1955 3997: 3993:La Forest 1955 3976: 3972:La Forest 1955 3964: 3962:, p. 518. 3943: 3939:La Forest 1955 3931: 3927:La Forest 1955 3914: 3910:La Forest 1955 3897: 3889:1938 CanLII 34 3874: 3870:La Forest 1955 3859: 3851:1879 CanLII 37 3839: 3837:, p. 660. 3824: 3820:La Forest 1955 3809: 3807:, p. 659. 3788: 3784:La Forest 1955 3773: 3771:, p. 658. 3754: 3747: 3725: 3723:, p. 339. 3708: 3696: 3665: 3653: 3641: 3639:, p. 340. 3629: 3627:, p. 649. 3617: 3613:La Forest 1955 3598: 3594:La Forest 1955 3581: 3562: 3558:La Forest 1955 3550: 3548:, p. 335. 3538: 3526: 3524:, p. 111. 3507: 3466: 3454: 3447: 3427: 3408: 3389: 3377: 3365: 3352: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3343: 3342: 3332: 3311: 3301: 3289: 3280: 3251: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3202: 3201: 3198: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3162: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3134: 3131: 3128: 3123: 3121: 3117: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3078: 3076: 3072: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3033: 3031: 3027: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2988: 2986: 2982: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2943: 2941: 2937: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2898: 2896: 2892: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2808: 2806: 2802: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2751: 2749: 2745: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2616: 2614: 2610: 2609: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2553: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2500: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2421: 2419: 2415: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2286: 2284: 2280: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2241: 2239: 2235: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2196: 2194: 2190: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2094: 2092: 2088: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1997: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1941: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1913:Dorothy Dobbie 1864: 1861: 1833:Pierre Trudeau 1825:Pierre Trudeau 1816: 1813: 1773: 1770: 1740:British Empire 1710:Ernest Manning 1531:Arthur Meighen 1499: 1496: 1422:Mackenzie King 1388: 1385: 1364:James Dunsmuir 1287: 1284: 1262:Honoré Mercier 1217:railway policy 1208:Honoré Mercier 1105:James McDonald 1081: 1078: 1009:Lord Wodehouse 961:passed by the 944:Hewitt Bernard 867:Earl Granville 859: 856: 838: 835: 821: 818: 743:Earl Granville 729: 726: 724: 721: 686: 683: 603: 600: 598: 595: 580: 577: 557:United Kingdom 531: 528: 522:passed by the 441: 438: 408:, the elected 368: 365: 291: 290: 288: 287: 280: 273: 265: 262: 261: 259:Law portal 235: 234: 231: 230: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 189: 184: 183: 180: 179: 176: 175: 170: 164: 159: 158: 155: 154: 151: 150: 145: 140: 135: 130: 125: 120: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 59: 54: 53: 50: 49: 39: 38: 32: 31: 17: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7223: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7198: 7196: 7181: 7180: 7171: 7169: 7168: 7157: 7156: 7153: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7129: 7126: 7119: 7115: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7069:Double aspect 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7056: 7053: 7049: 7044: 7040: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7006: 7003: 6999: 6994: 6990: 6978: 6975: 6974: 6973: 6972:Reserve power 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6956: 6953: 6952: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6934: 6931: 6930: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6905: 6902: 6898: 6893: 6889: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6862: 6860: 6856: 6850: 6847: 6846: 6844: 6840: 6834: 6831: 6830: 6828: 6824: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6639: 6637: 6635: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6622: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6602: 6599: 6595: 6590: 6586: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6550: 6547: 6546: 6543: 6536: 6532: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6485: 6483: 6479:Powers under 6477: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6452: 6450: 6444: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6419: 6417: 6415: 6411: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6393: 6390: 6389: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6379: 6376: 6372: 6371:Confederation 6367: 6363: 6353: 6350: 6347: 6344: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6307: 6304: 6300: 6295: 6291: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6271: 6268: 6264: 6257: 6252: 6250: 6245: 6243: 6238: 6237: 6234: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6196: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6165: 6160: 6156: 6150: 6146: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6112: 6107: 6100: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6061: 6056: 6055: 6050: 6049: 6043: 6037: 6032: 6031: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 5999: 5995: 5989: 5984: 5983: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5923: 5918: 5917: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5901:0-8020-6009-9 5897: 5892: 5891: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5871: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5797: 5793: 5791:0-919091-44-X 5787: 5782: 5781: 5774: 5770: 5768:0-7705-0066-8 5764: 5759: 5758: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5738: 5733: 5732: 5726: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5672: 5671: 5666: 5658: 5653: 5650: 5646: 5641: 5638: 5634: 5629: 5626: 5622: 5621: 5613: 5610: 5607:, p. 89. 5606: 5601: 5599: 5595: 5583: 5582: 5577: 5570: 5567: 5555: 5554: 5553:National Post 5549: 5542: 5539: 5535: 5534:Supreme Court 5531: 5527: 5526: 5520: 5517: 5513: 5508: 5505: 5501: 5496: 5493: 5489: 5484: 5481: 5477: 5472: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5457: 5454: 5450: 5445: 5442: 5438: 5433: 5430: 5426: 5421: 5418: 5414: 5409: 5406: 5402: 5397: 5394: 5390: 5385: 5382: 5379:, p. 82. 5378: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5356: 5353: 5349: 5344: 5341: 5337: 5332: 5329: 5326:, p. 80. 5325: 5320: 5317: 5314:, p. 78. 5313: 5308: 5305: 5301: 5296: 5293: 5289: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5265: 5262: 5258: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5245: 5242:, p. 78. 5241: 5236: 5234: 5230: 5227:, p. 77. 5226: 5221: 5218: 5215:, p. 99. 5214: 5209: 5206: 5203:, p. 76. 5202: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5187: 5184:, p. 75. 5183: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5168: 5165:, p. 74. 5164: 5159: 5156: 5153:, p. 98. 5152: 5147: 5144: 5141:, p. 73. 5140: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5116:Supreme Court 5113: 5109: 5104: 5101: 5098:, p. 72. 5097: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5071: 5068: 5065:, p. 71. 5064: 5059: 5056: 5053:, p. 70. 5052: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5039: 5036:, p. 69. 5035: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5013: 5010: 5006: 5001: 4998: 4994: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4972: 4970: 4966: 4963:, p. 21. 4962: 4957: 4954: 4950: 4945: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4930: 4927: 4923: 4918: 4915: 4911: 4906: 4903: 4899: 4894: 4892: 4888: 4885:, p. 67. 4884: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4871: 4868:, p. 66. 4867: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4854: 4851:, p. 65. 4850: 4845: 4842: 4838: 4833: 4830: 4827:, p. 68. 4826: 4821: 4818: 4814: 4809: 4806: 4802: 4797: 4794: 4790: 4785: 4782: 4778: 4773: 4770: 4767:, p. 64. 4766: 4761: 4758: 4755:, p. 59. 4754: 4749: 4746: 4743:, p. 40. 4742: 4737: 4735: 4731: 4728:, p. 66. 4727: 4722: 4719: 4716:, p. 71. 4715: 4710: 4707: 4704:, p. 16. 4703: 4698: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4683: 4680: 4676: 4671: 4669: 4665: 4662:, p. 65. 4661: 4656: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4641: 4638: 4634: 4629: 4626: 4622: 4617: 4614: 4610: 4605: 4603: 4599: 4596:, p. 90. 4595: 4590: 4587: 4584:, p. 57. 4583: 4578: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4559: 4553: 4550: 4547:, p. 74. 4546: 4541: 4538: 4535:, p. 56. 4534: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4519: 4516:, p. 55. 4515: 4510: 4507: 4504:, p. 62. 4503: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4490: 4487:, p. 48. 4486: 4481: 4479: 4475: 4472:, p. 54. 4471: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4458: 4455:, p. 73. 4454: 4449: 4446: 4443:, p. 53. 4442: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4427: 4424:, p. 58. 4423: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4402: 4399:, p. 49. 4398: 4393: 4390: 4386: 4381: 4379: 4375: 4372:, p. 47. 4371: 4366: 4364: 4360: 4357:, p. 46. 4356: 4351: 4349: 4345: 4342:, p. 44. 4341: 4336: 4333: 4330:, p. 45. 4329: 4324: 4321: 4318:, p. 34. 4317: 4312: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4297: 4294: 4290: 4285: 4282: 4278: 4273: 4270: 4267:, p. 30. 4266: 4261: 4258: 4255:, p. 29. 4254: 4249: 4246: 4243:, p. 40. 4242: 4237: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4222: 4219: 4215: 4210: 4207: 4204:, p. 39. 4203: 4198: 4195: 4191: 4186: 4183: 4180:, p. 37. 4179: 4174: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4159: 4156: 4152: 4147: 4144: 4140: 4135: 4132: 4128: 4123: 4120: 4117:, p. 25. 4116: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4096: 4090: 4087: 4083: 4078: 4076: 4072: 4069:, p. 24. 4068: 4063: 4061: 4057: 4054:, p. 42. 4053: 4048: 4045: 4042:, p. 38. 4041: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4022: 4019:, p. 36. 4018: 4013: 4010: 4006: 4001: 3998: 3995:, p. 52. 3994: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3977: 3974:, p. 19. 3973: 3968: 3965: 3961: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3944: 3941:, p. 15. 3940: 3935: 3932: 3929:, p. 26. 3928: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3915: 3912:, p. 23. 3911: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3893:Supreme Court 3890: 3886: 3881: 3879: 3875: 3872:, p. 14. 3871: 3866: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3855:Supreme Court 3852: 3848: 3843: 3840: 3836: 3831: 3829: 3825: 3822:, p. 17. 3821: 3816: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3789: 3786:, p. 35. 3785: 3780: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3755: 3750: 3744: 3739: 3738: 3729: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3700: 3697: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3669: 3666: 3662: 3657: 3654: 3651:, p. 39. 3650: 3645: 3642: 3638: 3633: 3630: 3626: 3621: 3618: 3615:, p. 28. 3614: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3599: 3596:, p. 27. 3595: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3582: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3566: 3563: 3560:, p. 18. 3559: 3554: 3551: 3547: 3542: 3539: 3535: 3530: 3527: 3523: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3508: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3477: 3470: 3467: 3463: 3458: 3455: 3450: 3448:0-458-95950-2 3444: 3440: 3439: 3431: 3428: 3425:, p. 52. 3424: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3390: 3387:, p. 30. 3386: 3381: 3378: 3374: 3369: 3366: 3362: 3357: 3354: 3347: 3336: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3318:The May 1903 3315: 3312: 3305: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3290: 3284: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3272: 3267: 3266: 3259: 3257: 3253: 3246: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3227: 3224: 3221: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3204: 3203: 3199: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3184: 3181: 3178: 3175: 3172: 3169: 3164: 3163: 3159: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3138: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3119: 3118: 3114: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3087: 3084: 3082: 3079: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3029: 3028: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2991:R. B. Bennett 2989: 2984: 2983: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2939: 2938: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2894: 2893: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2856:Robert Borden 2854: 2849: 2848: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2804: 2803: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2752: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2702: 2701: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2657: 2656: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2612: 2611: 2607: 2602: 2597: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2544: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2502: 2501: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2462: 2461: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2417: 2416: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2380: 2379:R. B. Bennett 2377: 2372: 2371: 2367: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2327: 2326: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2282: 2281: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2244:Robert Borden 2242: 2237: 2236: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2192: 2191: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2140: 2135: 2134: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2090: 2089: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2045: 2044: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2000: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1939: 1938: 1932: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1885: 1882: 1878: 1873: 1870: 1867:The proposed 1862: 1860: 1858: 1853: 1851: 1850: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1826: 1821: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1797:Tommy Douglas 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1779: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1766: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1729: 1728:John C. Bowen 1725: 1724: 1718: 1714: 1711: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1677: 1669: 1668:John C. Bowen 1665: 1660: 1656: 1654: 1653:Albert Hudson 1649: 1645: 1641: 1640: 1634: 1629: 1627: 1626: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1612:John C. Bowen 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1584:C. H. Douglas 1581: 1580:social credit 1577: 1573: 1569: 1568:Social Credit 1564: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1542:R. B. Bennett 1538: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1525: 1520: 1512: 1511:Social Credit 1508: 1504: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1468: 1463: 1459: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1414: 1411: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1365: 1360: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1342: 1333: 1328: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1297: 1293: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1249: 1247: 1246:1888 election 1243: 1239: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1150: 1149:John Thompson 1146: 1142: 1137: 1135: 1134: 1128: 1124: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1110:Peter McLaren 1106: 1102: 1094: 1090: 1089:Peter McLaren 1086: 1079: 1077: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1046:Charles Monck 1043: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1025: 1024: 1019: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1000: 999:Lord Robinson 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 980: 975: 970: 968: 964: 960: 955: 953: 949: 945: 940: 936: 931: 927: 918: 914: 912: 908: 904: 900: 895: 891: 887: 886: 880: 876: 868: 864: 857: 855: 853: 848: 844: 836: 834: 830: 828: 819: 817: 815: 811: 807: 802: 800: 796: 792: 787: 785: 781: 777: 772: 767: 763: 762:third reading 758: 756: 752: 748: 744: 739: 735: 727: 722: 720: 717: 714:In 1931, the 712: 710: 705: 701: 697: 692: 684: 682: 680: 676: 675: 669: 664: 660: 658: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 636: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 614: 609: 601: 596: 594: 591: 587: 578: 575: 573: 568: 566: 562: 561:Privy Council 558: 554: 549: 545: 541: 537: 529: 527: 525: 521: 517: 516:Robert Borden 513: 509: 505: 499: 497: 492: 489: 485: 479: 477: 472: 470: 466: 462: 458: 457: 451: 447: 439: 437: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 380: 379: 373: 366: 364: 362: 358: 354: 349: 347: 346:Confederation 343: 339: 338: 333: 329: 325: 320: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 286: 281: 279: 274: 272: 267: 266: 264: 263: 260: 255: 250: 248: 237: 236: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 213:Law of Canada 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 190: 187: 182: 181: 174: 171: 169: 166: 165: 162: 161:Document list 157: 156: 149: 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 114: 111: 109: 106: 104: 101: 99: 96: 94: 91: 89: 86: 84: 81: 79: 76: 74: 71: 69: 66: 64: 61: 60: 57: 52: 51: 45: 41: 40: 37: 33: 29: 25: 24: 21: 16: 7177: 7158: 6917: 6465:Criminal law 6446:Powers under 6215: 6211: 6194: 6163: 6144: 6130:(1): 14–19. 6127: 6123: 6078: 6059: 6029: 6010: 6006: 5981: 5943: 5939: 5915: 5889: 5865: 5846: 5824: 5804: 5800: 5779: 5756: 5730: 5683: 5679: 5667:Bibliography 5652: 5645:Russell 2004 5640: 5628: 5618: 5612: 5605:Russell 2004 5585:. Retrieved 5579: 5569: 5557:. Retrieved 5551: 5541: 5523: 5519: 5507: 5495: 5488:Mallory 1961 5483: 5476:Mallory 1961 5456: 5448: 5444: 5436: 5432: 5420: 5408: 5401:Mallory 1976 5396: 5389:Mallory 1976 5384: 5355: 5343: 5331: 5324:Mallory 1976 5319: 5307: 5295: 5264: 5220: 5208: 5158: 5146: 5107: 5103: 5070: 5058: 5012: 5000: 4961:Mallory 1976 4956: 4929: 4917: 4905: 4844: 4832: 4820: 4808: 4796: 4784: 4772: 4760: 4748: 4741:Russell 2004 4721: 4709: 4702:Mallory 1976 4682: 4640: 4628: 4616: 4589: 4556: 4552: 4540: 4509: 4448: 4392: 4335: 4323: 4303:, p. 7. 4301:Hodgins 1896 4296: 4289:Hodgins 1896 4284: 4272: 4260: 4248: 4221: 4209: 4197: 4185: 4163:Hodgins 1896 4158: 4146: 4134: 4122: 4093: 4089: 4047: 4012: 4000: 3967: 3960:Mallory 1961 3934: 3884: 3846: 3842: 3736: 3728: 3703: 3699: 3685:(4): 29–36. 3682: 3678: 3668: 3660: 3656: 3649:Russell 2004 3644: 3632: 3620: 3569: 3565: 3553: 3541: 3529: 3498:. Retrieved 3486: 3482: 3469: 3464:, p. 6. 3457: 3437: 3430: 3380: 3372: 3368: 3360: 3356: 3335: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3314: 3304: 3292: 3283: 3275: 3269: 3268:renamed the 3263: 1922:quid pro quo 1916: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1876: 1874: 1866: 1854: 1847: 1846:In the 1981 1845: 1840: 1830: 1784: 1775: 1763: 1760: 1755: 1733: 1721: 1701:enemy aliens 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1675: 1673: 1643: 1637: 1632: 1630: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1565: 1560: 1556: 1550: 1546:Hugh Guthrie 1539: 1528: 1523: 1516: 1490: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1472: 1433: 1429: 1415: 1409: 1404: 1394: 1390: 1381: 1367: 1349: 1337: 1320: 1312: 1289: 1280: 1266: 1257: 1250: 1225:John Norquay 1213: 1189: 1180: 1170: 1144: 1138: 1131: 1100: 1098: 1092: 1074:Oliver Mowat 1070:Orange Order 1065: 1062: 1057: 1049: 1039: 1034:Edward Blake 1021: 1020:decision in 1013: 1003: 987: 977: 976:passing the 971: 967:criminal law 958: 956: 934: 929: 925: 923: 893: 883: 872: 851: 840: 831: 823: 814:enemy aliens 803: 799:proclamation 794: 788: 770: 765: 759: 754: 750: 737: 733: 731: 713: 704:Edward Blake 700:legal tender 688: 678: 672: 667: 665: 661: 656: 651: 647: 639: 633: 617: 611: 607: 605: 597:Federal acts 582: 579:Changing use 571: 570: 543: 539: 533: 519: 511: 510:decision in 501: 495: 494: 487: 481: 475: 474: 455: 443: 440:Disallowance 384: 376: 361:enemy aliens 350: 335: 321: 317:royal assent 294: 238: 20: 15: 7084:Living tree 7079:Paramountcy 6897:Conventions 6551:, 1867–1982 6437:Section 125 6432:Section 121 5633:Albert 2014 5617:Bill C-60, 5512:Albert 2014 5360:Albert 2014 5348:Albert 2014 3891:, SCR 71, 3835:Albert 2014 3805:Albert 2014 3769:Albert 2014 3625:Albert 2014 3534:Albert 2014 1644:ultra vires 1561:ultra vires 1513:government. 1426:Lomer Gouin 1405:intra vires 1321:ultra vires 1301:David Mills 1066:ultra vires 894:ultra vires 885:ultra vires 812:and other " 530:Reservation 504:retroactive 422:one chamber 359:and other " 7195:Categories 6594:Patriation 6481:Section 92 6448:Section 91 6182:1032923818 5461:Heard 2015 5425:Heard 2015 5005:Ryder 1991 4993:Ryder 1991 4976:Ryder 1991 4949:Ryder 1991 4934:Ryder 1991 4922:Ryder 1991 4910:Ryder 1991 4898:Ryder 1991 4645:Ryder 1991 4633:Ryder 1991 4621:Ryder 1991 4609:Ryder 1991 3721:Heard 2015 3637:Heard 2015 3546:Heard 2015 3404:Heard 2015 3348:References 3120:1957–1963 3075:1948–1957 3030:1935–1948 2985:1930–1935 2940:1926–1930 2895:1921–1926 2850:1911–1921 2805:1896–1911 2748:1891–1896 2703:1878–1891 2658:1873–1878 2613:1867–1873 2418:1935–1948 2373:1930–1935 2328:1926–1930 2283:1921–1926 2238:1911–1921 2193:1896–1911 2136:1891–1896 2091:1878–1891 2046:1873–1878 2001:1867–1873 1901:Meech Lake 1691:, and the 1628:(Bill 9). 1618:(Bill 1), 1602:, and the 1442:bankruptcy 827:discretion 810:Hutterites 630:under oath 572:Section 55 514:following 496:Section 90 476:Section 56 357:Hutterites 332:section 56 297:Parliament 198:Patriation 168:Amendments 6488:Licensing 6224:0024-9041 6173:1993/8208 6136:0229-2548 6019:0030-6185 5960:0315-4890 5813:0332-3250 5700:0002-919X 5500:Hogg 2008 3691:0229-2548 3495:0229-2548 3489:(2): 32. 3423:Hogg 2008 1754:with the 1736:Dominions 1215:Dominion 1154:injustice 892:found an 657:Oaths Act 646:with the 381:from 1867 7179:Category 6642:Preamble 6427:Preamble 6206:(1975). 6192:(1922). 6118:(2000). 5978:(2004). 5912:(1976). 5886:(1953). 5845:(1955). 5823:(2008). 5753:(1970). 5708:43669515 5536:(Canada) 5118:(Canada) 3895:(Canada) 3857:(Canada) 2758:Thompson 2146:Thompson 1570:Premier 1456:referred 392:and ten 28:a series 26:Part of 5716:2461509 5620:matters 5587:May 18, 5559:May 18, 5528:, 5110:, 3887:, 3849:, 3572:, 3500:May 18, 3309:assent. 3274:to the 2552:Period 2463:1948 + 1940:Period 1738:of the 1436:of the 1294:in the 1188:of the 696:divorce 555:in the 538:of the 486:of the 448:, or a 334:of the 313:statute 6348:(1839) 6342:(1838) 6222: 6180: 6151: 6134: 6095: 6038: 6017: 5990: 5968:139438 5966: 5958: 5924: 5898: 5872: 5831: 5811: 5788: 5765: 5739: 5714: 5706: 5698: 3745: 3689: 3493: 3445: 3205:TOTAL 3165:1963+ 2766:Tupper 2762:Bowell 2608:TOTAL 2503:TOTAL 2154:Tupper 2150:Bowell 1996:TOTAL 1598:, the 1373:effigy 1307:, and 1240:under 1164:, and 804:Since 414:Senate 30:on the 5964:JSTOR 5704:JSTOR 4561: 3479:(PDF) 3247:Notes 2754:Abbot 2142:Abbot 299:or a 6727:16.1 6220:ISSN 6178:OCLC 6149:ISBN 6132:ISSN 6093:ISBN 6036:ISBN 6015:ISSN 5988:ISBN 5956:ISSN 5922:ISBN 5896:ISBN 5870:ISBN 5829:ISBN 5809:ISSN 5786:ISBN 5763:ISBN 5737:ISBN 5712:SSRN 5696:ISSN 5589:2023 5561:2023 4567:P.C. 3743:ISBN 3687:ISSN 3502:2023 3491:ISSN 3443:ISBN 3262:The 2538:112 1720:The 1631:The 1576:1935 1487:pass 1416:The 1395:The 1118:toll 907:will 877:and 666:The 430:bill 330:and 6168:hdl 6083:hdl 6064:hdl 5948:doi 5851:hdl 5688:doi 3240:70 3237:12 3228:21 3219:11 3213:10 2743:12 2698:15 2653:24 2535:43 2532:12 2526:28 2523:10 2458:11 2452:11 2233:30 2230:21 2131:41 2128:13 2119:18 2086:18 909:of 816:". 749:in 322:In 309:act 7197:: 6870:59 6865:52 6849:36 6833:35 6817:34 6812:33 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Knowledge (XXG)

Disallowance and reservation in Canada

Index