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345:. Discoverer III sent telemetry data for 13 minutes, reaching a range of 1,200 mi (1,900 km) downrange and a speed of nearly 18,000 mph (29,000 km/h), before abruptly going silent. After 24 hours of failure to obtain radar or telemetry signals, it was concluded that the spacecraft had been lost. Factors which contributed to the failure were determined to be faulty radar data which triggered an incorrect firing time and velocity target, and an early cutoff of the rocket's firing. During separation of the Agena stage from the
325:
support system designed to support four mice. It was the first time a
Discoverer flight was planned with live animal passengers. The mice were physically stronger and more emotionally stable than standard mice, and they were provided with a food supply consisting of a mixture of oatmeal, ground peanuts, orange juice, water, and gelatin. The satellite also carried equipment for measuring radiation in orbit.
672:
27:
376:, launched on August 18, 1960. The program ultimately comprised 145 flights in eight satellite series, the last mission launching on 25 May 1972. CORONA was declassified in 1995, and a formal acknowledgement of the existence of US reconnaissance programs, past and present, was issued in September 1996.
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The battery-powered
Discoverer 3 was composed of two sections: the satellite proper and the SRV. Together, they massed (843 kilograms (1,858 lb)) after orbit insertion. To facilitate the cover story that Discoverer was a biomedical series of satellites, the capsule was equipped with a life
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upper stage, which not only offered housing but whose engine provided attitude control in orbit. The KH-1 payload included the C (for Corona) single, vertical-looking, panoramic camera that scanned back and forth, exposing its film at a right angle to the line of flight. The camera, built by
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in surveilling the Sino-Soviet Bloc, determining the disposition and speed of production of Soviet missiles and long-range bombers assess. The Corona program was also used to produce maps and charts for the
Department of Defense and other US government mapping programs.
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Discoverer 3 was originally scheduled for launch in late May 1959. This attempt was aborted when biomedical telemetry ceased from the SRV and, upon opening the capsule, it was discovered that the payload, four black mice, had poisoned themselves by gnawing at the
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mission while changes were made to ensure its success. The radar problem was addressed by changes in tracking procedures; the premature propulsion cut-off issue was deemed minor--had it occurred without the faulty radar data, Discoverer 3 would have made orbit.
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with a f/5.0 aperture and 61 centimetres (24 in) focal length, had a ground resolution of 12.9 metres (42 ft). Film was returned from orbit by a single
General Electric Satellite Return Vehicle (SRV) constructed by
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633:"ITEMS SUBMITTED BY THE DEFENSE DEPT FOR POSSIBLE INCLUSION IN THE DAILY SUMMARY FOR THE PRESIDENT: DISCOVERER LAUNCH SCHEDULED 21 MAY 59, PROJECT MIDAS, LAUNCH OF THOR MISSILE NUMBER 191"
305:. The SRV was equipped with an onboard small solid-fuel retro motor to deorbit at the end of the mission. Recovery of the capsule was done in mid-air by a specially equipped aircraft.
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coating of their cages. A second launch a few days later was aborted when telemetry indicated a 100% humidity level inside the SRV; payload mice had urinated on the humidity sensor.
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failure on May 29 resulting in the death of the payload monkey, Able, generated complaints from a
British humane society and several American newspapers.
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CORONA began operational flights on 25 Jun 1959 with the launch of
Discoverer 4 and achieved its first fully successful flight with the mission of
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spy satellite series. The first
Discoverer mission to carry live animal passengers, Discoverer 3 was lost when its carrying
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Discoverer 3 was the third in a series of three camera-less test flights preceding operational KH-1 flights. Previously,
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316:, launched 13 April 1959, was orbited successfully but its SRV was lost over Norway and never recovered.
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first stage, the booster pitched downward, and the Agena and payload crashed into the
Pacific Ocean.
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Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in
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638:. Office of the Secretary of Defense. 11 June 1959. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020
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The first series of Corona satellites were the
Keyhole 1 (KH-1) satellites based on the
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launched on 3 June 1959 at 20:09:20 GMT, the third of three test flights of the
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The failure of
Discoverer 3 caused a week-long delay in the upcoming
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2721:. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).
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satellite photo-reconnaissance series of satellites managed by the
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The spacecraft was finally launched at 3 June 1959 20:09:20 from
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267:"Discoverer" was the civilian designation and cover for the
612:"Air Force Pessimistic About Fate of Discoverer III, Mice"
567:. Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press.
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Day, Dwayne A.; Logsdon, John M.; Latell, Brian (1998).
283:. The primary goal of the satellites was to replace the
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Eye in the Sky: The Story of the Corona Spy Satellites
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421:. Central Intelligence Agency. 1995. Archived from
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843 kilograms (1,858 lb) after orbit insertion
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596:"Missiles and Spaceflight: Discoverer 3 Launch".
656:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
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2717:. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in
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396:. NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive
352:The loss of the mice at sea, compounded by a
8:
19:
416:"Corona: America's First Satellite Program"
263:Thor Agena A with Discoverer 3, 3 June 1959
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2744:Spacecraft which reentered in 1959
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273:Advanced Research Projects Agency
16:American reconnaissance satellite
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298:Fairchild Camera and Instrument
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1:
600:. 12 June 1959. p. 794.
2739:Spacecraft launched in 1959
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523:. Jonathon's Space Report
475:"Discoverer 2, 3, 12, 13"
247:booster crashed into the
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33:
24:
237:reconnaissance satellite
235:was an American optical
2495:Enhanced Imaging System
354:Jupiter suborbital shot
210:Corona KH-1 Test Series
616:The Coshcocton Tribute
264:
154:1959-06-03UTC20:09:20Z
41:Optical reconnaissance
714:Discoverer satellites
500:. Gunter's Space Page
477:. Gunter's Space Page
451:. Gunter's Space Page
277:Department of Defense
262:
89:Spacecraft properties
2554:Orbital launches in
598:Flight International
519:McDowell, Jonathan.
343:Vandenberg LC 75-3-4
179:Vandenberg LC 75-3-4
150:3 June 1959 20:09:20
970:Key Hole satellites
98:CORONA Test Vehicle
60:Harvard designation
21:
924:CORONA (satellite)
678:Spaceflight portal
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167:Thor DM-21 Agena-A
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428:on June 12, 2007
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303:General Electric
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142:Start of mission
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94:Spacecraft type
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1083:KH-3 Corona'''
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618:. 4 June 1959.
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498:"Discoverer 1"
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394:"Discoverer 1"
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281:U.S. Air Force
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2387:KH-11 Crystal
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1681:
1680:Discoverer 27
1678:
1676:
1675:Discoverer 24
1673:
1671:
1670:Discoverer 23
1668:
1666:
1665:Discoverer 20
1663:
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1199:
1196:
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1179:
1176:
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1171:
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1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1153:Discoverer 38
1151:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1139:KH-4 Corona-M
1137:
1131:
1130:Discoverer 37
1128:
1126:
1125:Discoverer 36
1123:
1121:
1120:Discoverer 35
1118:
1116:
1115:Discoverer 34
1113:
1111:
1110:Discoverer 33
1108:
1106:
1105:Discoverer 32
1103:
1101:
1100:Discoverer 31
1098:
1096:
1095:Discoverer 30
1093:
1091:
1090:Discoverer 29
1088:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1074:Discoverer 28
1072:
1070:
1069:Discoverer 26
1067:
1065:
1064:Discoverer 25
1062:
1060:
1059:Discoverer 22
1057:
1055:
1054:Discoverer 18
1052:
1050:
1049:Discoverer 17
1047:
1045:
1044:Discoverer 16
1042:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1028:Discoverer 15
1026:
1024:
1023:Discoverer 14
1021:
1019:
1018:Discoverer 11
1016:
1014:
1013:Discoverer 10
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
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974:
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895:
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845:
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835:
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827:
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822:
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815:
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802:
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795:
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747:
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721:
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584:
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574:1-56098-830-4
570:
566:
559:
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549:
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541:
539:
535:
522:
515:
512:
499:
492:
489:
476:
469:
467:
463:
450:
449:"KH-1 Corona"
443:
440:
424:
417:
411:
408:
395:
389:
386:
379:
377:
375:
374:Discoverer 14
370:
367:
359:
357:
355:
350:
348:
344:
339:
337:
328:
326:
319:
317:
315:
311:
306:
304:
299:
294:
289:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
261:
254:
252:
250:
249:Pacific Ocean
246:
242:
238:
234:
224: →
223:
222:Discoverer 12
218:
215:←
211:
205: →
204:
199:
196:←
192:
187:
183:
180:
177:
173:
168:
165:
161:
149:
145:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
121:
118:
114:
111:
108:
106:
102:
99:
96:
92:
87:
83:
79:
75:
73:
66:
62:
58:
55:
51:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
23:
2718:
2714:
2700:
2696:Discoverer 8
2691:Discoverer 7
2668:
2659:Discoverer 6
2651:
2647:Discoverer 5
2636:Explorer S-1
2634:
2629:Discoverer 4
2627:
2620:
2613:
2608:Discoverer 3
2607:
2606:
2599:
2595:Discoverer 2
2585:Discoverer 1
2370:KH-10 Dorian
2259:KH-9 Hexagon
1729:KH-6 Lanyard
1037:KH-2 Corona'
1008:Discoverer 9
1003:Discoverer 8
998:Discoverer 7
993:Discoverer 6
988:Discoverer 5
983:Discoverer 4
733:
640:. Retrieved
615:
606:
597:
591:
564:
525:. Retrieved
521:"Launch Log"
514:
502:. Retrieved
491:
479:. Retrieved
453:. Retrieved
442:
430:. Retrieved
423:the original
410:
398:. Retrieved
388:
371:
366:Discoverer 4
363:
351:
340:
332:
323:
314:Discoverer 2
310:Discoverer 1
307:
290:
285:U-2 spyplane
266:
233:Discoverer 3
232:
231:
217:Discoverer 2
203:Discoverer 4
198:Discoverer 2
116:Manufacturer
50:US Air Force
38:Mission type
20:Discoverer 3
2702:Pioneer P-3
1956:KH-8 Gambit
1755:KH-7 Gambit
976:KH-1 Corona
241:Corona KH-1
175:Launch site
147:Launch date
126:Launch mass
2733:Categories
2686:Explorer 7
2676:Vanguard 3
2670:Transit 1A
2642:Explorer 6
2580:Vanguard 2
1658:KH-5 Argon
928:KH-5 Argon
922:See also:
504:24 October
481:24 October
455:7 November
432:25 January
400:24 October
380:References
320:Spacecraft
255:Background
191:Discoverer
170:(Thor 174)
2715:underline
2590:Pioneer 4
158: GMT
2653:Beacon 2
2481:See also
2414:OPS 9627
2409:OPS 3984
2404:OPS 2581
2399:OPS 4515
2394:OPS 5705
2379:(mockup)
2377:OPS 0855
2351:OPS 0721
2346:OPS 5642
2341:OPS 3123
2336:OPS 3854
2331:OPS 0460
2326:OPS 4800
2321:OPS 4699
2316:OPS 4428
2311:OPS 6381
2306:OPS 7122
2301:OPS 6245
2296:OPS 6630
2291:OPS 8261
2286:OPS 8410
2281:OPS 8314
2276:OPS 7293
2271:OPS 1737
2266:OPS 7809
2246:OPS 8424
2241:OPS 2925
2236:OPS 2849
2231:OPS 1166
2226:OPS 7164
2221:OPS 7471
2216:OPS 4915
2211:OPS 8533
2206:OPS 7600
2201:OPS 5499
2196:OPS 4883
2186:OPS 1776
2181:OPS 6889
2176:OPS 6275
2171:OPS 4018
2166:OPS 2093
2161:OPS 3978
2156:OPS 8888
2151:OPS 6574
2146:OPS 1678
2141:OPS 7616
2136:OPS 8607
2131:OPS 7899
2126:OPS 7776
2121:OPS 7568
2116:OPS 7874
2111:OPS 6820
2106:OPS 2863
2101:OPS 6531
2096:OPS 8455
2091:OPS 7807
2075:OPS 1077
2070:OPS 5310
2065:OPS 4248
2060:OPS 7585
2055:OPS 6518
2050:OPS 5296
2045:OPS 5247
2040:OPS 5187
2035:OPS 5138
2030:OPS 5105
2025:OPS 5057
2020:OPS 5028
2015:OPS 5000
2010:OPS 4995
2005:OPS 4941
2000:OPS 4886
1995:OPS 4282
1990:OPS 4243
1985:OPS 4204
1980:OPS 8968
1975:OPS 4096
1970:OPS 3401
1947:OPS 4360
1942:OPS 4321
1937:OPS 4399
1932:OPS 1890
1927:OPS 2070
1922:OPS 2055
1917:OPS 1686
1912:OPS 1832
1907:OPS 1850
1902:OPS 1577
1897:OPS 1950
1892:OPS 0910
1887:OPS 0879
1882:OPS 1184
1877:OPS 7253
1872:OPS 6232
1867:OPS 7208
1862:OPS 5698
1857:OPS 5810
1852:OPS 5501
1847:OPS 5236
1842:OPS 4983
1837:OPS 4920
1832:OPS 4703
1827:OPS 4439
1822:OPS 4384
1817:OPS 4036
1812:OPS 4262
1807:OPS 3802
1802:OPS 3684
1797:OPS 3592
1792:OPS 3743
1787:OPS 3435
1782:OPS 2423
1777:OPS 2372
1772:OPS 2196
1767:OPS 1947
1762:OPS 1467
1746:OPS 1370
1741:OPS 0924
1736:OPS 0627
1720:OPS 3236
1715:OPS 2739
1710:OPS 2437
1705:OPS 1561
1700:OPS 1008
1695:FTV-1134
1690:FTV-1132
1685:FTV-1126
1645:OPS 6371
1640:OPS 5640
1635:OPS 5454
1630:OPS 5300
1625:OPS 3297
1620:OPS 4992
1615:OPS 4324
1610:OPS 4720
1605:OPS 0440
1600:OPS 6617
1595:OPS 3654
1590:OPS 3890
1585:OPS 1315
1580:OPS 5955
1575:OPS 1419
1570:OPS 1001
1565:OPS 5089
1549:OPS 3531
1544:OPS 1101
1539:OPS 3722
1534:OPS 4740
1529:OPS 0165
1524:OPS 5343
1519:OPS 4849
1514:OPS 2243
1509:OPS 0562
1504:OPS 4827
1499:OPS 3559
1494:OPS 4696
1489:OPS 4779
1484:OPS 4750
1479:OPS 1664
1474:OPS 1866
1469:OPS 1545
1464:OPS 1703
1459:OPS 1599
1454:OPS 1778
1449:OPS 1508
1444:OPS 1612
1439:OPS 3488
1434:OPS 7291
1429:OPS 4639
1424:OPS 7249
1419:OPS 2155
1414:OPS 5325
1409:OPS 7221
1404:OPS 7208
1399:OPS 5543
1394:OPS 8431
1389:OPS 8425
1384:OPS 5023
1379:OPS 4803
1374:OPS 4782
1369:OPS 3928
1364:OPS 3358
1359:OPS 3360
1354:OPS 5434
1349:OPS 3559
1344:OPS 3333
1339:OPS 3497
1334:OPS 3042
1329:OPS 3491
1324:OPS 3754
1319:OPS 3483
1314:OPS 2921
1309:OPS 3444
1304:OPS 3467
1299:OPS 1353
1294:OPS 1419
1278:OPS 1388
1273:OPS 2260
1268:OPS 2268
1263:OPS 1266
1258:OPS 0999
1253:OPS 0954
1248:OPS 0720
1243:OPS 0583
1238:OPS 0048
1233:FTV-1156
1228:FTV-1155
1223:FTV-1135
1218:FTV-1136
1213:FTV-1154
1208:FTV-1153
1203:FTV-1133
1198:FTV-1152
1193:FTV-1131
1188:FTV-1130
1183:FTV-1151
1178:FTV-1129
1173:FTV-1127
1168:FTV-1128
1163:FTV-1125
1158:FTV-1124
652:cite web
583:36783934
279:and the
120:Lockheed
63:1959-F02
46:Operator
2719:italics
2505:USA-144
2469:USA-245
2464:USA-224
2459:USA-186
2454:USA-161
2449:USA-129
2444:USA-116
2191:OPS 304
642:25 July
527:9 April
329:Mission
293:Agena-A
275:of the
245:Agena-A
152: (
110:Agena-A
69:SATCAT
2681:Luna 3
2664:Luna 2
2575:Mechta
2563:1960 →
2548:← 1958
2500:USA-53
2439:USA-86
2434:USA-33
2429:USA-27
581:
571:
360:Legacy
336:Krylon
269:Corona
163:Rocket
76:F00060
2490:Misty
2485:KH-12
2424:#2101
2419:USA-6
2361:#1220
2356:USA-2
2084:KH-8A
1558:KH-4B
1287:KH-4A
636:(PDF)
426:(PDF)
419:(PDF)
2556:1959
1963:KH-8
1146:KH-4
926:and
658:link
644:2023
579:OCLC
569:ISBN
529:2020
506:2020
483:2020
457:2020
434:2020
402:2020
347:Thor
105:Bus
71:no.
54:NRO
2735::
909:38
904:37
899:36
894:35
889:34
884:33
879:32
874:31
869:30
864:29
859:28
854:27
849:26
844:25
839:24
834:23
829:22
824:21
819:20
814:19
809:18
804:17
799:16
794:15
789:14
784:13
779:12
774:11
769:10
654:}}
650:{{
624:^
614:.
577:.
537:^
465:^
251:.
52:/
2539:e
2532:t
2525:v
963:e
956:t
949:v
764:9
759:8
754:7
749:6
744:5
739:4
734:3
729:2
724:1
707:e
700:t
693:v
660:)
646:.
585:.
531:.
508:.
485:.
459:.
436:.
404:.
156:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
