909:
90:
811:
728:
717:
460:
424:
365:
28:
237:
992:
436:
448:
341:
412:
353:
389:
377:
1082:. This gives non-selective β-blockers. Large para-substituents usually decrease activity but large ortho-groups retain some activity. Polysubstitution on carbon 2 and 6 makes the compound inactive but when the substitution is on carbon 3 and 5 there's some activity. For the highest cardioselectivity, the substituents should be as following:
1249:). During pregnancy, the challenge is to determine when to use antihypertensive medications and which level of blood pressure to target. A balance has to be found between the potential risk to the health of the baby related to drug-exposure and the risk to the mother and baby due to an untreated medical condition (severe hypertension).
536:
1192:
There are few diseases, other than cardiovascular diseases, that β-blockers have a clinical effect on. These diseases are mentioned in the following sub-chapters. In addition, there are diseases which β-blockers have a clinical effect but are not the first choice of treatment. They won't be mentioned
1171:
effects and also anti-ischemic effects. A β-blocker therapy is also useful in myocardial infarction, independent to heart failure. The therapy has been very helpful for high-risk patients. Although beta-blockers effectively lower blood pressure, they are not recommended as a first-line agent in the
168:
by interfering with the effects of catecholamines. In 1958, the pharmacological properties of dichloroisoproterenol (DCI) were described, a β-antagonist discovered a few years before by the Eli Lilly group. It was the synthesis of DCI which established that β-receptors could be chemically blocked and
1263:
antihypertensive are β-blockers. The consequences of treatment with β-blocker during pregnancy are disputable. Some studies report a connection between β-blocker treatment and small for-gestational-age (SGA) of newborns and pre-term birth, while others do not. Based on meta-analyses, first trimester
1255:
use during pregnancy is relatively common and increasing. Only a small proportion of available antihypertensive drugs have been tested in pregnant women, and many are contraindicated. It is important to make the exposure of medications to the baby as small as possible. It is not clear if treating
951:
is increased when an oxymethylene bridge is introduced. It has been shown that the side chains of aryloxypropanolamine can adopt a conformation that puts the hydroxyl and amine groups in more or less the same position as with beta blocker that do not have this group as a part of the side chain.
947:) could be inserted into the arylethanolamine structure of pronethalol to produce propranolol. Propranolol is an aryloxypropanolamine, which are more potent β-blockers than arylethanolamines. Today, most of the β-blockers used clinically are aryloxypropanolamines. The length of the
267:
Eraldin. It was withdrawn from the market a few years later because of the severe side effects it caused, nevertheless it played a large role in the fundamental study of β-blockade and β-receptors. The withdrawal of
Eraldin gave ICI the nudge to launch another β-blocker,
959:
of β-blockers as a significant factor in their varied and complex pharmacology, became an important factor. It was suspected that propranolol's centrally induced side effects could be due to its high lipophilicity. Thus, it was focused on synthesizing analogues with
1172:
treatment of hypertension, as thiazides diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers show greater benefit. Therefore, β-blockers are usually used alongside other blood pressure medications such as calcium channel blockers. They also have an effect on
3444:
176:
In April 1963, toxicity tests for pronethalol showed results of thymic tumours in mice. Nevertheless, it was launched under the trade name
Alderlin, as the first clinically useful β-blocker. The launch took place in November 1963 when many small-scale
1205:
are considerably high, non-selective β-blockers are an important treatment option and usually the first choice. Studies have shown that propranolol did reduce symptoms the most in that category. The β-blockers can be used alone or in a combination.
283:
heart drug. ICI's β-blocker project was based on
Ahlquist's dual receptor theory. The drugs that were the outcome of this project, from propranolol to atenolol, helped to establish the receptor theory among scientist and pharmaceutical companies.
3389:
3345:
3434:
792:
carbon preserves its configuration, which is an important part to consider when synthesizing enantiomerically defined drugs. The ring opening of the epoxide ring in glycidic ether is done with an appropriate amine, such as
1520:
510:
extraction ratio. Each of the β-blockers possesses at least one chiral centre and a high degree of enantioselectivity when binding to the β-adrenergic receptor. For those β-blockers containing a single
3489:
3484:
3414:
797:
or tert-butylamine, and leads to the aryloxypropanolamine compound that consist of a secondary amine. This amine is typically known as the structural requirement for the β-adrenergic blocking activity.
3499:
3419:
3504:
3449:
3335:
2171:
Heidenreich, P.A; McDonald, K.M; Hastie, T.; Fadel, B.; Hagan, V.; et al. (1999). "Meta-analysis of Trials
Comparing β-blockers, Calcium Antagonists, and Nitrates for Stable Angina".
3551:
3513:
3464:
3369:
3379:
3325:
3494:
972:-acylphenoxyethanol and propanolamines, and selected practolol for clinical trials. Practolol had one property not previously seen with β-blockers, it exhibited cardioselectivity (β
3429:
748:
The fundamental step, and usually the last, in the synthesis of β-blockers consists of adding a propanolamine side chain. This can be done following two paths which both involve
3404:
3454:
939:, which results in the reversibility of the binding. A significant step in the development of β adrenergic antagonists was the discovery that an oxymethylene bridge (—OCH
3409:
3384:
1131:, β-blockers have been recommended as a class I-A indication in clinical practice guidelines, because the treatment decreases the mortality rate. β-blockers, along with
3374:
2052:
Panchgalle, S.P; Gore, R.G; Chavan, S.P.; Kalkote, U.R. (August 2009). "Organocatalytic enantioselective synthesis of β-blockers: (S)-propranolol and (S)-naftodipil".
77:
amines on bronchodilation, uterine relaxation and heart stimulation. Although DCI had no clinical utility, a change in the compound did provide a clinical candidate,
3479:
185:
and certain types of arrhythmias. Pronethalol was only marketed for use in life-threatening situations. Dr. James Black went on to create another β-blocker, called
1237:
Hypertension is reported to complicate one out of ten pregnancies, which makes it the most common medical disorder in pregnancy. It is important to have a correct
3474:
2358:"Anti-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic effects of beta blockers in a canine model of chronic ischemic cardiomyopathy: comparison between carvedilol and metoprolol"
3518:
247:
By the time propranolol was launched, ICI was beginning to experience competition from other companies. This potential threat led to ongoing refinements in the
117:
published a seminal paper concluding his findings, that there were two distinct receptors for catecholamine drugs, and they caused different responses in the
3544:
3439:
3424:
3359:
3350:
3330:
3340:
1177:
5859:
2763:
Abalos, Edgardo; Duley, Lelia; Steyn, D. Wilhelm (2014-02-06). "Antihypertensive drug therapy for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy".
3537:
3399:
3394:
2949:
57:(also called beta-blockers or β-blockers) were initially developed in the 1960s, for the treatment of angina pectoris but are now also used for
17:
1284:
depending on the safety of the drugs and they range from category B to D, that is, no β-blockers is completely safe for using during pregnancy
5841:
5832:
287:
The progress in β-blocker development led to the introduction of drugs with variety of properties. β-blockers were developed having a relative
519:
has a much higher affinity in binding to the β-adrenergic receptor than the (+) enantiomer. All β-blockers used systemically are delivered as
5823:
3469:
3255:
3199:
1921:
1500:
3459:
2900:
2561:
Graefe's
Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv für Klinische und Experimentelle Ophthalmologie
637:. They provide a background of sympathetic activity, while preventing normal and enhanced sympathetic activity. These β-blockers possess
5850:
1241:
of hypertension during pregnancy, with the emphasis on differentiating pre-existing hypertension from pregnancy induced hypertension (
638:
2033:
1662:
1630:
37:
2802:
Petersen, K.M.; Jimenez-Solem, E.; Andersen, J.T.; Petersen, M.; Brodbæk, K.; Kober, L.; Torp-Pedersen, C.; Poulsen, H.E. (2012).
1652:
633:
drugs. Some β-blockers partially activate the receptor while preventing catecholamines from binding to the receptor, making them
105:
of use. The discovery of β-blockers reaches back to more than 100 years ago, when early investigators came up with the idea that
323:). In addition, long-acting and ultra-short formulations of β-blockers were developed. In 1988, Sir James Black was awarded the
1006:
160:
in the heart. His plan was to create a drug that would decrease the heart's requirement for oxygen. He hypothesized that these
169:
thus its existence could be confirmed. DCI had no clinical utility but a replacement of the 3,4-dichloro substituents, with a
5868:
1460:
583:
4859:
1974:"Non-selective vs. selective beta-blocker treatment and the risk of thrombo-embolic events in patients with heart failure"
908:
2133:
Gorre, F.; Vanderkerckhove, H. (2010). "Beta-blockers: focus on mechanism of action. Which beta-blocker, when and why?".
1937:
Poirier, L.; Lacourcière, Y. (May 2012). "The
Evolving Role of β-Adrenergic Receptor Blockers in Managing Hypertension".
1221:(IOP). β-blockers reduce IOP and are the most common therapy. Most of the patients, who use the topical β-blockers, need
193:β-blocker. Clinical trials started in the summer of 1964 and a year later, propranolol was launched under the trade name
5814:
2079:
Agustian, J.; Kamaruddin, A.H.; Bhatia, S. (October 2010). "Single enantiomeric β-blockers - The existing technologie".
1290:
1277:
137:
129:
1559:"Putting Theory into Practice: James Black, Receptor Theory and the Development of the Beta-Blockers at ICI, 1958–1978"
1268:
anomalies. However, analyses examining organ-specific malformations observed increased odds of cardiovascular defects,
4693:
4243:
3983:
3571:
3303:
3216:
3163:
2942:
642:
225:
2356:
Le, D. Elizabeth; Pascotto, Marco; Leong-Poi, Howard; Sari, Ibrahim; Micari, Antonio; Kaul, Sanjiv (September 2013).
2804:"Beta-blocker treatment during pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a natuonwide population-based cohort study"
2106:
Lechat, P. (2008). "Clinical pharmacology of beta-blockers in cardiology: trial results and clinical applications".
4148:
3141:
3059:
1412:
669:
662:
559:
551:
547:
273:
45:
1768:
Ogrodowczyk, M.; Dettlaff, K.; Jelinska, A. (2016). "Beta-blockers: Current state of knowledge and perspectives".
3248:
2853:"The risk of congential malformations associated with exposure to β-blockers early in pregnancy: a meta-analysis"
304:
4166:
2971:
2206:
De
Stefano, L.M.; Ferraz, A.L.B; dos Anjos Ferreira, A.L.; Gut, A.L.; Cogni, A.L.; et al. (October 2013).
1256:
women who have mild or moderate hypertension during pregnancy with anti-hypertensive medication is beneficial.
1132:
976:
selectivity). Studies from practolol showed that moving the acylamino group to meta or ortho positions, on the
121:. He labeled them α-and β-adrenoceptors. These findings were soon to be a foundation for further research into
62:
4814:
2554:"Comparative acute effects of brimonidine 0.2% versus dorzolamide 2% combined with beta-blockers in glaucoma"
2553:
5896:
3293:
3204:
1160:
1128:
1116:
857:. α-Naphthol and 3-bromopropanol are refluxed for 6 hours to give alcohol. The alcohol is oxidized by using
582:
coupled receptors, which couple to Gαs-proteins. When activated, it stimulates an increase in intracellular
221:
980:, caused a loss of selectivity but not loss of the β-blockade itself. This illustrated the significance of
535:
5891:
4579:
4271:
4261:
3832:
3589:
2935:
2851:
Yakoob, M.; Bateman, B.T.; Ho, E.; Hernandez-Diaz, S.; Franklin, J.M.; Goodman, J.E.; Hoban, R.A. (2013).
2714:
Bateman, B.; Hernandez-Diaz, S.; Huybrechts, K.; Palmsten, K.; Morgun, H.; Ecker, J.; Fischer, M. (2012).
1426:
623:
603:
571:
542:β-blockers cause a competitive inhibition of the β-receptor, which counters the effects of catecholamines.
198:
680:
receptor it is possible to reduce heart rate, conduction of velocity and contractility. The blocking of β
4778:
4554:
4197:
1252:
1218:
1067:
1025:
The X part of the side chain can either be directly linked to the aromatic ring or linked through a —OCH
1018:
685:
89:
3628:
5437:
3241:
858:
210:
70:
1009:(SAR) for β-blockers. For the function of a β-blocker it's essential for the compound to contain an
5116:
4982:
4458:
4364:
3761:
3667:
3560:
1738:
1181:
1152:
1148:
1136:
658:
575:
288:
220:), almost 100 years earlier. Propranolol became a best-selling drug, used to treat a wide range of
114:
4493:
4473:
2716:"Patterns of Outpatient Antihypertensive Medication Use During Pregnancy in a Medicaid Population"
2329:
Okazaki, O; Akatsuka, N (August 1996). "Clinical use of beta-blocker an as antiarrhythmic agent".
1812:"Cardio-Selective Beta-Blocker: Pharmacological Evidence and Their Influence on Exercise Capacity"
1167:
when the patient has already had a myocardial infarction. The reason is probably because of their
1135:, reduce the workload of the heart and its oxygen requirement. β-blockers are sometimes used in a
884:
is obtained by Pd/C-catalyzed hydrogenolysis. Finally the diol is converted to epoxide using the
3563:
2592:
2534:
2485:
2003:
1716:
1281:
1222:
920:
885:
738:
692:
receptor effectively reduces the sympathetic activity, which results in reduce of the associated
296:
279:
and was developed for the purpose of obtaining the “ideal β-blocker”. It soon became one of the
165:
157:
1913:
1492:
546:
Three different types of β-adrenergic receptors have been identified by molecular pharmacology.
2907:
1622:
727:
700:
activation. This is why a non-selective β-blocker treatment may result in a lower risk of both
5547:
5522:
5442:
4320:
4070:
3935:
2882:
2833:
2784:
2776:
2745:
2696:
2678:
2636:
2584:
2526:
2477:
2436:
2387:
2338:
2288:
2239:
2188:
2150:
2029:
1995:
1954:
1917:
1886:
1833:
1785:
1750:
1708:
1658:
1626:
1588:
1496:
1456:
161:
1851:
Mistry, S.N.; Baker, J.G.; Fischer, P.M.; Hill, S.J.; Gardiner, S.M.; Kellam, B. (May 2013).
173:
bridge to form a naphtylethanolamine derivative, afforded a clinical candidate, pronethalol.
5517:
5081:
4924:
4723:
4301:
4063:
4053:
3614:
3364:
3288:
2872:
2864:
2823:
2815:
2768:
2735:
2727:
2686:
2670:
2626:
2576:
2568:
2552:
Centofanti, M.; Manni, G.; Gregori, D.; Cocco, F.; Lorenzano, D.; Bucci, M.G. (April 2000).
2516:
2467:
2426:
2418:
2377:
2369:
2307:
2278:
2270:
2229:
2219:
2180:
2142:
2115:
2088:
2061:
1985:
1946:
1905:
1876:
1868:
1823:
1777:
1739:"Stereospecific Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Beta-Adrenergic Blockers in Humans"
1698:
1614:
1578:
1570:
1484:
634:
587:
122:
810:
741:
for a standard β-blocker begins with the mono-alkylation of catechol to give an ether (see
197:, only two and a half years after it had first been tested. It turned out to have a higher
4315:
3623:
1260:
1168:
1144:
1140:
845:)-isomer and that is the general rule for most β-blockers. It is possible to produce the (
794:
757:
716:
595:
491:
487:
206:
178:
153:
110:
109:
were binding selectively to receptor-like structures and that this was the cause of their
74:
141:
2259:"β Blockade after myocardial infarction: systematic review and meta regression analysis"
1654:
Innovation in the
Pharmaceutical Industry: The Process of Drug Discovery and Development
5427:
5096:
5061:
4782:
4538:
4448:
4201:
4066:
3786:
3741:
3298:
3278:
3210:
2877:
2852:
2828:
2803:
2740:
2731:
2715:
2691:
2658:
2631:
2614:
2431:
2406:
2382:
2357:
2234:
2207:
1881:
1852:
1583:
1558:
1173:
1156:
1124:
924:
591:
555:
495:
133:
118:
106:
2868:
2208:"Predictors of Beta-Blocker Intolerance and in Patients After Acute Coronary Syndrome"
1781:
1139:
to treat angina, if a β-blocker doesn't work well enough on its own. They are used as
5885:
5577:
5417:
5101:
5045:
5002:
4663:
4587:
4453:
4392:
4281:
4170:
4082:
3836:
3756:
3751:
3695:
3682:
2283:
2258:
1906:
1828:
1811:
1615:
1485:
1421:
1402:
1246:
1225:
to achieve a target IOP lowering. One of the most used drug in adjunctive therapy is
1164:
956:
936:
932:
630:
615:
512:
252:
217:
190:
2596:
2489:
2007:
1720:
788:
reaction to give the same glycidic ether. When following both pathways, the central
459:
423:
364:
272:, which was launched in 1976 under the trade name Tenormin. Atenolol is a selective
27:
5602:
5587:
5532:
5027:
4849:
4794:
4786:
4758:
4718:
4637:
4603:
4418:
4213:
4205:
4186:
4174:
4058:
3927:
3903:
3863:
3029:
2962:
2958:
2772:
1431:
1407:
1051:
The R group can only be a secondary substitution and branched is the optimal choice
781:
684:
receptor promotes vascular smooth muscle contraction, which results in increase of
280:
248:
236:
213:
202:
58:
54:
2092:
3529:
2538:
2422:
2224:
2065:
1972:
Peuter, O.; Souverein, P.C.; Klungel, O.H.; Büller, A.; Kamphulsen, P.W. (2011).
1013:
and a β-ethanolamine. The aromatic ring can either be benzoheterocyclic (such as
964:
moieties, favourably placed to see if the side effects would decrease. Selecting
768:
and resulting in an alkoxide, that displaces the adjacent chloride to form a new
18:
Discovery and development of beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists (beta-blockers)
5727:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5582:
5557:
5542:
5527:
5492:
5477:
5457:
5452:
5422:
5402:
5377:
5362:
5307:
5252:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5131:
5126:
5032:
5017:
4987:
4977:
4962:
4933:
4904:
4748:
4738:
4713:
4703:
4668:
4611:
4574:
4503:
4498:
4478:
4443:
4379:
4354:
4344:
4325:
4286:
4156:
4033:
4028:
3988:
3963:
3953:
3943:
3913:
3908:
3883:
3858:
3852:
3817:
3776:
3771:
3736:
3721:
3716:
3662:
3652:
3633:
3594:
3283:
3264:
3034:
2819:
1273:
1226:
1010:
991:
928:
697:
483:
324:
316:
186:
149:
145:
78:
66:
1950:
1455:(10 ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill International Editions. pp. 249–268.
968:-acylamino groups as the hydrophilic moiety, scientists synthesized a group of
5792:
5782:
5772:
5757:
5752:
5737:
5717:
5712:
5687:
5682:
5667:
5647:
5642:
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5607:
5597:
5592:
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5512:
5502:
5482:
5432:
5412:
5392:
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5347:
5337:
5317:
5312:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5272:
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5227:
5206:
5191:
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5161:
5156:
5141:
5136:
5121:
5106:
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5022:
5007:
4997:
4972:
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4948:
4938:
4919:
4914:
4894:
4889:
4879:
4874:
4864:
4854:
4844:
4834:
4829:
4773:
4763:
4753:
4743:
4683:
4673:
4653:
4648:
4633:
4607:
4599:
4595:
4569:
4564:
4513:
4508:
4488:
4483:
4438:
4428:
4423:
4413:
4374:
4359:
4349:
4310:
4296:
4192:
4182:
4143:
4138:
4128:
4123:
4113:
4098:
4074:
4048:
4038:
4023:
4018:
4008:
4003:
3973:
3958:
3931:
3893:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3848:
3844:
3807:
3766:
3746:
3726:
3711:
3677:
3657:
3609:
3604:
3180:
3175:
3153:
3116:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3071:
3044:
3020:
3015:
3005:
3000:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2674:
2373:
2274:
1574:
1265:
961:
948:
850:
749:
646:
619:
611:
586:
via the adenylyl cyclase. cAMP, which is the second messenger, then activates
567:
563:
516:
499:
490:
actions in patients with cardiovascular disorders. They vary greatly in their
312:
292:
276:
264:
102:
2780:
2682:
2257:
Freemantle, N.; Cleland, J.; Young, P.; Mason, J.; Harrison, J. (June 1999).
2184:
1703:
1686:
5787:
5777:
5762:
5742:
5732:
5707:
5677:
5657:
5652:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5572:
5567:
5537:
5507:
5497:
5462:
5447:
5407:
5397:
5382:
5372:
5357:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5287:
5282:
5262:
5232:
5196:
5151:
5146:
5111:
5071:
5012:
4992:
4953:
4899:
4884:
4869:
4839:
4800:
4768:
4733:
4728:
4698:
4643:
4625:
4621:
4591:
4583:
4523:
4463:
4433:
4408:
4369:
4335:
4291:
4229:
4160:
4152:
4133:
4118:
4108:
4103:
4088:
4078:
4043:
4013:
3998:
3993:
3978:
3968:
3947:
3918:
3898:
3887:
3840:
3827:
3822:
3812:
3802:
3731:
3672:
3643:
3599:
3185:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3111:
3081:
2995:
2407:"Postural Tachycardia Syndrome: A Heterogeneous and Multifactorial Disorder"
2146:
1990:
1973:
1269:
1242:
1238:
1120:
866:
753:
607:
579:
320:
308:
256:
2886:
2837:
2788:
2749:
2700:
2640:
2588:
2530:
2521:
2504:
2481:
2440:
2391:
2292:
2243:
2192:
2154:
1999:
1958:
1890:
1837:
1789:
1754:
1712:
1592:
1021:(such as thiadiazole). This is mandatory. The side chains can be variable:
101:
The β-blockers are an immensely important class of drugs due to their high
2572:
2456:"Beta blockers in portal hypertension: new developments and controversies"
2342:
1491:(6th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp.
5672:
5662:
5612:
5487:
5472:
5467:
5277:
5242:
5237:
5211:
5186:
5053:
4943:
4909:
4790:
4688:
4678:
4658:
4629:
4615:
4559:
4533:
4518:
4400:
4330:
4219:
4209:
4093:
3939:
3923:
3867:
3703:
3638:
3101:
3076:
3025:
1214:
915:
The oxymethylene bridge of propranolol can be seen inside the green ring.
877:
862:
701:
693:
520:
300:
269:
1857:
Characterization of Highly β1-selective β-adrenoceptor partial agonists"
152:. Dr. Black focused on developing a drug that would relieve the pain of
5767:
5747:
5722:
5617:
5342:
5267:
5201:
4708:
4528:
4276:
4224:
4178:
3781:
3106:
3049:
3039:
3010:
2659:"Oral beta-blockers for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy"
2505:"Essential tremor: Choosing the right management plan for your patient"
2119:
977:
777:
769:
765:
599:
524:
507:
435:
194:
2927:
2580:
2472:
2455:
1872:
872:
catalyzed asymmetric α-aminoxylation and a reduction is made with NaBH
622:
effects of β-blockers. This increases the re-uptake of calcium by the
550:
are located in the heart and consist of about 75% of all β-receptors.
447:
340:
73:(DCI) was discovered to be a β-antagonist that blocked the effects of
5037:
4384:
4266:
3687:
1202:
1014:
838:
789:
705:
182:
170:
411:
352:
1904:
Lemke, T.L.; Williams, D.A.; Roche, V.F.; Zito, S.W., eds. (2013).
935:
between the β-blocker and the receptor, and therefore not based on
388:
376:
1521:"Fifty years of beta-blockers: a revolution in CV pharmacotherapy"
1451:
Goodman, L.S.; Hardman, J.G.; Limbird, L.E.; Gilman, A.G. (2001).
990:
907:
809:
726:
715:
602:. Protein kinase A also increases the release of calcium from the
534:
503:
235:
26:
574:
of the β-receptor, which counters the effects of catecholamines.
4468:
1453:
Goodman & Gilman's The pharmacological basis of therapeutics
1163:. The treatment with β-blockers reduces the incidence of sudden
881:
3533:
3237:
2931:
3233:
205:. Propranolol became the first major drug in the treatment of
1483:
Lemke, T.L.; Williams, D.A.; Roche, V.F.; Zito, S.W. (2008).
1912:(7th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp.
919:β-blockers' binding site to the receptor is the same as for
88:
3445:
Nucleoside and nucleotide reverse-transcriptase inhibitors
2615:"Update on the Use of Antihypertensive Drugs in Pregnancy"
1617:
Introduction to
Medicinal Chemistry: How Drugs Act and Why
494:
properties, as they demonstrate a high range of values in
2503:
Abboud, H.; Ahmed, A.; Fernandez, H. H. (December 2011).
1810:
Ladage, D.; Schwinger, R.H.G.; Brixius, K. (April 2012).
50:, abbreviated DCI — the first β-blocker to be developed.
1691:
1264:
oral β-blocker use showed no increase in odds of major
482:
The β-adrenergic receptor antagonists all have similar
232:
The evolution of non-selective and selective β-blockers
3390:
Dual serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
255:. ICI studied analogues further and in 1970 launched
772:
ring. The second way is shown as the lower route in
5220:
4822:
4813:
4547:
4254:
4242:
3795:
3582:
3570:
3316:
3271:
3162:
3140:
3058:
2970:
2331:
Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine
1058:) substituents on the α, β or γ carbon (if X = —OCH
734:
Two paths of alkylation with epichlorohydrin (ECH).
251:structure of β-blockers and subsequent advances in
140:(ICI) in Great Britain were working on a series of
1062:—) lower beta blockade, especially at the α carbon
821:)-propranolol from α-naphthol and 3-bromopropanol.
760:(ECH). The first way is shown as the upper way in
2028:. Canada: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 37–41.
1743:Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences
1687:"β-Adrenergic Blockade in Cardiovascular Disease"
825:Propranolol exist in two different enantiomers, (
2026:Strategies for Organic Drug Synthesis and Design
998:Structural activity relationship for β-blockers.
641:(ISA). Some of them also possess what is called
3435:Non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors
2173:The Journal of the American Medical Association
34:The chemical structure of dichloroisoprenaline
2166:
2164:
327:in Medicine for his work on drug development.
3545:
3249:
2943:
2047:
2045:
723:Mono-alkylation of catechol to give an ether.
8:
1737:Mehvar, R.; Brocks, D.R. (May–August 2001).
1657:. Great Britain: MPG Books. pp. 38–51.
1280:(FDA) categorises β-blockers into different
598:and increases the entry of calcium into the
2765:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2663:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2019:
2017:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1514:
1512:
955:After the release of propranolol, relative
764:. It consists of phenoxide reacting at the
498:binding, the percent of drug eliminated by
4819:
4251:
3579:
3552:
3538:
3530:
3256:
3242:
3234:
2950:
2936:
2928:
2906:. University of Washington. Archived from
2608:
2606:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1289:Categories of β-blockers according to the
2876:
2827:
2739:
2690:
2630:
2520:
2471:
2430:
2381:
2282:
2233:
2223:
1989:
1880:
1827:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1702:
1582:
1178:postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome
1115:For decades β-blockers have been used in
1908:Foye's principles of Medicinal Chemistry
1732:
1730:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1487:Foye's principles of Medicinal Chemistry
1286:
1094:. All the β-blockade is in one isomer, (
3395:Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
2454:Tripathi, D; Hayes, PC (October 2013).
2405:Benarroch, Eduardo E. (December 2012).
2308:"First-Line Treatment for Hypertension"
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1443:
676:, or to be non-selective. By blocking β
1646:
1644:
1642:
888:and stirred with isopropyl amine in CH
291:for cardiac β1-receptors (for example
2652:
2650:
904:Structure-activity relationship (SAR)
776:. It consists of displacement of the
224:such as arrhythmia, hypertension and
7:
2509:Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
333:Examples of non-selective β-blockers
243:The chemical structure of practolol.
1770:Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry
3485:Bcr-Abl tyrosine-kinase inhibitors
2732:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.197095
2632:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.106.075895
841:is 100-fold more potent than the (
639:intrinsic sympathomimetic activity
181:had proved their effectiveness in
25:
3500:Neurokinin 1 receptor antagonists
3375:Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors
2869:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.00833
1978:European Journal of Heart Failure
1782:10.2174/1389557515666151016125948
1048:—, there is little or no activity
531:Binding to β adrenergic receptors
404:Examples of selective β1-blockers
55:β adrenergic receptor antagonists
3490:Cannabinoid receptor antagonists
2657:Magee, L. A.; Duley, L. (2003).
2613:Podymow, T.; August, P. (2008).
1829:10.1111/j.1755-5922.2011.00306.x
1621:. New York: Wiley-VCH. pp.
1519:Frishman, W.H. (December 2008).
566:metabolism and are found in the
458:
446:
434:
422:
410:
387:
375:
363:
351:
339:
81:, which was introduced in 1962.
5860:Monoamine metabolism modulators
3319:and development of drug classes
1201:When symptoms of the essential
1007:structure-activity relationship
865:. The aldehyde is subjected to
853:and 3-bromopropanol as seen in
618:by protein kinase A causes the
610:effect. The phosphorylation of
562:are presumed to be involved in
307:blocking activity (for example
136:, and associates of his at the
2773:10.1002/14651858.CD002252.pub3
1939:Canadian Journal of Cardiology
1861:Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
1066:The general rule for aromatic
849:)-propranolol enantiomer from
558:of vessels and the bronchies.
1:
5842:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors
5815:Receptor/signaling modulators
3336:Angiotensin receptor blockers
2093:10.1016/j.procbio.2010.06.022
1685:Frishman, W.H. (April 2013).
1119:. They have proved to reduce
643:membrane-stabilizing activity
201:than pronethalol, with fewer
2423:10.1016/j.mayocp.2012.08.013
2362:Basic Research in Cardiology
2225:10.1371/journal.pone.0077747
2066:10.1016/j.tetasy.2009.07.002
1853:"Synthesis and in Vitro and
1278:Food and Drug Administration
209:, since the introduction of
138:Imperial Chemical Industries
4925:Deoxyepinephrine (epinine,
4302:Deoxyepinephrine (epinine,
4149:Tetracyclic antidepressants
3615:Deoxyepinephrine (epinine,
3514:Melatonin receptor agonists
3465:Thalidomide and its analogs
3420:Memantine and related drugs
3370:Cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors
2820:10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001185
1816:Cardiovascular Therapeutics
1557:Quirke, V. (January 2006).
988:selectivity of β-blockers.
931:. This binding is based on
226:hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
5913:
5851:Monoamine releasing agents
3380:Direct thrombin inhibitors
3317:Case studies of discovery
2901:"FDA Pregnancy Categories"
1951:10.1016/j.cjca.2012.04.001
1111:Cardiovascular indications
1098:)-aryloxypropylamine and (
606:, which causes a positive
5805:
4167:Tricyclic antidepressants
3495:CCR5 receptor antagonists
3194:
2675:10.1002/14651858.CD002863
2374:10.1007/s00395-013-0384-7
2312:American Family Physician
2306:Bui, Quynh (2010-06-01).
2275:10.1136/bmj.318.7200.1730
1575:10.1017/s0025727300009455
42:or dichloroisoproterenol
3430:Neuraminidase inhibitors
2185:10.1001/jama.281.20.1927
2108:Hot Topics in Cardiology
1704:10.1177/1074248413484986
1133:calcium channel blockers
923:catecholamines, such as
833:)-(+)-enantiomers. The (
315:) and additional direct
164:would lower the heart's
63:congestive heart failure
4580:Atypical antipsychotics
3833:Atypical antipsychotics
3405:HIV-protease inhibitors
3326:5α-Reductase inhibitors
2411:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
2147:10.2143/AC.65.5.2056244
1161:ventricular tachycardia
1143:drugs in patients with
1129:acute coronary syndrome
1117:cardiovascular medicine
295:and atenolol), partial
222:cardiovascular diseases
4779:Typical antipsychotics
4262:(R)-3-Nitrobiphenyline
4198:Typical antipsychotics
3455:Proton pump inhibitors
2522:10.3949/ccjm.78a.10178
2054:Tetrahedron: Asymmetry
1427:Cardiovascular disease
999:
916:
822:
735:
724:
624:sarcoplasmic reticulum
604:sarcoplasmic reticulum
572:competitive inhibition
543:
244:
93:
51:
5869:Monoamine neurotoxins
2573:10.1007/s004170050356
2024:Lednicer, D. (1998).
1991:10.1093/eurjhf/hfq176
1613:Gringauz, A. (1997).
1253:Antihypertensive drug
1219:intra-ocular pressure
1193:in the sub-chapters.
994:
911:
813:
730:
719:
686:peripheral resistance
570:. β-blockers cause a
538:
239:
156:, which results from
92:
71:dichloroisoproterenol
30:
5438:Dichloroisoprenaline
3410:Integrase inhibitors
3385:Direct Xa inhibitors
2081:Process Biochemistry
1417:adrenergic receptors
1282:pregnancy categories
1245:and the syndrome of
859:2-Iodoxybenzoic acid
554:can be found in the
502:or unchanged in the
144:blocking compounds,
128:In the early 1960s,
5117:Phenylpropanolamine
4983:Ethylnorepinephrine
4459:Phenylpropanolamine
4365:Ethylnorepinephrine
3762:Phenylpropanolamine
3668:Ethylnorepinephrine
3561:Adrenergic receptor
2913:on 14 December 2010
2460:Liver International
2269:(7200): 1730–1737.
1294:
1182:portal hypertension
1153:atrial fibrillation
1149:cardiac dysrhythmia
1137:combination therapy
984:-substitution for β
688:. Blockade of the β
674:adrenergic receptor
576:β1 and β2-receptors
473:Mechanism of action
115:Raymond P. Ahlquist
3480:Tubulin inhibitors
3221:Never to phase III
2120:10.4147/HTC-081000
1287:
1276:defects. The U.S.
1223:adjunctive therapy
1217:is caused by high
1000:
917:
886:Mitsunobu reaction
823:
752:of an appropriate
736:
725:
657:β-blockers can be
544:
297:adrenergic agonist
245:
166:oxygen consumption
158:oxygen deprivation
113:actions. In 1948,
94:
69:. In the 1950s,
52:
5879:
5878:
5872:
5863:
5854:
5845:
5836:
5827:
5818:
5801:
5800:
5548:Iodocyanopindolol
5523:Hydroxytertatolol
5443:Dihydroalprenolol
5056:
5048:
5040:
4957:
4809:
4808:
4403:
4395:
4387:
4339:
4321:Dihydroergotamine
4238:
4237:
4071:hydroxynefazodone
3936:dihydroergotamine
3706:
3698:
3690:
3647:
3527:
3526:
3475:TRPV1 antagonists
3415:Lipase inhibitors
3231:
3230:
2473:10.1111/liv.12360
2417:(12): 1214–1225.
2179:(20): 1927–1936.
2087:(10): 1587–1604.
2060:(15): 1767–1770.
1923:978-0-7817-6879-5
1873:10.1021/jm400348g
1867:(10): 3852–3865.
1651:Hara, T. (2003).
1523:. Cardiologytoday
1502:978-0-7817-6879-5
1393:
1392:
1188:Other indications
1184:, to name a few.
869:
49:
41:
16:(Redirected from
5904:
5866:
5857:
5848:
5839:
5830:
5821:
5809:
5518:Hydroxycarteolol
5082:Methoxyphenamine
5054:
5046:
5041:-DOPA (levodopa)
5038:
4955:
4929:-methyldopamine)
4820:
4724:Phenoxybenzamine
4401:
4393:
4388:-DOPA (levodopa)
4385:
4337:
4306:-methyldopamine)
4252:
4064:Phenylpiperazine
4054:Phenoxybenzamine
3704:
3696:
3691:-DOPA (levodopa)
3688:
3645:
3629:Dexisometheptene
3619:-methyldopamine)
3580:
3554:
3547:
3540:
3531:
3519:Renin inhibitors
3365:c-Met inhibitors
3289:Drug development
3258:
3251:
3244:
3235:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2912:
2905:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2880:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2831:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2743:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2694:
2654:
2645:
2644:
2634:
2610:
2601:
2600:
2558:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2524:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2475:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2434:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2385:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2318:(11): 1333–1335.
2303:
2297:
2296:
2286:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2237:
2227:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2168:
2159:
2158:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2049:
2040:
2039:
2021:
2012:
2011:
1993:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1911:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1884:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1831:
1807:
1794:
1793:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1734:
1725:
1724:
1706:
1682:
1669:
1668:
1648:
1637:
1636:
1620:
1610:
1597:
1596:
1586:
1554:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1516:
1507:
1506:
1490:
1480:
1467:
1466:
1448:
1295:
1259:The most common
1197:Essential tremor
1102:)-ethanolamine.
1040:—, —CH=CH—, —SCH
867:
780:directly with a
708:embolic events.
635:partial agonists
588:protein kinase A
478:Pharmacokinetics
462:
450:
438:
426:
414:
391:
379:
367:
355:
343:
123:drug development
43:
35:
21:
5912:
5911:
5907:
5906:
5905:
5903:
5902:
5901:
5882:
5881:
5880:
5875:
5797:
5216:
4805:
4543:
4316:Dexmedetomidine
4247:
4234:
4067:antidepressants
3791:
3624:Desglymidodrine
3575:
3566:
3558:
3528:
3523:
3508:
3450:PDE5 inhibitors
3440:NS5A inhibitors
3425:mTOR inhibitors
3354:
3318:
3312:
3272:Steps in design
3267:
3262:
3232:
3227:
3226:
3211:Clinical trials
3190:
3169:- + β-selective
3167:
3158:
3145:
3136:
3063:
3054:
2974:, non-selective
2966:
2956:
2926:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2767:(2): CD002252.
2762:
2761:
2757:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2669:(3): CD002863.
2656:
2655:
2648:
2612:
2611:
2604:
2556:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2515:(12): 821–828.
2502:
2501:
2497:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2170:
2169:
2162:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2051:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2023:
2022:
2015:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1809:
1808:
1797:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1736:
1735:
1728:
1684:
1683:
1672:
1665:
1650:
1649:
1640:
1633:
1612:
1611:
1600:
1563:Medical History
1556:
1555:
1536:
1526:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1510:
1503:
1482:
1481:
1470:
1463:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1416:
1398:
1312:
1261:first trimester
1235:
1212:
1199:
1190:
1169:anti-arrhythmic
1145:hyperthyroidism
1141:anti-arrhythmic
1113:
1108:
1061:
1057:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1028:
987:
975:
942:
906:
900:)-propranolol.
895:
891:
875:
808:
795:isopropyl amine
785:
758:epichlorohydrin
714:
691:
683:
679:
673:
666:
655:
649:muscle fibers.
629:β-blockers are
596:calcium channel
594:the membrane's
533:
492:pharmacokinetic
488:pharmacodynamic
480:
475:
470:
469:
468:
467:
466:
463:
455:
454:
451:
443:
442:
439:
431:
430:
427:
419:
418:
415:
406:
405:
399:
398:
397:
396:
395:
392:
384:
383:
380:
372:
371:
368:
360:
359:
356:
348:
347:
344:
335:
334:
303:), concomitant
234:
207:angina pectoris
179:clinical trials
154:angina pectoris
111:pharmacological
99:
87:
75:sympathomimetic
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5910:
5908:
5900:
5899:
5897:Drug discovery
5894:
5884:
5883:
5877:
5876:
5874:
5873:
5864:
5855:
5846:
5837:
5828:
5819:
5806:
5803:
5802:
5799:
5798:
5796:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5428:Dexpropranolol
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5224:
5222:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5097:Norepinephrine
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5062:Levosalbutamol
5059:
5051:
5049:-Phenylalanine
5043:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4826:
4824:
4817:
4811:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4803:
4798:
4783:chlorpromazine
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4619:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4551:
4549:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4539:Xylometazoline
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4449:Norepinephrine
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4398:
4396:-Phenylalanine
4390:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4258:
4256:
4249:
4245:
4240:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4202:chlorpromazine
4195:
4190:
4164:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3861:
3856:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3787:Xylometazoline
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3742:Norepinephrine
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3701:
3699:-Phenylalanine
3693:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3586:
3584:
3577:
3573:
3568:
3567:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3549:
3542:
3534:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3360:Cephalosporins
3357:
3352:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3331:ACE inhibitors
3328:
3322:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3296:
3286:
3281:
3279:Drug discovery
3275:
3273:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3253:
3246:
3238:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3208:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3172:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3150:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3068:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2977:
2975:
2968:
2967:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2947:
2940:
2932:
2925:
2924:
2892:
2863:(2): 375–381.
2843:
2814:(4): e001185.
2794:
2755:
2726:(4): 913–920.
2706:
2646:
2625:(4): 960–969.
2602:
2544:
2495:
2466:(5): 655–667.
2446:
2397:
2348:
2337:(8): 2117–24.
2321:
2298:
2249:
2218:(10): e77747.
2198:
2160:
2141:(5): 565–570.
2125:
2098:
2071:
2041:
2034:
2013:
1984:(2): 220–226.
1964:
1945:(3): 334–340.
1929:
1922:
1896:
1843:
1795:
1760:
1749:(2): 185–200.
1726:
1697:(4): 310–319.
1670:
1663:
1638:
1631:
1598:
1534:
1508:
1501:
1468:
1461:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1299:Non-selective
1234:
1233:Teratogenicity
1231:
1211:
1208:
1198:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1174:cardiomyopathy
1157:atrial flutter
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1026:
985:
973:
940:
937:covalent bonds
933:hydrogen bonds
905:
902:
893:
889:
873:
861:(IBX) to give
817:Synthesis of (
807:
800:
783:
713:
710:
689:
681:
677:
671:
664:
654:
651:
592:phosphorylates
556:smooth muscles
532:
529:
496:plasma protein
479:
476:
474:
471:
464:
457:
456:
452:
445:
444:
440:
433:
432:
428:
421:
420:
416:
409:
408:
407:
403:
402:
401:
400:
393:
386:
385:
381:
374:
373:
369:
362:
361:
357:
350:
349:
345:
338:
337:
336:
332:
331:
330:
329:
233:
230:
134:pharmacologist
107:catecholamines
98:
95:
86:
83:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5909:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5892:Beta blockers
5890:
5889:
5887:
5871:
5870:
5865:
5862:
5861:
5856:
5853:
5852:
5847:
5844:
5843:
5838:
5835:
5834:
5833:Serotonergics
5829:
5826:
5825:
5824:Dopaminergics
5820:
5817:
5816:
5813:
5808:
5807:
5804:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5578:Levobetaxolol
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5418:Cyanopindolol
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5219:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5102:Orciprenaline
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5052:
5050:
5044:
5042:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5003:Hexoprenaline
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4928:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4812:
4802:
4799:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4664:Esmirtazapine
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4620:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4588:brexpiprazole
4585:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4546:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4454:Oxymetazoline
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4399:
4397:
4391:
4389:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4282:Apraclonidine
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4241:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4171:amitriptyline
4168:
4165:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4084:
4083:triazoledione
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3864:Beta blockers
3862:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3837:brexpiprazole
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3757:Phenylephrine
3755:
3753:
3752:Oxymetazoline
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3702:
3700:
3694:
3692:
3686:
3684:
3683:Isometheptene
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3569:
3565:
3562:
3555:
3550:
3548:
3543:
3541:
3536:
3535:
3532:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3349:
3347:
3346:Beta-blockers
3344:
3342:
3341:Antiandrogens
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3315:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3259:
3254:
3252:
3247:
3245:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3161:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3139:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3057:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2959:Beta blockers
2953:
2948:
2946:
2941:
2939:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2909:
2902:
2896:
2893:
2888:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2847:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2798:
2795:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2759:
2756:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2710:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2450:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2352:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2302:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2035:0-471-19657-6
2031:
2027:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1930:
1925:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1909:
1900:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1856:
1847:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1664:1-84376-050-9
1660:
1656:
1655:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1632:0-471-18545-0
1628:
1624:
1619:
1618:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1522:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1488:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1444:
1438:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1422:Catecholamine
1420:
1418:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1318:FDA category
1316:
1314:
1307:
1305:
1304:FDA category
1302:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1248:
1247:pre-eclampsia
1244:
1240:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1196:
1194:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1165:heart failure
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1053:
1050:
1032:When X is —CH
1031:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1011:aromatic ring
1008:
1004:
997:
993:
989:
983:
979:
971:
967:
963:
958:
957:lipophilicity
953:
950:
946:
938:
934:
930:
926:
925:noradrenaline
922:
914:
910:
903:
901:
899:
887:
883:
879:
871:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
820:
816:
812:
806:)-propranolol
805:
801:
799:
796:
791:
787:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
746:
744:
740:
733:
729:
722:
718:
711:
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
687:
675:
667:
660:
652:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
631:sympatholytic
627:
625:
621:
617:
616:phospholamban
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
541:
537:
530:
528:
526:
523:, except for
522:
518:
514:
513:chiral centre
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
477:
472:
461:
449:
437:
425:
413:
390:
378:
366:
354:
342:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
285:
282:
278:
275:
271:
266:
262:
258:
254:
253:drug delivery
250:
249:pharmacologic
242:
238:
231:
229:
227:
223:
219:
218:nitroglycerin
215:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
191:non-selective
188:
184:
180:
174:
172:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
132:, a Scottish
131:
126:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
96:
91:
84:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
47:
39:
33:
29:
19:
5867:
5858:
5849:
5840:
5831:
5822:
5811:
5810:
5603:Metipranolol
5588:Levomoprolol
5533:Idropranolol
5028:Isoprenaline
4926:
4850:Arformoterol
4795:thioridazine
4787:fluphenazine
4759:Spiroxatrine
4719:Phentolamine
4638:tandospirone
4604:paliperidone
4494:Tasipimidine
4474:Rezatomidine
4419:Medetomidine
4303:
4214:thioridazine
4206:fluphenazine
4187:trimipramine
4175:clomipramine
4059:Phentolamine
3928:acetergamine
3904:Corynanthine
3616:
3030:Iodopindolol
2915:. Retrieved
2908:the original
2895:
2860:
2857:Hypertension
2856:
2846:
2811:
2807:
2797:
2764:
2758:
2723:
2720:Hypertension
2719:
2709:
2666:
2662:
2622:
2619:Hypertension
2618:
2567:(4): 302–5.
2564:
2560:
2547:
2512:
2508:
2498:
2463:
2459:
2449:
2414:
2410:
2400:
2365:
2361:
2351:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2315:
2311:
2301:
2266:
2262:
2252:
2215:
2211:
2201:
2176:
2172:
2138:
2135:Acta Cardiol
2134:
2128:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2057:
2053:
2025:
1981:
1977:
1967:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1907:
1899:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1846:
1822:(2): 76–83.
1819:
1815:
1776:(1): 40–54.
1773:
1769:
1763:
1746:
1742:
1694:
1690:
1653:
1616:
1569:(1): 69–92.
1566:
1562:
1525:. Retrieved
1486:
1452:
1446:
1432:Hypertension
1352:Propranolol
1317:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1288:
1258:
1251:
1236:
1213:
1200:
1191:
1114:
1106:Clinical use
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1068:substitution
1065:
1019:heterocyclic
1002:
1001:
995:
981:
978:benzene ring
969:
965:
954:
944:
918:
912:
897:
854:
846:
842:
834:
830:
829:)-(−)- and (
826:
824:
818:
814:
803:
773:
761:
747:
742:
737:
731:
720:
656:
628:
560:β3-receptors
552:β2-receptors
548:β1-receptors
545:
539:
481:
305:α-adrenergic
286:
281:best-selling
263:) under the
260:
246:
240:
214:vasodilators
203:side effects
175:
142:β-adrenergic
127:
119:heart muscle
100:
65:and certain
59:hypertension
53:
31:
5728:Spirendolol
5703:Propranolol
5698:Propafenone
5693:Pronethalol
5583:Levobunolol
5558:Isoxaprolol
5543:Indopanolol
5528:ICI-118,551
5493:Eugenodilol
5478:Ersentilide
5458:Draquinolol
5453:Diprafenone
5423:Dalbraminol
5403:Cicloprolol
5378:Carpindolol
5363:Butofilolol
5308:Bornaprolol
5253:Alprenoxime
5221:Antagonists
5182:Tulobuterol
5177:Tretoquinol
5172:Terbutaline
5132:Ractopamine
5127:Prenalterol
5033:Isoxsuprine
5018:Indacaterol
4988:Eugenodilol
4978:Etilevodopa
4963:Epinephrine
4954:Droxidopa (
4934:Dipivefrine
4905:Clenbuterol
4749:Setiptiline
4739:Rauwolscine
4714:Pardoprunox
4704:Mirtazapine
4669:Fenmetozole
4612:risperidone
4575:Atipamezole
4548:Antagonists
4504:Tiamenidine
4499:Tetryzoline
4479:Rilmenidine
4444:Naphazoline
4380:Guanoxabenz
4355:Epinephrine
4345:Etilevodopa
4336:Droxidopa (
4326:Dipivefrine
4287:Brimonidine
4157:maprotiline
4034:Pardoprunox
4029:Niguldipine
3989:Mepiprazole
3964:Hydroxyzine
3954:Etoperidone
3944:nicergoline
3914:Domesticine
3909:Dapiprazole
3884:eugenodilol
3859:Benoxathian
3853:risperidone
3818:Anisodamine
3796:Antagonists
3777:Tiamenidine
3772:Tetryzoline
3737:Naphazoline
3722:Methoxamine
3717:Metaraminol
3663:Etilevodopa
3653:Epinephrine
3644:Droxidopa (
3634:Dipivefrine
3595:Amidephrine
3509:antagonists
3294:Preclinical
3284:Hit to lead
3265:Drug design
3207:from market
3035:Propranolol
2917:11 November
2114:(7): 7–44.
1386:Metoprolol
1358:Bisoprolol
1344:Acebutolol
1313:-selective
1274:neural tube
1243:gestational
1227:dorzolamide
962:hydrophilic
698:coagulation
661:for either
653:Selectivity
484:therapeutic
370:Propranolol
325:Nobel Prize
317:vasodilator
289:selectivity
274:β1-receptor
216:, (such as
187:propranolol
150:propranolol
146:pronethalol
130:James Black
85:Development
79:pronethalol
67:arrhythmias
5886:Categories
5793:Xipranolol
5783:Toliprolol
5773:Tiprenolol
5758:Tienoxolol
5753:Tertatolol
5738:Sulfinalol
5718:Soquinolol
5713:Ronactolol
5688:Procinolol
5683:Primidolol
5668:Penbutolol
5648:Pacrinolol
5643:Oxprenolol
5638:Nipradilol
5608:Metoprolol
5598:Mepindolol
5593:Medroxalol
5563:Isamoltane
5553:Iprocrolol
5513:Flusoxolol
5503:Falintolol
5483:Esatenolol
5433:Diacetolol
5413:Cloranolol
5393:Celiprolol
5388:Carvedilol
5368:Capsinolol
5353:Butaxamine
5348:Bupranolol
5338:Bunitrolol
5318:Bucindolol
5313:Brefonalol
5303:Bopindolol
5298:Bisoprolol
5293:Bevantolol
5273:Arotinolol
5258:Amosulalol
5248:Alprenolol
5228:Acebutolol
5207:Zilpaterol
5192:Vilanterol
5167:Solabegron
5162:Salmeterol
5157:Salbutamol
5142:Reproterol
5137:Procaterol
5122:Pirbuterol
5107:Oxyfedrine
5092:Mirabegron
5087:Methyldopa
5077:Melevodopa
5067:Lubabegron
5023:Isoetarine
5008:Higenamine
4998:Formoterol
4973:Etilefrine
4968:Etafedrine
4949:Dopexamine
4939:Dobutamine
4920:Denopamine
4915:Corbadrine
4895:Carmoterol
4890:Carbuterol
4880:Broxaterol
4875:Bitolterol
4865:Bambuterol
4855:Arotinolol
4845:Arbutamine
4835:Alifedrine
4830:Abediterol
4774:Tolazoline
4764:Sunepitron
4754:Spegatrine
4744:Rotigotine
4684:Ketanserin
4674:Fluparoxan
4654:Cirazoline
4649:Buflomedil
4634:ipsapirone
4622:Azapirones
4608:quetiapine
4600:olanzapine
4596:lurasidone
4570:Aptazapine
4565:Amesergide
4514:Tolonidine
4509:Tizanidine
4489:Talipexole
4484:Romifidine
4439:Moxonidine
4429:Methyldopa
4424:Melevodopa
4414:Lofexidine
4375:Guanfacine
4360:Etilefrine
4350:Ergotamine
4311:Detomidine
4297:Corbadrine
4193:Trimazosin
4183:imipramine
4144:Tolazoline
4139:Tiodazosin
4129:Tamsulosin
4124:Talipexole
4114:Spegatrine
4099:Quinazosin
4075:nefazodone
4049:Phendioxan
4039:Pelanserin
4024:Niaprazine
4019:Neldazosin
4009:Naftopidil
4004:Moxisylyte
3974:Ketanserin
3959:Fenspiride
3932:ergotamine
3894:Buflomedil
3880:carvedilol
3876:arotinolol
3872:amosulalol
3849:quetiapine
3845:olanzapine
3808:Ajmalicine
3767:Synephrine
3747:Octopamine
3727:Methyldopa
3712:Melevodopa
3678:Indanidine
3658:Etilefrine
3610:Corbadrine
3605:Cirazoline
3564:modulators
3400:Gliflozins
3181:Carvedilol
3176:Arotinolol
3154:Butaxamine
3147:-selective
3117:Metoprolol
3097:Celiprolol
3092:Bisoprolol
3087:Bevantolol
3072:Acebutolol
3065:-selective
3045:Tertatolol
3021:Penbutolol
3016:Oxprenolol
3006:Mepindolol
3001:Cloranolol
2991:Bupranolol
2986:Bopindolol
2981:Alprenolol
2581:2108/54381
2368:(6): 384.
1527:5 November
1462:0071124322
1439:References
1408:β blockers
1403:α blockers
1372:Nebivolol
1324:Labetalol
1266:congenital
1054:Alkyl (—CH
1005:shows the
949:side chain
929:adrenaline
921:endogenous
851:α-naphthol
750:alkylation
647:myocardial
620:lusitropic
612:troponin I
568:adipocytes
564:fatty acid
517:enantiomer
515:, the (-)
500:metabolism
465:Metoprolol
441:Bisoprolol
429:Acebutolol
319:activity (
313:carvedilol
299:activity (
293:metoprolol
277:antagonist
265:trade name
103:prevalence
5812:See also:
5788:Xibenolol
5778:Tolamolol
5763:Tilisolol
5743:Talinolol
5733:SR 59230A
5708:Ridazolol
5678:Practolol
5658:Pamatolol
5653:Pafenolol
5633:Nifenalol
5628:Nebivolol
5623:Nadoxolol
5573:Landiolol
5568:Labetalol
5538:Indenolol
5508:Flestolol
5498:Exaprolol
5463:Ecastolol
5448:Dilevalol
5408:Cinamolol
5398:Cetamolol
5383:Carteolol
5373:Carazolol
5358:Butidrine
5333:Bufuralol
5328:Bufetolol
5323:Bucumolol
5288:Betaxolol
5283:Befunolol
5263:Ancarolol
5233:Adaprolol
5197:Xamoterol
5152:Ritodrine
5147:Rimiterol
5112:PF-610355
5072:Mabuterol
5057:-Tyrosine
5013:Ibopamine
4993:Fenoterol
4900:Cimaterol
4885:Buphenine
4870:Befunolol
4840:Amibegron
4801:Yohimbine
4769:Terguride
4734:Piribedil
4729:Piperoxan
4699:Mianserin
4644:BRL-44408
4626:buspirone
4592:clozapine
4584:asenapine
4524:Vatinoxan
4464:Piperoxan
4434:Mivazerol
4409:Ibopamine
4404:-Tyrosine
4370:Guanabenz
4292:Clonidine
4230:Zolertine
4161:mianserin
4153:amoxapine
4134:Terazosin
4119:Spiperone
4109:Silodosin
4104:Quinidine
4089:Piperoxan
4079:trazodone
4044:Perlapine
4014:Nantenine
3999:Monatepil
3994:Metazosin
3979:L-765,314
3969:Indoramin
3948:terguride
3924:Ergolines
3919:Doxazosin
3899:Bunazosin
3888:labetalol
3841:clozapine
3828:Atiprosin
3823:Anisodine
3813:Alfuzosin
3803:Abanoquil
3732:Midodrine
3707:-Tyrosine
3673:Ibopamine
3600:Buspirone
3217:Phase III
3205:Withdrawn
3186:Labetalol
3132:Talinolol
3127:Practolol
3122:Nebivolol
3112:Landiolol
3082:Betaxolol
2996:Carteolol
2781:1469-493X
2683:1469-493X
1338:Pindolol
1330:Atenolol
1270:cleft lip
1239:diagnosis
1125:mortality
1121:morbidity
1044:— or —NCH
996:Figure 8:
913:Figure 7:
896:to give (
815:Figure 6:
754:phenoxide
739:Synthesis
732:Figure 5:
721:Figure 4:
712:Synthesis
659:selective
645:(MSA) on
608:inotropic
580:G-protein
540:Figure 3:
453:Nebivolol
346:Labetalol
321:nebivolol
309:labetalol
257:practolol
241:Figure 2:
162:compounds
32:Figure 1:
5673:Pindolol
5663:Pargolol
5613:Moprolol
5488:Esprolol
5473:Ericolol
5468:Epanolol
5278:Atenolol
5243:Afurolol
5238:Adimolol
5212:Zinterol
5187:Vibegron
4944:Dopamine
4910:Colterol
4823:Agonists
4791:loxapine
4689:Lisuride
4679:Idazoxan
4659:Efaroxan
4630:gepirone
4616:zotepine
4560:Adimolol
4534:Xylazine
4519:Urapidil
4331:Dopamine
4255:Agonists
4220:Urapidil
4210:loxapine
4094:Prazosin
3940:lisuride
3868:adimolol
3639:Dopamine
3583:Agonists
3470:Triptans
3355:agonists
3299:Clinical
3102:Epanolol
3077:Atenolol
3026:Pindolol
2887:23753416
2838:22815467
2808:BMJ Open
2789:24504933
2750:22966012
2701:12917933
2641:18259046
2597:20300467
2589:10853928
2531:22135272
2490:35802069
2482:24134058
2441:23122672
2392:24072434
2293:10381708
2244:24167581
2212:PLOS ONE
2193:10349897
2155:21125979
2008:24667000
2000:20947572
1959:22595449
1891:23614528
1838:22279967
1790:26471965
1755:11466176
1721:19506044
1713:23637119
1593:16502872
1396:See also
1380:Sotalol
1366:Timolol
1215:Glaucoma
1210:Glaucoma
1003:Figure 8
945:figure 7
878:methanol
870:-proline
863:aldehyde
855:figure 6
774:figure 5
762:figure 5
743:figure 4
702:arterial
694:platelet
521:racemate
417:Atenolol
358:Pindolol
301:pindolol
270:atenolol
261:figure 4
211:coronary
5768:Timolol
5748:Tazolol
5723:Sotalol
5618:Nadolol
5343:Bunolol
5268:Arnolol
5202:XP21279
4781:(e.g.,
4709:NAN-190
4624:(e.g.,
4582:(e.g.,
4529:XP21279
4277:Amitraz
4225:WB-4101
4200:(e.g.,
4179:doxepin
4169:(e.g.,
4151:(e.g.,
4069:(e.g.,
3926:(e.g.,
3866:(e.g.,
3835:(e.g.,
3782:XP21279
3460:Statins
3107:Esmolol
3050:Timolol
3040:Sotalol
3011:Nadolol
2878:4086784
2829:3401834
2741:3501756
2692:8456320
2432:3547546
2383:3867789
2343:8810786
2235:3805571
1882:3694353
1855:in Vivo
1584:1369014
1203:tremors
1029:— group
778:halogen
770:epoxide
766:oxirane
600:cytosol
525:timolol
508:hepatic
394:Sotalol
382:Timolol
199:potency
195:Inderal
97:History
4958:-DOPS)
4340:-DOPS)
4267:4-NEMD
3648:-DOPS)
3304:Phases
3200:WHO-EM
2885:
2875:
2836:
2826:
2787:
2779:
2748:
2738:
2699:
2689:
2681:
2639:
2595:
2587:
2537:
2529:
2488:
2480:
2439:
2429:
2390:
2380:
2341:
2291:
2281:
2242:
2232:
2191:
2153:
2032:
2006:
1998:
1957:
1920:
1916:–787.
1889:
1879:
1836:
1788:
1753:
1719:
1711:
1661:
1629:
1625:–438.
1591:
1581:
1499:
1495:–411.
1459:
1015:indole
839:isomer
790:chiral
706:venous
183:angina
171:carbon
4272:6-FNE
3590:6-FNE
2911:(PDF)
2904:(PDF)
2593:S2CID
2557:(PDF)
2539:58374
2535:S2CID
2486:S2CID
2284:31101
2004:S2CID
1717:S2CID
1127:. In
1092:ortho
1090:>
1086:>
1078:>
1074:>
1072:ortho
1017:) or
756:with
696:-and
590:that
504:urine
4860:BAAM
4694:mCPP
4555:1-PP
4469:PS75
3984:mCPP
3505:5-HT
3351:Beta
2919:2013
2883:PMID
2834:PMID
2785:PMID
2777:ISSN
2746:PMID
2697:PMID
2679:ISSN
2667:2012
2637:PMID
2585:PMID
2527:PMID
2478:PMID
2437:PMID
2388:PMID
2339:PMID
2289:PMID
2240:PMID
2189:PMID
2151:PMID
2030:ISBN
1996:PMID
1955:PMID
1918:ISBN
1887:PMID
1834:PMID
1786:PMID
1751:PMID
1709:PMID
1659:ISBN
1627:ISBN
1589:PMID
1529:2013
1497:ISBN
1457:ISBN
1272:and
1180:and
1159:and
1123:and
1088:meta
1084:para
1080:para
1076:meta
1070:is:
982:para
970:para
966:para
927:and
882:diol
880:. A
704:and
614:and
584:cAMP
578:are
506:and
486:and
311:and
189:; a
148:and
46:USAN
2963:C07
2873:PMC
2865:doi
2824:PMC
2816:doi
2769:doi
2736:PMC
2728:doi
2687:PMC
2671:doi
2627:doi
2577:hdl
2569:doi
2565:238
2517:doi
2468:doi
2427:PMC
2419:doi
2378:PMC
2370:doi
2366:108
2279:PMC
2271:doi
2267:318
2263:BMJ
2230:PMC
2220:doi
2181:doi
2177:281
2143:doi
2116:doi
2089:doi
2062:doi
1986:doi
1947:doi
1914:786
1877:PMC
1869:doi
1824:doi
1778:doi
1699:doi
1623:428
1579:PMC
1571:doi
1493:410
1291:FDA
943:—,
876:in
745:).
38:INN
5888::
4793:,
4789:,
4785:,
4636:,
4632:,
4628:,
4614:,
4610:,
4606:,
4602:,
4598:,
4594:,
4590:,
4586:,
4212:,
4208:,
4204:,
4185:,
4181:,
4177:,
4173:,
4159:,
4155:,
4081:,
4077:,
4073:,
3946:,
3942:,
3938:,
3934:,
3930:,
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