59:
1023:. Occasionally, chlorine-releasing compounds and their salts are included in this group. Frequently, a concentration of < 1 ppm of available chlorine is sufficient to kill bacteria and viruses, spores and mycobacteria requiring higher concentrations. Chlorine has been used for applications, such as the deactivation of pathogens in drinking water, swimming pool water and wastewater, for the disinfection of household areas and for textile bleaching
132:
573:
1722:
102:—the latter are intended to destroy all forms of life, not just microorganisms. Disinfectants work by destroying the cell wall of microbes or interfering with their metabolism. It is also a form of decontamination, and can be defined as the process whereby physical or chemical methods are used to reduce the amount of pathogenic microorganisms on a surface.
558:
at door, HVAC, and window interfaces, and in the presence of materials that absorb and remove glycols from the air, poses engineering challenges that are not critical for surface disinfection. The engineering challenge associated with creating a sufficient concentration of the glycol vapours in the air have not to date been sufficiently addressed.
1263:
on to hard nonporous surfaces. There are a number of specific disinfectants designed for use with electrostatic sprayers and these are often dissolved in solution or diluted with water. Notable disinfectant sprays that are designed for use with electrostatic sprayers include Citrox
Disinfectant Solution and Vital Oxide Disinfectant Solution.
802:/ water solution is kept near the pool ladder. Participants are required to step in the basin and then go into the pool. Additionally, it is widely used to disinfect community water ponds and wells in tropical countries, as well as to disinfect the mouth before pulling out teeth. It can be applied to wounds in dilute solution.
444:(FDA). "Intermediate-level disinfection kills mycobacteria, most viruses, and bacteria with a chemical germicide registered as a 'tuberculocide' by the Environmental Protection Agency. Low-level disinfection kills some viruses and bacteria with a chemical germicide registered as a hospital disinfectant by the EPA."
1262:
apply a positive ionic charge to liquid disinfectants as they pass through the nozzle of the device. The positively charged disinfectant distributed through the nozzle of an electrostatic sprayer is attracted to negatively charged surfaces, which allows for efficient coating of disinfectant solutions
779:
is a gas used for disinfecting water, laundry, foods, air, and surfaces. It is chemically aggressive and destroys many organic compounds, resulting in rapid decolorization and deodorization in addition to disinfection. Ozone decomposes relatively quickly. However, due to this characteristic of ozone,
108:
Sanitizers are substances that simultaneously clean and disinfect. Disinfectants kill more germs than sanitizers. Disinfectants are frequently used in hospitals, dental surgeries, kitchens, and bathrooms to kill infectious organisms. Sanitizers are mild compared to disinfectants and are used majorly
949:, derived from the herb thyme, is the active ingredient in some "broad spectrum" disinfectants that often bear ecological claims. It is used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutic preparations. It has been used for its antiseptic, antibacterial, and antifungal actions, and was formerly used as a vermifuge.
749:
immediately dangerous to life and health limit is 75 ppm. Therefore, engineering controls, personal protective equipment, gas monitoring etc. should be employed where high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide are used in the workplace. Vaporized hydrogen peroxide is one of the chemicals approved for
740:
and as room disinfectant. Hydrogen peroxide has the advantage that it decomposes to form oxygen and water thus leaving no long term residues, but hydrogen peroxide as with most other strong oxidants is hazardous, and solutions are a primary irritant. The vapor is hazardous to the respiratory system
557:
Although glycols are effective air disinfectants in controlled laboratory environments, it is more difficult to use them effectively in real-world environments because the disinfection of air is sensitive to continuous action. Continuous action in real-world environments with outside air exchanges
509:
Air disinfectants are typically chemical substances capable of disinfecting microorganisms suspended in the air. Disinfectants are generally assumed to be limited to use on surfaces, but that is not the case. In 1928, a study found that airborne microorganisms could be killed using mists of dilute
447:
An alternative assessment is to measure the
Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of disinfectants against selected (and representative) microbial species, such as through the use of microbroth dilution testing. However, those methods are obtained at standard inoculum levels without considering
1241:
has been shown to be an efficient sterilization/disinfection agent. Cold plasma is an ionized gas that remains at room temperature. It generates reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species that interact with bacterial wall and membrane and cause oxidation of the lipids and proteins and can also
1173:
is specifically bactericidal at very low concentrations (10 mg/L). It has a unique method of action: The polymer strands are incorporated into the bacterial cell wall, which disrupts the membrane and reduces its permeability, which has a lethal effect to bacteria. It is also known to bind to
481:
rapidly. Should some bacteria survive a chemical attack, they give rise to new generations composed completely of bacteria that have resistance to the particular chemical used. Under a sustained chemical attack, the surviving bacteria in successive generations are increasingly resistant to the
603:
diluted in water is effective against a wide spectrum of bacteria, though higher concentrations are often needed to disinfect wet surfaces. Additionally, high-concentration mixtures (such as 80% ethanol + 5% isopropanol) are required to effectively inactivate lipid-enveloped viruses (such as
472:
can occur. The choice of disinfectant to be used depends on the particular situation. Some disinfectants have a wide spectrum (kill many different types of microorganisms), while others kill a smaller range of disease-causing organisms but are preferred for other properties (they may be
206:
means a chemical agent which is used to sterilize critical medical devices or medical instruments. A sterilant kills all micro-organisms with the result that the sterility assurance level of a microbial survivor is less than 10^-6. Sterilant gases are not within this scope.
794:) is a purplish-black crystalline powder that colours everything it touches, through a strong oxidising action. This includes staining "stainless" steel, which somewhat limits its use and makes it necessary to use plastic or glass containers. It is used to disinfect
982:, are a large group of related compounds. Some concentrated formulations have been shown to be effective low-level disinfectants. Quaternary ammonia at or above 200ppm plus alcohol solutions exhibit efficacy against difficult to kill non-enveloped viruses such as
420:
The standard
European approach for disinfectant validation consists of a basic suspension test, a quantitative suspension test (with low and high levels of organic material added to act as 'interfering substances') and a two part simulated-use surface test.
2916:
Soule, H.; D. L. Duc; M. R. Mallaret; B. Chanzy; A. Charvier; B. Gratacap-Cavallier; P. Morand; J. M. Seigneurin (November–December 1998). "Virus resistance in a hospital environment: overview of the virucide activity of disinfectants used in liquid form".
1403:
Slater, Karen; Cooke, Marie; Fullerton, Fiona; Whitby, Michael; Hay, Jennine; Lingard, Scott; Douglas, Joel; Rickard, Claire M. (September 2020). "Peripheral intravenous catheter needleless connector decontamination study—Randomized controlled trial".
1927:
476:
There are arguments for creating or maintaining conditions that are not conducive to bacterial survival and multiplication, rather than attempting to kill them with chemicals. Bacteria can increase in number very quickly, which enables them to
378:
means a disinfectant that is suitable for general purpose disinfection of building or fitting surfaces, and for other purposes, in premises or involving procedures other than those specified for a hospital-grade disinfectant, but is not:
703:
and hypochlorous acid. Anolyte has an oxidation-reduction potential of +600 to +1200 mV and a typical pH range of 3.5––8.5, but the most potent solution is produced at a controlled pH 5.0–6.3 where the predominant oxychlorine species is
780:
tap water chlorination cannot be entirely replaced by ozonation, as the ozone would decompose already in the water piping. Instead, it is used to remove the bulk of oxidizable matter from the water, which would produce small amounts of
160:
from wastewater, for example if it is to be discharged to a river or the sea where there body contact immersion recreations is practiced (Europe) or reused to irrigate golf courses (US). An alternative term used in the
319:
Hospital grade means a disinfectant that is suitable for general purpose disinfection of building and fitting surfaces, and purposes not involving instruments or surfaces likely to come into contact with broken skin:
135:
Disinfectants are used to rapidly kill bacteria. They kill off the bacteria by causing the proteins to become damaged and the outer layers of the bacteria cell to rupture. The DNA material subsequently leaks
1934:
2668:
Zamani M, Sharifi
Tehrani A, Ali Abadi AA (2007). "Evaluation of antifungal activity of carbonate and bicarbonate salts alone or in combination with biocontrol agents in control of citrus green mold".
1250:
There has been a rise in the use of electrostatic disinfectants in recent years. Electrostatic disinfection is a process achieved by use of electrostatic sprayers notable examples of which include the
2730:
William A. Rutala; Susan L. Barbee; Newman C. Aguiar; Mark D. Sobsey; David J. Weber (2000). "Antimicrobial
Activity of Home Disinfectants and Natural Products Against Potential Human Pathogens".
2839:
401:
One way to compare disinfectants is to compare how well they do against a known disinfectant and rate them accordingly. Phenol is the standard, and the corresponding rating system is called the "
994:. Newer synergous, low-alcohol formulations are highly effective broad-spectrum disinfectants with quick contact times (3–5 minutes) against bacteria, enveloped viruses, pathogenic fungi, and
623:(coconut soap). The synergistic effect of 29.4% ethanol with dodecanoic acid is effective against a broad spectrum of bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Further testing is being performed against
1174:
bacterial DNA, alter its transcription, and cause lethal DNA damage. It has very low toxicity to higher organisms such as human cells, which have more complex and protective membranes.
2973:
440:
levels of disinfection. "High-level disinfection kills all organisms, except high levels of bacterial spores" and is done with a chemical germicide marketed as a sterilant by the U.S.
3024:
877:
are active ingredients in some household disinfectants. They are also found in some mouthwashes and in disinfectant soap and handwashes. Phenols are toxic to cats and newborn humans
105:
Disinfectants can also be used to destroy microorganisms on the skin and mucous membrane, as in the medical dictionary historically the word simply meant that it destroys microbes.
1234:
blocks the rays' most effective wavelengths. Ultraviolet light-emitting machines, such as those used to disinfect some hospital rooms, make for better disinfectants than sunlight.
769:. A 2% solution, stabilized for extended use, achieves high-level disinfection in 5 minutes, and is suitable for disinfecting medical equipment made from hard plastic, such as in
746:
1200:
for disinfecting smooth surfaces such as dental tools, but not porous materials that are opaque to the light such as wood or foam. Ultraviolet light is also used for municipal
1795:
Vijayakumar R, Kannan VV, Sandle T, Manoharan C (May 2012). "In vitro
Antifungal Efficacy of Biguanides and Quaternary Ammonium Compounds against Cleanroom Fungal Isolates".
773:. The evidence available suggests that products based on Accelerated Hydrogen Peroxide, apart from being good germicides, are safer for humans and benign to the environment.
448:
the inoculum effect. More informative methods are nowadays in demand to determine the minimum disinfectant dose as a function of the density of the target microbial species.
1215:
468:, an exceptionally bitter substance added to discourage ingestion, as a safety measure. Those that are used indoors should never be mixed with other cleaning products as
177:
888:, when it was called carbolic acid. It is rather corrosive to the skin and sometimes toxic to sensitive people. Impure preparations of phenol were originally made from
718:
to disinfect surfaces and it is used in solution alone or in combination with other chemicals as a high level disinfectant. Hydrogen peroxide is sometimes mixed with
2063:
United States
Environmental Protection Agency (September 2006). "Reregistration eligibility decision for propylene glycol and dipropylene glycol". EPA 739-R-06-002.
784:
if treated with chlorine only. Regardless, ozone has a very wide range of applications from municipal to industrial water treatment due to its powerful reactivity.
86:, which is an extreme physical or chemical process that kills all types of life. Disinfectants are generally distinguished from other antimicrobial agents such as
2432:"CDC - Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH): Chemical Listing and Documentation of Revised IDLH Values - NIOSH Publications and Products"
742:
425:
460:, without harming humans and useful form of life, be inexpensive, and noncorrosive. However, most disinfectants are also, by nature, potentially harmful (even
3017:
2802:
901:
554:. In principle, these chemical substances are ideal air disinfectants because they have both high lethality to microorganisms and low mammalian toxicity.
2823:
998:. Quats are biocides that also kill algae and are used as an additive in large-scale industrial water systems to minimize undesired biological growth.
2852:
M. Laroussi, "Sterilization of
Contaminated Matter by an Atmospheric Pressure Plasma", IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 1188 – 1191, (1996)
2695:
Malik YS, Goyal SM (May 2006). "Virucidal efficacy of sodium bicarbonate on a food contact surface against feline calicivirus, a norovirus surrogate".
2537:
657:
Some bacteria have developed resistance to glutaraldehyde, and it has been found that glutaraldehyde can cause asthma and other health hazards, hence
2237:
1301:
2789:
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to clean things that are in human contact whereas disinfectants are concentrated and are used to clean surfaces like floors and building premises.
2871:
2370:
Lages SL, Ramakrishnan MA, Goyal SM (February 2008). "In-vivo efficacy of hand sanitisers against feline calicivirus: a surrogate for norovirus".
599:
to facilitate diffusion through the cell membrane; 100% alcohol typically denatures only external membrane proteins. A mixture of 70% ethanol or
2861:
M. Laroussi, "Low
Temperature Plasma-Based Sterilization: Overview and State-of-the-Art", Plasma Proc. Polym., Vol. 2, No. 5, pp. 391-400, 2005
2019:
Lester W, Dunklin E, Robertson OH (April 1952). "Bactericidal effects of propylene and triethylene glycol vapors on airborne
Escherichia coli".
3010:
2096:
United States Environmental Protection Agency (September 2005). "Reregistration eligibility decision for triethylene glycol". EPA 739-R-05-002.
1716:"Therapeutic Goods Order No. 54 — Standard for Disinfectants and Sterilants as amended made under section 10 of the Therapeutic Goods Act 1989"
1185:) has antifungal properties, and some antiviral and antibacterial properties, though those are too weak to be effective at a home environment.
47:
3465:
1578:
2515:
2333:
van Engelenburg FA, Terpstra FG, Schuitemaker H, Moorer WR (June 2002). "The virucidal spectrum of a high concentration alcohol mixture".
1332:
417:). Disinfectants that are more effective than phenol have a coefficient > 1. Those that are less effective have a coefficient < 1.
253:
means a disinfectant that kills all microbial pathogens except bacterial endospores, when used as recommended by the manufacturer. It is
2981:
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and is used in some community swimming pools as a foot disinfectant before entering the pool. Typically, a large shallow basin of KMnO
3203:
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2947:
1748:
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627:(C.Diff) spores with higher concentrations of ethanol and dodecanoic acid, which proved effective with a contact time of ten minutes.
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chemical used, and ultimately the chemical is rendered ineffective. For this reason, some question the wisdom of impregnating cloths,
1902:
943:
is a phenolic that was once used as a germicidal additive to some household products but was banned due to suspected harmful effects.
310:
when associated with the words "low", "intermediate" or "high" means "low", "intermediate" or "high" level disinfectant respectively.
2335:
1959:
Robertson, O. H.; Bigg, Edward; Puck, Theodore T.; Miller, Benjamin F.; Technical Assistance of Elizabeth A., Appell (1 June 1942).
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Loveday, H.P.; Wilson, J.A.; Pratt, R.J.; Golsorkhi, M.; Tingle, A.; Bak, A.; Browne, J.; Prieto, J.; Wilcox, M. (January 2014).
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624:
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Ryobi. Electrostatic Sprayers are a new technology for disinfecting surfaces. Unlike conventional spraying bottles or devices
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at a sufficient concentration in the air to cause the number of viable infectious microorganisms to be significantly reduced.
2492:
Sattar; et al. (Winter 1998). "A product based on accelerated hydrogen peroxide: Evidence for broad-spectrum activity".
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Most metals, especially those with high atomic weights can inhibit the growth of pathogens by disrupting their metabolism.
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permissible exposure limit is 1 ppm (29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1) calculated as an eight-hour time weighted average and the
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1715:
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853:
766:
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Inactivation by Benzalkonium Chloride Reveals the Importance of Quantifying the Inoculum Effect on Chemical Disinfection"
737:
457:
441:
83:
1356:"epic3: National Evidence-Based Guidelines for Preventing Healthcare-Associated Infections in NHS Hospitals in England"
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Moorer, WR (August 2003). "Antiviral activity of alcohol for surface disinfection: Alcohol for surface disinfection".
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in the U.S. It has also been shown to be effective in removing exotic animal viruses, such as avian influenza and
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1047:
3289:
2559:
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Omidbakhsh; et al. (2006). "A new peroxide-based flexible endoscope-compatible high-level disinfectant".
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2738:(1). The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America: 33–38.
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act by oxidizing the cell membrane of microorganisms, which results in a loss of structure and leads to cell
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1718:. No. F2009C00327. legislation.gov.au. Federal Register of Legislative Instruments. 25 March 2009.
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226:, when used according to labelling. It cannot be relied upon to destroy, within a practical period,
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Meeting, Society for Applied Bacteriology Demonstration; Bacteriology, Society for Applied (1981).
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on inert surfaces. Disinfection does not necessarily kill all microorganisms, especially resistant
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based compounds comprise a class of proven surface sanitizers and disinfectants approved by the
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decontamination of anthrax spores from contaminated buildings, such as occurred during the
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2629:"The response of Escherichia coli to exposure to the biocide polyhexamethylene biguanide"
1961:"The Bactericidal Action of Propylene Glycol Vapor on Microorganisms Suspended in Air. I"
1765:
1649:"The difference between sanitizing and disinfecting. One kills more germs than the other"
1624:"Green Cleaning, Sanitizing, and Disinfecting: A Curriculum for Early Care and Education"
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for use as a hospital grade disinfectant. Alcohols are most effective when combined with
2032:
405:". The disinfectant to be tested is compared with phenol on a standard microbe (usually
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This article is about antimicrobial agents. For the Macintosh anti-virus software, see
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2179:"Factors of Importance in the Use of Triethylene Glycol Vapor for Aerial Disinfection"
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labs, and are activated only when there are no occupants in a room (e.g., at night).
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industry to disinfect foil containers. A 3% solution is also used as an antiseptic.
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654:. They are partly inactivated by organic matter and have slight residual activity.
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procedures that are carried out involving the penetration of the human skin; or,
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In the 1940s and early 1950s, further studies showed inactivation of diverse
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The efficacy of alcohol is enhanced when in solution with the wetting agent
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2004:
1928:"Hospital Disinfectants for General Disinfection of Environmental Surfaces"
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1230:. While sunlight's ultraviolet rays can act as a disinfectant, the Earth's
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a disinfectant which is used to reprocess reusable therapeutic devices; and
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A perfect disinfectant would also offer complete and full microbiological
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lyse the cells. Cold plasma can inactivate bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
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2406:"Clean & Disinfect Mold, Bacteria & Viruses in any Environment"
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Allen, Michael J.; White, Graham F.; Morby, Andrew P. (1 April 2006).
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464:) to humans or animals. Most modern household disinfectants contain
2872:"Demand For Commercial Electrostatic Spraying Services On The Rise"
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or "Anolyte" is an oxidizing, acidic hypochlorite solution made by
3441:
2751:
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2130:"Air Sanitation (Progress in the Control of Air-Borne Infections)"
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Rabenau, H.F.; Kampf, G.; Cinatl, J.; Doerr, H.W. (October 2005).
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is probably the oldest known disinfectant as it was first used by
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the investigation or treatment of a disease, ailment or injury; or
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Disinfection of a floor using disinfectant liquid applied using a
45:
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The CDC Handbook: A Guide to Cleaning and Disinfecting Cleanrooms
1741:
The CDC Handbook: A Guide to Cleaning and Disinfecting Cleanrooms
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has similar effects as phenols, but it cannot inactivate viruses.
761:
The antimicrobial action of hydrogen peroxide can be enhanced by
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and death. A large number of disinfectants operate in this way.
2969:
What Germs Are We Killing? Testing and Classifying Disinfectants
3006:
2964:
Ohio State University lecture on Sterilization and Disinfection
1764:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (21 December 2012).
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Yeung YWS; Ma, Y.; Liu, S. Y.; Pun, W. H.; Chua, S. L. (2022).
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Heat treatment can be used for disinfection and sterilization.
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Communications in Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences
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are strong oxidizers, so their compounds figure heavily here.
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588:
195:
defines several grades of disinfectant as will be used below.
51:
2803:
Brandeis, L.D. (1913, 20 December), "What Publicity Can Do",
1725:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
1449:"Efficacy of various disinfectants against SARS coronavirus"
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are strong oxidants and extremely effective disinfectants.
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reactions than alternative disinfectants. Also used in the
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bleach. An air disinfectant must be dispersed either as an
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For a review of the toxicity of triethylene glycol, see:
2409:
2183:
American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health
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American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health
27:
Antimicrobial agent that inactivates or destroys microbes
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The Viennese Database for Disinfectants (WIDES Database)
2177:
Lester W, Kaye S, Robertson OH, Dunklin EW (July 1950).
2061:
For a review of the toxicity of propylene glycol, see:
1571:
Disinfectants: Their Use and Evaluation of Effectiveness
576:
Alcohol hand sanitizer dispenser in an office in Poland
1901:. New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services.
765:
and organic acids. The resulting chemistry is known as
1896:"Common Cleaning Products May Be Dangerous When Mixed"
1727:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
1329:"Division of Oral Health - Infection Control Glossary"
2530:"PHENOL - National Library of Medicine HSDB Database"
1933:. New York State Department of Health. Archived from
2942:(1st ed.). Grosvenor House Publishing Limited.
1743:(1st ed.). Grosvenor House Publishing Limited.
722:. It is often preferred because it causes far fewer
424:
A less specific measurement of effectiveness is the
90:, which destroy microorganisms within the body, and
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substance or compound used to inactivate or destroy
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3078:
3049:
1331:. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
1214:The phrase "sunlight is the best disinfectant" was
30:"Sanitizers" redirects here. For the software, see
1766:"Sterilization or Disinfection of Medical Devices"
1204:. Ultraviolet light fixtures are often present in
892:, and these contained low concentrations of other
338:the business of beauty therapy or hairdressing; or
265:(against asexual spores but not necessarily dried
62:Levels of resistance of microbes to disinfectants.
812:Peroxycarboxylic acids and inorganic peroxo acids
2508:"Phenol and Phenolic Poisoning in Dogs and Cats"
2293:
2291:
156:can be included as tertiary treatment to remove
116:are most resistant to disinfectants, but some
3018:
2824:"Is Sunlight Actually the Best Disinfectant?"
2257:
2255:
2230:"Disinfection & Sterilization Guidelines"
426:United States Environmental Protection Agency
218:means a disinfectant that rapidly kills most
8:
2999:– Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2128:Committee on Research Standards (May 1950).
646:, have a wide microbicidal activity and are
2893:"Electrostatic Sprayers: How Do They Work?"
2732:Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology
473:non-corrosive, non-toxic, or inexpensive).
3025:
3011:
3003:
2697:International Journal of Food Microbiology
2596:
2594:
2224:
2222:
165:sector for disinfection of waste streams,
2644:
2202:
2153:
1994:
1976:
1871:
1861:
1691:
1545:
1472:
1379:
1011:This group comprises aqueous solution of
94:, which destroy microorganisms on living
1302:Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures
383:an antibacterial clothes preparation; or
357:an antibacterial clothes preparation; or
98:. Disinfectants are also different from
2608:. Five Star Chemicals & Supply, LLC
2518:from the original on 19 September 2016.
2300:International Journal of Dental Hygiene
1317:
1196:is the use of high-intensity shortwave
376:Household/commercial grade disinfectant
2263:"Food Safety A to Z Reference Guide-B"
2110:
2099:
2077:
2066:
923:, since it is somewhat less corrosive.
2788:, Environmental Health & Safety.
2782:"Heat Disinfection and Sterilization"
2540:from the original on 1 December 2017.
2494:Canadian Journal of Infection Control
2459:American Journal of Infection Control
2438:from the original on 17 November 2012
2234:Guidelines Library: Infection Control
1406:American Journal of Infection Control
1323:
1321:
7:
2979:Disinfectant and Non-Chlorine Bleach
2792:from the original on 8 January 2017.
2574:"chlorine as disinfectant for water"
2240:from the original on 12 January 2018
288:means a disinfectant that kills all
2842:from the original on March 5, 2017.
2562:from the original on 8 August 2014.
546:using various glycols, principally
3204:Iodine/octylphenoxypolyglycolether
2822:McCarthy, Ciara (August 9, 2013).
1908:from the original on 23 March 2016
1840:García, MR; Cabo, ML (June 2018).
1335:from the original on 13 April 2016
1194:Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation
351:Instrument grade disinfectants; or
25:
2709:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.08.033
2372:The Journal of Hospital Infection
2336:The Journal of Hospital Infection
1776:from the original on 20 July 2013
1672:The Journal of Hospital Infection
1520:Story, Peter (22 November 1952).
428:(EPA) classification into either
3305:Didecyldimethylammonium chloride
2988:—Office of DOE Science Education
2312:10.1034/j.1601-5037.2003.00032.x
1965:Journal of Experimental Medicine
1720:
3396:Isopropanol (isopropyl alcohol)
2017:For a review through 1952 see:
1522:"Testing of Skin Disinfectants"
933:, a household disinfectant and
929:is the principal ingredient in
251:Intermediate level disinfectant
246:Intermediate level disinfectant
3447:Chloramine-T (tosylchloramide)
1647:Roberts, Hannah (April 2020).
741:and eyes and consequently the
486:and worktops in the home with
193:Therapeutic Goods Order No. 54
128:also possess some resistance.
1:
3258:Quaternary ammonium compounds
1453:Journal of Hospital Infection
1372:10.1016/S0195-6701(13)60012-2
1360:Journal of Hospital Infection
976:Quaternary ammonium compounds
971:Quaternary ammonium compounds
767:Accelerated hydrogen peroxide
661:is replacing glutaraldehyde.
397:Measurements of effectiveness
301:Instrument grade disinfectant
2974:Disinfectant Selection Guide
2919:Annales de Biologie Clinique
2602:"Star San Safety Data Sheet"
2041:10.1126/Science.115.2988.379
758:from equipment and surfaces.
442:Food and Drug Administration
347:but does not include :
82:; it is less effective than
1610:Mid Sussex District Council
1220:United States Supreme Court
1122:dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid
593:Centers for Disease Control
150:ultra-violet (UV) radiation
144:, a disinfection step with
3536:
3452:Octenidine dihydrochloride
2471:10.1016/j.ajic.2006.02.003
2384:10.1016/j.jhin.2007.11.018
1811:10.5731/pdajpst.2012.00866
1684:10.1016/j.jhin.2022.05.017
1465:10.1016/j.jhin.2004.12.023
1418:10.1016/j.ajic.2019.11.030
1246:Electrostatic Disinfection
1131:
964:2,4-dichlorobenzyl alcohol
585:Quaternary ammonium cation
565:
502:
371:Household/commercial grade
36:
29:
3460:
3391:Propanol (propyl alcohol)
2434:. Cdc.gov. 31 July 2009.
2408:. UrthPRO. Archived from
2236:. CDC. 28 December 2016.
2146:10.2105/AJPH.40.5_Pt_2.82
1850:Frontiers in Microbiology
1297:List of cleaning products
1280:- a raw material for air
1171:polyaminopropyl biguanide
1048:Trichloroisocyanuric acid
919:is often used instead of
341:the practice of podiatry;
2938:Sandle, T., ed. (2012).
2556:pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
1863:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01259
959:, a throat disinfectant.
224:lipid containing viruses
222:as well as medium-sized
3401:Ethanol (ethyl alcohol)
2811:(2974), pp. 10-13.
1798:PDA J Pharm Sci Technol
1597:. Fodd Standards Agency
1538:10.1136/bmj.2.4794.1128
1526:British Medical Journal
1228:government transparency
1226:and later advocates of
962:Although not a phenol,
864:Peroxymonosulfuric acid
859:Monoperoxyphthalic acid
839:Monoperoxysuccinic acid
834:Monoperoxyglutaric acid
807:Peroxy and peroxo acids
734:Hydrogen peroxide vapor
532:Penicillium chrysogenum
286:High level disinfectant
281:High level disinfectant
39:Disinfectant (software)
3417:Potassium permanganate
3324:Mercuric amidochloride
2997:Chemical disinfectants
2349:10.1053/jhin.2002.1211
2109:Cite journal requires
2076:Cite journal requires
1739:Sandle T, ed. (2012).
1260:electrostatic sprayers
788:Potassium permanganate
577:
324:in premises used for:
216:Low level disinfectant
211:Low level disinfectant
137:
63:
55:
3329:Phenylmercuric borate
3271:Benzethonium chloride
2646:10.1099/mic.0.28643-0
2552:"The PubChem Project"
2195:10.2105/AJPH.40.7.813
980:benzalkonium chloride
894:aromatic hydrocarbons
854:Chloroperbenzoic acid
625:Clostridium difficile
575:
414:Staphylococcus aureus
389:a sanitary powder; or
363:a sanitary powder; or
134:
61:
49:
3300:Benzoxonium chloride
3214:Diiodohydroxypropane
1987:10.1084/jem.75.6.593
1940:on 24 September 2015
1237:Since the mid-1990s
1033:Calcium hypochlorite
829:Peroxypropionic acid
752:2001 anthrax attacks
659:ortho-phthalaldehyde
386:a sanitary fluid; or
360:a sanitary fluid; or
335:in connection with:
228:bacterial endospores
142:wastewater treatment
3422:Sodium hypochlorite
3060:Ethacridine lactate
2984:1 June 2010 at the
2606:Five Star Chemicals
2033:1952Sci...115..379L
1532:(4794): 1128–1130.
1216:popularized in 1913
1134:Oligodynamic effect
1102:Magnesium hydroxide
1092:Potassium hydroxide
1028:Sodium hypochlorite
1002:Inorganic compounds
978:("quats"), such as
701:sodium hypochlorite
290:microbial pathogens
220:vegetative bacteria
3487:Never to phase III
2786:University of Iowa
2534:toxnet.nlm.nih.gov
2412:on 2 February 2011
1573:. Academic Press.
1179:sodium bicarbonate
844:Peroxybenzoic acid
689:Electrolyzed water
578:
552:triethylene glycol
470:chemical reactions
403:Phenol coefficient
138:
64:
56:
3497:
3496:
3437:Hydrogen peroxide
3334:Mercuric chloride
3092:Dibrompropamidine
2276:on 3 January 2006
2140:(5 Pt 2): 82–88.
2027:(2988): 379–382.
1842:"Optimization of
1580:978-0-12-181380-2
1278:Diethylene glycol
1198:ultraviolet light
1097:Calcium hydroxide
1058:Hypochlorous acid
1021:hypochlorous acid
849:Peroxyanisic acid
819:Peroxyformic acid
756:Newcastle disease
738:medical sterilant
712:Hydrogen peroxide
706:hypochlorous acid
583:and alcohol plus
499:Air disinfectants
16:(Redirected from
3527:
3027:
3020:
3013:
3004:
2953:
2934:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2889:
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2542:
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2526:
2520:
2519:
2512:peteducation.com
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2367:
2361:
2360:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2295:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2272:. Archived from
2259:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2226:
2217:
2216:
2206:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2157:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2112:
2107:
2105:
2097:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2079:
2074:
2072:
2064:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2015:
2009:
2008:
1998:
1980:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1939:
1932:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1907:
1900:
1892:
1886:
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1875:
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1837:
1831:
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1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
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1755:
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1736:
1730:
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1719:
1712:
1706:
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1663:
1657:
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1644:
1638:
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1635:
1633:
1628:
1620:
1614:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1549:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1476:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1412:(9): 1013–1018.
1400:
1394:
1393:
1383:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1325:
1254:-Vycel 4 or the
1087:Sodium hydroxide
1053:Chlorine dioxide
720:colloidal silver
670:Oxidizing agents
665:Oxidizing agents
548:propylene glycol
408:Salmonella typhi
296:Instrument grade
240:nonlipid viruses
80:bacterial spores
32:AddressSanitizer
21:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3492:
3477:Clinical trials
3456:
3405:
3377:
3358:
3354:Mercuric iodide
3309:
3290:Cetylpyridinium
3252:
3218:
3209:Povidone-iodine
3189:
3170:
3131:Hexachlorophene
3124:and derivatives
3116:
3074:
3065:9-Aminoacridine
3045:
3031:
2986:Wayback Machine
2960:
2950:
2937:
2915:
2912:
2910:Further reading
2907:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2847:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2805:Harper’s Weekly
2801:
2797:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2639:(4): 989–1000.
2626:
2625:
2621:
2611:
2609:
2600:
2599:
2592:
2582:
2580:
2572:
2571:
2567:
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2549:
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2528:
2527:
2523:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2441:
2439:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2415:
2413:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2297:
2296:
2289:
2279:
2277:
2261:
2260:
2253:
2243:
2241:
2228:
2227:
2220:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2108:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2075:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2018:
2016:
2012:
1978:10.1.1.273.1031
1958:
1957:
1953:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1894:
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1598:
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1568:
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1563:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1506:
1502:
1494:
1490:
1446:
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1441:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1338:
1336:
1327:
1326:
1319:
1315:
1273:Drug resistance
1269:
1248:
1202:water treatment
1191:
1184:
1161:
1144:
1136:
1130:
1117:phosphoric acid
1083:
1081:Acids and bases
1066:
1009:
1004:
973:
941:Hexachlorophene
872:
809:
801:
793:
782:organochlorides
697:sodium chloride
667:
633:
621:dodecanoic acid
597:distilled water
570:
564:
527:influenza virus
507:
501:
496:
454:
399:
373:
317:
298:
283:
248:
238:, or all small
213:
201:
191:The Australian
189:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3424:
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3407:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3387:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3373:Silver nitrate
3369:
3367:
3360:
3359:
3357:
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3341:
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3326:
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3297:
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3287:
3273:
3268:
3262:
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3254:
3253:
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3250:
3245:
3240:
3238:Chlorquinaldol
3235:
3229:
3227:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3206:
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2959:
2958:External links
2956:
2955:
2954:
2949:978-1781487686
2948:
2935:
2925:(6): 693–703.
2911:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2884:
2863:
2854:
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2814:
2795:
2773:
2744:10.1086/501694
2722:
2703:(1–2): 160–3.
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2521:
2499:
2484:
2465:(9): 571–577.
2449:
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2306:(3): 138–142.
2287:
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2218:
2189:(7): 813–820.
2169:
2120:
2111:|journal=
2087:
2078:|journal=
2054:
2010:
1971:(6): 593–610.
1951:
1919:
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1756:
1750:978-1781487686
1749:
1731:
1707:
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1639:
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1459:(2): 107–111.
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1395:
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1311:
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1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1287:Hand sanitizer
1284:
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1268:
1265:
1247:
1244:
1224:Louis Brandeis
1190:
1187:
1182:
1160:
1157:
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1150:
1143:
1140:
1132:Main article:
1129:
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1119:
1114:
1112:Sulfur dioxide
1109:
1107:Sulfurous acid
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1082:
1079:
1078:
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1072:
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1061:
1060:
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1040:
1038:Monochloramine
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1030:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
972:
969:
968:
967:
960:
953:Amylmetacresol
950:
944:
938:
924:
911:
900:, which is an
871:
868:
867:
866:
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841:
836:
831:
826:
824:Peracetic acid
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805:
804:
803:
799:
791:
785:
774:
759:
731:
728:food packaging
709:
666:
663:
644:glutaraldehyde
632:
629:
568:Hand sanitizer
563:
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484:cutting boards
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315:Hospital grade
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267:chlamydospores
259:tuberculocidal
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76:microorganisms
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3510:Disinfectants
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3221:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3186:
3185:Nitrofurazone
3183:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3156:Chloroxylenol
3154:
3152:
3149:
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3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
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3119:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3097:Chlorhexidine
3095:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
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3052:
3048:
3043:
3039:
3038:disinfectants
3035:
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3023:
3021:
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3009:
3008:
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2924:
2921:(in French).
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1805:(3): 236–42.
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1775:
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928:
927:Chloroxylenol
925:
922:
918:
917:-Phenylphenol
916:
912:
909:
906:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
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757:
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739:
736:is used as a
735:
732:
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725:
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555:
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545:
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513:
506:
505:Air sanitizer
498:
493:
491:
489:
485:
480:
474:
471:
467:
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459:
458:sterilisation
451:
449:
445:
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409:
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396:
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359:
356:
354:sterilant; or
353:
350:
349:
348:
340:
337:
336:
334:
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322:
321:
314:
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306:
305:
304:
302:
295:
293:
291:
287:
280:
278:
276:
272:
271:sexual spores
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
245:
243:
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237:
233:
229:
225:
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217:
210:
208:
205:
198:
196:
194:
186:
184:
182:
179:
176:
172:
168:
167:sewage sludge
164:
159:
155:
151:
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143:
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129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
110:
106:
103:
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93:
89:
85:
84:sterilization
81:
77:
73:
69:
60:
53:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
3520:Bactericides
3266:Benzalkonium
3243:Oxyquinoline
3151:Triclocarban
3136:Policresulen
3112:Polihexanide
3037:
2939:
2922:
2918:
2896:. Retrieved
2887:
2875:. Retrieved
2866:
2857:
2848:
2827:
2817:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2776:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2700:
2696:
2690:
2676:(4): 773–7.
2673:
2669:
2663:
2636:
2633:Microbiology
2632:
2622:
2610:. Retrieved
2605:
2581:. Retrieved
2578:lenntech.com
2577:
2568:
2555:
2546:
2533:
2524:
2511:
2502:
2493:
2487:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2440:. Retrieved
2426:
2414:. Retrieved
2410:the original
2400:
2375:
2371:
2365:
2343:(2): 121–5.
2340:
2334:
2328:
2303:
2299:
2280:10 September
2278:. Retrieved
2274:the original
2242:. Retrieved
2233:
2186:
2182:
2172:
2137:
2133:
2123:
2102:cite journal
2090:
2069:cite journal
2057:
2024:
2020:
2013:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1942:. Retrieved
1935:the original
1922:
1910:. Retrieved
1890:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1835:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1778:. Retrieved
1769:
1759:
1740:
1734:
1710:
1675:
1671:
1661:
1652:
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1630:. Retrieved
1618:
1608:
1599:. Retrieved
1589:
1570:
1564:
1529:
1525:
1515:
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1456:
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1349:
1337:. Retrieved
1249:
1236:
1213:
1210:
1206:microbiology
1192:
1189:Non-chemical
1176:
1162:
1137:
1043:Chloramine-T
1017:hypochlorite
1010:
996:mycobacteria
974:
955:is found in
914:
873:
810:
693:electrolysis
668:
656:
640:formaldehyde
634:
618:
579:
556:
536:
535:(previously
530:
520:
508:
488:bactericidal
475:
455:
446:
437:
434:intermediate
433:
429:
423:
419:
412:
406:
400:
375:
374:
366:a sanitiser.
346:
318:
300:
299:
285:
284:
255:bactericidal
250:
249:
232:mycobacteria
215:
214:
203:
202:
190:
181:sanitization
180:
175:sanitisation
174:
171:fecal sludge
139:
111:
107:
104:
68:disinfectant
67:
65:
43:
18:Disinfecting
3473:from market
3344:Nitromersol
3276:Cetrimonium
3233:Dequalinium
3226:derivatives
3178:derivatives
3102:Propamidine
3053:derivatives
3034:Antiseptics
2583:12 December
2442:10 November
2416:18 November
1601:12 December
1497:US6846846B2
1256:Techtronics
1239:cold plasma
1232:ozone layer
992:polio virus
763:surfactants
714:is used in
614:hepatitis C
610:hepatitis B
601:isopropanol
490:chemicals.
392:a sanitiser
187:Definitions
92:antiseptics
88:antibiotics
3504:Categories
3432:Monalazone
3349:Thiomersal
3248:Clioquinol
3176:Nitrofuran
3161:Biphenylol
3107:Hexamidine
3080:Biguanides
2612:31 October
2496:: 123–130.
2244:12 January
1607:, (2009),
1595:"Cleaning"
1509:US4900721A
1507:US Patent
1495:US Patent
1366:: S1–S70.
1313:References
1282:sanitation
935:antiseptic
908:carcinogen
896:including
771:endoscopes
652:fungicidal
648:sporicidal
638:, such as
566:See also:
537:P. notatum
503:See also:
466:denatonium
452:Properties
263:fungicidal
163:sanitation
114:endospores
112:Bacterial
3483:Phase III
3471:Withdrawn
3366:compounds
3339:Merbromin
3315:Mercurial
3295:Cetrimide
3224:Quinoline
3166:Fenticlor
3146:Triclosan
3070:Euflavine
2836:1091-2339
1973:CiteSeerX
1678:: 26–33.
1434:210193248
1165:biguanide
1075:Iodophors
988:rotavirus
984:norovirus
957:Strepsils
875:Phenolics
870:Phenolics
796:aquariums
716:hospitals
636:Aldehydes
631:Aldehydes
275:virucidal
204:Sterilant
199:Sterilant
158:pathogens
154:ozonation
3427:Halazone
3383:Alcohols
3317:products
3284:chloride
3197:products
3084:amidines
3051:Acridine
2982:Archived
2898:10 March
2877:10 March
2840:Archived
2790:Archived
2768:34461187
2760:10656352
2717:16540196
2682:18396809
2655:16549663
2560:Archived
2538:Archived
2516:Archived
2479:17097451
2436:Archived
2392:18207605
2357:12090799
2320:16451513
2238:Archived
2213:15425663
2164:15418852
2049:17770126
2005:19871209
1944:19 April
1912:19 April
1903:Archived
1882:29997577
1856:: 1259.
1827:40400887
1819:22634589
1774:Archived
1702:35690267
1556:12987777
1483:15923059
1426:31928890
1390:24330862
1339:19 April
1333:Archived
1307:Virucide
1267:See also
1222:Justice
1153:Pine oil
1142:Terpenes
1013:chlorine
1007:Chlorine
890:coal tar
724:allergic
678:Chlorine
591:and the
562:Alcohols
523:bacteria
146:chlorine
126:bacteria
100:biocides
72:chemical
3515:Hygiene
3280:bromide
2931:9853028
2204:1528959
2155:1528669
2029:Bibcode
2021:Science
1996:2135271
1873:6028699
1844:E. coli
1780:20 July
1693:9176178
1653:Insider
1632:8 April
1547:2021886
1474:7132504
1381:7114876
1292:Hygiene
1177:Common
1168:polymer
905:Group 1
898:benzene
581:Alcohol
512:aerosol
303:means:
273:), and
122:viruses
3466:WHO-EM
3364:Silver
3195:Iodine
3141:Phenol
3122:Phenol
2946:
2929:
2834:
2766:
2758:
2750:
2715:
2680:
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2477:
2390:
2355:
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2162:
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2047:
2003:
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1690:
1577:
1554:
1544:
1481:
1471:
1432:
1424:
1388:
1378:
1181:(NaHCO
1148:Thymol
1128:Metals
1070:Iodine
1064:Iodine
947:Thymol
931:Dettol
921:phenol
886:Lister
882:Phenol
682:oxygen
612:, and
544:fungus
529:, and
516:vapour
479:evolve
96:tissue
3442:Eosin
3410:Other
2828:Slate
2764:S2CID
2748:JSTOR
2270:CFSAN
1938:(PDF)
1931:(PDF)
1906:(PDF)
1899:(PDF)
1823:S2CID
1627:(PDF)
1613:, UK.
1430:S2CID
1252:Vycel
1159:Other
1019:, or
990:, or
790:(KMnO
777:Ozone
747:NIOSH
699:into
674:lysis
494:Types
462:toxic
236:fungi
118:fungi
70:is a
3082:and
3036:and
2944:ISBN
2927:PMID
2900:2022
2879:2022
2832:ISSN
2756:PMID
2713:PMID
2678:PMID
2651:PMID
2614:2021
2585:2019
2475:PMID
2444:2012
2418:2010
2388:PMID
2353:PMID
2316:PMID
2282:2009
2246:2018
2209:PMID
2160:PMID
2115:help
2082:help
2045:PMID
2001:PMID
1946:2016
1914:2016
1878:PMID
1815:PMID
1782:2013
1745:ISBN
1698:PMID
1634:2019
1603:2019
1575:ISBN
1552:PMID
1479:PMID
1422:PMID
1386:PMID
1341:2016
1163:The
902:IARC
743:OSHA
680:and
650:and
642:and
550:and
541:mold
430:high
136:out.
124:and
3042:D08
2740:doi
2705:doi
2701:109
2641:doi
2637:152
2467:doi
2380:doi
2345:doi
2308:doi
2267:FDA
2199:PMC
2191:doi
2150:PMC
2142:doi
2037:doi
2025:115
1991:PMC
1983:doi
1868:PMC
1858:doi
1807:doi
1770:CDC
1688:PMC
1680:doi
1676:127
1542:PMC
1534:doi
1469:PMC
1461:doi
1414:doi
1376:PMC
1368:doi
1218:by
695:of
616:).
606:HIV
589:EPA
514:or
438:low
436:or
411:or
269:or
173:is
169:or
152:or
140:In
52:mop
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