156:
241:." A 2010 study, cited by Ren et al., found that "mediators can alter the text discussion between conflicting editors (e.g., by striking through some statements), clarify ambiguity, differentiate between personal and substantive arguments, and show the editors how their exchanges could be made more constructive. They can also help manage temporal discontinuities (i.e., when one party is unavailable, the other party may make misattributions), and reduce power differences among editors."
141:. The edit-focused roles, of expert and wordsmith, tended to be more successful than the conceptual, organizational roles. Editors use a range of rebuttal tactics, ranging from insults to derailing to counterargument and refutation. Higher quality rebuttals "correlate to more constructive outcomes." Coordination tactics include asking questions, providing information, supplying context, offering a compromise, conceding or admitting lack of knowledge.
42:
editing peaked in 2007 and research attention peaked in 2012. The review identified 34 studies of "the causes and impact of conflict, the mechanisms for resolving conflict, and the measurement and prediction of conflict or controversial articles." The review found 29 studies of editor coordination, especially on Talk pages, as well as research on algorithmic governance that uses bots to enforce
Knowledge policies.
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59:
134:
Impolite comments got no traction, no response, two-fifths of the time. Regardless of the topic area, overt responses were divided: 37% of responses to rude conduct were defensive, such as explaining oneself or asking for information about the critic's concern. However, 53.5% of the time, people responded offensively. According to a similar study, personal attacks were reciprocated 26% immediately.
2270:
252:(RfC) system. During a seven year period, (English) Knowledge had over 7,300 requests for comment discussions. While RfC discussions are often closed with a Knowledge-style "consensus" on the content dispute, a significant number "go stale" because they are ignored by veteran editors or, conversely, they are overwhelmed with comments and too complex or controversial to be closed.
125:. For example, after the 2019 ban of a user by the Wikimedia Foundation, media stories covered the internal debate and the resignation of 21 administrators from English Knowledge. Nonetheless, adversarial editing has been defended by Knowledge leadership as important for collaboration and scholars have argued that well-managed friction among editors can benefit the encyclopedia.
215:
301:
funded and tracked research on disputes, Knowledge set up restrictions that impinged on tendentious editing, and dispute resolution efforts were disbanded or streamlined. A Universal Code of
Conduct for all Knowledge organizations is designed to restrain the most egregious actions, some of which may
229:
ArbCom cases are structured in a formal, though it tends to be flexible and informal as it works toward decisions. More than 500 complaints were submitted to ArbCom between 2004 through 2020. ArbCom examines evidence of misconduct but its decisions have been criticized for favoring the more socially
41:
Disputes, editor behavior, and collaboration on
Knowledge have long been the subject of academic research. A 2023 review identified 279 articles about contributor goals, interactions, and collaboration processes, which included but was not limited to the handling of disputes. It found that Knowledge
277:
One of the first large-scale disputes about
Knowledge was an internal argument over advertising, starting with Larry Sanger and dissent by Spanish editors, which led to a 2002 fork of the Spanish Knowledge. Editing disputes happened frequently enough to give rise to the rule against three repeated
205:
Editors have been found to line up in rival camps over contentious articles and topics. It is unclear how much such editors coordinate outside of the
Knowledge platform, contrary to Knowledge policy. Apparent editor coordination can be detected through data analysis, such as the 2020 study of 1206
170:
discussions since 2004, though the rate AfD submissions decline after
Knowledge article creation was restricted to registered users. Roughly 64% ending in deletion and 24% in keeping the article. Nearly all discussions are "closed" by a Wikipedian administrator. In 2019, researchers Mayfield and
133:
With civility as a core principle of
Knowledge, user disputes often feature impoliteness. According to a study of disputes on 120 Talk pages, by and large "Wikipedians do not prolong the conflicts." The most common incivility is scorn, ridicule, or condescension, followed by "pointed criticism."
66:
Conflicts over content within articles often arise among editors, which may result in edit wars. An edit war is a persistent exchange of edits representing conflicting views on a contested article, or as defined by the website's policy: "when editors who disagree about the content of a page
189:
The
Arbitration Committee handles a variety of intractable disputes, including conflicts among users who edit multiple articles within a topic. The Committee itself defines such a situation as a "contentious topic" and its sanctions may apply expansively to all articles with the topic.
193:
Some topics appear to be unavoidably polarizing, such as abortion and climate change, although the level of editor conflict may not match the degree of public debate. In addition, a topic may be contentious in one language
Knowledge and not another. A 2013 study identified the most
1188:
Maki, Keith, Michael Yoder, Yohan Jo, and
Carolyn Rosé. "Roles and success in wikipedia talk pages: Identifying latent patterns of behavior." In Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers), pp. 1026-1035.
38:" and may escalate into dispute resolution efforts and enforcement. Knowledge editors may dispute numerous articles within a contentious topic that reflect debates and conflicts in society, based on ethnic, political, religious, and scientific differences.
118:. Research has focused on the impoliteness of disputes, which can harm personal identities, "violate boundaries," and diminish voluntarism. Entrenched editor conflicts are said to detract from the quality and purported neutrality of Knowledge articles.
1088:
The once-derided open-source encyclopedia is the closest thing the internet has to an oasis of truth. Now a single-user ban has exposed the deep rifts between Knowledge's libertarian origins and its egalitarian aspirations, and threatened that
54:
writing project, from the outset Knowledge expected disagreements among contributors. The point at which disagreements turn into disputes, and conflicts, is not uniformly defined by Knowledge communities and the scholars who study them.
1303:
Im, Jane, Amy X. Zhang, Christopher J. Schilling, and David Karger. "Deliberation and resolution on wikipedia: A case study of requests for comments." Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 2, no. CSCW (2018):
1900:
71:
through discussion, however administrative intervention may be applied if discussion is unfruitful in resolving the conflict. Generally, edit wars are provoked by the presence of highly controversial content, such as
296:
Meanwhile, in its first decade, Knowledge set up dispute resolution mechanisms, including the Arbitration Committee, and refined policies to designed to govern and reduce disputes. In its second decade, the
106:. In a comparative study of such network gatekeeping on French and Spanish decolonization cases, it was found that more active editors experience fewer deletions and appear to function within rival camps.
1198:
Mayfield, Elijah, and Alan W. Black. "Analyzing wikipedia deletion debates with a group decision-making forecast model." Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 3, no. CSCW (2019): 1-26.
114:
Disputes are widely seen as a drain on the Knowledge community, without adding to useful knowledge, and as creating a competitive and conflict-based culture associated with conventional masculine
206:
contentious articles that found, that editors of “contentious Knowledge articles seem to clearly partition others into friends (those who have the same opinion on a given topic) and enemies.”
1890:
2192:
1968:
713:
Kalyanasundaram, Arun; Wei, Wei; Carley, Kathleen M.; Herbsleb, James D. (December 2015). "An agent-based model of edit wars in Knowledge: How and when is consensus reached".
290:
137:
During editing disputes, Wikipedians have been found to adopt five conversational roles: architect (of the discussion structure), content expert, moderator, policy wonk, and
2011:
838:
Bear, Julia B.; Collier, Benjamin (March 2016). "Where are the Women in Knowledge? Understanding the Different Psychological Experiences of Men and Women in Knowledge".
1427:
1236:"The đź’• that anyone can dispute: An analysis of the micro-structural dynamics of positive and negative relations in the production of contentious Knowledge articles"
2210:
2016:
279:
84:. According to a 2020 study, the longest edit war sequence, with 105 reverts by 20 users, was a 2008 tug-of-war over the biography of Turkey's first president,
163:
Disagreements over the deletion of articles, and other types of encyclopedic content (e.g., categories and lists), are managed through discussion structures.
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2160:
1955:
1469:
1422:
1960:
1128:""Knowledge does NOT tolerate your babbling!": Impoliteness-induced conflict (resolution) in a polylogal collaborative online community of practice"
875:""Knowledge does NOT tolerate your babbling!": Impoliteness-induced conflict (resolution) in a polylogal collaborative online community of practice"
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237:, which was discontinued due to inactivity in 2018. Dispute resolution was also provided by informal groups such as the "
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For content disagreements, Knowledge has experimented with a variety of mechanisms. Formal mediation was provided by a
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2006:
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created the Arbitration Committee (ArbCom), an overarching authority for binding resolution of conduct disputes.`
67:
repeatedly override each other's edits." Edit wars are prohibited on Knowledge and editors are encouraged to seek
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95:, which was examined in subsequent scholarship. The rule reportedly cut reverts in half. Later research has used
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155:
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332:
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reverts by the same editor. In 2005-2006, Wikipedians debated whether to display controversial images from the
222:
Soon after its founding, Knowledge provided avenues to resolve conduct and conduct disputes disputes. In 2003,
285:. On internal matters, early disputes included controversial userboxes, which was resolved partly by the 2006
263:. Editing disagreements may be resolved by argumentation, compromise, and explaining previous discussions.
85:
34:, as well as from user misconduct. Disputes may result in repeated competing changes to an article, known as "
640:
Ziembowicz, Karolina; Roszczyńska-Kurasińska, Magdalena; Rychwalska, Agnieszka; Nowak, Andrzej (2022-10-03).
1600:
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245:
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1434:
718:
384:"How Did They Build the đź’•? A Literature Review of Collaboration and Coordination among Knowledge Editors"
195:
172:
81:
1719:
122:
764:
Suh, Bongwon; Convertino, Gregorio; Chi, Ed H.; Pirolli, Peter (2009). "The singularity is not near".
684:"Conflict dynamics in collaborative knowledge production. A study of network gatekeeping on Knowledge"
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Smirnov, Ivan; Oprea, Camelia; Strohmaier, Markus (December 1, 2023). Ognyanova, Katherine (ed.).
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963:"The colonization of Knowledge: evidence from characteristic editing behaviors of warring camps"
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Experienced editors have been found to reduce reverts by citing Knowledge policies, especially
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642:"Predicting conflict-prone disputes using the structure of turn-taking: the case of Knowledge"
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Edit wars may be defined and detected in terms of reverts and mutual re-reverts. In 2004, the
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This article is about an editing activity in Knowledge. For help with an ongoing dispute, see
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The Knowledge Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia
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1514:
1267:"Canceling Disputes: How Social Capital Affects the Arbitration of Disputes on Knowledge"
938:
102:
Many disputes center on the deletion of written content, which can be seen as a kind of
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1857:
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1769:
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1566:
1047:
906:"Toxic comments are associated with reduced activity of volunteer editors on Knowledge"
1168:
Proceedings of the 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
80:, but can also occur due to other disputed matters, such as the nationality of artist
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2255:
1973:
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1774:
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1075:
1071:"Knowledge Has Been A Safe Haven From The Online Culture Wars. That Time May Be Over"
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121:
Occasionally, a behind-the-scenes dispute will garner negative media attention as a
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199:
159:
Graph showing reduction in AfDs following restrictions on article creation in 2017.
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Morris-O'Connor, Danielle A.; Strotmann, Andreas; Zhao, Dangzhi (April 4, 2023).
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Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration
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1164:"How to disagree well: Investigating the dispute tactics used on Knowledge"
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383:
73:
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1002:"Relating Knowledge article quality to edit behavior and link structure"
2150:
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2114:
1845:
1000:
Ruprechter, Thorsten; Santos, Tiago; Helic, Denis (September 9, 2020).
682:
Bürger, Moritz; Schlögl, Stephan; Schmid-Petri, Hannah (January 2023).
1571:
609:
Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on Open Collaboration
399:
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603:
Chhabra, Anamika; Kaur, Rishemjit; Iyengar, S. R.S. (2020-08-25).
213:
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514:
Memory, Conflict and New Media: Web Wars in Post-Socialist States
1372:
511:
Rutten, Ellen; Fedor, Julie; Zvereva, Vera, eds. (2013-04-12).
1368:
1162:
de Kock, Christine; Stafford, Tom; Vlachos, Andreas (2022).
382:
Ren, Yuqing; Zhang, Haifeng; Kraut, Robert E. (2024-02-29).
1102:"Wiki wars: Do Knowledge's internal tiffs deter newcomers?"
873:
Khazraie, Marzieh; Talebzadeh, Hossein (February 7, 2020).
549:
Inside Knowledge: How It Works and How You Can Be an Editor
26:
arise from disagreements over article content or internal
354:. University of Chicago Press, 2020. ISBN 9780226192444
244:
Editors may pursue informal dispute resolution through
166:
Notably, Knowledge (English) has had more than 400,000
2193:
The Iraq War: A Historiography of Knowledge Changelogs
1043:"Knowledge Is in the Midst of a Constitutional Crisis"
1341:"The Tensions Behind Knowledge's New Code of Conduct"
1318:. Chicago, Ill. London: University of Chicago press.
454:
Ayers, Phoebe; Matthews, Charles; Yates, Ben (2008).
1126:
Khazraie, Marzieh; Talebzadeh, Hossein (July 2020).
576:
An Introduction to Search Engines and Web Navigation
457:
How Knowledge Works: And how You Can be a Part of it
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1982:
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1827:
1691:
1655:
1619:
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1234:Lerner, JĂĽrgen; Lomi, Alessandro (January 2020).
99:(NLP) to classify disputes, even absent reverts.
717:. Huntington Beach, CA: IEEE. pp. 276–287.
427:Common Knowledge?: An Ethnography of Knowledge
388:ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction
1384:
605:"Dynamics of Edit War Sequences in Knowledge"
287:migration of templates to personal user pages
198:articles on Knowledge, claiming that Israel,
8:
291:conflict over biographies of living persons
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1539:
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1377:
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93:community instituted the three revert rule
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937:
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768:. Orlando, FL: ACM Press. pp. 1–10.
722:
646:Information, Communication & Society
202:, and God were the most hotly debated.
2211:People imprisoned for editing Knowledge
1969:United States congressional staff edits
715:2015 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC)
487:Knowledge: A New Community of Practice?
363:
1316:Knowledge and the politics of openness
352:Knowledge and the Politics of Openness
1873:Hillsborough disaster Knowledge posts
1157:
1155:
1153:
801:"Why Do So Few Women Edit Knowledge?"
677:
675:
7:
1931:Carlos Bandeirense MirandĂłpolis hoax
1901:on the Arabic and Persian Wikipedias
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1069:Bernstein, Joseph (June 27, 2019).
30:affairs, which can be discussed on
1041:Harrison, Stephen (July 2, 2019).
819:from the original on June 17, 2020
424:Jemielniak, Dariusz (2014-05-14).
175:model to forecast AfD outcomes.
14:
1215:from the original on 18 July 2013
185:Arbitration Committee (Knowledge)
151:Deletion of articles on Knowledge
2281:
2280:
2268:
1499:Predictions of the project's end
1339:Harrison, Stephen (2021-03-02).
1209:"Knowledge 'edit wars' revealed"
460:. No Starch Press. p. 384.
302:arise from editing disputes.
267:History of disputes on Knowledge
62:Edit wars graphic a Czech artist
1956:Seigenthaler biography incident
799:Torres, Nicole (June 2, 2016).
546:Thomas, Paul A. (2022-09-15).
484:O'Sullivan, Dan (2016-02-11).
317:List of edit wars on Knowledge
1:
1887:Wikimedia Foundation actions
658:10.1080/1369118X.2021.1924224
430:. Stanford University Press.
2312:Knowledge dispute resolution
2251:List of online encyclopedias
2236:Knowledge for World Heritage
2012:Israeli–Palestinian conflict
1642:WikiConference North America
1470:deletionism and inclusionism
1423:Conflict-of-interest editing
1265:Grisel, Florian (May 2024).
1252:10.1016/j.socnet.2018.12.003
1144:10.1016/j.pragma.2020.03.009
891:10.1016/j.pragma.2020.03.009
700:10.1016/j.socnet.2022.08.002
552:. Rowman & Littlefield.
78:Israeli–Palestinian conflict
18:Knowledge:Dispute resolution
2205:Magna Carta (An Embroidery)
2017:Russian invasion of Ukraine
1800:Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight
1428:political editing incidents
573:Levene, Mark (2011-01-14).
97:natural language processing
2353:
2337:Human–computer interaction
1019:10.1007/s41109-020-00305-y
490:. Routledge. p. 124.
270:
182:
148:
46:Identification of disputes
15:
2264:
1863:Internet Watch Foundation
1836:
1542:
1314:Tkacz, Nathaniel (2015).
1176:10.48550/ARXIV.2212.08353
922:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad385
852:10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y
579:. John Wiley & Sons.
517:(0 ed.). Routledge.
1891:on the Chinese Knowledge
1271:Law & Social Inquiry
967:Journal of Documentation
733:10.1109/WSC.2015.7408171
523:10.4324/9780203083635-11
218:Mediation Committee logo
1962:Star Trek Into Darkness
1601:Wikipedian in residence
1006:Applied Network Science
979:10.1108/JD-04-2022-0090
805:Harvard Business Review
775:10.1145/1641309.1641322
617:10.1145/3412569.3412585
259:(NPOV), Consensus, and
1596:Wikimedian of the Year
219:
160:
63:
1557:Arbitration Committee
1211:. BBC. 18 July 2013.
1132:Journal of Pragmatics
879:Journal of Pragmatics
257:Neutral point of view
217:
168:Articles for Deletion
158:
123:Knowledge controversy
86:Mustafa Kemal AtatĂĽrk
61:
24:Disputes on Knowledge
2226:Wikimedia Foundation
2161:Google and Knowledge
1926:Alan MacMasters hoax
1632:WikiConference India
1465:Deletion of articles
312:History of Knowledge
299:Wikimedia Foundation
273:History of Knowledge
261:No original research
250:Requests for Comment
129:Features of disputes
2199:LGBTQ and Knowledge
2176:Science information
2156:Depths of Knowledge
2089:Listen to Knowledge
1283:10.1017/lsi.2023.15
235:Mediation Committee
230:effective parties.
2327:Dispute resolution
2322:Knowledge disputes
2241:Knowledge in India
2231:Wikimedia movement
2166:Health information
2050:Knowledge Monument
2043:Viola angustifolia
1946:Henryk Batuta hoax
1941:Essjay controversy
1795:Lisa Seitz-Gruwell
1735:Dariusz Jemielniak
1584:List of Wikipedias
350:Tkacz, Nathaniel.
330:(March 17, 2009).
220:
210:Dispute resolution
179:Contentious topics
161:
110:Impact of disputes
64:
52:open collaboration
2317:Knowledge history
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2295:
2025:
2024:
2002:COVID-19 pandemic
1990:American politics
1951:Jar'Edo Wens hoax
1823:
1822:
1755:Ira Brad Matetsky
1740:Rebecca MacKinnon
1710:Florence Devouard
1325:978-0-226-19227-7
785:978-1-60558-730-1
742:978-1-4673-9743-8
652:(13): 1987–2005.
626:978-1-4503-8779-8
586:978-1-118-06034-6
559:978-1-5381-6322-1
532:978-0-203-08363-5
497:978-1-134-76624-6
467:978-1-59327-176-3
437:978-0-8047-9120-5
345:978-1-4013-0371-6
283:Muhammad cartoons
171:Black created an
145:Deletion disputes
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2221:Wiki rabbit hole
2069:Academic studies
2037:274301 Knowledge
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1730:Maryana Iskander
1705:Esra'a Al Shafei
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1483:Ignore all rules
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1277:(2): 1060–1081.
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846:(5–6): 254–265.
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1978:
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1745:Katherine Maher
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1515:Citation needed
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916:(12): pgad385.
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1504:Reliability
1453:ideological
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224:Jimmy Wales
104:gatekeeping
2306:Categories
2246:Wikiracing
2130:WikiReader
2060:References
1853:First edit
1656:Wiki Loves
1579:Edit count
1494:Plagiarism
1475:notability
1418:Censorship
1358:2024-10-01
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271:See also:
183:See also:
149:See also:
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2332:Mediation
1936:Edit wars
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1673:Monuments
1647:Wikimania
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1533:Community
1523:Vandalism
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1983:Coverage
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1408:Overview
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817:Archived
338:Hyperion
306:See also
74:abortion
2185:Related
2151:DBpedia
2120:Wapedia
2115:QRpedia
1846:Nupedia
1829:History
1683:Science
1439:Biases
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1082:July 1,
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