90:
132:
particles which were hard to come by before the development of dispersion polymerization methods. The dispersions are also used as surface coatings. Unlike solution coatings, dispersion coatings have viscosities that are independent of polymer MW. The viscosities of dispersions are advantageously lower than those of solutions with practical polymer levels. This allows for easier application of the coating.
109:
with other particles until stabilized particles form. After this point in the polymerization, growth only occurs by addition of monomer to the stabilized particles. As the polymer particles grow, stabilizer (or dispersant) molecules attach covalently to the surface. These stabilizer molecules are
131:
Particles produced by dispersion polymerization are used in a wide variety of applications. Toners, instrument calibration standards, chromatography column packing materials, liquid crystal display spacers, and biomedical and biochemical analysis all use these micron-size monodisperse particles,
76:
and the initiator, but is a non-solvent for the polymer. As the polymerization reaction proceeds, particles of polymer form, creating a non-homogeneous solution. In dispersion polymerization these particles are the locus of polymerization, with monomer being added to the particle throughout the
114:
during the reaction. Typically, one side of the stabilizer copolymer has an affinity for the solvent while the other side has an affinity for the polymer particle being formed. These molecules play a crucial role in dispersion polymerization by forming a “hairy layer” around the particles that
118:
Dispersion polymerization can produce nearly monodisperse polymer particles of 0.1–15 micrometers (μm). This is important because it fills the gap between particle size generated by conventional emulsion polymerization (0.006–0.7 μm) in batch process and that of
115:
prevents particle coagulation. This controls size and colloidal stability of the particles in the reaction system. The driving force for the particle separation is steric hindrance between the outward-facing tails of the stabilizer layers.
176:
Slomkowski, Stanislaw; Alemán, José V.; Gilbert, Robert G.; Hess, Michael; Horie, Kazuyuki; Jones, Richard G.; Kubisa, Przemyslaw; Meisel, Ingrid; Mormann, Werner; Penczek, Stanisław; Stepto, Robert F. T. (2011).
147:
is an ideal medium for dispersion polymerization for many soluble-monomer with insoluble-polymer systems. For example, polymers can be separated by releasing the high pressure under which the scCO
81:. With typical precipitation polymerization, the continuous phase (the solvent solution) is the main locus of polymerization, which is the main difference between precipitation and dispersion.
20:
178:
302:
93:
SEM-Picture of PMMA-particles fabricated by dispersion polymerization after drying / removal of the organic liquid phase (cyclohexane)
370:
151:
is held. This process is more efficient than typical drying processes. Also, the principles of dispersion polymerization with scCO
64:
process carried out in the presence of a polymeric stabilizer in the reaction medium. Dispersion polymerization is a type of
136:
65:
31:
325:"Advantages of Block Copolymer Synthesis by RAFT-Controlled Dispersion Polymerization in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide"
186:
120:
78:
179:"Terminology of polymers and polymerization processes in dispersed systems (IUPAC Recommendations 2011)"
77:
reaction. In this sense, the mechanism for polymer formation and growth has features similar to that of
336:
211:
203:
159:: low solvent toxicity, low waste, efficient atom economy, and avoidance of purification steps.
298:
344:
290:
195:
102:
98:
156:
53:
340:
105:(MW), at which point they precipitate. These initial polymer particles are unstable and
61:
364:
207:
89:
47:
Note: The process usually results in polymer particles of colloidal dimensions.
199:
106:
143:) as a solvent. Because of its unique solvent properties, supercritical CO
42:
a homogeneous system that produces polymer and results in the formation of
73:
69:
37:
349:
324:
110:
generally graft or block copolymers, and can be preformed or can form
294:
88:
135:
One dispersion polymerization system being studied is the use of
323:
Jennings, J.; Beija, M.; Kennon, Jeremy T.; et al. (2013).
281:
16:
Precipitation reaction among monomers dissolved in solution
72:
selected as the reaction medium is a good solvent for the
40:
stabilizer(s) are dissolved in a solvent forming initially
242:(3rd ed.). Academic Press. pp. 427–429.
240:The Elements of Polymer Science and Engineering
25:
8:
276:
274:
272:
270:
268:
266:
264:
318:
316:
314:
348:
253:Matyjaszewski, K.; Davis, T. P. (2002).
233:
231:
168:
7:
257:. John Wiley and Sons. p. 306.
137:supercritical liquid carbon dioxide
255:Handbook of Radical Polymerization
14:
97:At the onset of polymerization,
285:. Advances in Polymer Science.
1:
238:Rudin, A.; Choi, P. (2013).
101:until they reach a critical
66:precipitation polymerization
32:Precipitation polymerization
99:polymers remain in solution
387:
187:Pure and Applied Chemistry
121:suspension polymerization
58:dispersion polymerization
28:Dispersion polymerization
371:Polymerization reactions
200:10.1351/PAC-REC-10-06-03
85:Polymerization mechanism
79:emulsion polymerization
155:follows principles of
94:
49:
92:
34:in which monomer(s),
341:2013MaMol..46.6843J
123:(50–1000 μm).
60:is a heterogeneous
95:
44:polymer particles.
36:initiator(s), and
350:10.1021/ma401051e
335:(17): 6843–6851.
304:978-3-540-22923-0
194:(12): 2229–2259.
378:
355:
354:
352:
320:
309:
308:
278:
259:
258:
250:
244:
243:
235:
226:
225:
223:
222:
216:
210:. Archived from
183:
173:
103:molecular weight
386:
385:
381:
380:
379:
377:
376:
375:
361:
360:
359:
358:
322:
321:
312:
305:
295:10.1007/b100118
280:
279:
262:
252:
251:
247:
237:
236:
229:
220:
218:
214:
181:
175:
174:
170:
165:
157:green chemistry
154:
150:
146:
142:
129:
87:
54:polymer science
50:
46:
45:
43:
41:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
384:
382:
374:
373:
363:
362:
357:
356:
329:Macromolecules
310:
303:
260:
245:
227:
167:
166:
164:
161:
152:
148:
144:
140:
128:
125:
86:
83:
68:, meaning the
62:polymerization
19:
18:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
383:
372:
369:
368:
366:
351:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
319:
317:
315:
311:
306:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
283:Adv Polym Sci
277:
275:
273:
271:
269:
267:
265:
261:
256:
249:
246:
241:
234:
232:
228:
217:on 2013-10-20
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
188:
180:
172:
169:
162:
160:
158:
138:
133:
126:
124:
122:
116:
113:
108:
104:
100:
91:
84:
82:
80:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
48:
39:
33:
29:
22:
332:
328:
286:
282:
254:
248:
239:
219:. Retrieved
212:the original
191:
185:
171:
134:
130:
127:Applications
117:
111:
96:
57:
51:
27:
26:
289:: 299–328.
221:2017-07-14
163:References
23:definition
107:coagulate
365:Category
208:96812603
337:Bibcode
112:in situ
74:monomer
70:solvent
38:colloid
301:
206:
215:(PDF)
204:S2CID
182:(PDF)
139:(scCO
21:IUPAC
299:ISBN
345:doi
291:doi
287:175
196:doi
52:In
367::
343:.
333:46
331:.
327:.
313:^
297:.
263:^
230:^
202:.
192:83
190:.
184:.
56:,
30::
353:.
347::
339::
307:.
293::
224:.
198::
153:2
149:2
145:2
141:2
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
