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621:. It has been described as an "art gallery for science", and showcases objects from the institution's widely varying collections. "The instruments are only a fraction of the objects on display. The exhibition also includes books, documents, and artwork from CHF's collection, as well as an array of consumer products." The exhibition is organized around thematic arcs illustrative of the history of science, particularly chemistry. Displays include the influence of alchemy in early chemistry, the development of the first plastics, the development of brilliantly colored synthetic dyes, scientific advocacy for public health in the 19th and 20th centuries, and the teaching of chemistry through books and chemistry sets.
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organizations, and including biochemistry, materials science, petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals and instrumentation within its mandate. The
National Foundation for History of Chemistry was established in 1987 as a supporting Pennsylvania nonprofit. The renamed Beckman Center began a major capital campaign, listing as its needs "offices, an exhibit gallery, a reading room, library stacks, and archives and storage areas." It celebrated its inauguration on November 5, 1987. With support from the American Chemical Society's "Campaign for Chemistry", the center was able to move to 3401 Walnut Street, on the University of Pennsylvania campus, as of March 9, 1988.
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517:(SAS), to pursue the creation of an instrumentation museum. Edward Brame and other members of that committee connected with Arnold Thackray and formed the nucleus of the institution's Chemical Instrumentation Museum Group (CIMG) in 1994. In 1997, on the recommendation of the CIMG, the Chemical Heritage Foundation's board approved a collections policy for the acquisition of "historically significant chemical instruments and apparatus". Instrumentation, however, was only one of several areas of interest as the institution began to expand its collections.
349:. In December 1981, the ACS approved the establishment of the Center for the History of Chemistry, with support of $ 50,000 per year for five years, in cooperation with the University of Pennsylvania, which was to provide an equivalent in goods and services. An agreement to create the Center for the History of Chemistry was signed by officers of the American Chemical Society and the University of Pennsylvania on January 22 and 26, 1982. A policy council was appointed by the sponsoring institutions to oversee routine operations of the center, and
530:, started collecting alchemical art in the 1920s. In 2000, his collection of alchemical paintings was donated by Fisher Scientific International to the Chemical Heritage Foundation. In 2002, the institution received another gift from Roy Eddleman, founder of Spectrum Laboratories, whose collection contained paintings from the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. Together, the two collections contain more than 90 paintings and 200 works on paper illustrating the work of alchemists and their influence on the development of chemistry as a science.
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274:, creating an organization that covers "the history of the life sciences and biotechnology together with the history of the chemical sciences and engineering." As of February 1, 2018, the organization was renamed the Science History Institute, to reflect its wider range of historical interests, from chemical sciences and engineering to the life sciences and biotechnology.
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stone, alchemists created a body of knowledge about the material world through experiments and lab work, setting the stage for modern chemistry. Other highlights of the fine-art collection include oil paintings depicting such early modern chemical activities as distillation and metallurgy and watercolors showing the production process of the textile
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buildings were renovated by
Richard Conway Meyer over the next few years. Phase 1, providing temporary office space and book storage, was completed in 1998. Phase 2, a move to more permanent facilities, was completed in 2000. Phase 3, construction of the adjoining Ullyot conference space for meetings and events, began soon after.
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Artifacts: The
Science History Institute collects three-dimensional artifacts to create a representative group of material-culture objects that can be used as resources for both research and exhibition. The institute holds a variety of historical artifacts related to chemistry and chemical education,
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On July 1, 1992, the
National Foundation for History of Chemistry changed its name to the Chemical Heritage Foundation, in recognition of the international nature of chemical history. By 1994, the organization was searching for a permanent home for the Beckman Center and Othmer Library. One candidate
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Note: This article predates the opening of the 2008 museum by several years; the museum exhibit discussed here was a temporary instrumentation exhibit from 2002, not the permanent museum of 2008. Although the authors refer to the "Chemical
Heritage Foundation Scientific Instrumentation Museum", this
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The
Science History Institute is particularly interested in the origins of early science and chemistry. Its varied holdings have considerable depth both in alchemical books and fine-art depictions of early modern alchemists. The institution's collection of alchemy-related artwork, one of the largest
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Photographs: The
Science History Institute's Image Archive contains an extensive collection of photographic prints, negatives, and slides reflecting the chemical history of the past century. The institute currently holds more than 20,000 images of notable chemists, laboratories, industrial scenes,
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provided a $ 2 million challenge grant in 1986 to stimulate expansion of the center as a research institute, the Arnold and Mabel
Beckman Center for the History of Chemistry (BCHOC). Beckman challenged the center to define its mission more broadly, reaching out to academic, professional and trade
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The foundation expanded its instrument collections slowly, mostly through donations of single instruments or small groups of instruments. In 2000, the CIMG was transformed into the
Heritage Council Instruments and Artifacts Committee (HCIAC), which included staff and supporters and began meeting
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Fine Art: Strengths of the
Science History Institute's fine-art collection include the Fisher Scientific International Collection and the Roy Eddleman Collection, more than 90 paintings and 200 works on paper that unmask the world of the alchemists. In their pursuit of the elusive philosophers'
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facade. The institution bought the bank building and nearby property in 1995, in part with a matching grant from Donald Othmer. Soon afterward, its endowment was expanded by a bequest from Othmer's estate. The Chemical Heritage Foundation moved to 315 Chestnut Street on February 1, 1996. The
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and his wife, Mildred Topp Othmer. Donald Othmer was a quiet chemical engineering professor from Polytechnic University in Brooklyn. The Othmers donated $ 5 million towards the creation of the Othmer Library of Chemical History. Again, efforts to match the grant were supported by the National
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The Othmer Library: In 2004, the Othmer Library became the steward of the Roy G. Neville Historical Chemical Library, which represents one of the most comprehensive single deposits of books on the history of chemistry in the world. Roughly 6,000 titles in all, the Neville collection comprises
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Archives: The Science History Institute collects, preserves, describes, and makes available the unique, unpublished materials that document the past 200 years of scientific history. The institute actively collects archival materials from outstanding scientists, industries, and professional
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historic gatherings, and chemical artifacts. These images hold considerable interest for scholars, journalists, and publishers who are active in chemistry-related fields. Informal snapshots and personal photos capture notable scientists at work and at play, such as the polymer chemists
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and the ACS' centennial stimulated interest in history and chemistry. As part of the ACS centennial activities, John H. Wotiz of its history-of-chemistry division organized a session on the history of chemistry; he was a strong proponent of a national center for historical chemistry.
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In 1982, when the Chemical Heritage Foundation was a fledgling research organization starting out with only $ 50,000, it asked chemical engineers and experts around the country to serve as advisers on its council of friends. One of those who accepted the invitation was
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campus. Its "immediate aims" included gathering oral histories of important chemists and inventorying papers and manuscripts in repositories throughout the country to map "the largely unexplored territory of the history of chemistry and chemical technology."
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Acquisition of a permanent building finally made it possible for the institution to develop "a public museum and display area". One possible focus was the history of instrumentation. As early as 1989, the Beckman Center had requested the loan or gift of
633:, also founded by Arnold Thackray. Recognizing that the joint organization's interests extended beyond the field of chemistry, the organization began a two-year renaming process, whose outcome required the agreement of its founding partners, the
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including instrumentation. It has one of the best public collections of chemistry sets, with approximately 100 different sets from all over the world, including Australia and Germany. Other special artifact collections include The Beauty of
641:. On February 1, 2018, the organization was renamed the Science History Institute, to reflect its wider range of historical interests, extending from the chemical sciences and engineering to the life sciences and biotechnology.
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As early as 1996, the Chemical Heritage Foundation had envisioned a broadly-based museum of chemical progress in which instruments would have "a major, but not exclusive role". That vision was followed when Peter Saylor of
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Note: The 2008 museum's focus on the history of science and science's impact on culture is much broader than an "educational display of pioneering and landmark instruments": equating the two is an apples-and-oranges
297:, and relationships between science and art. It supports a community of research scholars and an oral history program. As of 2012, it was the largest U.S. grantor of research fellowships for the history of science.
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Center for Oral History: The Center for Oral History at the Science History Institute aims to create a collection of comprehensive, professionally edited interviews with leading figures in chemistry and related
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Foundation for History of Chemistry and the American Chemical Society's Campaign for Chemistry. The new library was further supported by the donation of 8,500 monographs, textbooks and reference works from
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Memorial Collection on the history of chemistry at the University of Pennsylvania, argued for the formation of such a center in Philadelphia. Thackray obtained promises of private support from chemist
893:, appeared in print three times a year until 2019, when content became digital-only. As an online resource, it continues to present stories about the history of science for a popular readership.
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As early as 1983, the Center for the History of Chemistry expressed an interest in "The Conservation of Historic American Chemical Instruments", in discussions of a possible joint project with the
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389:(AIChE) became a co-founder of the center, signing an agreement on August 27 and 28, 1984. In addition, the institution began to establish relationships with affiliated organizations such as
2668:"Chemical Heritage Foundation names Robert G. W. Anderson as president and CEO The former director of London's British Museum will take permanent helm of the chemical history organization"
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In 2004, a list of "50 Instruments That Changed the World" was identified as a basis for further expansion. In 2008, the institution released a list of its ten most wanted instruments.
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The Science History Institute presents a number of annual awards to recognize outstanding contributions to science and technology by researchers, business leaders and entrepreneurs.
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660:, under whose leadership (2008–2013) the history of science museum opened to the public in its present location, and the fellowship program expanded. Following a global search,
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materials that date from the late 15th century to the early 20th century and includes many of the most important works in the history of science and technology from this period.
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created the public museum and conference space. The Arnold O. Beckman Permanent Exhibit and the Clifford C. Hach Gallery for rotating exhibitions opened in 2008. The
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for display at the center. Some of those instruments were included in an instrumentation exhibition organized by W. Richard Howe of the University of Pittsburgh for the
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668:, Germany, was chosen in August 2013 as president and CEO of the organization. In 2016, Reinhardt returned to Germany, and his place was taken by interim president
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in Bibliography or Biography recognizes a biographical work in the field of chemical or molecular science. Established in 2006, the prize is awarded biennially.
672:. On January 11, 2017, it was announced that Anderson would take the job permanently. As of May 20, 2020, David Allen Cole, previously executive director of the
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A National Advisory Board was also formed from a wide-ranging group of people in academia and industry. In 1982, its members included John C. Haas, historians
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organizations. Spanning over 5,000 linear shelf feet, these collections are a major attraction for scholars of the history of chemical and molecular sciences.
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was appointed part-time director of the center on April 29, 1982. The center was inaugurated on March 11, 1983, in several vacant basement rooms on the
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The idea of creating "a library of reference and a chemical museum" in the United States can be found in the Proceedings of the first meeting of the
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was curated at the Chemical Heritage Foundation by David Brock, showing fifteen 20th-century instruments, including Arnold Beckman's pH meter.
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Lewenstein, Bruce V. (January 1989). ""To improve our knowledge in nature and arts": A history of chemical education in the United States".
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Transmutations : alchemy in art : selected works from the Eddleman and Fisher collections at the Chemical Heritage Foundation
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Smith, John K. (1986). ""Scaling up: Science, Engineering, and the American Chemical Industry"-Center for History of Chemistry".
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The annual Affiliate Partnership Awards, presented in conjunction with affiliate organizations, recognize achievement with the
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333:, a professor in the Department of History and Sociology of Science at the University of Pennsylvania, and curator of the
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513:(PITTCON) in 1994, and expanded in 1999. In the early 1990s, inspired by John Ferraro, a committee was formed within the
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first appeared in spring 2015, as a publication of the Chemical Heritage Foundation. It was predated by the
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Williams Haynes Portrait Collection: nearly 1,000 formal portraits of important chemists from the early 1900s
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1183:"The American Chemical Society: Proceedings of the first meeting for organization, New York, April 6, 1876"
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The Chemical Heritage Foundation's collections include such pioneering and landmark instruments as a 1934
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Brock, David (2002). "Revolutionary Tools: Instruments and the Transformation of the Chemical Sciences".
2279:"ALCHEMICAL ART : Chemical Heritage Foundation gets addition to prized collection from Roy Eddleman"
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900 Differential Thermal Analyzer, an early custom Electro-spray Ionization Mass Spectrometer used by
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1438:"Joseph Priestley, enlightened chemist an exhibit celebrating the 250th birthday of Joseph Priestley"
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1505:. Philadelphia, PA, US: Beckman Center for the History of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania.
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The annual Heritage Day Awards honor achievements in science and technology and comprise the
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2553:"The Chemical Heritage Foundation: Past, Present, and Future Interview with Arnold Thackray"
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Bohning, James J. (1988). "Chemical Instrumentation Symposium Inaugurates Beckman Center".
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The Science History Institute holds many collections relevant to the history of chemistry.
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in the world, builds upon two significant collections. Chester Garfield Fisher, founder of
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2322:"The Art of Science: Chemical Heritage Foundation takes a new approach to science museums"
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Price, Charles C. (1989). "Making History: The Challenge Met - And the Challenge Ahead".
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Travis Hignett Collection: images from the Fixed Nitrogen Research Laboratory (1920–1950)
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The Science History Institute offers many fellowships-in-residence, of varying lengths.
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under founding chair W. Richard Howe. In 2002, the institution was given hundreds of
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1704:"Chemistry Foundation Here Finds Element Of Surprise A Professor Left It Millions"
1870:"The Chemical Heritage Foundation: A growing resource for the chemical community"
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1585:. foreword by James D. Watson. Philadelphia, Pa.: Chemical Heritage Foundation.
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259:) in 1992, and moved two years later to the institution's current location, 315
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Asiamah, Akua (2000). "Groundbreaking ceremony kicks off 2000 Ullyot Lecture".
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Wotiz, John H. (2000). "History of Chemistry: The ACS Centre in Philadelphia".
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1090:"Chemical Heritage Foundation is morphing into the Science History Institute"
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for his contributions to the history of chemistry. Thackray was succeeded by
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2718:"David Allen Cole Named President and CEO of the Science History Institute"
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2584:"Haverford College President Thomas Tritton Will Take CHF Helm in January"
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The experimental blast furnace at the Fixed Nitrogen Research Laboratory
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The Arnold O. Beckman Permanent Exhibit and the Clifford C. Hach Gallery
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1756:"The Donald F. & Mildred Topp Othmer Library of Chemical History".
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In 1989, the center received a further challenge grant, this time from
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1455:(1st ed.). Philadelphia: The Center for the History of Chemistry.
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On December 1, 2015, the Chemical Heritage Foundation merged with the
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Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy
2200:"The Art And Artifacts Of Alchemy Are Relics Of Science's Early Days"
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1152:"Honoring the Othmers: Generosity, Vision, and a Transformative Gift"
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217:
2040:"History of the Chemical Heritage Scientific Instrumentation Museum"
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Scaling up: science, engineering, and the American chemical industry
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Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center for the History of Chemistry (BCHOC)
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to look at creating a national center for the history of chemistry.
2532:. Division of History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society
1278:. Division of History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society
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Chemical Heritage: Newsmagazine of the Chemical Heritage Foundation
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is an institution that preserves and promotes understanding of the
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1372:"American Institute of Chemical Engineers Joins CHOC Endeavor".
901:, published as a quarterly by the Chemical Heritage Foundation.
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The idea of a Science History Institute dates to 1976, when the
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and Chemistry and Fashion. Highlights include the Beckman IR-1
1418:"The Conservation of Historic American Chemical Instruments".
1116:"A philanthropic career: Arnold Beckman and chemical heritage"
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Chandler, Charles Frederick; Chandler, William Henry (1876).
802:
Dow Historical Collection: 20th-century industrial images
2693:"David Cole President and CEO at Science History Institute"
2381:"Perkin-Elmer donates analytical instruments to collection"
2645:"Chemical Heritage Foundation Names Carsten Reinhardt CEO"
2230:. Philadelphia: Chemical Heritage Foundation. p. 37.
652:, the institution's first president, was awarded the 1983
2137:"First Monday Library Chat: Chemical Heritage Foundation"
1959:"A Museum of Chemical Progress: A Future Option at CHF".
2108:"Alchemy is Front-Page News, Again in the Science Times"
1583:
Arnold O. Beckman : one hundred years of excellence
251:(AIChE) became a co-founder in 1984. It was renamed the
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Grand Army of the Republic Civil War Museum and Library
2019:
Swan, Elizabeth (1997). "A Letter from the Librarian".
973:
Harvard Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments
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and his wife on their wedding day. Highlights include:
395:
American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
2944:"Richard J. Bolte Sr. Award for Supporting Industries"
1631:"CHOC becomes the Beckman Center - A Landmark Event".
1440:. Philadelphia: Center for History of Chemistry. 1983.
424:
During the 1980s, the center came to the attention of
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American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists
63:
Chemical Heritage Foundation (1992 – February 1, 2018)
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An RCA Model EMT3 Desktop electron microscope in 1950
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United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
2078:"Setting The Record Straight (letter to the editor)"
1980:
The Beckman Center for the History of Chemistry News
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The Beckman Center for the History of Chemistry News
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The Beckman Center for the History of Chemistry News
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The Beckman Center for the History of Chemistry News
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The Beckman Center for the History of Chemistry News
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The Beckman Center for the History of Chemistry News
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Richard J. Bolte Sr. Award for Supporting Industries
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Model 125 Infrared Grating Spectrophotometer, and a
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3100:"Roy G. Neville Prize in Bibliography or Biography"
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Exhibition gallery of the Science History Institute
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231:It was founded in 1982 as a joint venture of the
3435:Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University
1606:Achilladelis, Basil; Bowden, Mary Ellen (1989).
1391:Bowden, Mary Ellen; Flaumenhaft, Daniel (1997).
799:Joseph Labovsky Collection: the history of nylon
325:In 1979, the ACS formed a task force chaired by
1501:Heitmann, John Alfred; Rhees, David J. (1990).
1353:"Center for History of Chemistry Inaugurated".
492:"Old Faithful" bakelite cooker model, in museum
61:Center for the History of Chemistry (1982–1992)
2621:. Chemical Heritage Foundation. Archived from
2038:Ferraro, John R.; Brame Jr, Edward G. (2002).
1397:. Philadelphia: Chemical Heritage Foundation.
1304:. Chemical Heritage Foundation. Archived from
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2315:
2313:
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2224:Principe, Lawrence M.; DeWitt, Lloyd (2002).
1669:University of Pennsylvania (March 15, 1988).
1295:
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664:, a professor of the history of science from
8:
1940:"CHF Move to Independence Park Draws Near".
1552:"Arnold O. Beckman and CHF: A Brief History"
1219:"ACS History Society Reaches 125th Birthday"
1212:
1210:
1208:
1003:
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999:
997:
565:'s Automated Peptide Synthesizer created by
30:
2014:
2012:
1702:Quinones Miller, Karen E. (July 14, 1988).
1334:"Center for History of Chemistry Created".
1083:
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3647:National Museum of American Jewish History
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2892:"Science History Institute Awards Program"
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889:The Science History Institute's magazine,
36:
29:
2258:"Famed Fisher Collection A Gift to CHF".
1902:"CHF Headquarters - Under construction".
1697:
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1693:
1691:
1581:Arnold Thackray; Minor Myers Jr. (2000).
1025:
1023:
270:On December 1, 2015, CHF merged with the
2320:Arnaud, Celia Henry (October 27, 2008).
1453:Polymers and People: An Informal History
1054:
1052:
983:Whipple Museum of the History of Science
846:Pandora, das ist, Die edleste Gab Gottes
786:on a fishing trip and chemical engineer
639:American Institute of Chemical Engineers
387:American Institute of Chemical Engineers
249:American Institute of Chemical Engineers
3964:Research libraries in the United States
3440:African American Museum in Philadelphia
2854:. Science History Institute. 2016-07-05
1302:"The Power of John C. Haas's Good Name"
993:
835:
678:
3500:Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site
1088:Salisbury, Stephan (January 3, 2018).
828:'s electrospray mass spectrometer and
407:American Society for Mass Spectrometry
3717:Thaddeus Kosciuszko National Memorial
3652:Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts
3570:Independence National Historical Park
2415:"Making Modernity: A Gallery Preview"
2076:Jarnutowski, Robert J. (2 Feb 2009).
2064:was never the museum's official name.
861:The Alchemist's Experiment Takes Fire
484:Chemical Heritage Foundation building
147:
7:
2277:Morrissey, Susan R. (July 8, 2002).
1803:Historical American Buildings Survey
1775:"The Chemical Heritage Foundation".
943:, the Franklin-Lavoisier Prize, the
577:by Stephen P. DeFalco, president of
463:building at 315 Chestnut Street, an
3929:1982 establishments in Pennsylvania
3870:2016 Democratic National Convention
3622:Masonic Temple, Library, and Museum
832:'s solid-phase peptide synthesizer.
430:Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation
341:and institutional support from the
321:Center for the History of Chemistry
241:Center for the History of Chemistry
3565:Historical Society of Pennsylvania
3450:American Swedish Historical Museum
2666:Everts, Sarah (January 12, 2017).
1997:"Pittcon looks back at 50 years".
437:Othmer Library of Chemical History
25:
3959:Organizations established in 1982
3707:Shofuso Japanese House and Garden
3627:Museum of the American Revolution
2647:. Chemical Processing. 2013-06-05
1610:. Philadelphia, Pa.: The Center.
42:The Science History Institute in
27:U,S, library, museum, and archive
3902:
3893:
3892:
3727:Wagner Free Institute of Science
3617:Marian Anderson Residence Museum
2619:"Tritton to retire in June 2013"
2502:"25 June 08: Chemical substance"
2385:Pharmaceutical Technology Europe
2172:. October: 18–21. Archived from
1125:. October: 32–33. Archived from
868:
853:
838:
717:
705:
693:
681:
515:Society for Applied Spectroscopy
465:1866 masonry-and-brick structure
151:
146:
3969:Science museums in Pennsylvania
3560:Historical Society of Frankford
2672:Chemical & Engineering News
2588:Chemical & Engineering News
2326:Chemical & Engineering News
2283:Chemical & Engineering News
2082:Chemical & Engineering News
1978:"Wanted: Beckman Instruments".
1831:"CHF Approaches Independence".
1224:Chemical & Engineering News
1217:Reese, K. M.; Ritter, Stephen.
3934:Chestnut Street (Philadelphia)
3607:La Salle University Art Museum
3445:American Philosophical Society
3048:"Petrochemical Heritage Award"
2996:"Biotechnology Heritage Award"
2582:Reisch, Marc S. (2007-06-25).
876:Trouble Comes to the Alchemist
554:B5 Single-Pan Balance, a 1963
1:
3592:Institute of Contemporary Art
2557:Chemical Information Bulletin
2391:(9): 10. 2002. Archived from
2163:"Chemical heritage in the US"
1671:"Moves to 3401 Walnut Street"
1518:Journal of Chemical Education
1060:"CHF and LSF Announce Merger"
978:Ullyot Public Affairs Lecture
559:
277:The institute focuses on the
81:
3692:Rosenbach Museum and Library
3667:Philadelphia's Magic Gardens
3637:National Constitution Center
2617:Gussman, Neil (2012-10-09).
2551:Baykoucheva, Svetla (2008).
2198:Woo, Kelly (June 19, 2000).
2106:Gussman, Neil (2010-10-15).
1556:Chemical Heritage Foundation
1156:Chemical Heritage Foundation
945:Petrochemical Heritage Award
941:Biotechnology Heritage Award
676:, became president and CEO.
454:Chemical Heritage Foundation
253:Chemical Heritage Foundation
3657:Philadelphia History Museum
3582:Independence Seaport Museum
3555:Historic Strawberry Mansion
1273:"John H. Wotiz (1919–2001)"
3985:
3949:History of science museums
3662:Philadelphia Museum of Art
3535:Glen Foerd on the Delaware
3510:Fabric Workshop and Museum
3490:Eastern State Penitentiary
3022:"Franklin-Lavoisier Prize"
2600:10.1021/cen-v085n026.p011a
2419:Chemical Heritage Magazine
2361:. University of Pittsburgh
1794:Overby, Osmund R. (2013).
899:Chemical Heritage Magazine
619:Ralph Appelbaum Associates
355:University of Pennsylvania
237:University of Pennsylvania
3888:
3702:Science History Institute
3697:Ryerss Museum and Library
3455:Athenaeum of Philadelphia
3137:Science History Institute
3104:Science History Institute
3078:Science History Institute
3052:Science History Institute
3026:Science History Institute
3000:Science History Institute
2974:Science History Institute
2948:Science History Institute
2922:Science History Institute
2896:Science History Institute
2878:Science History Institute
2838:Science History Institute
2820:Science History Institute
2802:Science History Institute
2784:Science History Institute
2766:Science History Institute
2762:"Center for Oral History"
2748:Science History Institute
2722:Science History Institute
2338:10.1021/cen-v086n043.p034
2295:10.1021/cen-v080n027.p030
2204:The Philadelphia Inquirer
1709:The Philadelphia Inquirer
1035:Science History Institute
928:and, in conjunction with
674:Hagley Museum and Library
635:American Chemical Society
625:Science History Institute
307:American Chemical Society
233:American Chemical Society
198:Science History Institute
71:22 January 1982
51:
35:
31:Science History Institute
3550:Hill–Physick–Keith House
3495:Ebenezer Maxwell Mansion
3074:"Pittcon Heritage Award"
2527:"Arnold Thackray 1939–)"
631:Life Sciences Foundation
476:Creating a public museum
291:research and development
272:Life Sciences Foundation
18:Distillations (magazine)
3954:Museums in Philadelphia
3642:National Liberty Museum
1877:Chemistry International
1016:(1): 16–22. 2000-02-01.
607:Dagit•Saylor Architects
403:Electrochemical Society
367:Alfred D. Chandler, Jr.
3939:Heritage organizations
3530:Germantown White House
3412:Southwest Philadelphia
3402:Northwest Philadelphia
3390:Northeast Philadelphia
2970:"Winthrop-Sears Medal"
2852:"Distillations: About"
2170:Chemistry in Australia
2161:Gussman, Neil (2012).
1468:Technology and Culture
1451:Elliott, Eric (1986).
1394:Chemistry is electric!
1123:Chemistry in Australia
1114:Gussman, Neil (2012).
1008:"The History of CHF".
949:Pittcon Heritage Award
758:
750:
739:
613:permanent exhibition,
601:
534:Instrument collections
521:Alchemical collections
493:
485:
426:Arnold Orville Beckman
224:, research center and
3515:Fairmount Water Works
2463:"CHF's Most Wanted".
2413:Greco, JoAnn (2008).
1796:"First National Bank"
1094:Philadelphia Inquirer
756:
745:
737:
670:Robert G. W. Anderson
599:
491:
483:
375:Christian B. Anfinsen
314:nation's bicentennial
287:history of technology
173:Market–Frankford Line
143:Public transit access
3944:History of chemistry
3178:City of Philadelphia
2482:"A Museum at CHF?".
1850:"CHF on the Move!".
1231:(13): March 26, 2001
1187:The American Chemist
956:Roy G. Neville Prize
934:Winthrop-Sears Medal
666:Bielefeld University
542:Model G pH Meter, a
507:DU spectrophotometer
501:such as the Beckman
363:Margaret W. Rossiter
343:Dow Chemical Company
279:history of chemistry
111:History of chemistry
3732:Woodmere Art Museum
3672:Please Touch Museum
2918:"Othmer Gold Medal"
2141:The Recipes Project
1812:on 14 December 2013
1639:(1): 1,11,14. 1988.
1530:1989JChEd..66...37L
1342:(1): 1–3, 11. 1982.
583:Revolutionary Tools
499:Beckman Instruments
461:First National Bank
369:and at least three
32:
3597:John Johnson House
3525:Franklin Institute
3407:South Philadelphia
3368:North Philadelphia
3275:Historic Landmarks
2697:People on the Move
2114:on August 14, 2013
1764:(2): insert. 1989.
1608:Structures of life
932:of New York, the
930:The Chemists' Club
759:
751:
740:
617:, was designed by
602:
494:
486:
448:The Chemists' Club
391:The Chemists' Club
295:science on society
283:history of science
202:history of science
115:History of science
3916:
3915:
3875:Philadelphia Mint
3842:Independence Hall
3575:Independence Hall
3460:Barnes Foundation
3417:West Philadelphia
3340:Police Department
3320:District Attorney
3270:Sites of interest
2606:on July 12, 2016.
2484:Chemical Heritage
2465:Chemical Heritage
2446:Chemical Heritage
2395:on July 12, 2016.
2359:"W. Richard Howe"
2260:Chemical Heritage
2135:DiMeo, Michelle.
2021:Chemical Heritage
1999:Chemical Heritage
1961:Chemical Heritage
1942:Chemical Heritage
1923:Chemical Heritage
1904:Chemical Heritage
1852:Chemical Heritage
1833:Chemical Heritage
1783:(2): 1, 16. 1992.
1592:978-0-941901-23-9
1404:978-0-941901-17-8
1255:Chemical Heritage
922:Othmer Gold Medal
822:spectrophotometer
784:Carl Shipp Marvel
780:Wallace Carothers
712:Carsten Reinhardt
662:Carsten Reinhardt
658:Thomas R. Tritton
611:Arnold O. Beckman
528:Fisher Scientific
467:with a two-story
226:conference center
194:
193:
16:(Redirected from
3976:
3906:
3896:
3895:
3837:Carpenters' Hall
3480:Civil War Museum
3475:Betsy Ross House
3465:Bartram's Garden
3179:
3170:
3163:
3156:
3147:
3133:
3132:
3130:Official website
3116:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3007:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2625:on July 12, 2016
2614:
2608:
2607:
2602:. Archived from
2579:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2531:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2410:
2397:
2396:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2317:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2179:on March 4, 2016
2178:
2167:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2132:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2110:. Archived from
2103:
2097:
2096:
2090:
2088:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2060:
2058:
2044:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2016:
2007:
2006:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1874:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1811:
1805:. Archived from
1800:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1723:Donald F. Othmer
1717:
1716:
1699:
1686:
1685:
1675:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1562:on July 12, 2016
1558:. Archived from
1548:
1542:
1541:
1538:10.1021/ed066p37
1513:
1507:
1506:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1331:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1308:on July 12, 2016
1297:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1277:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1250:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1214:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1158:. Archived from
1148:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1131:
1120:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1085:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1056:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1027:
1018:
1017:
1005:
872:
857:
842:
830:Bruce Merrifield
721:
709:
697:
685:
615:Making Modernity
567:Bruce Merrifield
564:
561:
443:Donald F. Othmer
383:Glenn T. Seaborg
379:Herbert C. Brown
335:Edgar Fahs Smith
293:, the impact of
212:, it includes a
190:
187:
185:
155:
150:
149:
138:David Allen Cole
78:
76:
40:
33:
21:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3973:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3912:
3884:
3832:Delaware Valley
3820:
3784:
3741:
3682:RittenhouseTown
3602:John Ruan House
3505:Elfreth's Alley
3470:Belmont Mansion
3421:
3349:
3345:School district
3330:Fire Department
3291:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3119:
3109:
3107:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3083:
3081:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3057:
3055:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3031:
3029:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3005:
3003:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2979:
2977:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2953:
2951:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2927:
2925:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2901:
2899:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2857:
2855:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2727:
2725:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2701:
2699:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2676:
2674:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2650:
2648:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2628:
2626:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2566:
2564:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2510:
2508:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2490:(2): 8–9. 1996.
2481:
2480:
2476:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2428:
2426:
2412:
2411:
2400:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2364:
2362:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2342:
2340:
2319:
2318:
2309:
2299:
2297:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2208:
2206:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2165:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2145:
2143:
2134:
2133:
2126:
2117:
2115:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2086:
2084:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2056:
2054:
2042:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2018:
2017:
2010:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1886:
1884:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1858:(2): 7–8. 1996.
1849:
1848:
1844:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1798:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1714:
1712:
1701:
1700:
1689:
1673:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1593:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1565:
1563:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1480:10.2307/3105331
1465:
1464:
1460:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1380:(1): 1–3. 1984.
1371:
1370:
1366:
1361:(3): 1–3. 1983.
1352:
1351:
1347:
1333:
1332:
1321:
1311:
1309:
1300:Gussman, Neil.
1299:
1298:
1291:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1252:
1251:
1244:
1234:
1232:
1216:
1215:
1206:
1196:
1194:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1165:
1163:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1098:
1096:
1087:
1086:
1079:
1069:
1067:
1058:
1057:
1050:
1040:
1038:
1029:
1028:
1021:
1007:
1006:
995:
991:
964:
915:
907:
887:
878:
873:
864:
858:
849:
843:
732:
725:
724:Robert Anderson
722:
713:
710:
701:
698:
689:
688:Arnold Thackray
686:
650:Arnold Thackray
647:
627:
594:
562:
536:
523:
478:
456:
439:
422:
351:Arnold Thackray
331:Arnold Thackray
323:
309:(ACS) in 1876.
303:
261:Chestnut Street
186:.sciencehistory
182:
129:Arnold Thackray
119:Instrumentation
88:Chestnut Street
74:
72:
62:
58:
47:
46:in October 2019
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3982:
3980:
3972:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3921:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3900:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3751:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3431:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3383:Olney-Oak Lane
3380:
3375:
3365:
3359:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3301:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3287:Transportation
3284:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3267:
3262:
3260:Notable people
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3134:
3123:
3122:External links
3120:
3118:
3117:
3091:
3065:
3039:
3013:
2987:
2961:
2935:
2909:
2883:
2865:
2843:
2825:
2807:
2789:
2771:
2753:
2735:
2709:
2684:
2658:
2636:
2609:
2574:
2543:
2518:
2506:Philly Skyline
2493:
2474:
2471:(2): 16. 2008.
2455:
2436:
2398:
2372:
2350:
2307:
2269:
2266:(2): 11. 2000.
2250:
2236:
2216:
2190:
2153:
2124:
2098:
2068:
2030:
2008:
2005:(1): 35. 1999.
1989:
1970:
1951:
1932:
1913:
1910:(2): 13. 1998.
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1508:
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1474:(4): 832–834.
1458:
1443:
1429:
1426:(3): 12. 1983.
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1066:. Oct 14, 2015
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968:Burndy Library
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3847:Congress Hall
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3632:MĂĽtter Museum
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3355:Neighborhoods
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2910:
2897:
2893:
2887:
2884:
2880:. 2016-05-31.
2879:
2875:
2874:"Fellowships"
2869:
2866:
2853:
2847:
2844:
2840:. 2016-05-31.
2839:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2822:. 2016-05-31.
2821:
2817:
2811:
2808:
2804:. 2016-05-31.
2803:
2799:
2798:"Photographs"
2793:
2790:
2786:. 2016-05-31.
2785:
2781:
2775:
2772:
2767:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2750:. 2016-06-27.
2749:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2724:. 18 May 2020
2723:
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2332:(43): 34–36.
2331:
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2289:(27): 30–32.
2288:
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2239:
2237:9780941901321
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2083:
2079:
2072:
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2065:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1990:
1986:(3): 9. 1989.
1985:
1981:
1974:
1971:
1967:(1): 7. 1995.
1966:
1962:
1955:
1952:
1948:(2): 3. 1995.
1947:
1943:
1936:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1895:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1843:
1839:(2): 1. 1992.
1838:
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1665:
1662:
1658:(2): 1,11–15.
1657:
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1643:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1624:
1619:
1617:9780941901079
1613:
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1368:
1365:
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1320:
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1303:
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1249:
1247:
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1226:
1225:
1220:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1193:(11): 401–402
1192:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1174:
1162:on 2016-07-12
1161:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1144:
1132:on 2016-03-04
1128:
1124:
1117:
1110:
1107:
1095:
1091:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1053:
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1036:
1032:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
994:
988:
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981:
979:
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974:
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969:
966:
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961:
959:
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950:
946:
942:
937:
935:
931:
927:
923:
918:
912:
910:
904:
902:
900:
896:
895:Distillations
892:
891:Distillations
885:
884:Distillations
882:
877:
871:
866:
862:
856:
851:
847:
841:
836:
831:
827:
823:
819:
814:
811:
806:
801:
798:
795:
792:
791:
789:
788:Donald Othmer
785:
781:
776:
772:
768:
764:
763:
762:
755:
748:
744:
736:
729:
720:
715:
708:
703:
696:
691:
684:
679:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
644:
642:
640:
636:
632:
624:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
598:
591:
589:
586:
584:
580:
576:
570:
568:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
533:
531:
529:
520:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
490:
482:
475:
473:
470:
466:
462:
453:
451:
450:of New York.
449:
444:
436:
434:
431:
427:
419:
417:
415:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
359:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
320:
318:
315:
310:
308:
300:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
275:
273:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
204:. Located in
203:
199:
189:
181:
177:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
145:
141:
137:
133:
130:
127:
123:
120:
116:
112:
108:
105:
101:
98:, 19106, U.S.
97:
93:
89:
85:
70:
66:
60:
54:
50:
45:
39:
34:
19:
3863:
3852:Liberty Bell
3701:
3687:Rodin Museum
3520:Fort Mifflin
3335:Free Library
3315:City Council
3235:Demographics
3215:Bibliography
3210:Architecture
3108:. Retrieved
3106:. 2016-07-05
3103:
3094:
3082:. Retrieved
3080:. 2016-05-31
3077:
3068:
3056:. Retrieved
3054:. 2016-05-31
3051:
3042:
3030:. Retrieved
3028:. 2016-05-31
3025:
3016:
3004:. Retrieved
3002:. 2016-05-31
2999:
2990:
2978:. Retrieved
2976:. 2016-05-31
2973:
2964:
2952:. Retrieved
2950:. 2016-05-31
2947:
2938:
2926:. Retrieved
2924:. 2016-05-31
2921:
2912:
2900:. Retrieved
2898:. 2016-06-27
2895:
2886:
2877:
2868:
2856:. Retrieved
2846:
2837:
2828:
2819:
2810:
2801:
2792:
2783:
2774:
2765:
2756:
2747:
2744:"Rare Books"
2738:
2726:. Retrieved
2721:
2712:
2700:. Retrieved
2696:
2687:
2675:. Retrieved
2671:
2661:
2649:. Retrieved
2639:
2627:. Retrieved
2623:the original
2612:
2604:the original
2591:
2587:
2577:
2565:. Retrieved
2560:
2556:
2546:
2534:. Retrieved
2521:
2509:. Retrieved
2505:
2496:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2427:. Retrieved
2422:
2418:
2393:the original
2388:
2384:
2375:
2363:. Retrieved
2353:
2341:. Retrieved
2329:
2325:
2298:. Retrieved
2286:
2282:
2272:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2241:. Retrieved
2226:
2219:
2207:. Retrieved
2203:
2193:
2181:. Retrieved
2174:the original
2169:
2156:
2144:. Retrieved
2140:
2116:. Retrieved
2112:the original
2101:
2092:
2085:. Retrieved
2081:
2071:
2062:
2055:. Retrieved
2050:
2047:Spectroscopy
2046:
2033:
2024:
2020:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1885:. Retrieved
1880:
1876:
1864:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1814:. Retrieved
1807:the original
1802:
1789:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1761:
1757:
1751:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1719:
1713:. Retrieved
1707:
1681:
1677:
1664:
1655:
1651:
1645:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1607:
1601:
1582:
1576:
1564:. Retrieved
1560:the original
1555:
1546:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1502:
1496:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1452:
1446:
1432:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1393:
1386:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1339:
1335:
1312:23 September
1310:. Retrieved
1306:the original
1280:. Retrieved
1267:
1258:
1254:
1233:. Retrieved
1228:
1222:
1195:. Retrieved
1190:
1186:
1176:
1164:. Retrieved
1160:the original
1155:
1146:
1134:. Retrieved
1127:the original
1122:
1109:
1097:. Retrieved
1093:
1068:. Retrieved
1063:
1039:. Retrieved
1037:. 2016-05-31
1034:
1013:
1009:
953:
938:
919:
916:
908:
898:
894:
890:
888:
883:
875:
860:
845:
760:
654:Dexter Award
648:
628:
614:
603:
587:
582:
571:
556:Perkin-Elmer
548:John B. Fenn
537:
524:
495:
457:
440:
423:
411:
360:
339:John C. Haas
324:
311:
304:
289:, trends in
276:
269:
256:
252:
244:
240:
230:
210:Pennsylvania
206:Philadelphia
197:
195:
103:Key holdings
96:Pennsylvania
92:Philadelphia
44:Philadelphia
3811:Rittenhouse
3722:Penn Museum
3677:Powel House
3587:Insectarium
3395:River Wards
3378:Upper North
3373:Lower North
3363:Center City
3282:Skyscrapers
2094:comparison.
1929:(4): 10–11.
1816:15 November
1261:(3): 45–46.
1070:19 November
1064:PR Newswire
905:Fellowships
730:Collections
700:Tom Tritton
579:PerkinElmer
575:instruments
563: 1980
414:Smithsonian
371:Nobel Prize
68:Established
57:Former name
3923:Categories
3816:Washington
3737:Wyck House
3612:Lemon Hill
3297:Government
2816:"Fine Art"
2780:"Archives"
2677:17 January
2594:(26): 11.
2563:(2): 10–13
2425:(1): 21–25
2118:2013-06-24
1715:2008-10-22
1099:1 February
989:References
75:1982-01-22
3305:City Hall
3245:Education
3220:Companies
2834:"Objects"
2536:1 January
1883:(1). 1998
1745:(2): 1–2.
1524:(1): 37.
1420:CHOC News
1374:CHOC News
1355:CHOC News
1336:CHOC News
1282:1 January
1031:"History"
826:John Fenn
550:, a 1947
373:winners,
239:, as the
135:President
3898:Category
3801:Franklin
3775:Phillies
3770:Freedoms
3485:Cliveden
3198:Timeline
3110:23 March
3084:23 March
3058:24 March
3032:24 March
3006:24 March
2980:23 March
2954:23 March
2928:23 March
2902:24 March
2858:June 15,
2567:19 March
2511:17 March
2452:(3): 39.
2429:10 March
2365:18 March
2343:17 March
2300:18 March
2243:18 March
2209:17 March
2183:10 March
2146:19 March
2027:(1): 15.
1887:18 March
1566:12 March
1235:11 March
1197:19 March
1166:11 March
1136:10 March
1041:27 March
962:See also
947:and the
818:Bakelite
637:and the
505:and the
503:pH meter
459:was the
405:and the
265:Old City
235:and the
83:Location
3825:Related
3789:Squares
3712:Stenton
3427:Museums
3325:Airport
3240:Economy
3230:Culture
3225:Cuisine
3193:History
3141:YouTube
2651:26 June
2629:26 June
1678:Almanac
1526:Bibcode
1488:3105331
924:, the
770:fields.
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