498:. The three-commissioner system was replaced by a government headed by a single mayor-commissioner, an assistant mayor-commissioner, and a nine-member district council, all appointed by the president. The mayor-commissioner and his assistant served four-year terms, while the council served three-year terms. While the council was officially nonpartisan, no more than six council members could be of the same political party. Council members were expected to work part-time. All council members, and either the mayor-commissioner or his assistant, were required to have been residents of the District of Columbia for the three years preceding appointment. All were required to be District residents while serving their terms in office.
905:, and the Supreme Court building. If the District were returned to Maryland, exclusive jurisdiction over the district by Congress would be terminated. Citizens in D.C. would gain voting representation in Congress as residents of Maryland. Potential obstacles to retrocession include the need for approval by the State of Maryland and the preference of many District residents for independent statehood. Further, retrocession may require a constitutional amendment as the District's role as the seat of government is mandated by the District Clause of the U.S. Constitution. Retrocession could also alter the idea of a separate national capital as envisioned by the U.S. Founding Fathers.
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them with a large majority. It can also pass legislation for the district without approval from residents or the local government and even revoke the home rule charter altogether. District leaders have long complained about the interventionist approach that
Congress members who have no particular attachment to the district take in dealing with the District's local affairs. However, when confronted by hot-button political issues such as the death penalty, gun control, or gay marriage, members of Congress are often pressured to cast votes consistent with the beliefs of their constituents, regardless of the law's effect on the district.
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563:(ANCs). ANCs traditionally wield a great deal of influence, and the district government routinely considers their suggestions carefully. The Council has the ability to pass local laws and ordinances. However, pursuant to the Home Rule Act all legislation passed by the District of Columbia government, including the district's local budget, remains subject to the approval of Congress.
368:. As permitted by the U.S. Constitution, the initial shape of the federal district was a square, measuring 10 miles (16 km) on each side, totaling 100 square miles (260 km). The Residence Act also provided for the selection of a three-member board of commissioners, appointed by the President, charged with overseeing the construction of the new capital.
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bill moving to the Senate, although it was not passed there. Further, like the issue of retrocession, opponents argue that statehood would violate the
District Clause of the U.S. Constitution, and erode the principle of a separate federal district as the seat of government. D.C. statehood could therefore require a constitutional amendment.
674:, which serves as the highest local appeals court in District of Columbia. Although the local courts are technically the third branch of the D.C. government, they are funded and operated by the United States federal government. Though operated by the federal government, the District's local courts are separate from the
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in the district, and prohibiting the expenditure of funds to lobby for greater representation in
Congress. In other instances, however, the Congress has implemented a more active approach in exercising its authority over the District. For example, legislation was passed in 1992 mandating a referendum
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Congress has intervened in the
District's local affairs several times since the Home Rule Act in 1973. In most instances, Congress has prohibited the District from spending funds to implement laws passed by the district council instead of directly overturning them. Most notable was the prohibition on
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Note: The plan that this web page describes identifies the plan's author as "Peter
Charles L'Enfant". The web page nevertheless identifies the author as "Pierre-Charles L'Enfant." L'Enfant identified himself as "Peter Charles L'Enfant" during most of his life, while residing in the United States. He
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Despite a push by many
Republicans and conservative Democrats in the House of Representatives to reject Johnson's plan, the House of Representatives accepted the new form of government for the District by a vote of 244 to 160. Johnson said that the new District government would be more effective and
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During the Civil War, the district experienced a large increase in its population; by 1870, the
District's population had grown to nearly 132,000. Despite the district's growth, District still had dirt roads and lacked basic sanitation; the situation was so bad that some members of Congress proposed
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In 1802, the board of commissioners was disbanded, and the City of
Washington was officially incorporated. The city's incorporation allowed for a local municipal government consisting of a mayor appointed by the President and two branches of a city council, popularly elected. The local colonial-era
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gives the
Congress power to grant statehood; the House of Representatives voted on D.C. statehood in November 1993, and the proposal was defeated by a vote of 277 to 153. The House of Representatives again voted on D.C statehood in June 2020 and the proposal passed by a vote of 232 to 180 with the
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as mayor. Two weeks after the election, members of
Congress submitted legislation to alter the charter of the City of Washington to remove the city's elected government. However, the bill was unable to pass the Congress due to disputes among members about the status of slavery in the District. The
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The process of uniting the District of Columbia with the State of Maryland is referred to as retrocession. The District was originally formed out of parts of both Maryland and Virginia. However, the portion ceded by Virginia was returned to that state in 1846; all the land in present-day D.C. was
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Even though the District of Columbia has an elected mayor and district council, significant congressional oversight of the District's local affairs remains in place. Congress has the power to review all bills passed by the council and can prevent them from taking effect even if the council passed
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charged with oversight of the district, known as the District committees, were also originally believed to be unimportant compared to other committees with greater scope and authority. As such, those appointed to the District committees were often less-respected members of Congress. For example,
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Council members had the quasi-legislative powers of the former Board of Commissioners, approving the budget and setting real estate tax rates. The mayor-commissioner could, without any Congressional approval, consolidate District agencies and transfer money between agencies, powers the preceding
443:, the District developed a complicated, piecemeal government. Three distinct authorities over Washington County and the two cities, Washington and Georgetown, remained intact. In 1861, as the first step toward political consolidation, those three bodies were granted shared authority over the new
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If the District of Columbia were to become a state, Congress would no longer have exclusive authority over the district, and residents would have full voting representation in Congress, including the Senate. However, there are some constitutional considerations with any such statehood proposal.
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The most significant intrusion into the district's local affairs since the Home Rule Act was when Congress removed the district's authority to control its finances in the mid-1990s. The situation was a result of mismanagement and waste in the district's local government, particularly during the
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into a single district government for the whole District of Columbia. In the same Organic Act, Congress created a territorial government which consisted of a legislative assembly with an upper house composed of eleven council members appointed by the President and a 22-member house of delegates
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and other organizations have estimated that these revenue restrictions create a structural deficit in the district's budget of anywhere between $ 470 million and over $ 1 billion per year. While Congress typically provides larger grants to the District for federal programs such as
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In 1874, Congress abolished the District's local government in favor of direct rule. The territorial government was replaced by a three-member Board of Commissioners, consisting of two members appointed by the President with the approval of the Senate, and a third member selected from the
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Advocates of more significant D.C. home rule have proposed several reforms to increase the District's independence from Congress. These proposals generally involve either limiting oversight or allowing the state of Maryland take back the land it ceded to form the District.
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Before 1874 and since 1973, Congress has allowed certain powers of government to be carried out by locally elected officials. However, Congress maintains the power to overturn local laws and exercises greater oversight of the district than exists for any
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back to the states of Maryland and Virginia. The efforts to return the northern portion of the District failed; however, the citizens of the District's southern territory of Alexandria successfully petitioned to retrocede that area to Virginia in 1846.
487:, with one of the three members selected to act as President of the Board. This form of government continued for nearly a century. Between 1948 and 1966, six bills were introduced in Congress to provide some form of home rule, but none ever passed.
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envisioned that Congress would devolve some of this power to the local level. For example, Madison stated in the Federalist No. 43 that "a municipal legislature for local purposes, derived from their own suffrages, will of course be allowed them."
845:. As part of the restructuring arrangement, the appointed members of the Financial Control Board had the authority to approve all district spending; however, Congress also agreed to provide more funding for federally mandated programs such as
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The fact that the U.S. Attorneys in the District of Columbia are neither elected nor appointed by district officials leads to criticism that the prosecutors are not responsive to the needs of residents. Efforts to create the position of D.C.
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The phrase "exclusive legislation in all Cases whatsoever" has been interpreted to mean that Congress is the ultimate authority over the District, thereby limiting local self-government by the District of Columbia's residents. However, the
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won election in 1998. His administration oversaw a period of greater prosperity, urban renewal, and budget surpluses. The District regained control over its finances in September 2001, and the oversight board's operations were suspended.
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crimes, such as robbery, murder, aggravated assault, grand theft, and arson. This setup differs from elsewhere in the country where 93% of local prosecutors are directly elected and the remainder are appointed by local elected officials.
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447:, founded to enforce the law throughout the District. Its oversight board of five commissioners named by the President included one representing Georgetown, one from the county of Washington, and three from the city of Washington.
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To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United
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once part of Maryland. If both the Congress and the Maryland state legislature agreed, jurisdiction over the District of Columbia could be returned to Maryland, possibly excluding a small tract of land immediately surrounding the
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right to gun ownership. However, the ruling does not prohibit all forms of gun control, and pro-gun rights members of Congress are still attempting to repeal remaining gun regulations such as the District's "assault weapon" ban.
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The Home Rule Act prohibits the District from imposing a commuter tax on non-residents, who comprise over 60% of the district's workforce. In addition, over 50% of property in the District is also exempt from taxation. The
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The President of the United States appoints the district's local judges from a group of nominees selected by a judicial nomination commission. All presidential nominees are then confirmed by the U.S. Senate. The local
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in Congress. The district's unique status creates a situation where District of Columbia residents have neither complete control over their local government nor voting representation in the body with complete control.
421:. In 1812, the council was given the power to elect the mayor of the City of Washington. In 1820, the Congress granted the City of Washington a new charter, which allowed for a mayor popularly elected by voters.
619:, analysts claim that the payments do not resolve the imbalance. The proposed FY 2017 budget figures show the District raising about $ 10 billion in local revenue out of a proposed FY 2017 $ 13.4 billion budget.
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regained attention in 2008. The D.C. district attorney would be elected and have jurisdiction over all local criminal cases, streamlining prosecution and making the justice system more accountable to residents.
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D.C. has allowed non-citizen residents, regardless of immigration status, to vote in local elections since February 23, 2023. Non-citizen D.C. residents are only eligible to vote in elections for local offices
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The District committees were largely restructured in the late 1970s and were downgraded to subcommittees in the 1990s. Currently, the District of Columbia is overseen in the House of Representatives by the
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379:, founded in 1749. A new "federal city" called the City of Washington was under construction, partly habitable, on the north bank of the Potomac, to the east of the established settlement at Georgetown.
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At its formation, the District consisted of five political subdivisions: the three cities of Washington, Georgetown, and Alexandria, and the unincorporated rural sections organized into two counties:
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While maintaining its authority over the District, several legislative proposals have been made for Congress to restrain the degree of oversight significantly. These initiatives include:
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1133:: "(a) In General.—The purposes of this chapter shall be carried out in the District of Columbia as nearly as may be practicable in harmony with the plan of Peter Charles L'Enfant."
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479:, to the new post of governor. Shepherd authorized large-scale projects to modernize the District of Columbia but spent three times the approved budget, bankrupting the district.
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Board of Commissioners had not possessed. The mayor-commissioner could veto ordinances passed by the Council, but the Council could override the veto with a three-fourths vote.
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466:, which created a new government for the entire federal district. This Act effectively combined the City of Washington, Georgetown, and the unincorporated area known then as
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was appointed the first mayor-commissioner, with Thomas W. Fletcher as his assistant. The first Council appointments were Chairman John W. Hechinger, Vice Chairman
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311:, arguing that the national capital needed to be distinct from the states, in order to provide for its own maintenance and safety. An attack on the Congress at
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during his final years in the Senate. Bilbo, an unapologetic racist, used the appointment to extend segregationist policies among the District's increasingly
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Occasionally, congressional intervention in the district's affairs has produced disastrous results. As an early example from the mid-19th century, when
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governments of Georgetown and Alexandria were also left intact. As such, the citizens of Georgetown retained their popularly elected mayor, as did
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319:, had emphasized the need for the government to see to its own security. Therefore, the authority to establish a federal capital was provided in
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This button was used in a 1974 referendum campaign encouraging residents of the District of Columbia to vote for the Home Rule Charter.
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281:. Furthermore, the District's elected government exists under the grace of Congress and could theoretically be revoked at any time.
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Two other incorporated cities that predated the establishment of the District were also included within the new federal territory:
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On July 9, 1846, in response to a voter referendum, Congress retroceded the City of Alexandria and Alexandria County to Virginia.
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Allowing greater legislative autonomy and removing the congressional review period required before local legislation becomes law;
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elected by the people, as well as an appointed Board of Public Works charged with modernizing the district. In 1873, President
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officially organized the District of Columbia and placed the entire federal district under the exclusive control of Congress.
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To facilitate infrastructure improvements and make the district's government operate more efficiently, Congress passed the
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The Home Rule Act specifically prohibits the Council from enacting certain laws that, among other restrictions, would:
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spending funds to enact the Health Care Benefits Expansion Act of 1992, which extended health benefits to registered
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Carper, Elsie (June 2, 1967). "Johnson Orders New D.C. Rule: Hill Has 60 Days To Act on Plan, But Can't Alter It".
1089:(Washington, D.C.) and on other legal documents. However, during the early 1900s, a French ambassador to the U.S.,
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433:, who was favorable to residents of the District, assured that the proposed bill would not become law.
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Asher, Robert L. (November 2, 1967). "Senate Confirms Council: White House Oath Taking Likely for 9".
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Subcommittee on Oversight of Government Management, the Federal Workforce and the District of Columbia
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elects a single member of the council and five members, including the chairman, are elected at large.
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1998:"Establishment of an Office of the District Attorney Advisory Referendum Approval Resolution of 2002"
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783:, serves as a member of both committees. The District is overseen in the United States Senate by the
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2004:
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Each of the district's eight wards is further divided into local Advisory Neighborhood Commissions.
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Removing the required congressional review and active approval of the district's local budget; and
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Wolfinger, Raymond E.; Joan Heifetz (June 1965). "Safe Seats, Seniority, and Power in Congress".
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Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t(he) United States . ...
841:. By 1995, the district had become nearly insolvent, which prompted the Congress to create the
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The disputes became more political in 1840 when the city elected a member of the anti-Jackson
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is also appointed by the President and is responsible for prosecuting both federal and local
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on the use of the death penalty in the District, and bills to remove the District's strict
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1771:"Washington DC City Council says bill for allowing noncitizens to vote is now law: Report"
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Peter Charles L'Enfant: vision, honor, and male friendship in the early American Republic.
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tried to exercise greater authority over the District, the population convened to request
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of Alexandria. The respective laws of Maryland and Virginia were declared still in force.
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to the west. It included all of the present Arlington County plus part of what is now the
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Efforts to roll back the district's gun laws were curtailed following the June 26, 2008,
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As of 2011, all of these proposals were pending before various committees in Congress.
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Kaiser, Robert G. (June 2, 1967). "Reorganization Plan Redistributes Current Powers".
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of the United States Constitution, which states that Congress shall have the power:
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Subcommittee on Health Care, District of Columbia, Census and the National Archives
386:
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1640:"District Government Achieves Balanced Budget and Clean Audit Opinion for FY 2003"
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only has jurisdiction in civil proceedings and prosecuting minor offenses such as
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presented to Congress a plan to reorganize the District's government designed by
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2159:. Mississippi Department of Archives and History. pp. 13–4. Archived from
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Carper, Elsie; Milius, Peter (August 10, 1967). "House Accepts New D.C. Rule".
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1642:. D.C. Office of the Chief Financial Officer. January 30, 2004. Archived from
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residents' ability to govern their local affairs. As the federal capital, the
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pass any law changing the composition or jurisdiction of the local courts;
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1283:"Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990"
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impose a tax on individuals who work in the District but live elsewhere;
382:
2513:"District of Columbia-Maryland Reunion Act (110th Congress, H.R. 1858)"
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1943:"United States Attorneys Office for the District of Columbia: About Us"
242:
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explained the need for a federal district on January 23, 1788, in the
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699:
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1971:. House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform. Archived from
1506:
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exclusive jurisdiction over the District in "all cases whatsoever".
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2003:. Council of the District of Columbia. July 2, 2002. Archived from
1609:
828:. The court held that the district's 1976 handgun ban violates the
680:
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
793:
550:
453:
381:
241:
229:
1704:"District of Columbia Structural Imbalance and Management Issues"
652:. Non-citizens cannot vote in elections for any federal offices.
941:
3431:
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2643:
Crew, Harvey W.; William Bensing Webb; John Wooldridge (1892).
2489:
The Historical Society of Washington, D.C. 2004. Archived from
2150:"Theodore G. Bilbo and the Decline of Public Racism, 1938–1947"
1966:"Statement on the District of Columbia Attorney Act, H.R. 1296"
1143:
Crew, Harvey W.; William Bensing Webb; John Wooldridge (1892).
648:) and on local initiatives, referendums, and amendments to the
2354:"Second Amendment Enforcement Act (110th Congress, H.R. 6691)"
2270:. Congressional Research Service. May 15, 2006. Archived from
2239:"D.C. Seeks to Fund Lobbying Effort for a Voting House Member"
250:
is home to the mayor and the 13 members of the Council of the
1345:
Great cities in America: their problems and their government
775:. As a courtesy to the district's residents, the District's
1586:. Council of the District of Columbia. 2008. Archived from
1411:"How the District Will Be Run Under Single Head, Council".
815:
have been continuously introduced in the Congress as well.
791:. The District has no representation in the Senate at all.
2217:
Statement for the Record, Legislative Hearing on H.R. 5388
1867:. Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts. Archived from
1064:
American Treasures of the Library of Congress: Imagination
757:
United States Senate Committee on the District of Columbia
670:, which hears all local civil and criminal cases, and the
360:
provided for a new permanent capital to be located on the
676:
United States District Court for the District of Columbia
2568:"D.C. Statehood: Not Without a Constitutional Amendment"
1891:"Judicial Selection in the States: District of Columbia"
1790:
Hockaday, Natalie C.; Block, Eliana (October 20, 2022).
1584:"History of Self-Government in the District of Columbia"
1557:. Government of the District of Columbia. Archived from
1531:. Government of the District of Columbia. Archived from
3795:
Home rule and voting rights of the District of Columbia
1509:. Government of the District of Columbia. February 1999
785:
Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs
666:
The District's local justice system is centered on the
2463:. Council of the District of Columbia. Archived from
2188:. Congresswoman Eleanor Holmes Norton. Archived from
2113:(2). American Political Science Association: 337–49.
801:, the first elected mayor of the District of Columbia
284:
A separate yet related controversy is the District's
2404:"Congress creates board to oversee Washington, D.C."
2324:"D.C. Attorney General: All Guns Must Be Registered"
3744:
3730:
3469:
3387:
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3112:
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2646:
Centennial History of the City of Washington, D. C.
2377:"Poor Management, Federal Rule, Undermine Services"
2063:"A Strained Relationship: Congress and the Capital"
696:
United States Attorney for the District of Columbia
82:
United States Attorney for the District of Columbia
2213:"D.C. Vote in Congress: House Judiciary Committee"
2186:"Biography of Congresswoman Eleanor Holmes Norton"
1817:"Non-Citizen Resident of the District of Columbia"
1610:"Title VI: Reservation of Congressional Authority"
1149:Centennial History of the City of Washington, D. C
2624:Office of the Clerk, U.S House of Representatives
2431:. Office of the Inspector General. Archived from
2298:"Supreme Court Strikes Down D.C. Ban on Handguns"
292:In 2015, Washington, D.C. became a member of the
1919:. Office of the Attorney General. Archived from
1155:: United Brethren Publishing House. p. 103.
1097:George Washington University, Washington, D.C.
1037:. Alexandria Historical Society. Archived from
755:in the 1930 and '40s, was made chairman of the
682:, which only hear cases regarding federal law.
475:appointed the board's most influential member,
1757:"DC Legislation Information Management System"
1669:"Buildling the Best Capital City in the World"
1663:
1661:
1578:
1576:
922:Article Four of the United States Constitution
586:enact a local budget that is not balanced; and
294:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
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1893:. American Judicature Society. Archived from
1841:. District of Columbia Courts. Archived from
1634:
1632:
1630:
1318:L. U. Reavis and the Capital Removal Movement
942:"UNPO: District of Columbia (Washington, DC)"
638:Attorney General for the District of Columbia
364:, the exact area to be selected by President
211:
87:Attorney General for the District of Columbia
8:
1792:"DC Council passes non-citizens voting bill"
1709:. Government Accountability Office. May 2003
843:District of Columbia Financial Control Board
769:Committee on Oversight and Government Reform
688:Attorney General of the District of Columbia
516:, Stanley J. Anderson, Margaret A. Haywood,
16:Autonomous rule in the United States capital
2561:
2559:
1478:
1476:
532:On December 24, 1973, Congress enacted the
3450:
3436:
3428:
3097:
3083:
3075:
3011:The former District and its subdivisions:
2701:
2687:
2679:
2596:. DC Statehood Green Party. Archived from
2455:
2453:
2056:
2054:
2052:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1254:. CQ Press. August 10, 2012. p. 478.
1190:
1188:
1186:
668:Superior Court of the District of Columbia
352:List of mayors of the District of Columbia
218:
204:
98:Superior Court of the District of Columbia
20:
3805:Legal history of the District of Columbia
2674:Stand Up! for Democracy in D.C. Coalition
2570:. The Heritage Foundation. Archived from
2429:"Testimony of the D.C. Inspector General"
2031:"House Panel Considers Prosecutor Change"
1819:. District of Columbia Board of Elections
955:
953:
951:
315:by a mob of angry soldiers, known as the
238:has ultimate authority over the District.
2532:
2530:
1348:. The Macmillan Company. pp. 27–30.
570:lend public credit for private projects;
2265:"Gun Legislation in the 109th Congress"
1839:"About the District of Columbia Courts"
1115:"Major Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant"
933:
589:gain any additional authority over the
389:, first mayor of the City of Washington
23:
3800:Government of the District of Columbia
2061:Tolchin, Martin (September 26, 1992).
2029:Sheridan, Mary Beth (April 25, 2008).
1698:
1696:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
559:Small neighborhood districts elect 37
439:In the years preceding and during the
3106:Local government in the United States
2620:"Roll Call 122 Bill Number: H. R. 51"
2107:The American Political Science Review
1945:. United States Department of Justice
1145:"IV. Permanent Capital Site Selected"
968:. Library of Congress. Archived from
672:District of Columbia Court of Appeals
485:United States Army Corps of Engineers
92:District of Columbia Court of Appeals
45:The District of Columbia is a unique
7:
2652:: United Brethren Publishing House.
2237:Sheridan, Mary Beth (May 29, 2008).
2211:Turley, Jonathan (August 20, 2007).
1507:"District of Columbia Home Rule Act"
1292:. September 13, 2002. Archived from
591:National Capital Planning Commission
536:, providing for a popularly elected
520:, William S. Thompson, J.C. Turner,
2566:Pate, Hewitt R. (August 27, 1993).
2402:Janofsky, Michael (April 8, 1995).
2148:Fleegler, Robert L. (Spring 2006).
1555:"Advisory Neighborhood Commissions"
1196:"Government Here Has Shifted Often"
1061:"Original Plan of Washington, D.C."
599:District of Columbia National Guard
576:make any changes to the district's
405:to the east of the Potomac and the
375:, founded in 1751, and the City of
348:History of the District of Columbia
2157:The Journal of Mississippi History
1614:District of Columbia Home Rule Act
1320:, Historynet.com, October 10, 2016
1179:. Garrett & Massie. p. 8.
1070:. January 14, 2005. Archived from
722:District of Columbia voting rights
534:District of Columbia Home Rule Act
14:
3015:District of Columbia (until 1871)
2787:Mayor of the District of Columbia
2461:"Federal Legislative Initiatives"
2427:Maddox, Charles (June 19, 2001).
2375:Powell, Michael (July 20, 2007).
2322:Nakamura, David (June 26, 2008).
1730:"Five myths about D.C. Home Rule"
1035:"History of Alexandria, Virginia"
960:Madison, James (April 30, 1996).
892:District of Columbia retrocession
662:Crime in the District of Columbia
646:Advisory Neighborhood Commissions
630:Mayor of the District of Columbia
561:Advisory Neighborhood Commissions
3055:
2296:Barnes, Robert (June 26, 2008).
608:Government Accountability Office
184:
109:Advisory Neighborhood Commission
33:
26:Politics of District of Columbia
1964:Boyd, Eugene (April 24, 2008).
1865:"United States District Courts"
1415:. August 10, 1967. p. A1.
578:federally mandated height limit
544:. Each of the district's eight
1674:. DC Appleseed. Archived from
1111:"Major Peter Charles L'Enfant"
1010:"Georgetown Historic District"
825:District of Columbia v. Heller
451:moving the capital elsewhere.
445:Metropolitan Police Department
259:District of Columbia home rule
1:
3459:Politics of the United States
2538:"Q&A with Rep. Tom Davis"
1202:. August 6, 1967. p. C1.
286:lack of voting representation
179:Politics of the United States
2813:Congressional representation
2721:Capital of the United States
2594:"DC Statehood: a Chronology"
1177:A Portrait of Old Georgetown
1175:Ecker, Grace Dunlop (1933).
736:retrocession of the District
694:and traffic violations. The
137:Congressional representation
3062:Washington, D.C. portal
2976:List of District executives
2971:Inventory of Historic Sites
2961:History of Washington, D.C.
1290:United States Census Bureau
1109:has identified L'Enfant as
317:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783
132:Initiatives and referendums
3821:
912:
889:
719:
716:Relationship with Congress
659:
345:
342:History of self-government
104:Council (legislative body)
3048:
2716:
1917:"Attorney General Duties"
524:, and Joseph P. Yeldell.
300:Constitutional provisions
3764:Northern Mariana Islands
3407:Northern Mariana Islands
1117:in its histories of the
642:State Board of Education
477:Alexander Robey Shepherd
165:Political party strength
1728:Benjamin Freed (2016).
1085:wrote this name on his
966:The Independent Journal
962:"The Federalist No. 43"
915:D.C. statehood movement
813:gun control regulations
407:Alexandria County, D.C.
403:Washington County, D.C.
248:John A. Wilson Building
2997:Emancipation Day, 1862
1340:Wilcox, Delos Franklin
802:
556:
459:
431:William Henry Harrison
429:election of President
419:the City of Alexandria
390:
356:On July 16, 1790, the
330:
271:United States Congress
255:
239:
236:United States Congress
2982:Residence Act of 1790
2818:Shadow representation
1923:on September 25, 2008
1107:National Park Service
1014:National Park Service
972:on September 14, 2013
899:United States Capitol
797:
781:Eleanor Holmes Norton
554:
457:
385:
325:
245:
233:
142:Shadow representation
2992:Retrocession of 1847
1978:on December 12, 2008
1779:. February 27, 2023.
1535:on December 15, 2007
1121:on its website. The
1091:Jean Jules Jusserand
1066:. Washington, D.C.:
858:Proposals for change
732:Jacksonian Democrats
617:local justice system
510:Walter E. Washington
377:Alexandria, Virginia
321:Article I, Section 8
263:District of Columbia
252:District of Columbia
3774:U.S. Virgin Islands
3417:U.S. Virgin Islands
3002:Organic Act of 1871
2987:Organic Act of 1801
2879:D.C. Superior Court
2859:D.C. National Guard
2764:Tourist attractions
2600:on October 26, 2006
2542:The Washington Post
2467:on January 19, 2012
2381:The Washington Post
2334:on October 11, 2008
2328:The Washington Post
2302:The Washington Post
2243:The Washington Post
2166:on February 6, 2009
2035:The Washington Post
2010:on February 6, 2009
1871:on December 5, 2008
1735:The Washington Post
1529:"Elected Officials"
1485:The Washington Post
1459:The Washington Post
1436:The Washington Post
1413:The Washington Post
1383:The Washington Post
1200:The Washington Post
1119:Washington Monument
1068:Library of Congress
777:non-voting delegate
744:standing committees
595:Washington Aqueduct
490:In 1967, President
464:Organic Act of 1871
395:Organic Act of 1801
191:Politics portal
3034:City of Washington
2828:Statehood movement
2487:"Get to know D.C."
2407:The New York Times
2192:on January 1, 2009
2067:The New York Times
1123:United States Code
803:
623:Non-citizen voting
557:
528:1973 Home Rule Act
514:Walter E. Fauntroy
460:
441:American Civil War
391:
256:
240:
3782:
3781:
3425:
3424:
3072:
3071:
3038:Washington County
3025:Alexandria County
3007:COVID-19 pandemic
2754:Metropolitan area
2574:on March 15, 2009
2493:on March 15, 2008
2277:on August 4, 2008
1590:on March 31, 2009
1251:Guide to Congress
1103:978-0-9727611-0-9
1074:on August 1, 2008
808:domestic partners
799:Walter Washington
751:, a senator from
749:Theodore G. Bilbo
709:district attorney
644:, and members of
640:, members of the
632:, members of the
468:Washington County
309:Federalist No. 43
228:
227:
3812:
3738:Washington, D.C.
3732:Federal district
3452:
3445:
3438:
3429:
3381:Washington, D.C.
3375:Federal district
3099:
3092:
3085:
3076:
3060:
3059:
3058:
2874:Court of Appeals
2710:Washington, D.C.
2703:
2696:
2689:
2680:
2663:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2616:
2610:
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2579:
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2554:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2534:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2515:. GovTrack. 2007
2509:
2503:
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2448:
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2413:
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2388:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2356:. GovTrack. 2008
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2330:. Archived from
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2293:
2287:
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2261:
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2058:
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2026:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2009:
2002:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1977:
1970:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1897:on March 8, 2012
1887:
1881:
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1600:
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1595:
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1568:
1566:
1551:
1545:
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1540:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1503:
1497:
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1471:
1470:
1454:
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1447:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1408:
1395:
1394:
1378:
1359:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1299:on July 26, 2008
1298:
1287:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1231:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1192:
1181:
1180:
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1157:
1156:
1140:
1134:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1041:on April 4, 2009
1031:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1006:
1000:
997:
991:
988:
982:
981:
979:
977:
957:
946:
945:
938:
851:Anthony Williams
830:Second Amendment
761:African American
522:Polly Shackleton
473:Ulysses S. Grant
411:independent city
335:Founding Fathers
220:
213:
206:
189:
188:
47:federal district
37:
21:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3740:
3726:
3465:
3456:
3426:
3421:
3383:
3369:
3108:
3103:
3073:
3068:
3056:
3054:
3044:
3020:Alexandria City
2949:
2883:
2832:
2823:Ballot measures
2768:
2725:
2712:
2707:
2670:
2660:
2642:
2639:
2629:
2627:
2626:. June 26, 2020
2618:
2617:
2613:
2603:
2601:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2577:
2575:
2565:
2564:
2557:
2547:
2545:
2544:. March 3, 1998
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2511:
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2142:
2119:10.2307/1953053
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2085:
2081:
2071:
2069:
2060:
2059:
2050:
2040:
2038:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1946:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1924:
1915:
1914:
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1900:
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1889:
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1727:
1726:
1722:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1694:
1684:
1682:
1681:on May 11, 2011
1678:
1671:
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1647:
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1628:
1618:
1616:
1608:
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1603:
1593:
1591:
1582:
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1574:
1564:
1562:
1561:on June 7, 2008
1553:
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1077:
1075:
1059:
1058:
1054:
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1016:
1008:
1007:
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530:
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344:
302:
224:
195:
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155:
147:
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114:
113:
57:
43:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3818:
3816:
3808:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3787:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3754:American Samoa
3750:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3734:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3672:South Carolina
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3637:North Carolina
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3629:
3624:
3619:
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3609:
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3404:
3399:
3397:American Samoa
3393:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
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3357:
3352:
3347:
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3332:
3327:
3322:
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3315:South Carolina
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3280:North Carolina
3277:
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3252:
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3227:
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3066:
3049:
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3027:
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3017:
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2999:
2994:
2989:
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2897:
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2876:
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2869:Transportation
2866:
2864:Public Schools
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2698:
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2669:
2668:External links
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2665:
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2611:
2585:
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2526:
2504:
2478:
2449:
2438:on May 1, 2009
2419:
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2256:
2245:. pp. B01
2229:
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2140:
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2079:
2048:
2037:. pp. B04
2021:
1989:
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1487:. p. A1.
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1449:
1438:. p. A7.
1426:
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1385:. p. A1.
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927:
913:Main article:
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890:Main article:
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657:
656:Justice system
654:
624:
621:
603:
602:
587:
584:
581:
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540:and 13-member
529:
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496:David Carliner
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3617:New Hampshire
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3260:New Hampshire
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3248:
3246:
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2383:. p. A01
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2086:Crew, 146–148
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1230:Crew, 151–152
1227:
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1221:Crew, 145–146
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359:
358:Residence Act
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314:
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306:
305:James Madison
299:
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127:Voting rights
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118:
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107:
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100:(trial court)
99:
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19:
3769:Puerto Rico
3677:South Dakota
3667:Rhode Island
3662:Pennsylvania
3642:North Dakota
3412:Puerto Rico
3320:South Dakota
3310:Rhode Island
3305:Pennsylvania
3285:North Dakota
3053:
3052:
2978:(since 1790)
2915:Demographics
2900:Architecture
2802:
2789:(since 1975)
2650:Dayton, Ohio
2645:
2628:. Retrieved
2623:
2614:
2604:December 29,
2602:. Retrieved
2598:the original
2588:
2578:December 29,
2576:. Retrieved
2572:the original
2546:. Retrieved
2541:
2519:December 29,
2517:. Retrieved
2507:
2495:. Retrieved
2491:the original
2481:
2471:December 13,
2469:. Retrieved
2465:the original
2440:. Retrieved
2433:the original
2422:
2410:. Retrieved
2406:
2397:
2385:. Retrieved
2380:
2370:
2358:. Retrieved
2348:
2336:. Retrieved
2332:the original
2327:
2317:
2305:. Retrieved
2301:
2291:
2279:. Retrieved
2272:the original
2259:
2249:December 29,
2247:. Retrieved
2242:
2232:
2222:December 28,
2220:. Retrieved
2216:
2206:
2194:. Retrieved
2190:the original
2180:
2168:. Retrieved
2161:the original
2156:
2143:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2091:
2082:
2070:. Retrieved
2066:
2039:. Retrieved
2034:
2024:
2012:. Retrieved
2005:the original
1992:
1980:. Retrieved
1973:the original
1959:
1947:. Retrieved
1937:
1925:. Retrieved
1921:the original
1911:
1899:. Retrieved
1895:the original
1885:
1873:. Retrieved
1869:the original
1859:
1847:. Retrieved
1843:the original
1833:
1821:. Retrieved
1811:
1799:. Retrieved
1795:
1785:
1774:
1765:
1751:
1739:. Retrieved
1733:
1723:
1711:. Retrieved
1683:. Retrieved
1676:the original
1648:. Retrieved
1644:the original
1617:. Retrieved
1613:
1604:
1592:. Retrieved
1588:the original
1563:. Retrieved
1559:the original
1549:
1537:. Retrieved
1533:the original
1523:
1511:. Retrieved
1501:
1484:
1458:
1452:
1435:
1429:
1412:
1382:
1354:
1344:
1334:
1325:
1313:
1301:. Retrieved
1294:the original
1277:
1265:. Retrieved
1250:
1244:
1235:
1226:
1217:
1208:
1199:
1176:
1170:
1161:
1153:Dayton, Ohio
1148:
1138:
1094:
1086:
1076:. Retrieved
1072:the original
1063:
1055:
1043:. Retrieved
1039:the original
1029:
1017:. Retrieved
1004:
995:
986:
974:. Retrieved
970:the original
965:
936:
918:
895:
886:Retrocession
881:
870:
861:
839:Marion Barry
835:
823:
822:decision in
817:
804:
779:, currently
765:
763:population.
741:
729:
725:
705:
692:misdemeanors
684:
665:
650:D.C. Charter
634:D.C. Council
626:
604:
565:
558:
531:
508:
504:
500:
489:
481:
461:
449:
438:
435:
423:
415:
399:
392:
387:Robert Brent
370:
355:
331:
326:
313:Philadelphia
303:
291:
283:
275:
267:Constitution
258:
257:
94:(high court)
66:
42:
18:
3746:Territories
3592:Mississippi
3507:Connecticut
3389:Territories
3235:Mississippi
3150:Connecticut
2630:November 7,
2041:December 6,
2014:December 6,
1982:December 6,
1927:December 6,
1901:February 5,
1875:December 6,
1849:December 6,
1823:December 7,
1801:December 7,
1713:February 5,
1685:February 5,
1267:January 15,
1131:§ 3309
903:White House
867:Legislation
753:Mississippi
506:efficient.
269:grants the
49:of the U.S.
3789:Categories
3707:Washington
3627:New Mexico
3622:New Jersey
3497:California
3350:Washington
3270:New Mexico
3265:New Jersey
3140:California
3030:Georgetown
2774:Government
2360:January 2,
2281:January 2,
2196:January 2,
2170:January 2,
2072:January 2,
1949:August 13,
1594:January 2,
1125:states in
929:References
720:See also:
660:See also:
426:Whig Party
373:Georgetown
366:Washington
346:See also:
279:U.S. state
62:Government
56:Governance
3717:Wisconsin
3682:Tennessee
3587:Minnesota
3562:Louisiana
3360:Wisconsin
3325:Tennessee
3230:Minnesota
3205:Louisiana
2925:Education
2849:Libraries
2803:Home rule
2782:Elections
2744:Geography
2135:144516568
2095:Crew, 144
1493:143013366
1467:143033620
1444:143135451
1421:143177148
1391:143089272
1358:Crew, 159
1329:Crew, 157
1239:Crew, 161
1212:Crew, 142
1165:Crew, 134
1078:August 3,
909:Statehood
160:Elections
154:Elections
77:Secretary
67:Home rule
3702:Virginia
3652:Oklahoma
3632:New York
3607:Nebraska
3597:Missouri
3582:Michigan
3572:Maryland
3557:Kentucky
3537:Illinois
3512:Delaware
3502:Colorado
3492:Arkansas
3345:Virginia
3295:Oklahoma
3275:New York
3250:Nebraska
3240:Missouri
3225:Michigan
3215:Maryland
3200:Kentucky
3180:Illinois
3155:Delaware
3145:Colorado
3135:Arkansas
2966:Timeline
2895:Abortion
2837:Services
2387:June 10,
2338:June 26,
2307:June 27,
1776:Fox News
1650:June 23,
1619:March 3,
1489:ProQuest
1463:ProQuest
1440:ProQuest
1417:ProQuest
1387:ProQuest
1342:(1910).
1303:July 19,
1045:July 31,
999:Crew, 87
990:Crew, 66
849:. Mayor
847:Medicaid
787:and its
771:and its
678:and the
615:and the
613:Medicaid
3722:Wyoming
3697:Vermont
3602:Montana
3542:Indiana
3522:Georgia
3517:Florida
3487:Arizona
3477:Alabama
3365:Wyoming
3340:Vermont
3245:Montana
3185:Indiana
3165:Georgia
3160:Florida
3130:Arizona
3120:Alabama
2954:History
2930:Museums
2920:Economy
2905:Culture
2888:Society
2793:Council
2759:Symbols
2739:Outline
2497:May 27,
2442:July 6,
2412:May 27,
2127:1953053
1741:May 23,
1565:May 27,
1539:June 3,
1513:May 27,
1113:and as
1105:). The
1019:July 5,
976:May 31,
542:Council
261:is the
3657:Oregon
3612:Nevada
3552:Kansas
3527:Hawaii
3482:Alaska
3470:States
3463:polity
3300:Oregon
3255:Nevada
3195:Kansas
3170:Hawaii
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2844:Fire
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