70:
33:
95:
254:
is a classic example of equilibrichnia (equilibrium traces). These types of traces represent gradual adjustments to background sedimentation and erosion rates and reflect the efforts of the organisms to maintain a specific depth within the substrate. This movement within the substrate produces the
280:
has both protrusive and retrusive spreiten indicating highly variable conditions (erosional and depositional) leading to the need for the organisms to constantly adjust itself up and down within the substrate to maintain equilibrium and not become exposed or buried.
131:). The presence/absence of funnel-shaped openings should not be used as an ichnotaxobase due to the high probability that the upper portions of the trace may have been eroded away. Observation of the orientation of
276:). These indicate that the trace was produced under predominantly erosive conditions where the organism was constantly burrowing deeper into the substrate as sediment was eroded from the top.
690:
677:
596:
552:
Lisson, C.I., 1904. Los
Tigillites del Salto del Fraile y algunes Sonneratia del Morro Solar. Cuerpo Ingen. Minas del Peru, Bol No 17, 64 p.
127:
trace can be either protrusive (between the paired tubes) or retrusive (below the paired tubes). Some ichnospecies have both types (e.g.,
619:
Torell, 1870, and other trace fossils from the Lower
Triassic succession of the Drienok Nappe in the Western Carpathians, Slovakia".
728:
381:
Cornish, F.G. (1986). "The Trace-Fossil
Diplocraterion: Evidence of Animal-Sediment Interactions in Cambrian Tidal Deposits".
520:
Opik, A., 1929. Studien uber das estnische
Unterkambrium (Estonium). I-IV. Acta Comment. Univers. Tartuensis, A. 15(2), 56 p.
567:
Smith, J. (1893). "Peculiar U-shaped tubes in sandstone near
Crawfurdland Castle and in Gowkha Quarry, near Killwinning".
69:
64:
535:
Miller, S.A. (1875). "Some new species of fossils from the
Cincinnati group and remarks upon some described forms".
351:
Torell 1870 and the significance of morphological features in vertical, spreiten-bearing, U-shaped trace fossils".
508:
Torell, O., 1870. Petrificata
Suecana Formationis Cambricae. Lunds. Univ. Arsskr. 6. Avdel. 2, No. VIII, p. 1-14.
94:
718:
621:
645:
478:
435:
Goldring, Roland (1962). "The trace fossils of the Baggy Beds (Upper
Devonian) of North Devon, England".
723:
32:
444:
390:
52:
48:
460:
406:
360:
695:
592:
629:
452:
398:
136:
315:
Richter, Rudolf (1926). "Flachseebeobachtungen zur Paläontologie und
Geologie. XII-XIV".
448:
394:
261:
712:
464:
123:(weblike construction) between the two limbs of the U. The spreite of an individual
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250:(animal-substrate interactions and behavior) can be interpreted from trace fossils.
290:
56:
668:
116:
295:
662:
247:
44:
682:
456:
410:
364:
201:
Arms of the U-tube extend below the curved base and form blind pouches
140:
120:
99:
639:
402:
255:
two types of spreite (protrusive and retrusive) characteristic of
93:
643:
589:
Ichnology: Organism-Substrate
Interactions in Space and Time
591:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 358.
231:
U-tubes with both retrusive and protrusive spreiten
652:
569:Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow
181:Parallel burrow walls and unidirectional spreite
119:describing vertical U-shaped burrows having a
376:
374:
342:
340:
338:
336:
334:
332:
330:
8:
587:Buatois, Luis; Mangano, M. Gabriela (2011).
274:D. parallelum, D. polyupsilon, D. biclavatum
221:Bidirectional spreite that constrict upward
640:
31:
20:
152:
537:Cincinnati Quarterly Journal of Science
307:
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580:
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191:U-tubes expand laterally at the base
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272:show only protrusive spreit (e.g.,
135:in the field is frequently used to
615:Šimo V. & Olšavský M. (2007).
211:Arms of the U-tube diverge upward
146:There are several ichnospecies of
14:
98:Sketch by Richter (1926) showing
479:"Determining stratigraphic tops"
68:
634:10.3140/bull.geosci.2007.02.165
246:provide a good example of how
1:
437:Paläontologische Zeitschrift
242:The various ichnospecies of
259:and other ichnotaxa (e.g.,
65:Trace fossil classification
59:. Specimen is ~22cm high.
745:
347:Fursich, F.T. (1974). "On
43:burrow (at left) from the
617:Diplocraterion parallelum
155:
104:Diplocraterion parallelum
63:
39:
30:
23:
729:Paleozoic life of Quebec
622:Bulletin of Geosciences
353:Journal of Paleontology
483:Geological digressions
107:
156:Some Ichnospecies of
97:
137:determine the way up
449:1962PalZ...36..232G
395:1986Palai...1..478C
129:Diplocraterion yoyo
53:Bald Eagle Mountain
49:Tuscarora Formation
457:10.1007/BF02986976
108:
706:
705:
646:Taxon identifiers
598:978-0-521-85555-6
485:. 6 February 2019
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55:, Centre County,
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443:(3–4): 232–251.
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317:Senckenbergiana
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654:Diplocraterion
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628:(2): 165–173.
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554:
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416:
389:(5): 478–491.
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359:(5): 952–962.
349:Diplocraterion
326:
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270:Diplocraterion
262:Rhizocorallium
257:Diplocraterion
252:Diplocraterion
244:Diplocraterion
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217:D. polyupsilon
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158:Diplocraterion
148:Diplocraterion
133:Diplocraterion
125:Diplocraterion
112:Diplocraterion
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86:Diplocraterion
79:
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41:Diplocraterion
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25:Diplocraterion
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571:(9): 289–292.
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539:(2): 349–355.
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197:D. biclavatum
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187:D. helmerseni
185:
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177:D. parallelum
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724:Paleozoology
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487:. Retrieved
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291:Trace fossil
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165:Ichnospecies
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143:at outcrop.
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109:
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85:
84:
78:Ichnogenus:
57:Pennsylvania
40:
24:
18:
16:Trace fossil
141:rock strata
713:Categories
489:19 January
323:: 200–224.
302:References
207:D. habichi
117:ichnogenus
465:140161473
296:Ichnology
170:Diagnosis
669:Q5279851
663:Wikidata
285:See also
248:ethology
238:Ethology
45:Silurian
696:1123756
683:4629814
445:Bibcode
411:3514630
391:Bibcode
383:PALAIOS
365:1303293
278:D. yoyo
227:D. yoyo
121:spreite
106:burrow.
100:spreite
595:
463:
409:
363:
115:is an
691:IRMNG
461:S2CID
407:JSTOR
361:JSTOR
268:Most
102:in a
47:-age
678:GBIF
593:ISBN
491:2020
630:doi
453:doi
399:doi
265:).
139:of
51:at
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693::
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626:82
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329:^
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387:1
367:.
321:8
82:†
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
