311:), are colourless and oblong in shape. They are approximately 20 μm in length and possess a microtubule layer underneath their plasma membrane. Adjacent to it is a mitochondrion with discoidal cristae. They also possess two flagella of equal length, both of which lack paraxial rods. The two basal bodies originate from a subapical pocket, which merges with an adjacent feeding apparatus. This feeding apparatus is surrounded by many food vacuoles and reinforced by microtubules.
257:. It was not until analysis of cytosolic heat shock proteins that a sister relationship between the diplonemids and kinetoplastids was proposed. This was further supported through phylogenetic analysis, which discovered that Diplonemidae possess a functional splice leader RNA that is characteristic of the kinetoplastids. Additionally, the amino acid tryptophan is encoded by codon TGA in kinetoplastids and diplonemids, whereas in euglenids, the regular codon is used instead.
35:
360:
and incomplete, individually they are unable to code for a gene themselves. Instead, fragments are transcribed and spliced together using their own specialized trans splicing machinery. Once spliced together, the transcript undergoes extensive editing to become recognizable RNA. This is accomplished by either Uracil-insertion, nucleotide deanimation, or substitution, which eventually generates a fully mature and translatable transcript.
226:, such as metaboly, locomotion and a microtubule-reinforced feeding apparatus. However, this conclusion was met with some controversy, as diplonemids lacked characteristic features shared by all euglenids, such as possession of pellicle strips and paraxonemal rods on their flagella. Instead, they were placed in the euglenozoan phylum and shared this taxon with the kinetoplastids and euglenids. The inclusion of
195:, there likely exist thousands of still unnamed genera. Organisms are generally colourless and oblong in shape, with two flagella emerging from a subapical pocket. They possess a large mitochondrial genome composed of fragmented linear DNA. These non-coding sequences must be massively trans-spliced, making it one of the most complicated post-transcriptional editing process known to eukaryotes.
359:
Diplonemidae have a unique mitochondrial DNA arrangement. Although
Diplonemidae possess a large mitochondrial genome, these do not contain any intact full-sized genes. Instead, their mitochondrial DNA consists of linear gene fragments of different sizes. Because each fragment is both full of repeats
273:
Although
Diplonemidae are generally predators, some species display parasitic life strategies. Diplonemidae display a rich diversity in marine and freshwater environments, with their relative abundance increasing with depth. The diplonemids that exist in these different environments are genetically
289:
There are potentially thousands of unknown marine
Diplonemidae species, with this diversity highly stratified in accordance to depth. Although molecular sequencing confirms the existence of these unnamed marine Diplonemidae, information regarding their morphology and lifestyle is absent. As marine
260:
Nevertheless, despite the similarities between kinetoplastids and diplonemids, the two taxa are still distinct from each other. Diplonemidae still lack a kinetoplast, and have a unique bi-flagellated trophic phase not seen in kinetoplastids. Presently, the kinetoplastids are regarded as the sister
378:. This is likely due to lateral gene transfer following the divergence of diplonemids from the euglenoids. As to date, this is one of the most-supported examples of lateral gene transfer from a bacterium to eukaryote and may have implications for diplonemid acquisition of biochemical abilities.
264:
Although there are only three named genera within the
Diplonemidae, environmental sequencing performed by the recent TARA Ocean Expedition concluded there are potentially thousands of genera, suggesting that pelagic Diplonemidae are the most diverse planktonic eukaryotes in the oceans.
1213:
Tashyreva, Daria; Prokopchuk, Galina; Yabuki, Akinori; Kaur, Binnypreet; Faktorová, Drahomíra; Votýpka, Jan; Kusaka, Chiho; Fujikura, Katsunori; Shiratori, Takashi; Ishida, Ken-Ichiro; Horák, Aleš; Lukeš, Julius (2018). "Phylogeny and
Morphology of New Diplonemids from Japan".
329:
Diplonemidae also exhibit the compartmentalization of glycolytic and gluconeogenic enzymes into peroxisomes. These organelles are referred to as glycosomes, and is a characteristic feature also shared with their sister taxon, the
203:
The word “Diplonemidae” come from the Greek words ‘diplo’, meaning two, and ‘nemat’, meaning thread. Together, Diplonemidae roughly translates to ‘two threads’, likely referring to the characteristic two flagella of the organism.
318:
are diverse in size but share many morphological aspects with the classic diplonemids. However, a great majority of these marine
Diplonemidae have never been seen, with their existence only confirmed through molecular analysis.
290:
Diplonemidae are the most abundant and genetically diverse protists (and potentially eukaryotes) in the sea, there are strong implications that they play a key role in aquatic ecosystems. As of now, this exact role is unknown.
176:
is a family of biflagellated unicellular protists that may be among the more diverse and common groups of planktonic organisms in the ocean. Although this family is currently made up of three named genera;
344:
Diplonemidae are capable of sexual reproduction, as genes involved in meiosis have been found. Although marine diplonemids appear to reproduce sexually, not much is known about diplonemid reproduction as
684:
Gawryluk, Ryan M.R.; Del Campo, Javier; Okamoto, Noriko; Strassert, Jürgen F.H.; Lukeš, Julius; Richards, Thomas A.; Worden, Alexandra Z.; Santoro, Alyson E.; Keeling, Patrick J. (2016).
386:
Although presently made up of less than a dozen named species, the existence of thousands of unknown diplonemid taxa has been suggested through environmental sequencing analyses.
824:
Heyden, Sophie; Chao, EMA E.; Vickerman, Keith; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2004). "Ribosomal RNA Phylogeny of
Bodonid and Diplonemid Flagellates and the Evolution of Euglenozoa".
4249:
4262:
636:
Flegontova, Olga; Flegontov, Pavel; Malviya, Shruti; Audic, Stephane; Wincker, Patrick; De Vargas, Colomban; Bowler, Chris; Lukeš, Julius; Horák, Aleš (2016).
363:
The
Diplonemidae genome contains a spliced leader RNA gene, which confirms their use of mRNA spliceosome-dependent trans splicing during nuclear expression.
4236:
1267:
2557:
955:
Debroas, Didier; Domaizon, Isabelle; Humbert, Jean-Francois; Jardillier, Ludwig; Lepère, Cécile; Oudart, Anne; Taïb, Najwa (2017).
4298:
2590:
1301:
2585:
1296:
2669:
2659:
2642:
1380:
1370:
1353:
212:
Primary studies done in the 1900s by
Griessmann and Skuja had initially grouped Diplonemidae (or more specifically, the
34:
4267:
957:"Overview of freshwater microbial eukaryotes diversity: A first analysis of publicly available metabarcoding data"
541:
571:
778:
Roy, Joannie; Faktorová, Drahomíra; Benada, Oldřich; Lukeš, Julius; Burger, Gertraud (2007). "Description of
422:
2674:
1385:
1260:
442:
4153:
4067:
2550:
551:
462:
402:
222:
taxa) with the euglenids. This was due to the two groups sharing many morphological similarities with the
4057:
452:
432:
412:
4114:
4104:
4001:
3260:
2952:
2942:
2637:
1348:
581:
4109:
4079:
3803:
3761:
3575:
3548:
2856:
603:
561:
531:
508:
485:
4006:
3798:
3580:
3464:
3245:
3209:
3036:
2947:
4303:
4084:
4016:
4011:
3703:
3378:
3368:
3327:
3322:
3190:
3185:
3156:
2456:
392:
214:
179:
115:
4099:
4047:
4034:
3996:
3991:
3915:
3793:
3788:
3708:
3399:
3358:
2461:
1046:
Gabaldón, Toni; Ginger, Michael L.; Michels, Paul A.M. (2016). "Peroxisomes in parasitic protists".
4326:
4205:
4042:
3949:
3505:
3255:
3235:
3214:
3161:
2888:
2744:
2163:
1947:
3859:
3783:
3353:
3348:
3240:
3096:
2994:
2989:
2319:
3920:
3910:
3479:
3026:
2749:
2654:
2632:
2620:
2595:
2173:
1365:
1343:
1331:
1306:
1253:
153:
29:
3944:
3927:
3905:
3474:
593:
475:
191:
143:
122:
3585:
3014:
4275:
4223:
3041:
2664:
2627:
2615:
2605:
2543:
2507:
2433:
2414:
2124:
1707:
1375:
1338:
1326:
1316:
1231:
1192:
1153:
1112:
1063:
1028:
978:
906:
799:
755:
707:
659:
498:
129:
4290:
3031:
249:
Recently, there had been debates as to whether
Diplonemidae were more closely related to the
234:
in the family Diplonemidae was later confirmed through nuclear 18S rRNA analysis. As of now,
4280:
3932:
3877:
3284:
2796:
2579:
2479:
2425:
2179:
1625:
1290:
1223:
1184:
1143:
1102:
1094:
1055:
1020:
968:
937:
898:
863:
833:
791:
745:
697:
649:
4254:
4191:
4089:
3939:
3869:
3663:
3279:
2788:
2352:
1527:
4074:
3985:
3695:
3650:
3527:
3515:
3484:
3004:
2984:
2909:
2610:
2448:
2438:
2402:
2377:
2066:
1857:
1758:
1680:
1489:
1321:
1107:
1082:
941:
837:
375:
332:
254:
1024:
902:
867:
4320:
3882:
3750:
3641:
3558:
3173:
3113:
2964:
2937:
2819:
2484:
2283:
2275:
2105:
2026:
1966:
1877:
1851:
1580:
1059:
924:
Sturm, Nancy R.; Maslov, Dmitri A.; Grisard, Edmundo C.; Campbell, David A. (2001). "
795:
371:
274:
distinct, and exhibit slightly different lifestyles. The ‘classic’ diplonemids (i.e.
4228:
3954:
3741:
3454:
3108:
3103:
2754:
2729:
2517:
2344:
2324:
2264:
2168:
2141:
2088:
2046:
2013:
1788:
1566:
1505:
1227:
854:
Simpson, Alastair G.B. (1997). "The identity and composition of the Euglenozoa".
4185:
3970:
3837:
3632:
3570:
3449:
3146:
3129:
3085:
3076:
2734:
2408:
2334:
2186:
2150:
2130:
2078:
2052:
1942:
1890:
1863:
1845:
1818:
1585:
1454:
1443:
1098:
86:
66:
4176:
3900:
3565:
3138:
3066:
3021:
2830:
2489:
2313:
2304:
2289:
2157:
2094:
1953:
1914:
1909:
1795:
1712:
1607:
1519:
1148:
1131:
750:
733:
702:
685:
654:
637:
521:
347:
323:
250:
185:
136:
56:
686:"Morphological Identification and Single-Cell Genomics of Marine Diplonemids"
4200:
3847:
3824:
3771:
3731:
3538:
3425:
3418:
3304:
3272:
2977:
2739:
2388:
2329:
2037:
2002:
1960:
1937:
1919:
1806:
1742:
1617:
1494:
1437:
1424:
1276:
1188:
973:
956:
46:
1245:
1235:
1196:
1157:
1116:
1067:
1032:
982:
910:
803:
759:
711:
663:
4215:
4170:
3778:
3658:
3618:
3267:
2972:
2779:
2721:
2649:
2566:
2395:
2357:
2258:
2235:
1782:
1777:
1769:
1699:
1574:
1449:
1432:
1410:
1360:
223:
1171:
Qian, Q.; Keeling, P. J. (2001). "Diplonemid Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate
4241:
2712:
2691:
2511:
2246:
2083:
1929:
1836:
1825:
1689:
1595:
1551:
1459:
928:
spp. Possess Spliced Leader RNA Genes Similar to the Kinetoplastida".
889:
as indicated by analyses of euglenozoan small subunit ribosomal DNA".
1901:
1631:
1533:
1475:
4147:
2471:
2111:
881:
Busse, I.; Preisfeld, Angelika (2002). "Phylogenetic position of
457:(Schuster, Goldstein & Hershenow 1968) Triemer & Ott 1990
1728:
4151:
2539:
1249:
1003:
Triemer, Richard E.; Ott, Donald W. (1990). "Ultrastructure of
282:) are benthic, whereas the marine diplonemids, which include
1175:(GAPDH) and Prokaryote-to-Eukaryote Lateral Gene Transfer".
1007:
larsen & patterson (euglenozoa) and its relationship to
322:
Although Diplonemidae do not possess pellicular strips like
2535:
638:"Extreme Diversity of Diplonemid Eukaryotes in the Ocean"
1132:"Evolution: Plumbing the Depths of Diplonemid Diversity"
782:
n. sp. (Diplonemea), a Free-Living Marine Euglenozoan".
732:
Lukeš, Julius; Flegontova, Olga; Horák, Aleš (2015).
242:
are part of the ‘classical’ diplonemid subgroup, and
101:
Lukeš, Julius; Flegontova, Olga; Horák, Aleš (2015).
4160:
4027:
3978:
3969:
3893:
3868:
3846:
3822:
3749:
3740:
3729:
3694:
3687:
3680:
3649:
3640:
3631:
3616:
3526:
3495:
3442:
3435:
3410:
3389:
3338:
3312:
3303:
3225:
3199:
3172:
3137:
3128:
3084:
3075:
3064:
2963:
2927:
2920:
2899:
2878:
2871:
2846:
2839:
2828:
2817:
2787:
2778:
2771:
2720:
2711:
2704:
2689:
2470:
2447:
2424:
2374:
2343:
2303:
2274:
2245:
2233:
2140:
2104:
2065:
2036:
2012:
1999:
1928:
1900:
1876:
1835:
1805:
1768:
1755:
1725:
1698:
1678:
1616:
1594:
1548:
1518:
1503:
1472:
1423:
1408:
819:
817:
815:
813:
246:is part of the ‘nonclassical’ diplonemid subgroup.
1208:
1206:
998:
996:
994:
992:
773:
771:
769:
727:
725:
723:
721:
679:
677:
675:
673:
631:
629:
627:
625:
2551:
1261:
849:
847:
8:
1130:David, Vojtěch; Archibald, John M. (2016).
1083:"Origins of Eukaryotic Sexual Reproduction"
4148:
3975:
3852:
3830:
3819:
3746:
3737:
3691:
3684:
3646:
3637:
3628:
3624:
3439:
3309:
3178:
3134:
3081:
3072:
2924:
2875:
2843:
2836:
2825:
2784:
2775:
2717:
2708:
2701:
2697:
2558:
2544:
2536:
2421:
2251:
2242:
2230:
2137:
2101:
2071:
2018:
2009:
1996:
1882:
1811:
1765:
1752:
1735:
1722:
1695:
1675:
1671:
1600:
1558:
1515:
1511:
1482:
1420:
1416:
1405:
1401:
1268:
1254:
1246:
1087:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
20:
1147:
1106:
972:
749:
701:
653:
621:
2526:denotes groups with over 1,000 species
1048:Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology
930:The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
826:The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
784:The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
351:rarely demonstrate sexual processes.
7:
1081:Goodenough, U.; Heitman, J. (2014).
467:(Porter 1973) Triemer & Ott 1990
370:gene which is specifically found in
942:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00321.x
838:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00387.x
14:
164:Skuja 1948 ex Cavalier-Smith 1993
1060:10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.02.005
1013:European Journal of Protistology
796:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2007.00244.x
326:, they still move via metaboly.
314:Nonclassical Diplonemidae (i.e.
33:
2005:
2001:
1761:
1757:
1:
1025:10.1016/s0932-4739(11)80123-9
903:10.1016/s0378-1119(02)00390-6
868:10.1016/s0003-9365(97)80012-7
1228:10.1016/j.protis.2018.02.001
397:Griessmann 1913 non Don 1837
303:Classical diplonemids (i.e.
1099:10.1101/cshperspect.a016154
447:Larsen & Patterson 1990
417:Larsen & Patterson 1990
261:group to the Diplonemidae.
4343:
3855:
3833:
3818:
3627:
3181:
2700:
2573:
2502:
2254:
2229:
2074:
2021:
1995:
1885:
1814:
1751:
1738:
1721:
1674:
1670:
1603:
1561:
1514:
1485:
1419:
1404:
1400:
1284:
1149:10.1016/j.cub.2016.10.050
961:FEMS Microbiology Ecology
856:Archiv für Protistenkunde
751:10.1016/j.cub.2015.04.052
703:10.1016/j.cub.2016.09.013
655:10.1016/j.cub.2016.09.031
159:
152:
111:
106:
30:Scientific classification
28:
23:
1731:
1727:
366:Diplonemids possess the
1189:10.1078/1434-4610-00059
299:Morphology and Anatomy
974:10.1093/femsec/fix023
608:Tashyreva et al. 2018
598:Tashyreva et al. 2018
586:Tashyreva et al. 2018
566:Tashyreva et al. 2018
513:Tashyreva et al. 2018
503:Tashyreva et al. 2018
490:Tashyreva et al. 2018
480:Tashyreva et al. 2018
437:Tashyreva et al. 2018
407:Tashyreva et al. 2018
4068:Spirotrichonymphidae
4064:Spirotrichonymphida
780:Rhynchopus euleeides
542:R. coscinodiscivorus
16:Family of protozoans
4058:Hypotrichomonadidae
4054:Hypotrichomonadida
2403:Gunflint microbiota
2164:Klebsormidiophyceae
1948:Hyphochytriomycetes
1142:(24): R1290–R1292.
1005:Diplonema ambulator
887:Diplonema ambulator
269:Habitat and ecology
4115:Tritrichomonadidae
4105:Monocercomonadidae
4096:Tritrichomonadida
4002:Spirotrichosomidae
3261:Trypanoplasmatidae
3226:Metakinetoplastina
3206:Prokinetoplastida
2953:Psalteriomonadidae
2943:Paravahlkampfiidae
2174:Coleochaetophyceae
1554:
1550:
1478:
1474:
286:, are planktonic.
4314:
4313:
4276:Open Tree of Life
4154:Taxon identifiers
4145:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4110:Simplicimonadidae
4080:Honigbergiellidae
3965:
3964:
3883:Carpediemonadidae
3814:
3813:
3804:Streblomastigidae
3762:Paratrimastigidae
3758:Paratrimastigida
3725:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3676:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3612:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3576:Euglenamorphaceae
3549:Euglenomonadaceae
3545:Euglenomonadales
3299:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3200:Prokinetoplastina
3124:
3123:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3042:Stephanopogonidae
2910:Neovahlkampfiidae
2906:Neovahlkampfiida
2867:
2866:
2857:Pharyngomonadidae
2853:Pharyngomonadida
2847:Pharyngomonadidea
2813:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2533:
2532:
2498:
2497:
2434:Spironematellidae
2415:Meteora sporadica
2370:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2299:
2298:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2125:Prasinodermophyta
2061:
2060:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1872:
1871:
1708:Centroplasthelida
1666:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1544:
1543:
1468:
1467:
744:(16): R702–R704.
696:(22): 3053–3059.
648:(22): 3060–3065.
609:
599:
587:
577:
567:
557:
547:
537:
527:
514:
504:
491:
481:
468:
458:
448:
438:
428:
418:
408:
398:
171:
170:
165:
102:
4334:
4307:
4306:
4294:
4293:
4284:
4283:
4271:
4270:
4258:
4257:
4245:
4244:
4232:
4231:
4219:
4218:
4209:
4208:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4149:
4007:Staurojoeninidae
3976:
3955:Retortamonadidae
3878:Carpediemonadida
3853:
3831:
3820:
3799:Saccinobaculidae
3747:
3738:
3692:
3685:
3647:
3638:
3629:
3625:
3581:Euglenocapsaceae
3465:Heteronemataceae
3461:Heteronematales
3440:
3310:
3285:Trypanosomatidae
3246:Rhynchomonadidae
3210:Ichthyobodonidae
3179:
3135:
3082:
3073:
3037:Percolomonadidae
2948:Plaesiobystridae
2925:
2876:
2844:
2837:
2826:
2797:Tsukubamonadidae
2785:
2776:
2718:
2709:
2702:
2698:
2602:
2582:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2537:
2480:Collodictyonidae
2426:Hemimastigophora
2422:
2381:
2252:
2243:
2239:
2231:
2180:Zygnematophyceae
2138:
2118:
2102:
2072:
2019:
2010:
2006:
1997:
1883:
1812:
1766:
1762:
1753:
1736:
1732:
1723:
1696:
1683:
1676:
1672:
1626:Choanoflagellata
1601:
1559:
1555:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1483:
1479:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1406:
1402:
1313:
1293:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1247:
1240:
1239:
1210:
1201:
1200:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1151:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1110:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1000:
987:
986:
976:
952:
946:
945:
921:
915:
914:
878:
872:
871:
851:
842:
841:
821:
808:
807:
775:
764:
763:
753:
729:
716:
715:
705:
681:
668:
667:
657:
633:
607:
597:
585:
575:
572:R. littoralensis
565:
555:
545:
535:
525:
512:
502:
489:
479:
466:
456:
446:
436:
426:
423:D. breviciliatum
416:
406:
396:
163:
162:Rhynchopodaceae
100:
38:
37:
21:
4342:
4341:
4337:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4310:
4302:
4297:
4289:
4287:
4279:
4274:
4266:
4261:
4253:
4248:
4240:
4235:
4227:
4222:
4214:
4212:
4204:
4199:
4190:
4189:
4184:
4175:
4174:
4169:
4156:
4146:
4121:
4090:Trichomonadidae
4085:Tricercomitidae
4039:Cristamonadida
4023:
4017:Trichonymphidae
4012:Teratonymphidae
3961:
3950:Chilomastigidae
3940:Retortamonadida
3889:
3870:Carpediemonadea
3864:
3842:
3827:
3810:
3734:
3713:
3704:Ancyromonadidae
3668:
3664:Malawimonadidae
3621:
3592:
3522:
3491:
3431:
3406:
3385:
3379:Sphenomonadidae
3369:Sphenomonadidae
3334:
3328:Sphenomonadidae
3323:Petalomonadidae
3319:Petalomonadida
3291:
3280:Trypanosomatida
3221:
3195:
3191:Trypanophididae
3186:Bordnamonadidae
3168:
3157:Eupelagonemidae
3120:
3069:
3048:
3022:Percolomonadida
2959:
2916:
2900:Neovahlkampfiea
2895:
2863:
2833:
2822:
2801:
2789:Tsukubamonadida
2759:
2694:
2685:
2684:
2600:
2578:
2569:
2564:
2534:
2529:
2494:
2466:
2457:Ancyromonadidae
2443:
2420:
2375:
2362:
2353:Malawimonadidae
2339:
2295:
2270:
2234:
2193:
2136:
2109:
2108:
2100:
2057:
2032:
2000:
1971:
1924:
1896:
1868:
1831:
1801:
1756:
1747:
1726:
1717:
1694:
1679:
1638:
1612:
1590:
1549:
1540:
1504:
1499:
1473:
1464:
1409:
1396:
1395:
1311:
1289:
1280:
1274:
1244:
1243:
1212:
1211:
1204:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1136:Current Biology
1129:
1128:
1124:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1002:
1001:
990:
954:
953:
949:
923:
922:
918:
880:
879:
875:
853:
852:
845:
823:
822:
811:
777:
776:
767:
738:Current Biology
731:
730:
719:
690:Current Biology
683:
682:
671:
642:Current Biology
635:
634:
623:
618:
556:Roy et al. 2007
384:
357:
342:
301:
296:
271:
210:
201:
99:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4340:
4338:
4330:
4329:
4319:
4318:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4308:
4295:
4285:
4272:
4259:
4246:
4233:
4220:
4210:
4197:
4182:
4166:
4164:
4158:
4157:
4152:
4143:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4118:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4100:Dientamoebidae
4094:
4093:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4075:Trichomonadida
4072:
4071:
4070:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4048:Devescovinidae
4045:
4037:
4035:Hexamastigidae
4031:
4029:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3997:Hoplonymphidae
3994:
3992:Burmanymphidae
3986:Trichonymphida
3982:
3980:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3945:Caviomonadidae
3937:
3936:
3935:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3918:
3916:Spironucleidae
3913:
3908:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3874:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3862:
3856:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3838:Anaeramoebidae
3834:
3828:
3823:
3816:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3794:Pyrsonymphidae
3791:
3789:Polymastigidae
3786:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3755:
3753:
3744:
3735:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3709:Planomonadidae
3706:
3700:
3698:
3696:Ancyromonadida
3689:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3655:
3653:
3651:Malawimonadida
3644:
3635:
3622:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3532:
3530:
3528:Euglenophyceae
3524:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3516:Peranemataceae
3510:
3509:
3508:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3485:Neometanemidae
3482:
3477:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3446:
3444:
3437:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3422:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3400:Entosiphonidae
3396:Entosiphonida
3393:
3391:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3365:Heterostavida
3363:
3362:
3361:
3359:Lentomonadidae
3356:
3351:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3316:
3314:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3182:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3143:
3141:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3090:
3088:
3079:
3070:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3005:Vahlkampfiidae
2999:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2969:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2931:
2929:
2922:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2882:
2880:
2873:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2850:
2848:
2841:
2840:Pharyngomonada
2834:
2829:
2823:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2793:
2791:
2782:
2773:
2769:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2726:
2724:
2715:
2706:
2695:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2675:Mesomycetozoea
2672:
2667:
2657:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2611:Diaphoretickes
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2540:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2521:
2514:
2510:excluded from
2503:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2476:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2462:Planomonadidae
2459:
2453:
2451:
2449:Ancyromonadida
2445:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2439:Paramastigidae
2436:
2430:
2428:
2419:
2418:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2391:
2384:
2382:
2378:Incertae sedis
2372:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2349:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2309:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2286:
2280:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2240:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2183:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2154:
2146:
2144:
2135:
2134:
2127:
2121:
2119:
2099:
2098:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2067:Archaeplastida
2063:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2042:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2022:
2016:
2007:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1934:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1906:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1858:Dinoflagellata
1854:
1852:Chrompodellida
1849:
1841:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1780:
1774:
1772:
1763:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1704:
1702:
1693:
1692:
1686:
1684:
1681:Diaphoretickes
1668:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1628:
1622:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1570:
1562:
1556:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1530:
1524:
1522:
1509:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1440:
1435:
1429:
1427:
1414:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1386:Mesomycetozoea
1383:
1378:
1368:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1322:Diaphoretickes
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1279:classification
1275:
1273:
1272:
1265:
1258:
1250:
1242:
1241:
1222:(2): 158–179.
1202:
1183:(3): 193–201.
1163:
1122:
1093:(3): a016154.
1073:
1054:(1–2): 35–45.
1038:
1019:(4): 316–320.
988:
947:
936:(3): 325–331.
916:
897:(1–2): 83–91.
873:
862:(3): 318–328.
843:
832:(4): 402–416.
809:
790:(2): 137–145.
765:
717:
669:
620:
619:
617:
614:
613:
612:
611:
610:
590:
589:
588:
578:
576:Kufferath 1950
568:
558:
548:
538:
517:
516:
515:
494:
493:
492:
471:
470:
469:
459:
449:
443:D. metabolicum
439:
429:
427:Griessman 1913
419:
409:
383:
380:
376:Pseudomonadota
356:
353:
341:
338:
333:kinetoplastids
300:
297:
295:
292:
270:
267:
255:kinetoplastids
209:
206:
200:
197:
169:
168:
167:
166:
157:
156:
150:
149:
148:
147:
140:
133:
126:
119:
109:
108:
104:
103:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
54:
50:
49:
44:
40:
39:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4339:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4305:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4286:
4282:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4211:
4207:
4202:
4198:
4193:
4187:
4183:
4178:
4172:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4150:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4073:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4043:Calonymphidae
4041:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4028:Trichomonadea
4026:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3979:Trichonymphea
3977:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3938:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3902:
3901:Diplomonadida
3899:
3898:
3896:
3892:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3821:
3817:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3777:
3773:
3772:Trimastigidae
3770:
3769:
3768:Trimastigida
3767:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3751:Anaeromonadea
3748:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3733:
3728:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3679:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3642:Malawimonadea
3639:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3615:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3564:
3560:
3559:Eutreptiaceae
3557:
3556:
3555:Eutreptiales
3554:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3512:Peranematida
3511:
3507:
3506:Teloproctidae
3504:
3503:
3502:Acroglissida
3501:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3471:Natomonadida
3470:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3313:Petalomonadea
3311:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3256:Parabodonidae
3254:
3253:
3252:Parabodonida
3251:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3236:Allobodonidae
3234:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3216:
3215:Perkinselidae
3213:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3174:Kinetoplastea
3171:
3163:
3162:Hemistasiidae
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3115:
3114:Postgaardidae
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3063:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2965:Heterolobosea
2962:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2938:Gruberellidae
2936:
2935:
2934:Lyromonadida
2933:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2890:
2889:Selenaionidae
2887:
2886:
2885:Selenaionida
2884:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2870:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2820:Discicristata
2816:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2772:Tsukubamonada
2770:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2745:Moramonadidae
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2688:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2638:Stramenopiles
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2601:(major groups
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2556:
2554:
2549:
2547:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2506:¹traditional
2505:
2504:
2501:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2485:Mantamonadida
2483:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2373:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2285:
2284:Heterolobosea
2282:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2276:Discicristata
2273:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2107:
2106:Viridiplantae
2103:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2027:Microheliella
2024:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1994:
1968:
1967:Actinophryida
1965:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1878:Stramenopiles
1875:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1581:Ichthyosporea
1579:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1529:
1528:Rotosphaerida
1526:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1490:Apusomonadida
1488:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1349:Stramenopiles
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1312:(major groups
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1173:Dehydrogenase
1167:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
999:
997:
995:
993:
989:
984:
980:
975:
970:
966:
962:
958:
951:
948:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
920:
917:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
877:
874:
869:
865:
861:
857:
850:
848:
844:
839:
835:
831:
827:
820:
818:
816:
814:
810:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
774:
772:
770:
766:
761:
757:
752:
747:
743:
739:
735:
734:"Diplonemids"
728:
726:
724:
722:
718:
713:
709:
704:
699:
695:
691:
687:
680:
678:
676:
674:
670:
665:
661:
656:
651:
647:
643:
639:
632:
630:
628:
626:
622:
615:
606:
605:
601:
600:
596:
595:
591:
584:
583:
579:
574:
573:
569:
564:
563:
559:
554:
553:
549:
544:
543:
539:
534:
533:
529:
528:
524:
523:
518:
511:
510:
506:
505:
501:
500:
495:
488:
487:
483:
482:
478:
477:
472:
465:
464:
463:D. papillatum
460:
455:
454:
450:
445:
444:
440:
435:
434:
430:
425:
424:
420:
415:
414:
410:
405:
404:
403:D. aggregatum
400:
399:
395:
394:
389:
388:
387:
381:
379:
377:
373:
372:cyanobacteria
369:
364:
361:
354:
352:
350:
349:
339:
337:
335:
334:
327:
325:
320:
317:
312:
310:
306:
298:
293:
291:
287:
285:
281:
277:
268:
266:
262:
258:
256:
252:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
216:
207:
205:
198:
196:
194:
193:
188:
187:
182:
181:
175:
161:
160:
158:
155:
151:
146:
145:
141:
139:
138:
134:
132:
131:
127:
125:
124:
120:
118:
117:
113:
112:
110:
105:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
78:
75:
72:
71:
68:
65:
62:
61:
58:
55:
52:
51:
48:
45:
42:
41:
36:
31:
27:
24:Diplonemidae
22:
19:
4161:
3860:Kipferliidae
3784:Oxymonadidae
3742:Anaeromonada
3688:Planomonadea
3455:Anisonemidae
3424:
3417:
3390:Entosiphonea
3354:Keelungiidae
3349:Decastavidae
3345:Decastavida
3241:Neobodonidae
3232:Neobodonida
3152:Diplonemidae
3151:
3109:Calkinsiidae
3104:Postgaardida
3097:Bihospitidae
3093:Bihospitida
3001:Tetramitida
2995:Naegleriidae
2990:Tulamoebidae
2921:Eutetramitia
2755:Stygiellidae
2730:Andaluciidae
2660:Opisthokonta
2523:
2518:paraphyletic
2413:
2394:
2376:
2345:Malawimonada
2325:Anaeromonada
2320:Anaeramoebae
2312:
2288:
2265:Tsukubamonas
2263:
2185:
2178:
2169:Charophyceae
2156:
2149:
2142:Streptophyta
2129:
2113:
2093:
2089:Rhodelphidia
2047:Palpitomonas
2045:
2025:
2014:Pancryptista
1959:
1952:
1889:
1856:
1844:
1824:
1794:
1789:Foraminifera
1787:
1630:
1573:
1567:Tunicaraptor
1565:
1532:
1506:Opisthokonta
1442:
1371:Opisthokonta
1219:
1215:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1139:
1135:
1125:
1090:
1086:
1076:
1051:
1047:
1041:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
964:
960:
950:
933:
929:
925:
919:
894:
890:
886:
882:
876:
859:
855:
829:
825:
787:
783:
779:
741:
737:
693:
689:
645:
641:
602:
592:
580:
570:
560:
552:R. euleeides
550:
546:Schnepf 1994
540:
530:
520:
507:
497:
484:
474:
461:
453:D. nigricans
451:
441:
433:D. japonicum
431:
421:
413:D. ambulator
411:
401:
391:
385:
367:
365:
362:
358:
348:Euglenozoans
346:
343:
331:
328:
321:
315:
313:
308:
304:
302:
288:
283:
279:
275:
272:
263:
259:
248:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
219:
213:
211:
202:
190:
184:
178:
174:Diplonemidae
173:
172:
142:
135:
128:
121:
114:
97:Diplonemidae
96:
76:
18:
4186:Wikispecies
3971:Parabasalia
3933:Dysnectidae
3921:Hexamitidae
3911:Octomitidae
3894:Eopharyngia
3779:Oxymonadida
3681:Planomonada
3571:Euglenaceae
3480:Distigmidae
3450:Anisonemida
3375:Ploeotiida
3147:Diplonemida
3130:Glycomonada
3086:Postgaardea
3077:Postgaardia
3027:Barbeliidae
2985:Naegleriida
2928:Lyromonadea
2750:Ophirinidae
2735:Histionidae
2409:Chitinozoan
2335:Parabasalia
2187:Embryophyta
2151:Chlorokybus
2131:Chlorophyta
2079:Glaucophyta
2053:Cryptophyta
1943:Pirsoniales
1910:Bicosoecida
1891:Platysulcus
1864:Perkinsozoa
1846:Apicomplexa
1819:Colponemida
1586:Pluriformea
1455:Archamoebea
1444:Eumycetozoa
509:L. lanifica
340:Life cycles
316:Hemistasia)
294:Description
87:Diplonemida
67:Glycomonada
63:Subphylum:
4327:Euglenozoa
4192:Diplonemea
4162:Diplonemea
3928:Dysnectida
3906:Giardiidae
3732:Metamonada
3566:Euglenales
3475:Astasiidae
3443:Anisonemea
3139:Diplonemea
3067:Euglenozoa
2872:Tetramitia
2831:Percolozoa
2490:Rigifilida
2389:Acritarchs
2314:Barthelona
2305:Metamonada
2290:Euglenozoa
2158:Mesostigma
2114:sensu lato
2095:Rhodophyta
1954:Ochrophyta
1915:Placidozoa
1826:Ciliophora
1796:Radiolaria
1713:Haptophyta
1608:Filasterea
1520:Holomycota
883:Rhynchopus
616:References
594:Sulcionema
582:R. serpens
536:Skuja 1948
526:Skuja 1948
522:Rhynchopus
476:Flectonema
309:Rhynchopus
284:Hemistasia
280:Rhynchopus
244:Hemistasia
236:Rhynchopus
228:Rhynchopus
220:Rhynchopus
192:Hemistasia
186:Rhynchopus
144:Sulcionema
137:Rhynchopus
123:Flectonema
77:Diplonemea
57:Euglenozoa
4201:AlgaeBase
3848:Fornicata
3825:Trichozoa
3586:Phacaceae
3539:Rapazidae
3535:Rapazida
3496:Peranemea
3436:Spirocuta
3305:Euglenida
3273:Bodonidae
3015:Creneidae
3011:Creneida
2978:Acrasidae
2740:Jakobidae
2655:Amoebozoa
2633:Alveolata
2621:Cryptista
2596:Eukaryota
2330:Fornicata
2236:Excavates
2038:Cryptista
1961:Oomycetes
1938:Developea
1920:Sagenista
1807:Alveolata
1743:Telonemia
1618:Choanozoa
1495:Breviatea
1438:Tubulinea
1425:Amoebozoa
1366:Amoebozoa
1344:Alveolata
1332:Cryptista
1307:Eukaryota
1277:Eukaryote
926:Diplonema
604:S. specki
562:R. humris
532:R. amitus
486:F. neradi
393:Diplonema
324:euglenids
305:Diplonema
276:Diplonema
251:euglenids
240:Diplonema
232:Diplonema
224:euglenids
215:Diplonema
199:Etymology
180:Diplonema
116:Diplonema
47:Eukaryota
4321:Category
4213:BioLib:
4177:Q8560156
4171:Wikidata
3659:Imasidae
3633:Neolouka
3619:Loukozoa
3419:Hemiolia
3339:Alistosa
3268:Bodonida
2973:Acrasida
2780:Tsukubea
2722:Jakobida
2705:Jakobida
2650:Amorphea
2628:Rhizaria
2616:Hacrobia
2606:Excavata
2591:Bacteria
2567:Excavata
2512:protists
2508:kingdoms
2396:Grypania
2358:Imasidae
2259:Jakobida
1783:Endomyxa
1778:Cercozoa
1770:Rhizaria
1700:Haptista
1632:Animalia
1575:Bicellum
1450:Variosea
1433:Discosea
1411:Amorphea
1361:Amorphea
1339:Rhizaria
1327:Hacrobia
1317:Excavata
1302:Bacteria
1236:29604574
1197:11693658
1158:27997843
1117:24591519
1068:26896770
1033:23196044
983:28334157
911:11891049
885:sp. and
804:17403154
760:26294177
712:27875688
664:27875689
499:Lacrimia
382:Taxonomy
355:Genetics
154:Synonyms
130:Lacrimia
93:Family:
53:Phylum:
43:Domain:
4291:6359304
4242:8242259
3426:Liburna
3411:Karavia
3032:Lulidae
2879:Lunosea
2713:Jakobea
2692:Discoba
2665:Animals
2586:Archaea
2247:Discoba
2112:Plants
2084:Picozoa
1930:Gyrista
1837:Myzozoa
1690:Provora
1596:Filozoa
1552:Holozoa
1460:Cutosea
1376:Animals
1297:Archaea
1216:Protist
1177:Protist
1108:3949356
1009:Isonema
208:History
107:Genera
83:Order:
73:Class:
4304:582176
4288:uBio:
4281:442048
4268:191814
4216:165124
4206:141997
2643:Plants
2580:Domain
2520:groups
1902:Bigyra
1476:Obazoa
1354:Plants
1291:Domain
1234:
1195:
1156:
1115:
1105:
1066:
1031:
981:
909:
802:
758:
710:
662:
519:Genus
496:Genus
473:Genus
390:Genus
189:, and
4299:WoRMS
4250:IRMNG
4229:622D4
2670:Fungi
2472:CRuMs
1534:Fungi
1381:Fungi
967:(4).
4263:NCBI
4255:1386
4237:GBIF
2524:bold
1729:TSAR
1232:PMID
1193:PMID
1154:PMID
1113:PMID
1064:PMID
1029:PMID
979:PMID
907:PMID
891:Gene
800:PMID
756:PMID
708:PMID
660:PMID
374:and
368:gap3
307:and
278:and
238:and
230:and
218:and
4224:CoL
2003:CAM
1759:SAR
1224:doi
1220:169
1185:doi
1181:152
1144:doi
1103:PMC
1095:doi
1056:doi
1052:209
1021:doi
1011:".
969:doi
938:doi
899:doi
895:284
864:doi
860:148
834:doi
792:doi
746:doi
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650:doi
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