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Enforcement Directorate

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fraction of these cases have completed trial. In July 2023, data shared by the union government in Parliament revealed that only 31 cases under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) had completed trial in the previous nine years. Of these, 29 resulted in convictions, yielding a conviction rate of 93.54%. While this rate exceeds the 57% national conviction rate for offences under the Indian Penal Code (IPC), it is important to note that only 0.52% of PMLA cases have completed trial, compared to 10.5% of IPC cases.
1695: 53: 349:. The Director is responsible for overseeing the agency's operations and reports to the Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance. The Director is assisted by several Special Directors, Additional Directors, Joint Directors, Deputy Directors, Assistant Directors, and Enforcement Officers. The organizational structure is designed to ensure efficient management and coordination across various regions and functions. 2306: 437: 2000: 1734: 1778: 406:: On May 16, 2024, the Supreme Court ruled that the ED cannot arrest an accused under Section 19 of the PMLA after a Special Court has taken cognizance of the complaint. If the ED seeks custody of the accused for further investigation, it must apply to the Special Court, which will decide based on the necessity of custodial interrogation. 588:
The Enforcement Directorate has reported a high conviction rate in money laundering cases, but this figure is based on a small number of completed trials. As of January 31, 2023, the ED had registered 5,906 Enforcement Case Information Reports (ECIRs) and arrested 513 persons. However, only a small
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In 1957, the unit was renamed as the "Enforcement Directorate," and a new branch was opened in Madras (now Chennai). The administrative control of the Directorate was transferred from the Department of Economic Affairs to the Department of Revenue in 1960. Over the years, the ED's mandate expanded.
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The ED has faced accusations of being used as a political tool, particularly against opposition parties. Critics argue that the agency has been selectively targeting opposition leaders, conducting raids, and making arrests, especially during election periods. In March 2024, 14 opposition parties
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The ED's headquarters is located in New Delhi, and it has five regional offices in Mumbai, Chennai, Chandigarh, Kolkata, and Delhi, each headed by a Special Director. These regional offices oversee the operations of zonal offices located in various cities across India, including Pune, Bengaluru,
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Initially, the unit was headed by a Legal Service Officer as the Director of Enforcement, assisted by an officer on deputation from the Reserve Bank of India and three inspectors from the Special Police Establishment. The unit started with two branches in Bombay (now Mumbai) and Calcutta (now
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filed a petition with the Supreme Court alleging misuse of the ED. Senior advocate A M Singhvi, representing the petitioners, argued that the number of politicians investigated by the ED had drastically risen after 2014, with 95% of those investigated belonging to opposition parties.
414:: The Supreme Court also clarified that the stringent conditions for bail under Section 45 of the PMLA do not apply if the accused appears before the Special Court in response to a summons. This ruling makes it easier for accused individuals to obtain bail in money laundering cases. 356:
In addition to the zonal offices, the ED has sub-zonal offices in cities such as Mangaluru, Bhubaneshwar, Kozhikode, Indore, Madurai, Nagpur, Allahabad, Raipur, Dehradun, Ranchi, Surat, Shimla, Vishakhapatnam, and Jammu. These sub-zonal offices are headed by Deputy Directors.
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The ED's organizational structure also includes specialized units such as the Headquarters Office, Coordination, Intelligence, System & Training, Adjudication, and the Special Task Force (STF), each managed by Joint Directors and Special Directors.
556:: On November 21, 2023, the ED issued a show-cause notice of ₹9,362 crore to Think & Learn, the company behind Byju's education platform, and its founder Byju Raveendran for alleged violations of forex rules while attracting foreign investments. 498:: The ED played a significant role in the investigation of the INX Media case, which involved alleged financial irregularities and corruption. The case led to the arrest of several high-profile individuals, including former Finance Minister 302:
The Directorate of Enforcement (ED) was established on May 1, 1956, as an "Enforcement Unit" within the Department of Economic Affairs, Government of India. It was created to handle violations of exchange control laws under the
422:: The Supreme Court has also reviewed amendments to the PMLA, addressing concerns about specific provisions such as the requirement to provide information reports to the accused and the reversal of the presumption of innocence. 538:: The ED was involved in the investigation of the Punjab National Bank (PNB) scam, which involved fraudulent transactions worth over ₹13,000 crore. The case led to the arrest of diamond merchants Nirav Modi and Mehul Choksi. 1610: 275:(ED) is a law enforcement and economic intelligence agency of the Government of India. Established on May 1, 1956, it is responsible for enforcing economic laws and combating financial crimes. The ED operates under the 318:
With economic liberalization in the 1990s, FERA 1973 was repealed and replaced by the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 (FEMA), which came into effect on June 1, 2000. The ED was entrusted with enforcing FEMA.
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Special Courts have exclusive jurisdiction to try offenses punishable under the PMLA. They follow the procedure prescribed in the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (CrPC), for trials before a Court of Session.
3509: 530:: The ED investigated the 2G spectrum allocation scam, which was one of the largest corruption cases in India. The investigation led to the prosecution of several politicians and business executives. 315:
In 1973, FERA '47 was repealed and replaced by FERA, 1973. From 1973 to 1977, the Directorate was under the administrative jurisdiction of the Department of Personnel & Administrative Reforms.
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Chandigarh, Chennai, Kochi, Delhi, Panaji, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Jalandhar, Kolkata, Lucknow, Mumbai, Patna, and Srinagar. Each zonal office is led by a Joint Director.
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In several landmark rulings, the Supreme Court of India has clarified the extent of the ED's powers, particularly concerning arrests and custody of accused individuals.
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The Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA) provides for the establishment of Special Courts to ensure the speedy trial of offenses under the Act.
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Seizure of Assets: Over the past eight years, the ED has conducted over 3,000 raids and seized assets worth more than ₹99 crore under the PMLA.
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Each Special Court consists of a single judge appointed by the Central Government with the concurrence of the Chief Justice of the High Court.
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in 2018. These laws have strengthened the agency's ability to combat economic crimes and ensure compliance with financial regulations.
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Strengthening of Laws: The ED's investigations have led to significant legislative changes, including amendments to the
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Special Courts are established by the Central Government in consultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court.
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The Enforcement Directorate (ED) is headed by the Director of Enforcement, who is an officer of the rank of
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was enacted, and the ED was given the responsibility of enforcing it from July 1, 2005. More recently, the
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The allegations of misuse have been further fueled by incidents such as the one in August 2023, when
2305: 982: 337:, and plays a crucial role in combating economic crimes and enforcing economic laws in the country. 3475: 2784: 2450: 2177: 2019: 1950: 1891: 1033: 956: 511: 135: 904: 510:: The ED filed one of its longest charge sheets, approximately 5,300 pages, against Vijay Mallya, 3504: 3304: 3294: 3148: 3097: 3069: 2899: 2894: 2829: 2581: 2560: 2433: 2253: 2241: 2225: 2049: 2039: 1857: 206: 1130:"Supreme Court Ruling: ED Cannot Arrest After Special Court Takes Cognizance of PMLA Complaint" 3362: 3342: 3329: 3299: 2874: 2565: 2535: 2344: 2326: 2027: 1786: 1363: 98: 3400: 3372: 3268: 3209: 2879: 2864: 2839: 2814: 2809: 2202: 1906: 527: 1516:"ED Is Claiming it Has a High Conviction Rate – But it Has Closed Only 25 Cases Since 2005" 3479: 3434: 2849: 2522: 2513: 2099: 659: 605: 1694: 52: 3176: 3102: 2977: 2957: 2884: 2844: 2834: 2799: 2794: 2502: 2169: 499: 495: 3529: 3286: 3161: 3156: 3139: 3117: 3046: 2869: 2854: 2819: 2555: 2473: 2197: 1559:"India's opposition becomes financial crime agency's target as Modi seeks third term" 1440: 3443: 2779: 2774: 2754: 2540: 2408: 2245: 2054: 1007: 930: 878: 818: 792: 741: 507: 3236: 3166: 2920: 330:
was passed, and the ED was entrusted with its enforcement from April 21, 2018.
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Today, the Enforcement Directorate operates under the Department of Revenue,
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warned opposition members during a parliamentary debate, saying, "
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Meenakshi Lekhi Warns Opposition Of ED Raid | Parliament Session
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Law enforcement agency and economic intelligence agency of India
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Investigation Division of the Central Board of Direct Taxes
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Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy (SVPNPA)
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The ED's primary mandate is to enforce two key laws: the
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Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)
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Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)
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Additionally, it is tasked with implementing the 251: 237: 219: 199: 188: 183: 167: 141: 131: 121: 109: 104: 94: 75: 70: 62: 37: 2277:Delhi, Andaman and Nicobar Islands Police Service 305:Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1947 (FERA '47) 2674:Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation 2639:National Technical Research Organisation (NTRO) 2110:Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and Systems 1930:Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation 347:Additional Secretary to the Government of India 284:Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA) 1416:"Role of enforcement directorate – What is ED" 1982: 1716: 8: 1956:Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) 879:"History of ED - Directorate of Enforcement" 873: 871: 869: 867: 865: 819:"History of ED - Directorate of Enforcement" 742:"History of ED - Directorate of Enforcement" 625:Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 (FEMA) 328:Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018 (FEOA) 292:Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018 (FEOA) 288:Foreign 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2999: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2982: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2940: 2934: 2932: 2923: 2914: 2906: 2905: 2903: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2877: 2872: 2867: 2862: 2857: 2852: 2847: 2842: 2837: 2832: 2827: 2825:Madhya Pradesh 2822: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2767: 2765:Andhra Pradesh 2761: 2759: 2751: 2750: 2747: 2746: 2744: 2743: 2738: 2732: 2730: 2720: 2719: 2717: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2670: 2668: 2662: 2661: 2659: 2658: 2657: 2656: 2651: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2615: 2613: 2607: 2606: 2603: 2602: 2600: 2599: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2578: 2576: 2572: 2571: 2569: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2527: 2525: 2516: 2507: 2499: 2498: 2495: 2494: 2492: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2465: 2463: 2457: 2456: 2454: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2437: 2436: 2431: 2421: 2416: 2411: 2405: 2403: 2394: 2388: 2387: 2384: 2383: 2381: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2355: 2349: 2347: 2341: 2340: 2338: 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Chidambaram 496:INX Media Case 491: 488: 485: 484: 443: 441: 434: 428: 425: 424: 423: 416: 415: 408: 407: 396: 393: 387: 384: 383: 382: 379: 374: 371: 366: 365:Special Courts 363: 342: 339: 299: 296: 267: 266: 254: 253: 249: 248: 239: 235: 234: 232: 231: 223: 221: 217: 216: 214: 213: 203: 201: 197: 196: 190: 186: 185: 181: 180: 178: 177: 171: 169: 168:General nature 165: 164: 162: 161: 156: 151: 145: 143: 139: 138: 133: 132:Governing body 129: 128: 123: 119: 118: 113: 111:Federal agency 107: 106: 102: 101: 96: 92: 91: 82:(68 years ago) 77: 73: 72: 68: 67: 64: 60: 59: 56: 48: 47: 31: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3588: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3533: 3531: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3477: 3474: 3473: 3471: 3467: 3453: 3450: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3432: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3394: 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1343: 1339: 1333: 1330: 1317: 1313: 1307: 1304: 1291: 1287: 1281: 1278: 1265: 1261: 1255: 1252: 1239: 1235: 1229: 1226: 1214:. 16 May 2024 1213: 1209: 1203: 1200: 1188:. 16 May 2024 1187: 1183: 1177: 1174: 1162:. 29 May 2024 1161: 1157: 1151: 1148: 1136:. 15 May 2024 1135: 1131: 1125: 1122: 1110: 1103: 1097: 1094: 1082: 1076: 1073: 1061: 1055: 1052: 1039: 1035: 1029: 1026: 1013: 1009: 1003: 1000: 988: 984: 978: 975: 962: 958: 952: 949: 936: 932: 926: 923: 910: 906: 900: 897: 884: 880: 874: 872: 870: 868: 866: 862: 850: 846: 840: 837: 824: 820: 814: 811: 798: 794: 788: 785: 773: 769: 763: 760: 747: 743: 737: 734: 728: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 685: 681: 680: 677: 674: 672: 669: 666: 663: 661: 658: 655: 652: 649: 646: 643: 640: 637: 634: 633: 629: 624: 623: 619: 617: 615: 611: 607: 604: 599: 592: 590: 583: 578: 573: 569: 565: 564: 560: 555: 552: 551: 547: 546: 542: 537: 534: 533: 529: 526: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 506: 505: 501: 497: 494: 493: 489: 481: 478: 470: 460: 456: 450: 449: 442: 433: 432: 427:Notable cases 426: 421: 418: 417: 413: 410: 409: 405: 402: 401: 400: 394: 392: 385: 380: 377: 376: 372: 370: 364: 362: 358: 354: 350: 348: 340: 338: 336: 331: 329: 325: 322:In 2002, the 320: 316: 312: 308: 306: 297: 295: 293: 289: 285: 280: 278: 274: 264: 255: 250: 247: 243: 240: 238:Parent agency 236: 229: 226:Rahul Navin, 225: 224: 222: 218: 212: 208: 205: 204: 202: 198: 194: 191: 187: 182: 176: 173: 172: 170: 166: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 146: 144: 140: 137: 134: 130: 127: 124: 120: 117: 114: 112: 108: 103: 100: 97: 93: 78: 74: 69: 65: 61: 54: 49: 40: 36: 30: 19: 3093:Chandannagar 2953:Kanpur Nagar 2785:Chhattisgarh 2755:State police 2693: 2611:Intelligence 2409:Assam Rifles 2391:Armed Police 2263: 2246:Hindi cinema 2222: 2131: 2086: 2055:Law of India 1667:. 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Index

Directorate General of Economic Enforcement
Official emblem of Enforcement Directorate
Government agency
Federal agency
India
India
Government of India
Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999
Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002
Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018
Federal law enforcement
New Delhi
Nirmala Sitharaman
Minister of Finance
IRS
Department of Revenue
Ministry of Finance
enforcementdirectorate.gov.in
Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance
Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA)
Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 (FEMA)
Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018 (FEOA)
Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1947 (FERA '47)
Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA)
Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018 (FEOA)
Ministry of Finance, Government of India
Additional Secretary to the Government of India
disputed
talk page
reliably sourced

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