175:
and distribution have distinct meanings in the design and management of a directory service. Replication is used to indicate that the same directory namespace (the same objects) are copied to another directory server for redundancy and throughput reasons; the replicated namespace is governed by the
46:. It is a shared information infrastructure for locating, managing, administering and organizing everyday items and network resources, which can include volumes, folders, files, printers, users, groups, devices, telephone numbers and other objects. A directory service is a critical component of a
480:: Derived from the original University of Michigan LDAP implementation (like Netscape, Red Hat, Fedora and Sun JSDS implementations), it supports all computer architectures (including Unix and Unix derivatives, Linux, Windows, z/OS and a number of embedded-realtime systems).
301:
Developed by
Microsoft to provide directory services for Windows machines before the release of the LDAP-based Active Directory in Windows 2000. Windows Vista continues to support NT Domains after relaxing its minimum authentication
176:
same authority. Distribution is used to indicate that multiple directory servers in different namespaces are interconnected to form a distributed directory service; each namespace can be governed by a different authority.
81:(unique identifier) to each of the objects. Directories typically have a set of rules determining how network resources are named and identified, which usually includes a requirement that the identifiers be
109:. Data can be made redundant if it aids performance (e.g. by repeating values through rows in a table instead of relating them to the contents of a different table through a key, which technique is called
89:. When using a directory service, a user does not have to remember the physical address of a network resource; providing a name locates the resource. Some directory services include
149:
for their object ID. Therefore, directory applications try to reuse standard classes and attributes to maximize the benefit of existing directory-server software.
193:
502:
806:
153:
781:
201:
189:
141:, or multiple phone numbers for "work phone"). Attributes and object classes are usually standardized throughout the industry; for example,
146:
730:"ForgeRock has shuttered the open-source community, and no longer allows new development on their platform under a permissive license"
568:
403:
released Red Hat
Directory Server, acquired from AOL's Netscape Security Solutions unit, as a commercial product running on top of
801:
428:
200:
for directory services, initially to support the requirements of inter-carrier electronic messaging and network-name lookup. The
137:
Attributes are sometimes multi-valued, allowing multiple naming attributes at one level (such as machine type and serial number
133:- attributes which can be defined for an instance but can be omitted, with the absence similar to NULL in a relational database
393:
and is used for user administration and configuration and software management; previously known as Novell
Directory Services.
279:
before it was deprecated for the LDAP-based Open
Directory. Support for NetInfo was removed with the release of 10.5 Leopard.
578:
185:
816:
811:
573:
498:
245:
120:
Directory schemas are object classes, attributes, name bindings and knowledge (namespaces) where an object class has:
354:: Directory service, written in Java, supporting LDAP, Kerberos 5 and the Change Password Protocol; LDAPv3 certified
588:
458:'s next-generation unified directory solution. It integrates storage, synchronization, and proxy functionalities.
418:
341:
209:
63:
404:
396:
251:
47:
451:
663:
351:
205:
172:
729:
704:
233:
67:
188:(OSI) initiative for common network standards and multi-vendor interoperability. During the 1980s, the
618:
462:
408:
357:
315:
114:
563:
530:
518:
472:
345:
275:. After its acquisition by Apple, it was released as open source and was the directory service for
106:
455:
422:
224:
59:
777:
773:
593:
526:
501:-based LDAP server and directory client that runs in any operating environment, under license
442:
378:
161:
82:
66:
by the directory server. Information about a particular resource is stored as a collection of
466:
446:
432:
374:
329:
255:
683:
110:
43:
522:
296:
239:
160:), adding attributes to the must-may list. Directory services are often central to the
90:
164:
design of an IT system and have a correspondingly-fine granularity of access control.
27:
Service that maps the names of network resources to their respective network addresses
795:
766:
583:
547:
138:
94:
17:
483:
369:
283:
510:
377:
implementation of directory services supports multiple architectures, including
289:
86:
55:
361:
62:
which provides such a service. Each resource on the network is considered an
506:
333:
323:
157:
74:
31:
664:"Red Hat Spending $ 23 Million For Ex-Netscape Security Solutions Business"
477:
276:
272:
213:
642:
412:
400:
382:
337:
319:
266:
204:(LDAP) is based on the X.500 directory-information services, using the
551:
517:
Open-source tools to create directory services include OpenLDAP, the
494:
438:
488:
386:
365:
197:
156:
from its parent object class (and ultimately from the root of the
142:
93:
provisions, limiting the availability of directory information to
390:
259:
152:
Object instances are slotted into namespaces; each object class
737:
546:
Name services on Unix systems are typically configured through
708:
145:
attributes and classes are often formally registered with the
619:"When and How You Should Denormalize a Relational Database"
340:, originating from the X.500 directory, created for use in
262:
network environments. It played a role similar to Hesiod.
229:
The first directory service on the
Internet, still in use
42:
maps the names of network resources to their respective
550:. Information from name services can be retrieved with
105:
Several things distinguish a directory service from a
425:'s directory service, compatible with LDAP version 3.
77:for the network. The namespace is used to assign a
765:
411:project. Upstream open source project is called
113:; another technique could be the utilization of
348:and supported by successive versions of Windows
8:
318:: Free Open Source server implementation by
271:Developed by NeXT during the late 1980s for
258:' implementation of a directory service for
219:Systems developed before the X.500 include:
533:. Administration is by GOsa or Samba SWAT.
311:LDAP/X.500-based implementations include:
127:- attributes that each instances must have
322:, with commercial support by Red Hat and
70:associated with that resource or object.
610:
469:, replaced the former NT Domain system.
707:. Opends.dev.java.net. Archived from
445:directory service in Java, backed by
202:Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
7:
212:(DAP) string-encoding scheme on the
101:Comparison with relational databases
184:Directory services were part of an
117:for increasing actual throughput).
569:Directory Services Markup Language
525:, which can function as a Windows
25:
807:Computer access control protocols
509:, until 2016, now maintained by
429:Sun Java System Directory Server
238:Based on DNS and used at MIT's
736:. June 1, 2017. Archived from
473:Critical Path Directory Server
73:A directory service defines a
1:
579:LDAP Data Interchange Format
186:Open Systems Interconnection
168:Replication and distribution
574:Hierarchical database model
407:as the community-supported
246:Network Information Service
833:
768:LDAP System Administration
589:Service delivery platform
419:Oracle Internet Directory
336:'s directory service for
210:Directory Access Protocol
452:Oracle Unified Directory
405:Red Hat Enterprise Linux
397:Red Hat Directory Server
389:and several flavours of
364:'s directory server for
48:network operating system
802:Computer access control
764:Carter, Gerald (2003).
529:with Kerberos and LDAP
352:Apache Directory Server
645:. IETF.org. 1978-11-01
465:(NTDS), later renamed
198:X.500 set of standards
686:. Sun.com. 2010-09-07
463:NT Directory Services
344:, first shipped with
18:Directory (databases)
409:389 Directory Server
368:, available through
358:Apple Open Directory
316:389 Directory Server
307:LDAP implementations
564:Access control list
537:Using name services
435:' directory service
375:eDirectory: NetIQ's
346:Windows 2000 Server
107:relational database
817:Domain Name System
812:Directory services
740:on October 3, 2017
456:Oracle Corporation
423:Oracle Corporation
225:Domain Name System
783:978-1-56592-491-8
594:Virtual directory
527:domain controller
519:Kerberos protocol
292:directory service
44:network addresses
36:directory service
16:(Redirected from
824:
787:
771:
750:
749:
747:
745:
726:
720:
719:
717:
716:
701:
695:
694:
692:
691:
684:"Oracle and Sun"
680:
674:
673:
671:
670:
660:
654:
653:
651:
650:
639:
633:
632:
630:
629:
615:
467:Active Directory
447:Sun Microsystems
433:Sun Microsystems
330:Active Directory
256:Sun Microsystems
95:authorized users
52:directory server
21:
832:
831:
827:
826:
825:
823:
822:
821:
792:
791:
790:
784:
763:
759:
754:
753:
743:
741:
728:
727:
723:
714:
712:
703:
702:
698:
689:
687:
682:
681:
677:
668:
666:
662:
661:
657:
648:
646:
641:
640:
636:
627:
625:
617:
616:
612:
607:
602:
560:
544:
539:
505:. Developed by
370:Mac OS X Server
342:Exchange Server
309:
182:
180:Implementations
170:
111:denormalization
103:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
830:
828:
820:
819:
814:
809:
804:
794:
793:
789:
788:
782:
774:O'Reilly Media
760:
758:
755:
752:
751:
721:
696:
675:
655:
634:
623:rubygarage.org
609:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
597:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
559:
556:
543:
540:
538:
535:
523:Samba software
515:
514:
492:
486:
481:
475:
470:
459:
449:
436:
426:
416:
394:
372:
355:
349:
327:
308:
305:
304:
303:
293:
280:
263:
242:
240:Project Athena
230:
181:
178:
169:
166:
135:
134:
128:
102:
99:
91:access control
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
829:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
799:
797:
785:
779:
775:
770:
769:
762:
761:
756:
739:
735:
731:
725:
722:
711:on 2007-07-04
710:
706:
700:
697:
685:
679:
676:
665:
659:
656:
644:
638:
635:
624:
620:
614:
611:
604:
599:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
584:Metadirectory
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
561:
557:
555:
553:
549:
548:nsswitch.conf
541:
536:
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
493:
490:
487:
485:
482:
479:
476:
474:
471:
468:
464:
460:
457:
453:
450:
448:
444:
440:
437:
434:
430:
427:
424:
420:
417:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
395:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
328:
325:
321:
317:
314:
313:
312:
306:
300:
298:
294:
291:
287:
285:
281:
278:
274:
270:
268:
264:
261:
257:
253:
249:
247:
243:
241:
237:
235:
231:
228:
226:
222:
221:
220:
217:
215:
211:
208:and an X.500
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
179:
177:
174:
167:
165:
163:
159:
155:
150:
148:
144:
140:
139:concatenation
132:
129:
126:
123:
122:
121:
118:
116:
112:
108:
100:
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
767:
742:. Retrieved
738:the original
734:timeforafork
733:
724:
713:. Retrieved
709:the original
699:
688:. Retrieved
678:
667:. Retrieved
658:
647:. Retrieved
637:
626:. Retrieved
622:
613:
545:
542:Unix systems
516:
484:Lotus Domino
310:
295:
284:Banyan VINES
282:
265:
252:Yellow Pages
244:
232:
223:
218:
206:TCP/IP stack
196:created the
183:
171:
151:
136:
130:
124:
119:
104:
78:
72:
51:
40:name service
39:
35:
29:
454:: (OUD) is
443:Open-source
421:: (OID) is
250:Originally
173:Replication
87:unambiguous
56:name server
796:Categories
715:2012-01-09
705:"Java.net"
690:2012-01-09
669:2018-04-22
649:2018-02-13
628:2023-04-30
600:References
302:protocols.
297:NT Domains
68:attributes
643:"RFC1034"
605:Citations
531:back ends
513:Community
507:ForgeRock
491:Directory
334:Microsoft
158:hierarchy
75:namespace
32:computing
558:See also
478:OpenLDAP
461:Windows
366:Mac OS X
290:scalable
277:Mac OS X
273:NEXTSTEP
214:Internet
162:security
154:inherits
115:replicas
757:Sources
744:June 1,
413:FreeIPA
401:Red Hat
383:NetWare
379:Windows
338:Windows
320:Red Hat
267:NetInfo
780:
552:getent
511:OpenDJ
495:OpenDJ
439:OpenDS
288:First
248:(NIS):
234:Hesiod
227:(DNS):
83:unique
64:object
60:server
489:Nexor
387:Linux
362:Apple
254:(YP)
143:X.500
58:is a
778:ISBN
746:2017
521:and
503:CDDL
499:Java
497:- a
391:Unix
324:SUSE
260:Unix
192:and
147:IANA
125:Must
85:and
79:name
50:. A
34:, a
194:ISO
190:ITU
131:May
54:or
38:or
30:In
798::
776:.
772:.
732:.
621:.
554:.
441::
431::
399::
385:,
381:,
360::
332::
216:.
97:.
786:.
748:.
718:.
693:.
672:.
652:.
631:.
415:.
326:.
299::
286::
269::
236::
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.