104:
52:
150:
817:
285:
603:
88:
64:
139:
40:
28:
76:
759:
803:
626:
580:
733:
681:
707:
20:
943:
329:); then near the end of the 7th century the coin became an Islamic currency bearing the name of the sovereign and a religious verse. The Arabs introduced their own coins. The Islamic dirham was 8
276:
There is currently a movement within the
Islamic world to revive the dirham as a unit of mass for measuring silver, although the exact value is disputed (either 3 or 2.975 grams).
1195:
1537:
486:
weighed approx. 3.205 grams, which total weight for the requirement of separating the dough-portion comes to 1 kilo and 666 grams. Rabbi
Shelomo Qorah (Chief Rabbi of
462:-grains which, when taken together, the minimum weight of flour requiring the separation of the dough-portion comes to approx. 1 kilo and 733 grams. Rabbi
1188:
389:
as a unit of weight used to measure various requirements in religious functions, such as the weight in silver specie pledged in
Marriage Contracts (
1517:
1522:
1181:
1486:
334:
119:
318:, circulating the coin there in pre-Islamic times and afterward. It was this currency which was initially adopted as a Persian word (
1507:
103:
1443:
907:
1305:
520:
305:1), and which in relation to the separation of the dough-portion made for a total weight of 1 kilo and 770.72 grams.
1542:
1472:
1407:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1280:
1260:
1250:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1212:
1204:
613:
185:
51:
972:
964:
420:
1:2: "And I found the rate of the dough-portion in that measurement to be approximately five-hundred and twenty
149:
1532:
231:
1108:
1270:
284:
1527:
23:
Nations in red currently use the dirham. Nations in green use a currency with a subdivision named dirham.
1512:
1448:
1412:
608:
154:
143:
32:
112:
87:
63:
908:"Levantine weights and standard parcels: a contribution to the metrology of the later Middle Ages"
138:
1310:
935:
822:
769:
479:
201:
474:, saying that it weighed approx. 3.0 grams, meaning the minimum requirement for separating the
1402:
1386:
1156:
1133:
1065:
1041:
927:
784:
123:
39:
1128:, vol. 13 (Principles of Instruction and Tradition), Benei Barak 2012, p. 206 (Hebrew title:
1427:
1017:
919:
443:
349:
307:
27:
330:
75:
1112:
976:
743:
590:
528:
408:
396:
302:
193:
181:
173:
513:
319:
251:
217:
213:
96:
92:
212:
The dirham was a unit of weight used across North Africa, the Middle East, Persia and
1501:
1290:
1013:
939:
636:
463:
430:
424:
of wheat flour, while all these dirhams are the
Egyptian ." This view is repeated by
293:
243:
1417:
808:
717:
691:
504:
197:
1422:
1061:
788:
451:
354:
470:(vol. 1, pp. 288–291), makes use of a different standard for the Egyptian
292:-Czechów, comprising 214 silver dirhams issued between 711–712 and 882–883 CE,
1465:
1376:
1173:
1005:
923:
835:
798:
764:
487:
439:
425:
400:
338:
266:
131:
931:
1285:
1240:
881:
247:
68:
56:
867:, Constantinople: Imprimerie Mihran, 1911); Γ. Μπαμπινιώτης gives 3.203 g (
118:
1137:
1275:
1265:
860:
667:
569:
391:
180:) is a unit of currency and of mass. It is the name of the currencies of
108:
44:
107:
One of the first silver coins of the
Umayyad Caliphate, still following
1381:
1320:
631:
585:
538:
412:
386:
224:
189:
80:
969:
1255:
1245:
738:
416:
383:
367:
363:
359:
315:
311:
289:
1103:
1361:
1345:
1315:
1295:
830:
712:
686:
491:
475:
459:
345:
342:
262:
148:
137:
127:
117:
102:
86:
74:
62:
50:
38:
26:
19:
18:
458:
was approximately 3.333 grams, or what was the equivalent to 16
1371:
1340:
1300:
1009:
840:
270:
239:
1489:(OIC) are nations which officially recognize Islam politically.
1177:
1102:, vol. 1, Jerusalem 2002, p. 288, sec. 11; Abraham Chaim Naeh,
894:
537:), used in some translations of Maimonides' commentary of the
223:
The value of
Islamic dirham was 14 qirat. 10 dirham equals 7
362:
between the 10th and 12th centuries, notably in areas with
1000:
in ninth and tenth century
English hoards, a counterfeit
395:), the quantity of flour requiring the separation of the
478:'s portion is 1 kilo and 560 grams. Others (e.g. Rabbi
912:
Bulletin of the School of
Oriental and African Studies
553:
Currently the valid national currencies with the name
1149:
Mishnah – with a
Commentary of Rabbi Moses ben Maimon
1058:
Mishnah – with a
Commentary of Rabbi Moses ben Maimon
1034:
Mishnah – with a Commentary of Rabbi Moses ben Maimon
258:), which was itself based on the Greek dram/drachma.
16:
Unit of currency in several Asian and African states
1457:
1436:
1395:
1354:
1211:
1159:: Jerusalem 1967, s.v. Introduction to Tractate
1068:: Jerusalem 1967, s.v. Introduction to Tractate
502:given as the redemption of one's firstborn son (
787:, issued and/or proposed by several states and
192:, and is the name of a currency subdivision in
1189:
306:(δραχμή), the Greek coin. The Greek-speaking
8:
1018:copper covered by a once-silvery wash of tin
541:, has in all places the same connotation as
490:) wrote that the traditional weight used in
446:. In Maimonides' commentary of the Mishnah (
153:Silver dirham issued in 1002 by Hisham II,
1196:
1182:
1174:
657:
559:
454:explains that the weight of each Egyptian
407:to approximate the quantity of flour for
399:, etc. Jewish physician and philosopher,
1085:, vol. 1, Jerusalem 2002 (Hebrew title:
1044:: Jerusalem 1965, p. 189 (Hebrew title:
300:The word "dirham" ultimately comes from
283:
1538:Islamic banking and finance terminology
852:
647:Modern currencies with the subdivision
498:weighed 3.20 grams for a total of 31.5
246:. The Ottoman dirham was based on the
265:in 1895, it was equivalent to 47.661
204:. It was historically a silver coin.
7:
1016:(ruling at Samarkand, 903-07/8), of
358:), and could be used as currency in
235:
1487:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
532:
177:
83:minted in 786–787 CE in al-Haruniya
14:
1163:, p. 68 (note 35) (Hebrew title:
869:Λεξικό της Νέας Ελληνικής Γλώσσας
238:), the standard dirham was 3.207
1126:ʿArikhat Shūlḥan - Yilqūṭ Ḥayyīm
882:"DIRHAM - Encyclopaedia Iranica"
815:
801:
791:, is also divided into dirhams.
757:
731:
705:
679:
624:
601:
578:
333:. The dirham was struck in many
1115:, Jerusalem 1943, p. 4 (Hebrew)
946:from the original on 2024-01-02
863:; Diran Kélékian gives 3.21 g (
1020:(illustrated in Richard Hall,
111:motifs, struck in the name of
1:
1518:Obsolete units of measurement
374:Dirham in Jewish orthodox law
142:Silver dirham of Alhakén II,
1523:Ottoman units of measurement
1473:The Economic System In Islam
1408:Mohammad Najatuallah Siddiqi
1151:, ed. Yosef Qafih, vol. 3 –
1036:, ed. Yosef Qafih, vol. 2 –
508:), or 3.36 grams for the 30
442:§ 324:3) in the name of the
230:In the late Ottoman Empire (
1205:Islamic banking and finance
906:Ashtor, E. (October 1982).
614:United Arab Emirates dirham
382:is frequently mentioned in
122:Later silver dirham of the
1559:
1072:, p. 68 (note 35) (Hebrew)
865:Dictionnaire Turc-Français
859:based on an oka of 1.2828
1482:
1105:Sefer Kuntres ha-Shi'urim
965:Oxford English Dictionary
924:10.1017/S0041977X00041525
1508:Denominations (currency)
1130:עריכת שולחן - ילקוט חיים
31:Silver dirham of Caliph
1444:Banks in the Arab world
996:In addition to Islamic
335:Mediterranean countries
242:; 400 dirhem equal one
220:, with varying values.
59:ibn Muhammad 749–745 CE
1485:The bloc known as the
1022:Viking Age Archaeology
297:
227:(2.975 gm of silver).
157:
146:
135:
115:
100:
84:
72:
60:
48:
36:
24:
1449:Participation banking
450:1:2, note 18), Rabbi
366:connections, such as
287:
152:
141:
121:
106:
90:
78:
66:
54:
42:
30:
22:
1413:Muhammad Taqi Usmani
1165:משנה עם פירוש הרמב"ם
1100:Sefer Halikhot ʿOlam
1083:Sefer Halikhot ʿOlam
1046:משנה עם פירוש הרמב"ם
1024:, 2010:17, fig. 7).
609:United Arab Emirates
468:Sefer Halikhot ʿOlam
403:, uses the Egyptian
186:United Arab Emirates
47:minted in 721–722 CE
33:Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz
1543:Medieval currencies
1012:, struck as if for
549:Modern-day currency
482:) say the Egyptian
113:al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf
1311:Sharia investments
1306:Securities trading
1231:Bai' Bithaman Ajil
1111:2017-04-24 at the
1014:Isma'il ibn Achmad
975:2020-02-09 at the
823:Numismatics portal
770:Tajikistani somoni
480:Avraham Chaim Naeh
298:
288:Silver hoard from
158:
147:
136:
116:
101:
85:
73:
61:
49:
37:
25:
1495:
1494:
1403:Abdul Azim Islahi
1387:Modern gold dinar
1157:Mossad Harav Kook
1066:Mossad Harav Kook
1042:Mossad Harav Kook
987:BBC Art of Persia
785:modern gold dinar
781:
780:
645:
644:
216:; later known as
155:Caliph of Córdoba
144:Caliph of Córdoba
124:Umayyad Caliphate
91:Silver dirham of
79:Silver dirham of
67:Silver dirham of
55:Silver dirham of
43:Silver dirham of
1550:
1490:
1428:Waleed El-Ansary
1198:
1191:
1184:
1175:
1168:
1146:
1140:
1122:
1116:
1096:
1090:
1079:
1073:
1055:
1049:
1031:
1025:
994:
988:
985:
979:
961:
955:
954:
952:
951:
903:
897:
892:
886:
885:
878:
872:
857:
825:
820:
819:
818:
811:
806:
805:
804:
763:
761:
760:
737:
735:
734:
711:
709:
708:
685:
683:
682:
658:
630:
628:
627:
607:
605:
604:
584:
582:
581:
560:
536:
512:required by the
350:Byzantine Empire
314:and traded with
308:Byzantine Empire
237:
179:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1533:Islamic banking
1498:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1484:
1478:
1453:
1432:
1391:
1350:
1207:
1202:
1172:
1171:
1147:
1143:
1124:Shelomo Qorah,
1123:
1119:
1113:Wayback Machine
1098:Ovadiah Yosef,
1097:
1093:
1087:ספר הליכות עולם
1081:Ovadiah Yosef,
1080:
1076:
1056:
1052:
1032:
1028:
995:
991:
986:
982:
977:Wayback Machine
968:, 1st edition,
962:
958:
949:
947:
905:
904:
900:
893:
889:
880:
879:
875:
871:, Athens, 1998)
858:
854:
849:
821:
816:
814:
807:
802:
800:
797:
783:The unofficial
758:
756:
744:Jordanian dinar
732:
730:
706:
704:
680:
678:
625:
623:
602:
600:
591:Moroccan dirham
579:
577:
551:
376:
310:controlled the
282:
232:Ottoman Turkish
210:
130:in 729–730 CE (
17:
12:
11:
5:
1556:
1554:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1500:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1469:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1217:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1193:
1186:
1178:
1170:
1169:
1153:Seder Kodashim
1141:
1117:
1091:
1074:
1050:
1026:
989:
980:
956:
918:(3): 471–488.
898:
887:
873:
851:
850:
848:
845:
844:
843:
838:
833:
827:
826:
812:
796:
793:
779:
778:
775:
772:
767:
753:
752:
749:
746:
741:
727:
726:
723:
720:
715:
701:
700:
697:
694:
689:
675:
674:
671:
665:
662:
643:
642:
639:
634:
620:
619:
616:
611:
597:
596:
593:
588:
574:
573:
567:
564:
550:
547:
375:
372:
320:Middle Persian
281:
278:
252:Middle Persian
209:
206:
97:al-Muhammadiya
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1555:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1528:Units of mass
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1488:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1468:
1467:
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1445:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1291:Qard al-Hasan
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1226:Bai' al 'Inah
1224:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1038:Seder Neziqim
1035:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1004:was found at
1003:
999:
993:
990:
984:
981:
978:
974:
971:
970:s.v. 'dirhem'
967:
966:
960:
957:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
902:
899:
896:
891:
888:
883:
877:
874:
870:
866:
862:
856:
853:
846:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
828:
824:
813:
810:
799:
794:
792:
790:
786:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
755:
754:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
729:
728:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
703:
702:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
677:
676:
672:
669:
666:
663:
660:
659:
656:
654:
650:
640:
638:
637:Armenian dram
635:
633:
622:
621:
617:
615:
612:
610:
599:
598:
594:
592:
589:
587:
576:
575:
571:
568:
565:
562:
561:
558:
556:
548:
546:
544:
540:
535:
530:
526:
521:
519:
515:
514:Shulhan Arukh
511:
507:
506:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
464:Ovadiah Yosef
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
432:
431:Shulhan Arukh
427:
423:
419:
418:
414:
411:, writing in
410:
409:dough-portion
406:
402:
398:
397:dough-portion
394:
393:
388:
385:
381:
373:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
356:
351:
347:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
304:
295:
294:Lublin Museum
291:
286:
279:
277:
274:
272:
268:
264:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
233:
228:
226:
221:
219:
215:
207:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
175:
171:
167:
163:
156:
151:
145:
140:
133:
129:
125:
120:
114:
110:
105:
99:in 836–837 CE
98:
94:
89:
82:
77:
70:
65:
58:
53:
46:
41:
34:
29:
21:
1513:Silver coins
1471:
1464:
1418:Rusni Hassan
1366:
1236:Bai' Muajjal
1164:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1144:
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1120:
1104:
1099:
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1086:
1082:
1077:
1069:
1057:
1053:
1045:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1021:
1001:
997:
992:
983:
963:
959:
948:. Retrieved
915:
911:
901:
890:
876:
868:
864:
855:
809:Money portal
789:proto-states
782:
718:Qatari riyal
692:Libyan dinar
673:Subdivision
652:
648:
646:
554:
552:
542:
533:
524:
522:
517:
509:
505:pidyon haben
503:
499:
495:
483:
471:
467:
455:
447:
435:
429:
421:
415:
404:
390:
387:orthodox law
379:
377:
370:and Dublin.
353:
337:, including
326:
322:
301:
299:
275:
260:
255:
229:
222:
211:
208:Unit of mass
169:
165:
161:
159:
126:, minted at
95:, minted at
1423:Umer Chapra
1064:), vol. 3,
1062:Yosef Qafih
518:Yoreh De'ah
452:Yosef Qafih
436:Hil. Hallah
368:Viking York
355:miliaresion
267:troy grains
250:drachm (in
93:Al-Mu'tasim
1502:Categories
1466:Iqtisaduna
1377:Gold dinar
1006:Coppergate
950:2019-11-20
847:References
836:Gold dinar
765:Tajikistan
661:Countries
563:Countries
488:Bnei Barak
440:Yoreh Deah
401:Maimonides
348:) and the
339:Al-Andalus
202:Tajikistan
71:754–758 CE
35:718–719 CE
1286:Musharaka
1281:Musawamah
1241:Bai Salam
1138:762505465
940:140561646
932:0041-977X
664:Currency
566:Currency
523:The word
494:for each
466:, in his
69:As-Saffah
57:Marwan II
1396:Scholars
1355:Currency
1326:Tawarruq
1276:Murabaha
1271:Mudaraba
1266:Muamalat
1213:Concepts
1161:Menahoth
1109:Archived
1070:Menahoth
973:Archived
944:Archived
795:See also
668:ISO 4217
570:ISO 4217
525:drachmon
392:Ketubbah
248:Sasanian
109:Sassanid
45:Yazid II
1382:Mithqal
1336:Wakalah
1321:Takaful
1261:Istisna
1155:, pub.
1040:, pub.
998:dirhams
751:Dirham
725:Dirham
699:Dirham
632:Armenia
586:Morocco
539:Mishnah
510:dirhams
500:dirhams
422:dirhams
413:Mishnah
343:Moorish
303:drachma
280:History
269:(3.088
225:mithqal
190:Armenia
182:Morocco
81:Al-Hadi
1367:Dirham
1331:Wadiah
1256:Ijarah
1246:Gharar
1136:
1002:dirham
938:
930:
777:Diram
762:
739:Jordan
736:
710:
684:
649:dirham
629:
606:
583:
555:dirham
543:dirham
534:דרכמון
529:Hebrew
496:dirham
484:dirham
476:priest
472:dirham
456:dirham
448:Eduyot
417:Eduyot
405:dirham
384:Jewish
380:dirham
364:Viking
360:Europe
316:Arabia
312:Levant
290:Lublin
194:Jordan
184:, the
174:Arabic
166:dirhem
162:dirham
134:) 111)
1458:Works
1437:Other
1362:Dinar
1346:Zakat
1316:Sukuk
1296:Qirad
1251:Hibah
1060:(ed.
1008:, in
936:S2CID
831:Dinar
713:Qatar
687:Libya
670:code
655:are:
653:diram
572:code
557:are:
492:Yemen
460:carob
426:Maran
346:Spain
331:daniq
323:drahm
263:Egypt
256:drahm
198:Qatar
170:drahm
128:Balkh
1372:Fals
1341:Waqf
1301:Riba
1221:Aqad
1134:OCLC
1010:York
928:ISSN
841:Fals
774:TJS
748:JOD
722:QAR
696:LYD
641:AMD
618:AED
595:MAD
378:The
327:dram
236:درهم
218:Adal
214:Ifat
200:and
188:and
178:درهم
160:The
920:doi
895:OED
651:or
444:Tur
428:'s
325:or
273:).
261:In
244:oka
168:or
1504::
1132:)
942:.
934:.
926:.
916:45
914:.
910:.
861:kg
545:.
531::
438:,
254::
234::
196:,
176::
164:,
132:AH
1197:e
1190:t
1183:v
1167:)
1089:)
1048:)
953:.
922::
884:.
527:(
516:(
434:(
352:(
341:(
296:.
271:g
240:g
172:(
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