673:, to include coercive control. The new provision dealing with the best interests of the child requires the court to consider any family violence and its impact on the ability of the person who engaged in family violence to care for the child, and the appropriateness of an order requiring the parties to cooperate on the care of the child. In considering the impact of family violence, the court is to consider "whether there is a pattern of coercive and controlling behaviour in relation to a family member". The definition of "family violence" provides a non-exhaustive list of examples of coercive control, including forced confinement, harassment (including stalking), the failure to provide the necessities of life, psychological abuse, financial abuse, threats to kill or cause bodily harm to anyone, threats to harm or kill an animal or damage property, or actually doing so.
1098:
42:
1687:
491:
Breakdown of the marriage was specified as the sole ground for divorce, as evidenced by the spouses living separate and apart for the one year prior to the divorce proceedings (and being so at the date of their commencement), or by having committed adultery, or physical or mental cruelty, at any time
676:
The implementation of these changes, the
Department of Justice noted: “ while all violence is of concern, generally the most serious type of violence in family law is coercive and controlling violence. This is because it is part of an ongoing pattern, tends to be more dangerous and is more likely to
441:
a permanent breakdown of the marriage, arising from a separation of three years' duration because of imprisonment of the other spouse, addiction, disappearing in circumstances where it is not known where the spouse may have gone, inability or refusal to consummate a marriage, or living separate and
447:
declared that "the domicile of a married woman shall be determined as if she were unmarried, and, if she is a minor, as if she had attained her majority", with one year's residence in the province where the divorce order was sought, and provided that foreign divorces would be recognized as long as
573:
upon the other spouse identifying the particulars of the marriage, the nature of any barriers to remarriage in the deponent's religion that are within the other spouse's control, whether such barriers have been removed, or, where a request has been made to have such barriers removed, whether the
451:
provided that, where proceedings were initiated in separate provinces by each of the spouses, the one that commenced first would normally be the one that would be allowed to proceed. If both such proceedings were initiated on the same day, they would both be removed to the
289:
in 1867, the federal
Parliament was given exclusive jurisdiction over the law of marriage and divorce. However, Parliament did not initially use this power to create a comprehensive divorce law, being content to make specific changes to the pre-Confederation law.
305:
In 1930, Parliament extended relief to deserted wives, by providing that, in the provinces where divorce was available, they could pursue proceedings on the grounds of desertion, so long as there had been separation from the husband for at least two years.
301:
alone, but a wife would have to allege adultery together with other grounds. That rule applied in those provinces that had adopted the
English Act. In 1925, Parliament provided that in those provinces, a wife could sue on grounds of adultery alone.
586:
There are still certain complications arising from the application of this provision. In one Quebec case, the
Supreme Court of Canada ruled that an agreement by divorcing parties, providing that the ex-husband would proceed forthwith to obtain a
190:
There was no uniform federal divorce law in Canada until 1968. Instead, there was a patch-work of divorce laws in the different provinces, depending on the laws in force in each province at the time it joined
Confederation:
241:
had declared that the laws of
England, as they stood at November 19, 1858, were to apply "so far as they are not from local circumstances inapplicable". This declaration was later held to have included the English
693:
but only two years' separation was necessary in cases where the respondent was convicted of death or was imprisoned for a term of ten years or more, where all rights of appeal had been exhausted
608:
495:
Domicile was no longer required, and a court had jurisdiction where one of the spouses had been resident in the province for at least one year prior to the commencement of the proceedings.
317:. The law granting divorce under this law was according to the law of England as it stood at July 15, 1870 (and thus on the same footing as the prairie provinces and the territories).
543:
While divorce is a civil matter in
Canadian law, lobbying from Jewish women's groups such as the Canadian Coalition of Jewish Women for the Gett served to highlight the problem of
341:
where a special committee would undertake an investigation of a request for a divorce. If the committee found that the request had merit, the marriage would be dissolved by an
518:
came into force, they were granted in circumstances that conformed to the
Canadian rules relating to residence immediately before the commencement of such proceedings; but
580:
the court may dismiss an application by the other spouse, and strike out the other spouse's pleadings, where no response to the deponent's affidavit is received.
607:
began to be available as a result a series of court cases in almost all provincial and territorial courts, which held that same-sex marriage was required by
511:
for those granted after July 1, 1968, they were granted in circumstances that conformed to the
Canadian rules relating to domicile that existed at the time;
956:
238:
847:
645:, so that, while same-sex marriages solemnized in Canada may be legal when its jurisdiction, they must also be valid according to the rules of
1711:
1691:
927:"'What is to be Done for Failed Marriages?' The Supreme Court and the Recovery of Jurisdiction over Marital Causes in Newfoundland in 1948"
653:
s one-year residence requirement resulted in
Canadian divorces not being able to be granted to spouses who are both non-resident. The
577:
the spouse served with the affidavit has 15 days to respond that such barriers have been removed to the court's satisfaction; and
266:, there was no pre-Confederation divorce law, although several efforts had been made prior to Confederation to bring it about.
259:
declared that "Marriage can only be dissolved by the natural death of one of the parties; while both live it is indissoluble."
1432:
617:
325:
The only way for an individual to get divorced in the provinces where there was no divorce law—as well as in cases where the
372:, but the validity of such decrees could be subject to review in the Canadian courts on the issue of domicile. In 1885, the
1623:
508:
Foreign divorces are recognized for all purposes of determining the marital status of any person in Canada, provided that:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1351:"Halacha, the 'Jewish State' and the Canadian Agunah: Comparative Law at the Intersection of Religious and Secular Orders"
505:
The divorce became effective 31 days after the judgment granting it was rendered, provided that it is not under appeal.
764:
604:
224:
1358:
255:
1350:
661:, to nonresident spouses in the province where the marriage took place, and such divorces have immediate effect.
642:
269:
246:
as it stood at that time. Until 1937, there was no right of appeal from a divorce proceeding in British Columbia.
230:
952:
1628:
638:
to change its corresponding meaning of "spouse" to mean "either of two persons who are married to each other."
1502:
828:
779:
An Act for the temporary Government of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory when united with Canada
612:
499:
453:
409:, which established a uniform divorce law across Canada. In addition to bringing about uniformity, the 1968
373:
200:
702:
but a petitioner who had deserted the other spouse had to wait five years before presenting such a petition
1667:
778:
551:
286:
166:
1671:
1601:
1488:
1418:
272:
never enacted a divorce law prior to entering Confederation in 1949, and the local courts did not grant
1121:
419:
placed both spouses on an equal footing in pursuing a divorce and specified that the grounds included:
1556:
1481:
1411:
1716:
1437:
1397:
1331:
1232:
1050:
1036:
1022:
1008:
846:, (1877) 1 BCR (Pt.1) 25, at 35 and 40 (BC SC). later held as rightly decided by the
622:
330:
212:
170:
89:
49:
1645:
888:, Book First – Of Persons, Title V – Of Marriage, Chapter Seventh – Of the Dissolution of Marriage:
868:
641:
Later Canadian and foreign court proceedings revealed complications arising from the application of
392:
once was) and where one of the parties had already remarried proved to be awkward in certain cases.
1641:
926:
273:
1653:
1507:
1455:
1375:
1336:
1237:
1126:
1055:
873:
783:
727:
630:
1586:
467:
three months later, after the court was satisfied that all rights of appeal had been exhausted.
1450:
1085:
938:
342:
219:
968:
889:
482:, which simplified the law of divorce further. It brought forth several significant changes:
276:
until 1948. There was therefore no divorce law in Newfoundland after it joined Confederation.
1367:
986:(5th ed., Supplemented (loose-leaf)), c. 27 – The Family, para. 27:1 Distribution of powers.
722:
353:
349:
338:
657:
was amended in 2013 to provide for a separate divorce process to be available, outside the
1614:
464:
150:
17:
855:
815:
799:
380:, as "the burden was on the husband of showing that he had actually changed his domicile
1695:
646:
488:
An application for divorce could be initiated by either spouse or both of them jointly.
426:
368:
Residents of Ontario, Quebec and Newfoundland could attempt to obtain a divorce in the
326:
1705:
1379:
1304:
1106:
369:
208:
1371:
521:
the rules of law relating to the recognition of divorces (otherwise than under the
389:
385:
384:". The consequences where a divorce was not recognized (e.g., it was obtained in a
334:
460:
357:
204:
41:
634:, which made same-sex marriage the law throughout Canada, and also amended the
448:
the foreign jurisdiction had similar rules with respect to the wife's domicile.
376:
ruled that a New York divorce was valid, even though the husband was living in
1686:
60:
942:
228:, which was incorporated into their local law in 1870 under the terms of the
1624:"The Divorce Act, 1968 and Grounds for Divorce Based upon Matrimonial Fault"
570:
314:
199:, divorce was governed by laws enacted by the colonial governments prior to
196:
621:
that such marriages were within the exclusive legislative authority of the
313:, that the courts of Ontario were given jurisdiction to grant divorces and
1482:"Legislative Summary of Bill C-32: An Act to Amend the Civil Marriage Act"
556:
377:
298:
174:
592:
263:
158:
222:
and the northern territories, divorce was available under the English
545:
432:
250:
162:
352:
to be able to dispose of parliamentary divorce petitions by way of
1690:
Extracts from the Code of Rules of the Senate of Canada regarding
1332:
An Act to amend the Divorce Act (barriers to religious remarriage)
858:, AC 573 (30 July 1908) (on appeal from British Columbia)
498:
The Divorce Division of the Exchequer Court became part of the
802:, A.C. 956 (3 July 1919) (on appeal from Manitoba)
818:, A.C. 956 (3 July 1919) (on appeal from Alberta)
1646:""Pure Patriarchy": Nineteenth-Century Canadian Marriage"
609:
Section 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
1546:, RSC 1985, c. 3 (2nd Supp.), s. 2(1) "family violence".
591:, provided grounds for the ex-wife being able to obtain
329:
of the parties was unclear—was to apply to the federal
768:, (U.K.) 20 & 21 Vict., c. 85 (as amended to 1868)
337:
of divorce. These bills were primarily handled by the
1587:"The Federal Divorce Act (1968) and the Constitution"
1099:"Canada Won't Permit Heir To Wed His Wife Over Again"
665:
Family violence, coercive control and divorce (2019)
549:
in Canada, and the connected problem of obtaining a
123:
111:
103:
95:
85:
77:
48:
32:
309:It was not until 1930, when Parliament passed the
459:provided that judgment would be in the form of a
297:provided that a husband could sue on grounds of
69:An Act respecting divorce and corollary relief
173:exclusive jurisdiction to regulate the law of
1475:
1473:
1412:"LS-502E - Bill C-38: The Civil Marriage Act"
925:English, Christopher; Flaherty, Sara (2003).
625:, but declined to address the s.15 argument.
569:a spouse (called the "deponent") may file an
8:
669:In 2019, the federal Parliament amended the
649:that apply to the celebrants. As well, the
1051:Dissolution and Annulment of Marriages Act
40:
1534:, RSC 1985, c. 3 (2nd Supp.), s. 16(4)(b)
1522:, RSC 1985, c. 3 (2nd Supp.), s. 16(3)(j)
1067:
959:(Newfoundland & Labrador, Canada)
912:
900:
739:
119:Repealed and re-enacted: S.C. 1986, c. 4
1138:
995:
869:The British Columbia Divorce Appeals Act
751:
500:Federal Court of Canada – Trial Division
848:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
714:
686:
574:other spouse has failed to remove them;
454:Divorce Division of the Exchequer Court
66:
1610:
1599:
514:for those granted on or after the new
492:since the celebration of the marriage.
29:
27:Canadian federal law governing divorce
972:, s. 91(26): "Marriage and Divorce".
563:was amended in 1990 to provide that:
405:In 1968, Parliament passed its first
7:
599:Same-sex marriage and divorce (2005)
348:In 1963, provision was made for the
1557:"The Divorce Act Changes Explained"
1503:Civil Marriage of Non-residents Act
1410:Hurley, Mary C. (2 February 2005).
1400:, 3 SCR 607 (14 December 2007)
1311:. Jewish Orthodox Feminist Alliance
1159:S.C. 1967-68, c. 24, s. 4(1)(e)(ii)
1150:S.C. 1967-68, c. 24, s. 4(1)(a)(ii)
1088: (S.C.C. January 12, 1885).
595:as a result of him reneging on it.
117:First enacted: S.C. 1968-69, c. 24
1666:Douglas, Kristen (27 March 2001).
1440:, 3 SCR 698 (9 December 2004)
1023:The Divorce Jurisdiction Act, 1930
157:) is the federal Act that governs
25:
931:Newfoundland and Labrador Studies
478:In 1986, Parliament replaced the
281:Federal jurisdiction over divorce
1685:
1480:Kirkby, Cynthia (9 March 2012).
955:, 3 DLR 38 (8 April 1949),
181:History of divorce law in Canada
1213:S.C. 1967-68, c. 24, s. 5(2)(b)
1204:S.C. 1967-68, c. 24, s. 5(2)(a)
1037:The Divorce Act (Ontario), 1930
829:The English Law Ordinance, 1867
628:In 2005, Parliament passed the
1433:Reference re Same-Sex Marriage
1372:10.1080/07329113.2012.10756685
957:Supreme Court (Trial Division)
618:Reference re Same-Sex Marriage
438:mental or physical cruelty, or
186:Pre-Confederation divorce laws
1:
1110:. 21 January 1938. p. 5.
953:1949 CanLII 281 (NL SCTD)
832:, Ord.B.C. 1867, c. 70, s. 2
603:During the period 2001–2005,
81:R.S.C. 1985, c. 3 (2nd Supp.)
1712:Canadian federal legislation
1622:Da Costa, D. Mendes (1969).
1195:S.C. 1967-68, c. 24, s. 6(2)
1186:S.C. 1967-68, c. 24, s. 5(1)
1177:S.C. 1967-68, c. 24, s. 6(1)
1168:S.C. 1967-68, c. 24, ss. 3-4
984:Constitutional Law of Canada
765:Matrimonial Causes Act 1857
442:apart during that time. and
295:Matrimonial Causes Act 1857
244:Matrimonial Causes Act 1857
225:Matrimonial Causes Act 1857
1748:
1359:Journal of Legal Pluralism
1349:Fournier, Pascale (2012).
1222:S.C. 1967-68, c. 24, s. 13
886:Civil Code of Lower Canada
843:M., falsely called S. v S.
463:, which would only become
256:Civil Code of Lower Canada
239:Colony of British Columbia
18:Divorce Act, 1968 (Canada)
643:private international law
133:
128:
116:
55:
39:
1629:Osgoode Hall Law Journal
1329:s. 21.1, as inserted by
1276:S.C. 1986, c. 4, s. 3(3)
1267:S.C. 1986, c. 4, s. 3(1)
1249:S.C. 1986, c. 4, s. 8(1)
1086:(1885) 8 L.N. 42
730:1985, c. 3 (2nd Supp.) .
557:Jewish rabbinical courts
539:Religious divorce (1990)
1668:"Divorce Law in Canada"
1585:Jordan, F.J.E. (1968).
613:Supreme Court of Canada
374:Supreme Court of Canada
1609:Cite journal requires
1467:S.C. 2005, c. 33, s. 8
1305:"Resources for Agunot"
1294:S.C. 1986, c. 4, s. 22
1285:S.C. 1986, c. 4, s. 12
970:Constitution Act, 1867
856:[1908] UKPC 53
816:[1919] UKPC 59
800:[1919] UKPC 58
321:Parliamentary divorces
231:Rupert's Land Act 1868
167:Constitution of Canada
154:
1672:Library of Parliament
1489:Library of Parliament
1419:Library of Parliament
1258:S.C. 1986, c. 4, s. 8
311:Divorce Act (Ontario)
1732:Family law in Canada
1727:1986 in Canadian law
1722:1968 in Canadian law
1642:Backhouse, Constance
1561:Government of Canada
623:Parliament of Canada
274:judicial separations
213:Prince Edward Island
90:Parliament of Canada
50:Parliament of Canada
1070:, pp. 279–280.
949:Hounsell v Hounsell
915:, pp. 270–271.
754:, pp. 129–130.
742:, pp. 267–270.
677:affect parenting.”
525:) remain in effect.
112:Related legislation
1654:McGill Law Journal
1451:Civil Marriage Act
1394:Bruker v Marcovitz
631:Civil Marriage Act
211:from 1791, and in
197:Maritime provinces
169:gives the federal
155:Loi sur le divorce
1694:published in the
1233:Divorce Act, 1985
1040:, SC 1930, c. 14
1026:, SC 1930, c. 15
1012:, SC 1925, c. 41
982:Hogg and Wright,
786:1869, c. 3, s. 5
605:same-sex marriage
396:Reform of the law
382:animo et de facto
343:Act of Parliament
220:prairie provinces
141:
140:
16:(Redirected from
1739:
1692:Bills of Divorce
1689:
1675:
1662:
1650:
1637:
1618:
1612:
1607:
1605:
1597:
1591:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1486:
1477:
1468:
1465:
1459:
1447:
1441:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1416:
1407:
1401:
1391:
1385:
1383:
1355:
1346:
1340:
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1005:
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974:
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960:
946:
922:
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910:
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845:
839:
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819:
809:
803:
793:
787:
775:
769:
761:
755:
749:
743:
737:
731:
719:
703:
700:
694:
691:
534:Later amendments
425:conviction of a
364:Foreign divorces
356:instead of by a
350:Senate of Canada
339:Senate of Canada
99:13 February 1986
96:Assented to
44:
30:
21:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1702:
1701:
1682:
1665:
1648:
1640:
1621:
1608:
1598:
1589:
1584:
1581:
1579:Further reading
1576:
1566:
1564:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1542:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1500:
1496:
1491:. pp. 2–3.
1484:
1479:
1478:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1448:
1444:
1430:
1426:
1421:. pp. 6–8.
1414:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1392:
1388:
1366:(65): 165–204.
1353:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1328:
1324:
1314:
1312:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1289:
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1257:
1253:
1248:
1244:
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1203:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1137:
1133:
1129:1967-68, c. 24
1119:
1115:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1066:
1062:
1048:
1044:
1034:
1030:
1020:
1016:
1009:The Divorce Act
1006:
1002:
994:
990:
981:
977:
967:
963:
924:
923:
919:
911:
907:
899:
895:
884:
880:
866:
862:
841:
840:
836:
826:
822:
810:
806:
796:Walker v Walker
794:
790:
776:
772:
762:
758:
750:
746:
738:
734:
720:
716:
712:
707:
706:
701:
697:
692:
688:
683:
667:
611:. In 2004, the
601:
541:
536:
476:
403:
398:
366:
323:
283:
188:
183:
129:Divorce; Canada
118:
86:Enacted by
73:
70:
65:
64:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1745:
1743:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1696:Canada Gazette
1681:
1680:External links
1678:
1677:
1676:
1663:
1638:
1619:
1611:|journal=
1580:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1563:. 1 March 2021
1548:
1536:
1524:
1512:
1494:
1469:
1460:
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1424:
1402:
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1251:
1242:
1224:
1215:
1206:
1197:
1188:
1179:
1170:
1161:
1152:
1143:
1141:, p. 130.
1131:
1113:
1090:
1081:Stevens v Fisk
1072:
1068:Backhouse 1986
1060:
1042:
1028:
1014:
1000:
998:, p. 129.
988:
975:
961:
937:(2): 297–321.
917:
913:Backhouse 1986
905:
903:, p. 271.
901:Backhouse 1986
893:
878:
860:
834:
820:
804:
788:
770:
756:
744:
740:Backhouse 1986
732:
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427:sexual offence
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394:
365:
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322:
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207:from 1758, in
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1673:
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1661:(2): 264–312.
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1656:
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1643:
1639:
1636:(2): 111–154.
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1596:(2): 209–271.
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852:Watts v Watts
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812:Board v Board
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370:United States
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287:Confederation
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258:
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245:
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237:In 1867, the
236:
233:
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227:
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221:
218:In the three
217:
214:
210:
209:New Brunswick
206:
202:
201:Confederation
198:
195:In the three
194:
193:
192:
185:
180:
178:
177:and divorce.
176:
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1658:
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1602:cite journal
1593:
1565:. Retrieved
1560:
1551:
1543:
1539:
1531:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1510:2013, c. 30
1501:
1497:
1463:
1458:2005, c. 33
1449:
1445:
1431:
1427:
1405:
1393:
1389:
1363:
1357:
1344:
1339:1990, c. 19
1330:
1325:
1313:. Retrieved
1308:
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1075:
1063:
1058:1963, c. 10
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651:Divorce Act'
650:
640:
635:
629:
627:
616:
615:held in the
602:
588:
585:
560:
550:
544:
542:
522:
515:
479:
477:
410:
406:
404:
390:Reno, Nevada
386:divorce mill
381:
367:
347:
335:private bill
324:
310:
308:
304:
294:
293:The English
292:
284:
270:Newfoundland
254:
243:
229:
223:
203:in 1867 (in
189:
145:
144:
142:
134:
59:
33:
1717:Divorce law
1544:Divorce Act
1532:Divorce Act
1520:Divorce Act
1438:2004 SCC 79
1398:2007 SCC 54
1384:at 171-177.
1240:1986, c. 4
1122:Divorce Act
876:1937, c. 4
723:Divorce Act
671:Divorce Act
659:Divorce Act
636:Divorce Act
461:decree nisi
407:Divorce Act
358:private Act
215:from 1833);
205:Nova Scotia
146:Divorce Act
107:1 June 1986
34:Divorce Act
1706:Categories
710:References
388:, such as
354:resolution
331:Parliament
315:annulments
171:Parliament
61:Long title
1380:144923867
943:1715-1430
571:affidavit
422:adultery,
104:Commenced
1644:(1986).
1309:jofa.org
890:art. 185
647:domicile
474:1986 Act
465:absolute
401:1968 Act
378:Montreal
327:domicile
299:adultery
175:marriage
137:In force
124:Keywords
78:Citation
1436:,
1396:,
1315:1 April
951:,
593:damages
555:in the
264:Ontario
159:divorce
135:Status:
1567:25 May
1378:
1084:,
941:
728:R.S.C.
559:. The
546:agunah
433:bigamy
333:for a
253:, the
251:Quebec
165:. The
163:Canada
151:French
1649:(PDF)
1590:(PDF)
1485:(PDF)
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1376:S2CID
1354:(PDF)
1102:(PDF)
854:
814:
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681:Notes
285:With
1615:help
1569:2023
1508:S.C.
1456:S.C.
1337:S.C.
1317:2015
1238:S.C.
1127:S.C.
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