2458:
2397:
518:
4388:
4033:
2746:
504:
2814:
2846:
2425:
532:
278:
6072:
2682:
497:
539:
511:
4223:
3821:
742:
292:
2782:
525:
2714:
285:
299:
6084:
271:
490:
1123:
molecule should be described as having 6 polar covalent (partly ionic) bonds made from only four orbitals on sulfur (one s and three p) in accordance with the octet rule, together with six orbitals on the fluorines. Similar calculations on transition-metal molecules show that the role of p orbitals
2924:
elements is generally even, and
Frankland suggested that the unused valencies saturated one another. For example, nitrogen has a maximum valence of 5, in forming ammonia two valencies are left unattached; sulfur has a maximum valence of 6, in forming hydrogen sulphide four valencies are left
4896:
While the concepts and definitions of valence have been refined over the years, that described by
Sidgwick remains the most useful and simple definition for covalent molecules: the valence of an atom in a covalent molecule is simply the number of electrons that an atom has used in
788:. If, for example, according to Higgins, the force between the ultimate particle of oxygen and the ultimate particle of nitrogen were 6, then the strength of the force would be divided accordingly, and likewise for the other combinations of ultimate particles (see illustration).
752:
The concept of valence was developed in the second half of the 19th century and helped successfully explain the molecular structure of inorganic and organic compounds. The quest for the underlying causes of valence led to the modern theories of chemical bonding, including the
182:
of a compound represents the connectivity of the atoms, with lines drawn between two atoms to represent bonds. The two tables below show examples of different compounds, their structural formulas, and the valences for each element of the compound.
156:, nitrogen has a valence of 3; in water, oxygen has a valence of 2; and in hydrogen chloride, chlorine has a valence of 1. Chlorine, as it has a valence of one, can be substituted for hydrogen in many compounds. Phosphorus has a valence 3 in
2919:
Frankland took the view that the valence (he used the term "atomicity") of an element was a single value that corresponded to the maximum value observed. The number of unused valencies on atoms of what are now called the
4915:
On the whole the best definition of absolute valency seems to be that adopted by Grimm and
Sommerfeld, that it is numerically equal to the number of electrons of the atom 'engaged' (beansprucht) in attaching the other
846:, etc.), equivalents of the attached elements. According to him, this is the manner in which their affinities are best satisfied, and by following these examples and postulates, he declares how obvious it is that
2937:
The maximum number of univalent atoms (originally hydrogen or chlorine atoms) that may combine with an atom of the element under consideration, or with a fragment, or for which an atom of this element can be
674:
The maximum number of univalent atoms (originally hydrogen or chlorine atoms) that may combine with an atom of the element under consideration, or with a fragment, or for which an atom of this element can be
5877:
1071:, which has fallen out of use in higher-level work from the advances in the theory of chemical bonding, but it is still widely used in elementary studies, where it provides a
5887:
5937:
6034:
5912:
5203:
5174:
2929:
666:
899:
Most 19th-century chemists defined the valence of an element as the number of its bonds without distinguishing different types of valence or of bond. However, in 1893
685:
The number of hydrogen atoms that can combine with an element in a binary hydride or twice the number of oxygen atoms combining with an element in its oxide or oxides.
5917:
5892:
5338:
5872:
5588:
5104:
6001:
6011:
6006:
6119:
5947:
5907:
5902:
5862:
5922:
5857:
5643:
6016:
5996:
5783:
2197:
5852:
5816:
4550:
3027:
1013:
bonds to four hydrogen atoms, but it is considered to be pentavalent because all five of nitrogen's valence electrons participate in the bonding.
803:
to show that certain elements have the tendency to combine with other elements to form compounds containing 3, i.e., in the 3-atom groups (e.g.,
2215:
it has gained or lost. In contrast to the valency number, the oxidation state can be positive (for an electropositive atom) or negative (for an
5897:
5847:
2966:
to complete chlorine's outer shell. However, chlorine can also have oxidation states from +1 to +7 and can form more than one bond by donating
2285:
atoms and 1 single bond with the other sulfur atom). Thus, each sulfur atom is hexavalent or has valence 6, but has oxidation state +5. In the
1761:(polyvalent) ion. Transition metals and metals to the right are typically multivalent but there is no simple pattern predicting their valency.
5942:
5867:
5778:
5084:
4737:
884:, contained an early version of the periodic table containing 28 elements, for the first time classified elements into six families by their
4928:
Grimm, H.G.; Sommerfeld, A (1926). "Über den. Zusammenhang des
Abschlusses der Elektronengruppen im Atom mit den chemischen Valenzzahlen".
148:
The valence is the combining capacity of an atom of a given element, determined by the number of hydrogen atoms that it combines with. In
5376:
5331:
1113:
971:
is not zero. It defines the valence of a given atom in a covalent molecule as the number of electrons that an atom has used in bonding:
1061:
means "together", so that a co-valent bond means that the atoms share a valence. Subsequent to that, it is now more common to speak of
5811:
5768:
5131:
4793:
1757:
cation is a trivalent cation. Unlike Cs and Ca, Fe can also exist in other charge states, notably 2+ and 4+, and is thus known as a
6087:
5984:
1097:, in which main-group elements have apparent valences greater than the maximal of 4 allowed by the octet rule. For example, in the
2196:
Because of the ambiguity of the term valence, other notations are currently preferred. Beside the lambda notation, as used in the
2170:† The same adjectives are also used in medicine to refer to vaccine valence, with the slight difference that in the latter sense,
2950:
were originally used as examples of univalent atoms, because of their nature to form only one single bond. Hydrogen has only one
5932:
5806:
4862:
Parkin, Gerard (May 2006). "Valence, Oxidation Number, and Formal Charge: Three
Related but Fundamentally Different Concepts".
2986:
2558:** Valences may also be different from absolute values of oxidation states due to different polarity of bonds. For example, in
2579:, so no typical molecule can be identified. In ferrous oxide, Fe has oxidation state +2; in ferric oxide, oxidation state +3.
1718:
Many elements have a common valence related to their position in the periodic table, and nowadays this is rationalised by the
5969:
5324:
3000:
967:
An alternative definition of valence, developed in the 1920's and having modern proponents, differs in cases where an atom's
734:"worth, value", and the chemical meaning referring to the "combining power of an element" is recorded from 1884, from German
2932:(IUPAC) has made several attempts to arrive at an unambiguous definition of valence. The current version, adopted in 1994:
1029:, which suggests that electrons are responsible for the interaction of atoms and the formation of chemical bonds. In 1916,
5961:
5882:
5772:
1086:, which are intermediate between covalent and ionic, and that the degree of ionic character depends on the difference of
6114:
2222:
Elements in a high oxidation state have an oxidation state higher than +4, and also, elements in a high valence state (
5991:
4759:
2188:), but they are not the conventionally established forms in English and thus are not entered in major dictionaries.
5826:
2245:
has 7 valence bonds (thus, it is heptavalent, in other words, it has valence 7), and it has oxidation state +7; in
6109:
5759:
2155:
781:
745:
5361:
2262:
In some molecules, there is a difference between valence and oxidation state for a given atom. For example, in
2259:
has 8 valence bonds (thus, it is octavalent, in other words, it has valence 8), and it has oxidation state +8.
1438:
854:
of the attracting element, if I may be allowed the term, is always satisfied by the same number of these atoms.
168:
33:
5075:
Frenking, Gernot; Shaik, Sason, eds. (May 2014). "Chapter 7: Chemical bonding in
Transition Metal Compounds".
1116:
on this and similar molecules have shown that the role of d orbitals in the bonding is minimal, and that the
1045:
leads to octets by the transfer of electrons from one atom to the other. The term covalence is attributed to
6075:
6044:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5495:
5366:
850:
A tendency or law prevails (here), and that, no matter what the characters of the uniting atoms may be, the
401:
55:
690:
This definition differs from the IUPAC definition as an element can be said to have more than one valence.
5565:
5392:
784:
published views on what he called combinations of "ultimate" particles, which foreshadowed the concept of
6039:
5620:
5048:
Magnusson, Eric (1990). "Hypercoordinate molecules of second-row elements: d functions or d orbitals?".
4729:
3146:
2721:
2457:
2263:
1350:
1273:
1109:
4971:
Smith, Derek W. (2005). "Valence, Covalence, Hypervalence, Oxidation State, and
Coordination Number".
2181:‡ As demonstrated by hit counts in Google web search and Google Books search corpora (accessed 2017).
5721:
5405:
4980:
4937:
4871:
3137:
3048:
1631:
1622:
1601:
1581:
1505:
1094:
907:
466:
2396:
791:
The exact inception, however, of the theory of chemical valencies can be traced to an 1852 paper by
517:
5638:
2883:
2246:
1678:
1565:
1526:
1098:
1083:
938:
762:
129:
40:
5726:
5686:
5302:
4953:
4826:
4617:
4611:
1666:
1425:
1257:
1214:
1185:
1124:
is minor, so that one s and five d orbitals on the metal are sufficient to describe the bonding.
1033:
explained valence and chemical bonding in terms of a tendency of (main-group) atoms to achieve a
945:
867:
179:
2745:
1946:
1938:
5821:
5691:
5080:
4996:
4887:
4789:
4733:
4625:
3928:
2973:
Hydrogen has only one valence electron, but it can form bonds with more than one atom. In the
2657:
2576:
2354:
2216:
1911:
1561:
1484:
1320:
1264:
1253:
1087:
893:
871:
800:
774:
766:
77:
6056:
5979:
5974:
5798:
5750:
5615:
5573:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5292:
5253:
5233:
5217:
5188:
5057:
5030:
4988:
4945:
4879:
4818:
4782:
4777:
4721:
4004:
3792:
3585:
3378:
3281:
3184:
3153:
3100:
3095:
3090:
2813:
2789:
2212:
2116:
2000:
1991:
1929:
1902:
1735:
1591:
1474:
1415:
1401:
1223:
1030:
1022:
933:
valences (German: 'Hauptvalenz' and 'Nebenvalenz'), corresponding to the modern concepts of
904:
863:
792:
503:
414:
137:
89:
48:
5139:
2845:
5927:
5788:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5261:
5161:
5100:
5014:
4705:
4685:
4677:
4654:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
2559:
2432:
2424:
2375:
2208:
2201:
2107:
2060:
2039:
2018:
1973:
1964:
1821:
1794:
1702:
1644:
1517:
1316:
1282:
1181:
1046:
934:
866:
proposed fixed valences for many elements, such as 4 for carbon, and used them to propose
758:
478:
133:
44:
4649:
961:
4984:
4941:
4875:
3032:
2583:
Variation of valence vs oxidation state for bonds between two atoms of the same element
1884:
1875:
1830:
1803:
5736:
5731:
5701:
5696:
5681:
5347:
3115:
2955:
2753:
2518:
2300:
atom has 2 valence bonds and so is divalent (valence 2), but has oxidation state 0. In
1723:
1690:
1496:
1332:
1137:
796:
450:
389:
105:
101:
1857:
1848:
277:
6103:
5306:
4957:
4830:
4052:
2465:
2134:
1739:
1572:
1535:
1079:
1063:
1042:
1038:
968:
949:
900:
889:
785:
430:
109:
85:
5213:
5184:
5110:
531:
6051:
5716:
5711:
5465:
5400:
5281:"Glossary of terms used in physical organic chemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 1994)"
4418:
4253:
4118:
3110:
3043:
2487:
1610:
1378:
877:
770:
754:
722:
2681:
538:
5237:
2332:
Variation of valence vs oxidation state for bonds between two different elements
2184:§ A few other forms can be found in large English-language corpora (for example,
1768:
1726:
are used to describe ions in the charge states 1, 2, 3, and so on, respectively.
710:
5831:
5706:
5460:
5280:
5208:
5179:
4528:
4506:
4495:
4184:
4140:
4129:
3105:
2781:
2541:
2323:
atom). Each carbon atom is tetravalent (valence 4), but has oxidation state −1.
2316:
2227:
2223:
1758:
1108:), Pauling considered that the sulfur forms 6 true two-electron bonds using spd
741:
524:
496:
97:
93:
716:
704:
510:
5605:
4330:
4308:
4275:
4195:
4107:
4074:
4041:
3661:
3650:
3335:
2974:
2713:
1719:
1133:
1034:
1025:
of the nuclear atom (1911) showed that the exterior of an atom is occupied by
291:
284:
5212:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
5183:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
5000:
4891:
4809:
Frankland, E. (1852). "On a New Series of
Organic Bodies Containing Metals".
5661:
5630:
5485:
5475:
5470:
5297:
5221:
5192:
4484:
4462:
4451:
4440:
4374:
4264:
4231:
4206:
4173:
4162:
3760:
3694:
3672:
3628:
3604:
3531:
3454:
3386:
3313:
3300:
3203:
3130:
3120:
2853:
2689:
2301:
2256:
1742:. Species with a single charge are univalent (monovalent). For example, the
1392:
1072:
699:
298:
259:
243:
157:
61:
5265:
4822:
4754:
4689:
2204:
is a more clear indication of the electronic state of atoms in a molecule.
1112:, which combine one s, three p and two d orbitals. However more recently,
5653:
5610:
4539:
4396:
4297:
4286:
4151:
4012:
3983:
3972:
3939:
3906:
3862:
3851:
3829:
3749:
3593:
3553:
3443:
3432:
3421:
3410:
3357:
3260:
3238:
3161:
3004:
2947:
2943:
2821:
2631:
2605:
2312:
2286:
2282:
2242:
1050:
1026:
1002:
199:
121:
113:
81:
5061:
5034:
4709:
270:
17:
5480:
4992:
4949:
4517:
4429:
4407:
4363:
4341:
4319:
4096:
4085:
4063:
3961:
3895:
3873:
3840:
3800:
3716:
3683:
3639:
3617:
3575:
3564:
3542:
3520:
3397:
3324:
3192:
3125:
2921:
2404:
1383:
1341:
382:
227:
211:
153:
149:
4883:
178:), which shows that an element may exhibit more than one valence. The
76:
is a measure of its combining capacity with other atoms when it forms
4846:
Chemical
Atomism in the Nineteenth Century: From Dalton to Cannizzaro
4473:
4352:
4242:
4023:
3884:
3811:
3771:
3727:
3705:
3498:
3487:
3476:
3346:
3289:
3249:
3227:
3174:
2320:
2308:
2297:
2278:
1746:
128:
is 4. Valence is not to be confused with the related concepts of the
125:
117:
5018:
489:
5597:
4913:. London: Oxford University Press (Clarendon Press). p. 199.
3994:
3782:
3368:
3216:
1464:
1053:
which any given atom shares with the adjacent atoms is called the
726:) traces back to 1425, meaning "extract, preparation", from Latin
5316:
3950:
3917:
3509:
3465:
3271:
73:
5320:
3030:. They are shown by the color code at the bottom of the table.
2954:
and can form only one bond with an atom that has an incomplete
3738:
960:
valences (maximal and minimal oxidation states), and proposed
5077:
The
Chemical Bond: Chemical Bonding Across the Periodic Table
3026:
Maximum valences for the elements are based on the data from
1724:
numeral prefixes (mono-/uni-, di-/bi-, tri-/ter-, and so on)
976:
valence = number of electrons in valence shell of free atom
4682:
A text-book of inorganic chemistry for university students
4811:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
2226:
elements) have a valence higher than 4. For example, in
1738:
that are not restricted to a specific number of valence
2962:
and can form only one bond with an atom that donates a
892:, until then had been stymied by the widespread use of
862:
or valency (and valence by American chemists). In 1857
84:. Valence is generally understood to be the number of
5019:"The Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms and Molecules"
1765:
6027:
5960:
5840:
5797:
5758:
5749:
5674:
5652:
5629:
5596:
5586:
5564:
5494:
5391:
5384:
5375:
5354:
4772:
4770:
980:
number of non-bonding electrons on atom in molecule
4781:
4701:
4699:
1049:, who stated in 1919 that "the number of pairs of
1037:of 8 valence-shell electrons. According to Lewis,
5239:Lecture notes for chemical students(Google eBook)
2930:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
1749:is a univalent or monovalent cation, whereas the
1041:leads to octets by the sharing of electrons, and
2556:is monovalent, in other words, it has valence 1.
964:to the effect that their difference is often 8.
824:, etc.) or 5, i.e., in the 5-atom groups (e.g.,
848:
29:Combining capacity of elements with other atoms
2281:atom has 6 valence bonds (5 single bonds with
896:for the elements, rather than atomic weights.
5332:
4857:
4855:
2573:, carbon has valence 4 but oxidation state 0.
2311:atom has 4 valence bonds (1 single bond with
2211:of an atom in a molecule gives the number of
858:This "combining power" was afterwards called
112:to be six. In most compounds, the valence of
8:
4672:
4670:
771:valence shell electron pair repulsion theory
874:molecules, which are still accepted today.
773:(1958), and all of the advanced methods of
748:' combinations of ultimate particles (1789)
5755:
5593:
5388:
5381:
5339:
5325:
5317:
5296:
5242:(2d ed.). J. Van Voorst. p. 21.
2198:IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry
2186:*quintavalent, *quintivalent, *decivalent
5023:Journal of the American Chemical Society
4551:List of oxidation states of the elements
3028:list of oxidation states of the elements
3014:
3010:
2980:
2894:
2890:
2864:
2860:
2832:
2828:
2800:
2796:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2732:
2728:
2700:
2696:
2668:
2664:
2638:
2612:
2581:
2569:
2565:
2499:
2495:
2444:
2440:
2411:
2383:
2330:
2292:
2273:
2269:
2251:
1705:
1693:
1681:
1669:
1647:
1638:
1634:
1625:
1613:
1604:
1594:
1584:
1575:
1542:
1538:
1529:
1520:
1508:
1499:
1487:
1477:
1467:
1441:
1432:
1428:
1418:
1408:
1404:
1395:
1386:
1353:
1344:
1335:
1323:
1289:
1285:
1276:
1267:
1226:
1217:
1142:
1140:, the valence can vary between 1 and 8.
1119:
1104:
1008:
921:
917:
913:
842:
834:
827:
820:
813:
806:
740:
473:
461:
457:
445:
441:
437:
425:
421:
408:
396:
377:
368:
254:
250:
238:
234:
222:
218:
206:
194:
185:
174:
163:
5106:Merriam-Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
4666:
4634:shows natural occurrence of the element
4048:
1001:In this convention, the nitrogen in an
730:"strength, capacity", from the earlier
4414:
4249:
4114:
888:. Works on organizing the elements by
680:An alternative modern description is:
4524:
4502:
4491:
4180:
4136:
4125:
1753:cation is a divalent cation, and the
7:
4326:
4304:
4271:
4191:
4103:
4070:
4037:
3657:
3646:
3331:
2915:"Maximum number of bonds" definition
6083:
4480:
4458:
4447:
4436:
4370:
4260:
4227:
4202:
4169:
4158:
3756:
3690:
3668:
3624:
3600:
3527:
3450:
3382:
3309:
3296:
3199:
2392:H = +1 Cl = +7 O = −2
1782:Less common synonymous adjective‡§
6120:Dimensionless numbers of chemistry
5209:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
5180:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
4557:
4549:Maximum valences are based on the
4535:
4392:
4293:
4282:
4147:
4008:
3979:
3968:
3935:
3902:
3858:
3847:
3825:
3745:
3589:
3549:
3439:
3428:
3417:
3406:
3353:
3256:
3234:
3157:
2777:S = +5 O = −2 H = +1
2453:C = 0 H = +1 Cl = −1
25:
5109:, Merriam-Webster, archived from
4513:
4425:
4403:
4359:
4337:
4315:
4092:
4081:
4059:
3957:
3924:
3891:
3869:
3836:
3796:
3712:
3679:
3635:
3613:
3571:
3560:
3538:
3516:
3393:
3320:
3188:
3036:Maximum valences of the elements
795:, in which he combined the older
6082:
6071:
6070:
5260:(1st ed.). pp. 75–85.
5132:"Lesson 7: Ions and Their Names"
4911:The electronic theory of valency
4469:
4386:
4348:
4238:
4221:
4031:
4019:
3880:
3819:
3807:
3767:
3723:
3701:
3494:
3483:
3472:
3342:
3285:
3245:
3223:
3170:
3022:Maximum valences of the elements
2844:
2812:
2780:
2744:
2712:
2680:
2456:
2450:C = 4 H = 1 Cl = 1
2423:
2395:
2389:H = 1 Cl = 7 O = 2
882:Die modernen Theorien der Chemie
537:
530:
523:
516:
509:
502:
495:
488:
297:
290:
283:
276:
269:
152:, carbon has a valence of 4; in
96:are considered to be two bonds,
3990:
3778:
3364:
3212:
2987:three-center four-electron bond
2774:S = 6 O = 2 H = 1
1114:quantum-mechanical calculations
5401:1 (Hydrogen and alkali metals)
4848:. Ohio State University Press.
3946:
3913:
3505:
3461:
3267:
3001:three-center two-electron bond
2192:Valence versus oxidation state
1:
5943:Thermal expansion coefficient
5639:Lists of metalloids by source
4973:Journal of Chemical Education
4864:Journal of Chemical Education
3734:
1767:Valence adjectives using the
1082:proposed that there are also
1075:introduction to the subject.
4784:A Short History of Chemistry
2575:*** Iron oxides appear in a
925:, in which he distinguished
5682:Platinum-group metals (PGM)
5385:By periodic table structure
5136:Clackamas Community College
4788:. Dover Publications, Inc.
4760:Online Etymology Dictionary
2985:), for example, it forms a
6136:
5827:Goldschmidt classification
5285:Pure and Applied Chemistry
4556:
4548:
4215:
3307:
3210:
3168:
3035:
2104:multiple / many / variable
1057:of that atom". The prefix
665:Valence is defined by the
88:that each atom of a given
53:
38:
31:
6065:
5406:2 (Alkaline earth metals)
4726:Chemistry of the Elements
4724:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997).
4678:Partington, James Riddick
4385:
4220:
3144:
3136:
2989:with two fluoride atoms:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1090:of the two bonded atoms.
991:valence = number of bonds
72:(British spelling) of an
4909:Sidgwick, N. V. (1927).
1093:Pauling also considered
169:phosphorus pentachloride
167:) and a valence of 5 in
39:Not to be confused with
34:Valence (disambiguation)
6045:systematic element name
6017:in East Asian languages
5367:Extended periodic table
5298:10.1351/pac199466051077
5222:10.1351/goldbook.O04365
5193:10.1351/goldbook.L03418
4605:of the chemical element
2999:Another example is the
1779:More common adjective‡
402:Thiophosphoryl chloride
56:Polyvalency (chemistry)
5888:Electron configuration
5878:Electrical resistivity
5817:Electron configuration
5621:Post-transition metals
4930:Zeitschrift für Physik
4844:Alan J. Rocke (1984).
4823:10.1098/rstl.1852.0020
2903:Hg = +1 Cl = −1
1110:hybrid atomic orbitals
908:coordination complexes
856:
749:
694:Historical development
5722:Transuranium elements
5160:The Free Dictionary:
4730:Butterworth-Heinemann
4722:Greenwood, Norman N.
2958:. Chlorine has seven
2809:C = +3 Cl = −1
2722:Disulfur decafluoride
2529:Na = +1 H = −1
2508:Fe = +3 O = −2
2477:Fe = +2 O = −2
2365:H = +1 Cl = −1
2264:disulfur decafluoride
1095:hypervalent molecules
1017:Electrons and valence
744:
5938:Thermal conductivity
5913:Heat of vaporization
5355:Periodic table forms
5256:; Japp, F.R (1885).
4603:maximum valence
2900:Hg = 2 Cl = 1
2873:C = −1 H = +1
2841:C = −2 H = +1
2741:S = +5 F = −1
2709:H = +1 N = −2
2677:H = +1 O = −1
2420:C = −4 H = +1
2174:is more common than
1132:For elements in the
1084:polar covalent bonds
467:Dichlorine heptoxide
32:For other uses, see
6115:Chemical properties
5970:Element discoveries
5727:Superheavy elements
5687:Rare-earth elements
5279:Muller, P. (1994).
5258:Inorganic chemistry
5062:10.1021/ja00178a014
5035:10.1021/ja02227a002
4985:2005JChEd..82.1202S
4942:1926ZPhy...36...36G
4876:2006JChEd..83..791P
2994:[F−H F ↔ F H−F]
2884:Mercury(I) chloride
2806:C = 4 Cl = 1
2584:
2526:Na = 1 H = 1
2505:Fe = 3 O = 2
2474:Fe = 2 O = 2
2362:H = 1 Cl = 1
2333:
2247:ruthenium tetroxide
1772:
1099:sulfur hexafluoride
946:main-group elements
939:coordination number
868:structural formulas
763:valence bond theory
136:, or the number of
130:coordination number
41:coordination number
5142:on 21 January 2019
4993:10.1021/ed082p1202
4950:10.1007/bf01383924
2870:C = 4 H = 1
2838:C = 4 H = 1
2738:S = 6 F = 1
2706:H = 1 N = 3
2674:H = 1 O = 2
2582:
2417:C = 4 H = 1
2331:
1766:
1722:. The Greek/Latin
894:equivalent weights
880:in his 1864 book,
767:molecular orbitals
750:
579:Phosphorus: 5
180:structural formula
140:for a given atom.
78:chemical compounds
6097:
6096:
5956:
5955:
5918:Ionization energy
5893:Electronegativity
5883:Electron affinity
5822:Electronegativity
5812:Crystal structure
5807:Aqueous chemistry
5784:Nuclear stability
5779:Atomic properties
5745:
5744:
5692:Refractory metals
5670:
5669:
5616:Transition metals
5582:
5581:
5086:978-3-527-33315-8
5056:(22): 7940–7951.
4884:10.1021/ed083p791
4753:Harper, Douglas.
4739:978-0-08-037941-8
4641:
4640:
2968:valence electrons
2960:valence electrons
2912:
2911:
2658:Hydrogen peroxide
2577:crystal structure
2538:
2537:
2355:Hydrogen chloride
2213:valence electrons
2168:
2167:
1716:
1715:
1712:0, 2, 4, 6 and 8
1173:Typical valences
1088:electronegativity
986:or equivalently:
801:chemical affinity
799:with thoughts on
775:quantum chemistry
658:
657:
367:
366:
138:valence electrons
92:typically forms.
68:(US spelling) or
16:(Redirected from
6127:
6110:Chemical bonding
6086:
6085:
6074:
6073:
6057:Dmitri Mendeleev
5985:1869 predictions
5975:Dmitri Mendeleev
5756:
5594:
5574:Aufbau principle
5486:18 (Noble gases)
5389:
5382:
5377:Sets of elements
5341:
5334:
5327:
5318:
5311:
5310:
5300:
5291:(5): 1077–1184.
5276:
5270:
5269:
5250:
5244:
5243:
5230:
5224:
5201:
5195:
5172:
5166:
5158:
5152:
5151:
5149:
5147:
5138:. Archived from
5128:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5118:
5097:
5091:
5090:
5072:
5066:
5065:
5050:J. Am. Chem. Soc
5045:
5039:
5038:
5015:Langmuir, Irving
5011:
5005:
5004:
4968:
4962:
4961:
4925:
4919:
4918:
4906:
4900:
4899:
4859:
4850:
4849:
4841:
4835:
4834:
4806:
4800:
4799:
4787:
4778:Partington, J.R.
4774:
4765:
4764:
4750:
4744:
4743:
4728:(2nd ed.).
4718:
4712:
4703:
4694:
4693:
4684:(1st ed.).
4674:
4635:
4628:
4622:
4620:
4614:
4606:
4599:Background color
4596:
4595:
4590:
4587:
4584:
4581:
4578:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4544:
4542:
4533:
4531:
4522:
4520:
4511:
4509:
4500:
4498:
4489:
4487:
4478:
4476:
4467:
4465:
4456:
4454:
4445:
4443:
4434:
4432:
4423:
4421:
4412:
4410:
4401:
4399:
4390:
4389:
4379:
4377:
4368:
4366:
4357:
4355:
4346:
4344:
4335:
4333:
4324:
4322:
4313:
4311:
4302:
4300:
4291:
4289:
4280:
4278:
4269:
4267:
4258:
4256:
4247:
4245:
4236:
4234:
4225:
4224:
4211:
4209:
4200:
4198:
4189:
4187:
4178:
4176:
4167:
4165:
4156:
4154:
4145:
4143:
4134:
4132:
4123:
4121:
4112:
4110:
4101:
4099:
4090:
4088:
4079:
4077:
4068:
4066:
4057:
4055:
4046:
4044:
4035:
4034:
4028:
4026:
4017:
4015:
3999:
3997:
3988:
3986:
3977:
3975:
3966:
3964:
3955:
3953:
3944:
3942:
3933:
3931:
3922:
3920:
3911:
3909:
3900:
3898:
3889:
3887:
3878:
3876:
3867:
3865:
3856:
3854:
3845:
3843:
3834:
3832:
3823:
3822:
3816:
3814:
3805:
3803:
3787:
3785:
3776:
3774:
3765:
3763:
3754:
3752:
3743:
3741:
3732:
3730:
3721:
3719:
3710:
3708:
3699:
3697:
3688:
3686:
3677:
3675:
3666:
3664:
3655:
3653:
3644:
3642:
3633:
3631:
3622:
3620:
3609:
3607:
3598:
3596:
3580:
3578:
3569:
3567:
3558:
3556:
3547:
3545:
3536:
3534:
3525:
3523:
3514:
3512:
3503:
3501:
3492:
3490:
3481:
3479:
3470:
3468:
3459:
3457:
3448:
3446:
3437:
3435:
3426:
3424:
3415:
3413:
3402:
3400:
3391:
3389:
3373:
3371:
3362:
3360:
3351:
3349:
3340:
3338:
3329:
3327:
3318:
3316:
3305:
3303:
3294:
3292:
3276:
3274:
3265:
3263:
3254:
3252:
3243:
3241:
3232:
3230:
3221:
3219:
3208:
3206:
3197:
3195:
3179:
3177:
3166:
3164:
3033:
3017:
2995:
2984:
2964:valence electron
2952:valence electron
2908:
2897:
2878:
2867:
2848:
2835:
2816:
2803:
2790:Hexachloroethane
2784:
2771:
2748:
2735:
2716:
2703:
2684:
2671:
2652:
2641:
2626:
2615:
2585:
2572:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2534:
2513:
2502:
2482:
2460:
2447:
2427:
2414:
2399:
2386:
2370:
2334:
2306:
2295:
2276:
2254:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2160:
2159:
2152:
2151:
2139:
2138:
2131:
2130:
2121:
2120:
2112:
2111:
2093:
2092:
2078:
2077:
2065:
2064:
2057:
2056:
2044:
2043:
2036:
2035:
2023:
2022:
2015:
2014:
2005:
2004:
1996:
1995:
1988:
1987:
1978:
1977:
1969:
1968:
1961:
1960:
1951:
1950:
1943:
1942:
1934:
1933:
1926:
1925:
1916:
1915:
1907:
1906:
1899:
1898:
1889:
1888:
1880:
1879:
1872:
1871:
1862:
1861:
1853:
1852:
1845:
1844:
1835:
1834:
1826:
1825:
1818:
1817:
1808:
1807:
1799:
1798:
1791:
1790:
1773:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1708:
1696:
1684:
1672:
1650:
1641:
1628:
1616:
1607:
1597:
1587:
1578:
1545:
1532:
1523:
1511:
1502:
1490:
1481:
1471:
1444:
1435:
1421:
1411:
1398:
1389:
1356:
1347:
1338:
1326:
1292:
1279:
1270:
1229:
1220:
1143:
1122:
1107:
1039:covalent bonding
1031:Gilbert N. Lewis
1023:Rutherford model
1012:
924:
905:transition metal
845:
838:
830:
823:
816:
809:
793:Edward Frankland
759:Lewis structures
636:Chlorine: 7
627:Hydrogen: 1
612:Hydrogen: 1
597:Hydrogen: 1
585:Chlorine: 1
570:Nitrogen: 3
555:Hydrogen: 1
552:Nitrogen: 3
541:
534:
527:
520:
513:
506:
499:
492:
476:
464:
448:
428:
415:Hydrogen sulfide
412:
399:
380:
369:
360:Hydrogen: 1
348:Hydrogen: 1
336:Hydrogen: 1
324:Hydrogen: 1
312:Hydrogen: 1
301:
294:
287:
280:
273:
257:
241:
225:
209:
197:
186:
177:
166:
90:chemical element
49:valence electron
21:
6135:
6134:
6130:
6129:
6128:
6126:
6125:
6124:
6100:
6099:
6098:
6093:
6061:
6023:
5952:
5928:Oxidation state
5836:
5793:
5741:
5737:Minor actinides
5732:Major actinides
5697:Precious metals
5666:
5648:
5625:
5578:
5560:
5490:
5476:16 (Chalcogens)
5471:15 (Pnictogens)
5371:
5350:
5345:
5315:
5314:
5278:
5277:
5273:
5252:
5251:
5247:
5232:
5231:
5227:
5214:Oxidation state
5202:
5198:
5173:
5169:
5159:
5155:
5145:
5143:
5130:
5129:
5125:
5116:
5114:
5101:Merriam-Webster
5099:
5098:
5094:
5087:
5079:. Wiley – VCH.
5074:
5073:
5069:
5047:
5046:
5042:
5013:
5012:
5008:
4970:
4969:
4965:
4927:
4926:
4922:
4908:
4907:
4903:
4861:
4860:
4853:
4843:
4842:
4838:
4808:
4807:
4803:
4796:
4776:
4775:
4768:
4752:
4751:
4747:
4740:
4720:
4719:
4715:
4706:IUPAC Gold Book
4704:
4697:
4676:
4675:
4668:
4663:
4655:Oxidation state
4646:
4637:
4636:
4630:
4624:
4618:
4616:
4610:
4608:
4597:
4591:
4588:
4585:
4582:
4579:
4576:
4573:
4570:
4567:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4540:
4538:
4537:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4507:
4505:
4504:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4485:
4483:
4482:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4441:
4439:
4438:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4387:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4222:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4032:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4013:
4011:
4010:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3820:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3024:
3016:
3012:
3008:
2993:
2982:
2978:
2917:
2906:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2876:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2650:
2640:
2636:
2624:
2614:
2610:
2597:Oxidation state
2574:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2560:dichloromethane
2557:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2532:
2511:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2480:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2433:Dichloromethane
2413:
2409:
2385:
2381:
2376:Perchloric acid
2368:
2346:Oxidation state
2329:
2319:with the other
2304:
2294:
2290:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2253:
2249:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2217:electronegative
2209:oxidation state
2202:oxidation state
2194:
2157:
2156:
2149:
2148:
2136:
2135:
2128:
2127:
2118:
2117:
2109:
2108:
2090:
2089:
2075:
2074:
2062:
2061:
2054:
2053:
2041:
2040:
2033:
2032:
2020:
2019:
2012:
2011:
2002:
2001:
1993:
1992:
1985:
1984:
1975:
1974:
1966:
1965:
1958:
1957:
1948:
1947:
1940:
1939:
1931:
1930:
1923:
1922:
1913:
1912:
1904:
1903:
1896:
1895:
1886:
1885:
1877:
1876:
1869:
1868:
1859:
1858:
1850:
1849:
1842:
1841:
1832:
1831:
1823:
1822:
1815:
1814:
1805:
1804:
1796:
1795:
1788:
1787:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1707:
1703:
1695:
1691:
1683:
1679:
1671:
1667:
1649:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1615:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1596:
1592:
1586:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1564:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1510:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1489:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1443:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1355:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1325:
1321:
1319:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1256:
1228:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1184:
1130:
1128:Common valences
1121:
1117:
1106:
1102:
1047:Irving Langmuir
1019:
1010:
1006:
935:oxidation state
923:
919:
915:
911:
852:combining power
844:
840:
836:
832:
829:
825:
822:
818:
815:
811:
808:
804:
782:William Higgins
746:William Higgins
696:
663:
654:
642:
630:
615:
600:
588:
573:
558:
479:Xenon tetroxide
477:
475:
471:
465:
463:
459:
455:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
429:
427:
423:
419:
413:
410:
406:
400:
398:
394:
388:
381:
379:
375:
363:
351:
339:
327:
315:
258:
256:
252:
248:
242:
240:
236:
232:
226:
224:
220:
216:
210:
208:
204:
198:
196:
192:
176:
172:
165:
161:
146:
134:oxidation state
108:to be five and
106:quintuple bonds
102:quadruple bonds
58:
52:
45:oxidation state
37:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6133:
6131:
6123:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6102:
6101:
6095:
6094:
6092:
6091:
6079:
6066:
6063:
6062:
6060:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6048:
6047:
6042:
6031:
6029:
6025:
6024:
6022:
6021:
6020:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5989:
5988:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5966:
5964:
5958:
5957:
5954:
5953:
5951:
5950:
5948:Vapor pressure
5945:
5940:
5935:
5933:Speed of sound
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5908:Heat of fusion
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5863:Critical point
5860:
5855:
5850:
5844:
5842:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5803:
5801:
5795:
5794:
5792:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5764:
5762:
5753:
5747:
5746:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5702:Coinage metals
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5678:
5676:
5672:
5671:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5664:
5658:
5656:
5650:
5649:
5647:
5646:
5641:
5635:
5633:
5627:
5626:
5624:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5602:
5600:
5591:
5584:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5577:
5576:
5570:
5568:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5558:
5557:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5500:
5498:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5397:
5395:
5386:
5379:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5369:
5364:
5358:
5356:
5352:
5351:
5348:Periodic table
5346:
5344:
5343:
5336:
5329:
5321:
5313:
5312:
5271:
5245:
5225:
5196:
5167:
5153:
5123:
5092:
5085:
5067:
5040:
5029:(6): 868–934.
5006:
4963:
4920:
4901:
4851:
4836:
4801:
4794:
4766:
4745:
4738:
4713:
4695:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4657:
4652:
4645:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4609:
4558:
4554:
4553:
4546:
4545:
4534:
4523:
4512:
4501:
4490:
4479:
4468:
4457:
4446:
4435:
4424:
4413:
4402:
4391:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4369:
4358:
4347:
4336:
4325:
4314:
4303:
4292:
4281:
4270:
4259:
4248:
4237:
4226:
4218:
4217:
4213:
4212:
4201:
4190:
4179:
4168:
4157:
4146:
4135:
4124:
4113:
4102:
4091:
4080:
4069:
4058:
4047:
4036:
4029:
4018:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3989:
3978:
3967:
3956:
3945:
3934:
3923:
3912:
3901:
3890:
3879:
3868:
3857:
3846:
3835:
3824:
3817:
3806:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3777:
3766:
3755:
3744:
3733:
3722:
3711:
3700:
3689:
3678:
3667:
3656:
3645:
3634:
3623:
3612:
3610:
3599:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3570:
3559:
3548:
3537:
3526:
3515:
3504:
3493:
3482:
3471:
3460:
3449:
3438:
3427:
3416:
3405:
3403:
3392:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3363:
3352:
3341:
3330:
3319:
3308:
3306:
3295:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3266:
3255:
3244:
3233:
3222:
3211:
3209:
3198:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3169:
3167:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3142:
3141:
3140: →
3134:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3023:
3020:
2997:
2996:
2941:
2940:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2756:
2754:Dithionic acid
2750:
2749:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2519:Sodium hydride
2515:
2514:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2491:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2462:
2461:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2436:
2429:
2428:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2379:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2328:
2325:
2193:
2190:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2153:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2132:
2124:
2123:
2114:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2058:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2037:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2016:
2008:
2007:
1998:
1989:
1981:
1980:
1971:
1962:
1954:
1953:
1936:
1927:
1919:
1918:
1909:
1900:
1892:
1891:
1882:
1873:
1865:
1864:
1855:
1846:
1838:
1837:
1828:
1819:
1811:
1810:
1801:
1792:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1700:
1698:
1688:
1686:
1676:
1674:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1656:1, 3, 5 and 7
1654:
1652:
1620:
1618:
1599:
1589:
1570:
1568:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1515:
1513:
1494:
1492:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1423:
1413:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1330:
1328:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1262:
1260:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1138:periodic table
1129:
1126:
1078:In the 1930s,
1064:covalent bonds
1018:
1015:
999:
998:
984:
983:
941:respectively.
797:radical theory
695:
692:
688:
687:
678:
677:
662:
659:
656:
655:
653:
652:
651:Oxygen: 2
649:
645:
643:
641:
640:
639:Oxygen: 2
637:
633:
631:
629:
628:
625:
624:Oxygen: 2
622:
621:Sulfur: 6
618:
616:
614:
613:
610:
609:Oxygen: 2
607:
606:Sulfur: 6
603:
601:
599:
598:
595:
594:Sulfur: 2
591:
589:
587:
586:
583:
582:Sulfur: 2
580:
576:
574:
572:
571:
568:
567:Carbon: 4
565:
564:Sodium: 1
561:
559:
557:
556:
553:
549:
547:
543:
542:
535:
528:
521:
514:
507:
500:
493:
486:
482:
481:
469:
453:
451:Dithionic acid
433:
417:
404:
392:
390:Sodium cyanide
385:
373:
365:
364:
362:
361:
358:
357:Carbon: 4
354:
352:
350:
349:
346:
345:Carbon: 4
342:
340:
338:
337:
334:
333:Carbon: 4
330:
328:
326:
325:
322:
321:Carbon: 4
318:
316:
314:
313:
309:
307:
303:
302:
295:
288:
281:
274:
267:
263:
262:
246:
230:
214:
202:
190:
145:
142:
110:sextuple bonds
86:chemical bonds
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6132:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6107:
6105:
6090:
6089:
6080:
6078:
6077:
6068:
6067:
6064:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6037:
6036:
6033:
6032:
6030:
6026:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6002:controversies
6000:
5998:
5995:
5994:
5993:
5990:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5972:
5971:
5968:
5967:
5965:
5963:
5959:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5923:Melting point
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5903:Heat capacity
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5858:Boiling point
5856:
5854:
5853:Atomic radius
5851:
5849:
5846:
5845:
5843:
5839:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5804:
5802:
5800:
5796:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5761:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5748:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5717:Native metals
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5673:
5663:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5655:
5651:
5645:
5644:Dividing line
5642:
5640:
5637:
5636:
5634:
5632:
5628:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5603:
5601:
5599:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5585:
5575:
5572:
5571:
5569:
5567:
5563:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5541:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5501:
5499:
5497:
5493:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5481:17 (Halogens)
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5394:
5390:
5387:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5374:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5342:
5337:
5335:
5330:
5328:
5323:
5322:
5319:
5308:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5275:
5272:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5254:Frankland, E.
5249:
5246:
5241:
5240:
5235:
5234:Frankland, E.
5229:
5226:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5197:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5168:
5165:
5164:
5157:
5154:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5127:
5124:
5113:on 2020-05-25
5112:
5108:
5107:
5102:
5096:
5093:
5088:
5082:
5078:
5071:
5068:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5044:
5041:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5010:
5007:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4967:
4964:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4924:
4921:
4917:
4912:
4905:
4902:
4898:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4858:
4856:
4852:
4847:
4840:
4837:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4805:
4802:
4797:
4795:0-486-65977-1
4791:
4786:
4785:
4779:
4773:
4771:
4767:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4749:
4746:
4741:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4717:
4714:
4711:
4707:
4702:
4700:
4696:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4673:
4671:
4667:
4660:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4647:
4643:
4633:
4627:
4621:
4613:
4607:
4604:
4600:
4594:
4555:
4552:
4547:
4543:
4532:
4521:
4510:
4499:
4488:
4477:
4466:
4455:
4444:
4433:
4422:
4411:
4400:
4384:
4381:
4378:
4367:
4356:
4345:
4334:
4323:
4312:
4301:
4290:
4279:
4268:
4257:
4246:
4235:
4219:
4214:
4210:
4199:
4188:
4177:
4166:
4155:
4144:
4133:
4122:
4111:
4100:
4089:
4078:
4067:
4056:
4045:
4030:
4027:
4016:
4006:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3987:
3976:
3965:
3954:
3943:
3932:
3921:
3910:
3899:
3888:
3877:
3866:
3855:
3844:
3833:
3818:
3815:
3804:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3775:
3764:
3753:
3742:
3731:
3720:
3709:
3698:
3687:
3676:
3665:
3654:
3643:
3632:
3621:
3611:
3608:
3597:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3568:
3557:
3546:
3535:
3524:
3513:
3502:
3491:
3480:
3469:
3458:
3447:
3436:
3425:
3414:
3404:
3401:
3390:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3361:
3350:
3339:
3328:
3317:
3304:
3293:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3264:
3253:
3242:
3231:
3220:
3207:
3196:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3165:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3145:↓
3143:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3021:
3019:
3006:
3002:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2976:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2926:
2923:
2914:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2580:
2578:
2561:
2543:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2466:Ferrous oxide
2464:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2299:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2265:
2260:
2258:
2248:
2244:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2163:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2115:
2113:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2009:
2006:
1999:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1972:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1949:quinquivalent
1944:
1941:quinquevalent
1937:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1910:
1908:
1901:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1883:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1856:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1829:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1802:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1785:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1748:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1711:
1709:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1642:
1629:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1608:
1600:
1598:
1590:
1588:
1579:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1533:
1524:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1503:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1482:
1472:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1436:
1424:
1422:
1414:
1412:
1399:
1390:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1348:
1339:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1280:
1271:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1221:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1127:
1125:
1115:
1111:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1080:Linus Pauling
1076:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1043:ionic bonding
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1016:
1014:
1004:
996:
995:formal charge
992:
989:
988:
987:
981:
977:
974:
973:
972:
970:
969:formal charge
965:
963:
959:
955:
951:
950:Richard Abegg
947:
942:
940:
936:
932:
928:
909:
906:
902:
901:Alfred Werner
897:
895:
891:
890:atomic weight
887:
883:
879:
875:
873:
869:
865:
864:August Kekulé
861:
860:quantivalence
855:
853:
847:
802:
798:
794:
789:
787:
786:valency bonds
783:
778:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
747:
743:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
724:
719:
718:
713:
712:
707:
706:
702:of the words
701:
693:
691:
686:
683:
682:
681:
676:
672:
671:
670:
668:
660:
650:
648:Xenon: 8
647:
646:
644:
638:
635:
634:
632:
626:
623:
620:
619:
617:
611:
608:
605:
604:
602:
596:
593:
592:
590:
584:
581:
578:
577:
575:
569:
566:
563:
562:
560:
554:
551:
550:
548:
545:
544:
540:
536:
533:
529:
526:
522:
519:
515:
512:
508:
505:
501:
498:
494:
491:
487:
484:
483:
480:
470:
468:
454:
452:
434:
432:
431:Sulfuric acid
418:
416:
405:
403:
393:
391:
386:
384:
374:
371:
370:
359:
356:
355:
353:
347:
344:
343:
341:
335:
332:
331:
329:
323:
320:
319:
317:
311:
310:
308:
305:
304:
300:
296:
293:
289:
286:
282:
279:
275:
272:
268:
265:
264:
261:
247:
245:
231:
229:
215:
213:
203:
201:
191:
188:
187:
184:
181:
170:
159:
155:
151:
143:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
124:is 3, and of
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
100:to be three,
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
57:
50:
46:
42:
35:
27:
19:
6081:
6069:
6052:Trivial name
6040:nomenclature
5712:Heavy metals
5707:Noble metals
5466:14 (Tetrels)
5362:Alternatives
5288:
5284:
5274:
5257:
5248:
5238:
5228:
5207:
5199:
5178:
5170:
5162:
5156:
5144:. Retrieved
5140:the original
5135:
5126:
5115:, retrieved
5111:the original
5105:
5095:
5076:
5070:
5053:
5049:
5043:
5026:
5022:
5009:
4976:
4972:
4966:
4936:(1): 36–59.
4933:
4929:
4923:
4914:
4910:
4904:
4895:
4867:
4863:
4845:
4839:
4814:
4810:
4804:
4783:
4758:
4748:
4725:
4716:
4708:definition:
4681:
4650:Abegg's rule
4631:
4602:
4598:
4592:
4559:
3025:
2998:
2972:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2951:
2942:
2938:substituted.
2936:
2927:
2925:unattached.
2918:
2539:
2488:Ferric oxide
2261:
2228:perchlorates
2221:
2206:
2195:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2169:
2150:not together
2096:dodecavalent
2081:undecavalent
1914:quadrivalent
1763:
1732:multivalence
1731:
1727:
1717:
1131:
1092:
1077:
1068:
1067:rather than
1062:
1058:
1054:
1035:stable octet
1020:
1000:
994:
990:
985:
979:
975:
966:
962:Abegg's rule
957:
953:
943:
930:
926:
898:
885:
881:
878:Lothar Meyer
876:
859:
857:
851:
849:
790:
779:
755:cubical atom
751:
735:
731:
727:
721:
715:
709:
703:
697:
689:
684:
679:
675:substituted.
673:
664:
147:
104:to be four,
98:triple bonds
94:Double bonds
69:
65:
59:
26:
6088:WikiProject
5832:Term symbol
5662:Noble gases
5606:Lanthanides
5589:metallicity
5461:13 (Triels)
4979:(8): 1202.
4817:: 417–444.
2956:outer shell
2907:Cl−Hg−Hg−Cl
2542:perchlorate
2512:O=Fe−O−Fe=O
2317:triple bond
2315:atom and a
2224:hypervalent
2158:noncovalent
2119:multivalent
2003:septivalent
1994:heptavalent
1932:pentavalent
1905:tetravalent
1759:multivalent
1728:Polyvalence
1553:2, 4 and 6
1134:main groups
952:considered
144:Description
6104:Categories
6012:for people
6007:for places
5980:1871 table
5873:Elasticity
5841:Data pages
5799:Properties
5675:Other sets
5631:Metalloids
5146:5 February
5117:2017-05-11
4870:(5): 791.
4661:References
4619:From decay
4612:Primordial
2975:bifluoride
2110:polyvalent
2063:decavalent
2042:nonavalent
2021:octavalent
1976:sexivalent
1967:hexavalent
1824:monovalent
1797:zerovalent
1734:refers to
1720:octet rule
1101:molecule (
948:, in 1904
931:subsidiary
912:[Co(NH
903:described
661:Definition
546:Valencies
306:Valencies
54:See also:
5997:etymology
5848:Abundance
5773:in humans
5769:Abundance
5654:Nonmetals
5611:Actinides
5307:195819485
5001:0021-9584
4958:120248399
4892:0021-9584
4831:186210604
4755:"valence"
4626:Synthetic
2854:Acetylene
2690:Hydrazine
2302:acetylene
2289:molecule
2266:molecule
2257:ruthenium
2091:12-valent
2076:11-valent
2055:10-valent
1887:tervalent
1878:trivalent
1833:univalent
1806:nonvalent
1661:18 (VIII)
1170:Valence 8
1167:Valence 7
1164:Valence 6
1161:Valence 5
1158:Valence 4
1155:Valence 3
1152:Valence 2
1149:Valence 1
1073:heuristic
1055:covalence
1051:electrons
1027:electrons
927:principal
870:for many
780:In 1789,
723:valencies
700:etymology
372:Compound
260:Acetylene
244:Propylene
189:Compound
158:phosphine
120:is 2, of
116:is 1, of
82:molecules
62:chemistry
6076:Category
6028:See also
5898:Hardness
5751:Elements
5266:6994182M
5236:(1870).
5017:(1919).
4897:bonding.
4780:(1989).
4690:7221486M
4680:(1921).
4644:See also
3005:diborane
2948:chlorine
2944:Hydrogen
2822:Ethylene
2632:Chlorine
2606:Hydrogen
2600:Diagram
2588:Compound
2349:Diagram
2337:Compound
2327:Examples
2313:hydrogen
2287:dioxygen
2283:fluorine
2243:chlorine
2137:covalent
2129:together
2034:9-valent
2013:8-valent
1986:7-valent
1959:6-valent
1924:5-valent
1897:4-valent
1870:3-valent
1860:bivalent
1851:divalent
1843:2-valent
1816:1-valent
1789:0-valent
1776:Valence
1771:suffix†
1558:17 (VII)
1454:3 and 5
1368:2 and 4
1250:13 (III)
1003:ammonium
958:negative
954:positive
910:such as
769:(1928),
765:(1927),
761:(1916),
757:(1902),
728:valentia
720:(plural
711:valences
708:(plural
485:Diagram
266:Diagram
200:Hydrogen
122:nitrogen
114:hydrogen
18:Divalent
5962:History
5868:Density
5496:Periods
5163:valence
4981:Bibcode
4938:Bibcode
4872:Bibcode
4710:valence
4629:
4623:
4615:
4593:Unknown
4216:
2979:[HF
2922:p-block
2877:H−C≡C−H
2594:Valence
2591:Formula
2405:Methane
2343:Valence
2340:Formula
2307:, each
2305:H−C≡C−H
2296:, each
2277:, each
2219:atom).
2172:quadri-
1769:-valent
1736:species
1459:16 (VI)
1311:14 (IV)
1136:of the
1069:valence
1007:[NH
886:valence
872:organic
717:valency
705:valence
383:Ammonia
228:Propane
212:Methane
154:ammonia
150:methane
70:valency
66:valence
5992:Naming
5789:Symbol
5598:Metals
5566:Blocks
5554:Pyykkö
5549:Fricke
5544:Aufbau
5393:Groups
5305:
5264:
5185:Lambda
5083:
4999:
4956:
4916:atoms.
4890:
4829:
4792:
4736:
4688:
4632:Border
4601:shows
3147:Period
2647:Cl = 0
2644:Cl = 1
2540:* The
2321:carbon
2309:carbon
2298:oxygen
2279:sulfur
2176:tetra-
1747:cation
1373:15 (V)
1209:2 (II)
736:Valenz
714:) and
132:, the
126:carbon
118:oxygen
64:, the
6035:IUPAC
5760:Lists
5303:S2CID
5204:IUPAC
5175:IUPAC
4954:S2CID
4827:S2CID
3138:Group
2977:ion (
2651:Cl−Cl
2621:H = 0
2618:H = 1
1740:bonds
1178:1 (I)
1146:Group
732:valor
667:IUPAC
47:, or
5767:By:
5148:2019
5081:ISBN
4997:ISSN
4888:ISSN
4790:ISBN
4734:ISBN
2946:and
2928:The
2544:ion
2533:Na−H
2481:Fe=O
2382:HClO
2369:H−Cl
2207:The
1646:HClO
1612:HClO
1574:HClO
1352:SiCl
1322:PbCl
1275:AlCl
1254:InBr
1225:CaCl
1216:MgCl
1182:NaCl
1021:The
1005:ion
956:and
944:For
937:and
929:and
698:The
669:as:
395:PSCl
387:NaCN
74:atom
5587:By
5293:doi
5218:doi
5216:".
5189:doi
5187:".
5058:doi
5054:112
5031:doi
4989:doi
4946:doi
4880:doi
4819:doi
4815:142
4536:102
4525:101
4514:100
4203:118
4192:117
4181:116
4170:115
4159:114
4148:113
4137:112
4126:111
4115:110
4104:109
4093:108
4082:107
4071:106
4060:105
4049:104
4038:103
3018:).
3003:in
2625:H−H
2546:ClO
2523:NaH
2490:***
2471:FeO
2468:***
2359:HCl
2250:RuO
2231:ClO
1730:or
1704:XeO
1692:XeO
1680:XeF
1668:KrF
1593:ClO
1583:ClF
1566:ICl
1562:HCl
1486:SCl
1440:PCl
1266:BCl
1258:TlI
1186:KCl
1059:co-
920:]Cl
472:XeO
173:PCl
80:or
60:In
6106::
5539:8+
5456:12
5451:11
5446:10
5301:.
5289:66
5287:.
5283:.
5262:OL
5206:,
5177:,
5134:.
5103:,
5052:.
5027:41
5025:.
5021:.
4995:.
4987:.
4977:82
4975:.
4952:.
4944:.
4934:36
4932:.
4894:.
4886:.
4878:.
4868:83
4866:.
4854:^
4825:.
4813:.
4769:^
4757:.
4732:.
4698:^
4686:OL
4669:^
4541:No
4530:Md
4519:Fm
4508:Es
4503:99
4497:Cf
4492:98
4486:Bk
4481:97
4475:Cm
4470:96
4464:Am
4459:95
4453:Pu
4448:94
4442:Np
4437:93
4426:92
4420:Pa
4415:91
4409:Th
4404:90
4398:Ac
4393:89
4376:Yb
4371:70
4365:Tm
4360:69
4354:Er
4349:68
4343:Ho
4338:67
4332:Dy
4327:66
4321:Tb
4316:65
4310:Gd
4305:64
4299:Eu
4294:63
4288:Sm
4283:62
4277:Pm
4272:61
4266:Nd
4261:60
4255:Pr
4250:59
4244:Ce
4239:58
4233:La
4228:57
4208:Og
4197:Ts
4186:Lv
4175:Mc
4164:Fl
4153:Nh
4142:Cn
4131:Rg
4120:Ds
4109:Mt
4098:Hs
4087:Bh
4076:Sg
4065:Db
4054:Rf
4043:Lr
4025:Ra
4020:88
4014:Fr
4009:87
3996:Rn
3991:86
3985:At
3980:85
3974:Po
3969:84
3963:Bi
3958:83
3952:Pb
3947:82
3941:Tl
3936:81
3930:Hg
3925:80
3919:Au
3914:79
3908:Pt
3903:78
3897:Ir
3892:77
3886:Os
3881:76
3875:Re
3870:75
3859:74
3853:Ta
3848:73
3842:Hf
3837:72
3831:Lu
3826:71
3813:Ba
3808:56
3802:Cs
3797:55
3784:Xe
3779:54
3768:53
3762:Te
3757:52
3751:Sb
3746:51
3740:Sn
3735:50
3729:In
3724:49
3718:Cd
3713:48
3707:Ag
3702:47
3696:Pd
3691:46
3685:Rh
3680:45
3674:Ru
3669:44
3663:Tc
3658:43
3652:Mo
3647:42
3641:Nb
3636:41
3630:Zr
3625:40
3614:39
3606:Sr
3601:38
3595:Rb
3590:37
3577:Kr
3572:36
3566:Br
3561:35
3555:Se
3550:34
3544:As
3539:33
3533:Ge
3528:32
3522:Ga
3517:31
3511:Zn
3506:30
3500:Cu
3495:29
3489:Ni
3484:28
3478:Co
3473:27
3467:Fe
3462:26
3456:Mn
3451:25
3445:Cr
3440:24
3429:23
3423:Ti
3418:22
3412:Sc
3407:21
3399:Ca
3394:20
3383:19
3370:Ar
3365:18
3359:Cl
3354:17
3343:16
3332:15
3326:Si
3321:14
3315:Al
3310:13
3302:Mg
3297:12
3291:Na
3286:11
3273:Ne
3268:10
3205:Be
3194:Li
3176:He
3131:18
3126:17
3121:16
3116:15
3111:14
3106:13
3101:12
3096:11
3091:10
2970:.
2893:Cl
2889:Hg
2799:Cl
2733:10
2637:Cl
2568:Cl
2564:CH
2562:,
2494:Fe
2443:Cl
2439:CH
2435:**
2410:CH
2274:10
2255:,
2241:,
2200:,
2178:.
2164:—
2143:—
2099:—
2084:—
2069:—
2048:—
2027:—
1945:,
1755:Fe
1751:Ca
1744:Cs
1633:Cl
1624:IF
1603:IF
1541:SO
1528:SF
1519:SO
1507:SF
1498:SO
1417:NO
1403:As
1394:PH
1385:NH
1379:NO
1343:CH
1334:CO
1317:CO
1306:3
1284:Al
1245:2
1204:1
1118:SF
1103:SF
993:+
978:−
841:PO
839:,
833:NH
831:,
826:NO
819:NI
817:,
812:NH
810:,
805:NO
777:.
738:.
456:Cl
424:SO
376:NH
205:CH
162:PH
43:,
5775:)
5771:(
5534:7
5529:6
5524:5
5519:4
5514:3
5509:2
5504:1
5441:9
5436:8
5431:7
5426:6
5421:5
5416:4
5411:3
5340:e
5333:t
5326:v
5309:.
5295::
5268:.
5220::
5191::
5150:.
5120:.
5089:.
5064:.
5060::
5037:.
5033::
5003:.
4991::
4983::
4960:.
4948::
4940::
4882::
4874::
4833:.
4821::
4798:.
4763:.
4742:.
4692:.
4589:9
4586:8
4583:7
4580:6
4577:5
4574:4
4571:3
4568:2
4565:1
4562:0
4431:U
4005:7
3864:W
3793:6
3773:I
3619:Y
3586:5
3434:V
3388:K
3379:4
3348:S
3337:P
3282:3
3262:F
3257:9
3251:O
3246:8
3240:N
3235:7
3229:C
3224:6
3218:B
3213:5
3200:4
3189:3
3185:2
3171:2
3163:H
3158:1
3154:1
3086:9
3081:8
3076:7
3071:6
3066:5
3061:4
3056:3
3049:2
3044:1
3015:6
3013:H
3011:2
3009:B
3007:(
2983:]
2981:2
2895:2
2891:2
2865:2
2863:H
2861:2
2859:C
2833:4
2831:H
2829:2
2827:C
2801:6
2797:2
2795:C
2769:6
2767:O
2765:2
2763:S
2761:2
2759:H
2731:F
2729:2
2727:S
2701:4
2699:H
2697:2
2695:N
2669:2
2667:O
2665:2
2663:H
2639:2
2613:2
2611:H
2570:2
2566:2
2552:4
2549:−
2500:3
2498:O
2496:2
2445:2
2441:2
2412:4
2384:4
2378:*
2293:2
2291:O
2272:F
2270:2
2268:S
2252:4
2237:4
2234:−
1706:4
1694:3
1682:4
1670:2
1648:4
1639:7
1637:O
1635:2
1626:7
1614:3
1605:5
1595:2
1585:3
1576:2
1543:4
1539:2
1537:H
1530:6
1521:3
1509:4
1500:2
1488:2
1480:S
1478:2
1476:H
1470:O
1468:2
1466:H
1442:5
1433:5
1431:O
1429:2
1427:N
1419:2
1409:3
1407:O
1405:2
1396:3
1387:3
1354:4
1345:4
1336:2
1324:2
1290:3
1288:O
1286:2
1277:3
1268:3
1227:2
1218:2
1120:6
1105:6
1011:]
1009:4
997:.
982:,
922:3
918:6
916:)
914:3
843:5
837:O
835:4
828:5
821:3
814:3
807:3
474:4
462:7
460:O
458:2
446:6
444:O
442:2
440:S
438:2
436:H
426:4
422:2
420:H
411:S
409:2
407:H
397:3
378:3
255:2
253:H
251:2
249:C
239:6
237:H
235:3
233:C
223:8
221:H
219:3
217:C
207:4
195:2
193:H
175:5
171:(
164:3
160:(
51:.
36:.
20:)
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