American Psychological Association

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two-year part-time internship). However, there is currently an "internship crisis" as defined by the American Psychological Association, in that approximately 25% of clinical psychology doctoral students do not match for internship each year. This crisis has led many students (approximately 1,000 each year) to re-apply for internship, thus delaying graduation, or to complete an unaccredited internship, and often has many emotional and financial consequences. Students who do not complete an APA-accredited internship in the U.S. are barred from certain employment settings, including VA hospitals, the military, and cannot get licensed in some states, such as Utah and Mississippi. Additionally, some postdoctoral fellowships and other employment settings require or prefer an APA-accredited internship. The APA has been criticized for not addressing this crisis adequately and many psychologists and graduate students have petitioned for the APA to take action by regulating graduate training programs.

2203:", the APA called on the U.S. government to prohibit the use of unethical interrogation techniques and labeled specific techniques as torture. Critics pointed out that the APA declined to advise its members not to participate in such interrogations. In September 2008, the APA's members passed a resolution stating that psychologists may not work in settings where "persons are held outside, or in violation of, either international law (e.g., the UN Convention Against Torture and the Geneva Conventions) or the U.S. Constitution (where appropriate), unless they are working directly for the persons being detained or for an independent third party working to protect human rights." The resolution became official APA policy in February 2009. However, the APA has refused to sanction those members known to have participated in and, in some cases, designed abusive interrogation techniques used in Guantanamo Bay, Iraq, and Afghanistan interrogation centers. 2215:

and psychologists working in U.S. military detention centers to violate standard ethical principles and medical standards to avoid infliction of harm." One group of psychologists in particular, the Coalition for an Ethical Psychology, has been very harsh in its criticism of the APA stance on its refusal to categorically prohibit members from participating in any phase of military interrogations. They stated their continuing disagreement with APA leadership in an open letter posted on their website on October 31, 2012, in which they reiterated their condemnation of torture and enhanced interrogation techniques, and called for the APA to require its members to refuse participation in military conducted interrogations of any kind.

182: 2368:. This resolution further aligns the APA policy definition for "cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment" (in the 2006 and 2013 Council resolutions) with the United Nations (UN) Convention Against Torture and ensures that the definition applies broadly to all individuals and settings; offers APA as a supportive resource for ethical practice for psychologists, including those in military and national security roles; prohibits psychologists from participating in national security interrogations; clarifies the intended application of the 2008 petition resolution... and calls for APA letters to be sent to federal officials to inform them of these policy changes and clarifications of existing APA policy. 607:

Workplace Awards, a variety of APA Practice Organization resources, including PHWP Web content, e-newsletter, podcast and blog, and support of local programs currently implemented by 52 state, provincial and territorial psychological associations as a mechanism for driving grassroots change in local business communities. The awards are designed to recognize organizations for their efforts to foster employee health and well-being while enhancing organizational performance. The award program highlights a variety of workplaces, large and small, profit and non-profit, in diverse geographical settings. Applicants are evaluated on their efforts in the following five areas: employee involvement,

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feedback and input stakeholders, learning about governance best practices, recommending whether the change was required, recommending needed changes based on data, and creating implementation plans. The June 2013 GGP update on the recommended changes can be found in the document "Good Governance Project Recommended Changes to Maximize Organizational Effectiveness of APA Governance". The suggested changes would change APA from a membership-based, representational structure to a corporate structure. These motions were discussed and voted upon by the council on July 31, 2013, and August 2, 2013.

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now associated only with short-term, manualized treatments which have been evaluated in randomized control trials. Among the problems associated with an exclusive focus on randomized control trials to determine treatment effectiveness is that the relevance of these trials (conducted on highly selected patient populations) is unclear for psychologists working with real-world patients. Furthermore, while the public may assume evidence-based is synonymous for "likely to help", research studies indicate that most patients do not show meaningful improvement in so-called evidence-based treatments.

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the APA Practice Organization (APAPO). The lawsuit accused APA of using deceptive means by representing that the assessment was mandatory for APA membership even though payment of the assessment was only required for membership in the APAPO. In 2015 APA settled the case by establishing a $ 9.02 million settlement fund to be used to pay claims made by members of APA who paid the practice assessment, as well as attorneys' fees and certain other costs. APA agreed to change its policies to make clear that the APAPO membership dues are not required for membership in APA.

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the Office on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Concerns, said that, prior to this research, "We knew that marriage benefits heterosexual people in very significant ways, but we didn't know if that would be true for same-sex couples." Anderson also put forward the APA's view that merely allowing same-sex civil unions is an inadequate option: "Anything other than marriage is, in essence, a stigmatization of same-sex couples. Stigma does have negative impacts on people."

2344:, and banning the participation of psychologists in unlawful interrogations. With 156 votes in favor and only one vote against, the resolution passed with the near unanimous approval of council members. The adoption of Resolution 23B aligned the APA's policy with that of the American Psychiatric Association and that of the American Medical Association by prohibiting psychologists from participating in interrogations deemed illegal by the 707:. During World War II, the APA merged with other psychological organizations, resulting in a new divisional structure. Nineteen divisions were approved in 1944; the divisions with the most members were the clinical and personnel (now counseling) divisions. From 1960 to 2007, the number of divisions expanded to 54. Today the APA is affiliated with 60 state, territorial, and Canadian provincial associations. 2402:

another treatment's effectiveness has been demonstrated for the client's condition, particularly when the intervention in question is potentially harmful (such as conversion therapy). Proponents argue that administration of an empirically questionable treatment violates the general Principle A of the ethical principles of psychologist: Beneficence and nonmaleficence (or "do no harm").

4030:"Brief of the American Psychological Association, The California Psychological Association, the American Psychiatric Association, and the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy as amici curiae in support of plaintiff-appellees - Appeal from United States District Court for the Northern District of California Civil Case No. 09-CV-2292 VRW (Honorable Vaughn R. Walker)" 3847:. American Academy of Pediatrics, American Counseling Association, American Association of School Administrators, American Federation of Teachers, American Psychological Association, American School Health Association, The Interfaith Alliance, National Association of School Psychologists, National Association of Social Workers, National Education Association. 1999 328:

the law. State licensing laws specify state specific requirements for the education and training of psychologists leading to licensure. Psychologists who are exempted from licensure could include researchers, educators, or general applied psychologists who provide services outside the health and mental health field.

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Currently, the APA enforces ethical standards to protect nonhuman animal subjects from unnecessary harm during the research process. Some of the requirements for using nonhuman animals in research include: proper justification of the research, maintenance and inspection of appropriate housing for the

2328:

For at least a decade, dissident psychologists within and outside the APA, including the group WithholdAPAdues, had protested the involvement of psychologists "in interrogations at CIA black sites and Guantánamo." Prior to the release of the Hoffman report, which undermined the APA's repeated denials

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ban in June 2006 of the direct participation in interrogations by physicians. An independent panel of medical, military, ethics, education, public health, and legal professionals issued a comprehensive report in November 2013 that "charged that U.S. military and intelligence agencies directed doctors

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in enacting these abuses. The reports called on the occupying powers to protect the human rights of any detained civilians by giving them a fair and timely trial, not detaining civilians arbitrarily, and treating all people ethically while in detention. Amnesty International also called for justice,

2025:

In August 2011, the APA clarified their support of same-sex marriage in light of continued research suggesting that the same community benefits accepted as result of heterosexual marriage apply to same-sex couples as well. Clinton Anderson, then associate executive director of the APA and director of

1943:

The American Psychological Association (APA) task force report on appropriate therapeutic responses to sexual orientation concluded that conversion therapy was "unlikely to be successful" and involved "some risk of harm". Likewise, the U.S. Surgeon General issued a call to action in 2001, concluding

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is contained in the Model Act for State Licensure of Psychologists: psychologists have earned a doctoral degree in psychology and may not use the title "psychologist" and/or deliver psychological services to the public, unless the psychologist is licensed or specifically exempted from licensure under

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Critics of the evidence-based practice movement note ethical concerns regarding the research and practice of evidenced-based treatments themselves. Despite the demonstrated effectiveness of a range of treatments, including psychoanalytic and psychodynamic therapies, evidence-based practice is a term

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After the abuses were made public, the APA created a task force called Psychological Ethics and National Security (PENS) and released a report stating that the APA Code of Ethics applies to psychologists working in any setting, and that psychologists do not facilitate or participate in any degrading

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and constructing accurate reference citations. "The General Format of APA is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. General guidelines for a paper in APA style includes: typed, double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5" x 11") with 1" margins on all sides. The font should be

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entity, which engages in advocacy on behalf of psychologists from all areas of psychology. Its predecessor was the American Psychological Association Practice Organization (APAPO). APASI contains the Psychology Political Action Committee (PAC), which engages in lobbying on behalf of psychologists at

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The Good Governance Project (GGP) was initiated in January 2011 as part of the strategic plan to " APA's governance practices, processes, and structures are optimized and aligned with what is needed to thrive in a rapidly changing and increasingly complex environment." The charge included soliciting

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A current controversy among mental health professionals involves the use of the terms evidence based practice or evidence based treatment. Proponents of the evidence-based treatments movement argue that it is unethical to administer a therapeutic intervention with questionable research support when

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In 2013 a class action lawsuit was brought against APA on behalf of approximately 60,000 of its 122,000 members who were licensed clinicians. Those members paid an additional $ 140 practice assessment fee as part of their membership dues every year beginning in 2001 to fund the lobbying arm of APA,

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and others had "colluded with important Department of Defense officials to have the APA issue loose, high-level ethical guidelines that did not constrain" the interrogation of terrorism suspects at Guantanamo Bay. The association's "principal motive in doing so was to align APA and curry favor with

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APA Council of Representatives. The Council has sole authority to set APA policy. It is composed of elected members from state/provincial/territorial psychological associations, APA divisions, and the APA Board of Directors. The Council Leadership Team (CLT) is elected from within by the members of

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There is no consensus among scientists about the exact reasons that an individual develops a heterosexual, bisexual, or homosexual orientation. Although much research has examined the possible genetic, hormonal, developmental, social, and cultural influences on sexual orientation, no findings have

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Resolution to Amend the 2006 and 2013 Council Resolutions to Clarify the Roles of Psychologists Related to Interrogation and Detainee Welfare in National Security Settings, to Further Implement the 2008 Petition Resolution, and to Safeguard Against Acts of Torture and Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading

1963:

The APA adopted a resolution in August 2009 stating that mental health professionals should avoid telling clients that they can change their sexual orientation through therapy or other treatments. The approval, by APA's governing Council of Representatives, came at APA's annual convention, during

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to conduct the review. On July 2, 2015, a 542-page report was issued to the special committee of the board of directors of the APA relating to ethics guidelines, national security interrogations, and torture. The report concluded that the APA secretly collaborated with the Bush administration to

2311:

Ultimately, the findings of the Hoffman Report revealed that the APA had an unfair bias towards prisoners due to the organization's relationship with the federal government. This resulted in a tidal wave of consequences for the APA. On July 14, 2015, the APA announced the retirement of its CEO,

606:

The Psychologically Healthy Workplace Program (PHWP) is a collaborative effort between the American Psychological Association and the APA Practice Organization designed to help employers optimize employee well-being and organizational performance. The PHWP includes APA's Psychologically Healthy

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PsycINFO is a bibliographic database that contains citations and summaries dating from the 19th century, including journal articles, book chapters, books, technical reports, and dissertations within the field of psychology. As of January 2010, PsycINFO has collected information from 2,457

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The APA is the main accrediting body for U.S. clinical and counseling psychology doctoral training programs and internship sites. APA-accredited clinical psychology PhD and PsyD programs typically require students to complete a one-year full-time clinical internship in order to graduate (or a

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Full membership with the APA in United States and Canada requires doctoral training whereas associate membership requires at least two years of postgraduate studies in psychology or approved related discipline. The minimal requirement of a doctoral dissertation related to psychology for full

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APA Board/Committee Structure: Members of boards and committees conduct much of APA's work on a volunteer basis. They carry out a wide variety of tasks suggested by their names. Some have responsibility for monitoring major programs, such as the directorates, the journals, and international

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The CIA reportedly required involvement from health professionals to continue its practice of "enhanced" interrogations on detainees, to maintain the lawfulness of their practices. Psychiatrists and medical doctors were reluctant to participate in interrogations, however some psychologists

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in the United States, and the largest psychological association in the world. It has over 157,000 members, including scientists, educators, clinicians, consultants, and students. It has 54 divisions, which function as interest groups for different subspecialties of

1971:

The "Resolution on Appropriate Affirmative Responses to Sexual Orientation Distress and Change Efforts" also advises that parents, guardians, young people, and their families avoid sexual orientation treatments that portray homosexuality as a mental illness or

1896:

emerged that permit scientists to conclude that sexual orientation is determined by any particular factor or factors. Many think that nature and nurture both play complex roles; most people experience little or no sense of choice about their sexual orientation.

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information from detainees, on the ground that "there are no exceptional circumstances whatsoever, whether induced by a state of war or threat of war, internal political instability or any other public emergency, that may be invoked as a justification."

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is a set of rules developed to assist reading comprehension in the social and behavioral sciences. Used to ensure clarity of communication, the layout is designed to "move the idea forward with a minimum of distraction and a maximum of precision." The

5225: 1951:

In the task force's report, the APA recommends that therapists adopt an affirmative, supportive approach for clients who present for therapy to change their sexual orientation rather than attempting to convert their sexual orientation.

261:

Board of Directors. The Board is composed of six members-at-large, president-elect, president, past-president, treasurer, recording secretary, the Chair and Chair-Elect of the Council Leadership Team, CEO, and the past chair of the

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APA President. The APA president is elected by the membership. The president chairs the Council of Representatives and the Board of Directors. During their term of office, the president performs such duties as are prescribed in the

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or cruel behavior, referring back to the APA's 1986 Resolution Against Torture. The report also called on psychologists to report any suspected or observed inhumane treatment to the appropriate authorities and obey federal law.

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take reasonable steps to resolve the conflict consistent with the General Principles and Ethical Standards of the Ethics Code. Under no circumstances may this standard be used to justify or defend violating human

1955:

There is a concern in the mental health community that the advancement of conversion therapy itself causes social harm by disseminating inaccurate views about sexual orientation and the ability of homosexual and

357: 1633:– established in 1945 with 482 members. Became the Division of Clinical and Abnormal Psychology in 1946, and took its current name in 1998. In 1962 it created clinical child psychology as its first section. 1923: 2393:

Despite these guidelines, however, many advocacy groups exist to either reduce or eliminate animal research, arguing that it is unethical to capture animals and subject them to research procedures.

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is the association's flagship, peer-reviewed journal. APA also publishes over 70 other journals encompassing most specialty areas in the field; APA's Educational Publishing Foundation (EPF) is an

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the Public Interest Directorate advances psychology as a means of addressing the fundamental problems of human welfare and promoting the equitable and just treatment of all segments of society;

4615: 2904:

catalog on September 24, 2014, for books published by the American Psychological Association returned 1583 results, but some of these results are other media that are misclassified as books.

1583: 292:

APA comprises an executive office, a publishing operation, offices that address administrative, business, information technology, and operational needs, and five substantive directorates:

4540:"Policy Related to Psychologists' Work in National Security Settings and Reaffirmation of the APA Position Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment" 2308:

DOD." An APA official said that ethics director Stephen Behnke had been "removed from his position as a result of the report" and indicated that other firings or sanctions might follow.

2279:"Policy Related to Psychologists' Work in National Security Settings and Reaffirmation of the APA Position Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 407: 1984:, and educational services "that provide accurate information on sexual orientation and sexuality, increase family and school support, and reduce rejection of sexual minority youth." 263: 3874: 2145:

argued, referring to allegations of continuing systemic abuse by psychologists, that such allegations were originating from "opportunistic commentators masquerading as scholars."

598:. The APA has also published children's books under the Magination Press imprint, software for data analysis, videos demonstrating therapeutic techniques, reports, and brochures. 5059: 2440: 2141:, affirmed that psychologists were present during the torture of prisoners, arguing that their presence was to "add value and safeguards" to interrogations. Former APA president 1960:

people to lead happy, healthy lives. Most mainstream health organizations are critical of conversion therapy, and no mainstream medical organization endorses conversion therapy.

1932: 2455: 1840: 1642: 1616: 2254:

consistent with the General Principles and Ethical Standards of the Ethics Code. Under no circumstances may this standard be used to justify or defend violating human rights.

266:(APAGS). The board oversees the association's administrative affairs and determines the annual budget and makes decisions regarding APA's roughly $ 125 million annual income. 389: 453: 4941: 1739: 3507: 2320:, effective August 15, 2015, and the resignation of Rhea K. Farberman, APA's executive director for public and member communication. Anderson had been CEO since 2003. 4349:"Open letter from AI Secretary General, Irene Khan to President George Bush, Prime Minister Tony Blair, Prime Minister José Maria Aznar and President Saddam Hussein" 3511: 2430: 4800: 2332:

On August 7, 2015, just weeks following the release of the Hoffman report, the APA council of representatives met at the association's 123rd annual convention in

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instituted "enhanced" interrogation techniques, stating publicly that reported abuses were isolated incidents, and not standard practice. Internal memos from the

332:

membership can be waived in certain circumstances where there is evidence that significant contribution or performance in the field of psychology has been made.

6363: 5095: 2340:. At that meeting, the APA council passed Resolution 23B, which implemented the 2008 membership vote to remove psychologists from settings that operate outside 1611: 296:

the Education Directorate accredits doctoral psychology programs and addresses issues related to psychology education in secondary through graduate education;

2503: 2445: 516: 253:

APA's bylaws describe structural components that serve as a system of checks and balances to ensure democratic process. The organizational entities include:

5009: 4757:"American Psychological Association amends ethics code to address potential conflicts among professional ethics, legal authority and organizational demands" 6343: 3232: 2076:

gone amok," Dawkins and Sokal argued that "distort the scientific facts in the service of a social cause" risks undermining trust in medical institutions.

1794: 495: 6348: 4698: 2057: 1729: 4833: 1744: 1622: 727:(which changed its name from the American Psychological Society in early 2006) in 1988 (with a broad focus on the science and research of psychology). 181: 4117: 2415: 2349: 2188:

had sanctioned certain interrogation techniques, such as playing loud music, depriving prisoners of sleep, and stripping prisoners of their clothing.

1809: 509: 2231:

to make clear that its standards can never be interpreted to justify or defend violating human rights. There is a history of similar issues with the

353:

Each year, the APA recognizes top psychologists with the "Distinguished Contributions" awards; these awards are the highest honors given by the APA.

5456: 4604: 2022:

on same-sex marriage. The APA later praised the decision and denied the existence of any "scientific justification" for a ban on same-sex marriage.

1601: 1799: 4036: 1830: 2679: 1678: 270:

Council and facilitates Council's workload on an annual basis. The Chair and Chair-Elect of the CLT are voting members of the Board of Directors.

2294:

In November 2014, the APA ordered an independent review into whether it cooperated with the government's use of torture of prisoners during the

6358: 4562: 2491: 1577: 5344:

Gnaulati, Enrico (September 15, 2018). "Overlooked Ethical Problems Associated With the Research and Practice of Evidenced-Based Treatments".

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bolster a legal and ethical justification for the torture of prisoners. Furthermore, the report stated that the association's ethics director

4670: 3711: 3320: 2880: 2094: 1754: 724: 4423: 3930: 1814: 5028:"Implementation of the 2008 Membership Vote to Remove Psychologists from All Settings That Operate Outside of International Law (NBI #23B)" 4397: 2196: 395: 305:

the Public and Member Communications Directorate is responsible for APA's outreach to its members and affiliates and to the general public;

97: 4640: 1693: 3459: 2357:

Implementation of the 2008 Membership Vote to Remove Psychologists from All Settings That Operate Outside of International Law (NBI #23B)

1820: 5808: 2420: 1714: 1233: 1784: 5077: 3628: 3612: 3556: 3287: 2435: 2425: 2269:

conflict with this Ethics Code, psychologists clarify the nature of the conflict, make known their commitment to the Ethics Code, and

2232: 1882: 1759: 1595: 558: 488: 441: 35: 4851: 3955: 3071: 3031: 2991: 2954: 2922: 2200: 594: 544: 481: 434: 427: 238: 5034: 3117: 5305:"Psychodynamic Therapy: As Efficacious as Other Empirically Supported Treatments? A Meta-Analysis Testing Equivalence of Outcomes" 4611: 2483: 2207: 1636: 31: 5132: 2499: 2487: 2177: 2019: 1779: 1708: 1688: 4514: 4375:"Iraq: People come first: Amnesty International's 10-point appeal to all parties involved in possible military action in Iraq" 2372:

The ban will not "prohibit psychologists from working with the police or prisons in criminal law enforcement interrogations".

5754: 4970: 4949: 4473: 3603:

T. Steuart Watson, Christopher H. Skinner, ed. (2004). "American Psychological Association—Division 16 (School Psychology)".

2507: 2495: 2244:

If psychologists' ethical responsibilities conflict with law, regulations, or other governing legal authority, psychologists

2053: 1878: 1673: 1287: 4259:"Why accreditation matters: Accreditation guidelines set the standard for your education—and can ease your way to licensure" 4398:"American Civil Liberties Union: ACLU Interested Persons Memo on FBI documents concerning detainee abuse at Guantanamo Bay" 1703: 1683: 731:

was the first clinician in independent practice to be elected president of the American Psychological Association in 1977.

6112: 5838: 4894: 4731: 2138: 1835: 1774: 1606: 1203: 951: 474: 1749: 6064: 5826: 5449: 4725:"Report of the American Psychological Association Presidential Task Force on Psychological Ethics and National Security" 4644: 3983:"Report of the American Psychological Association Task Force on Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual Orientation" 3870: 2479: 2295: 2211: 2173: 2049: 1886: 1850: 1647: 999: 502: 80: 4474:"American Psychological Association calls on U.S. government to prohibit the use of unethical interrogation techniques" 1734: 1724: 682:, PsycTESTS, and PsycTHERAPY. APA also operates a comprehensive search platform, PsycNET, covering multiple databases. 6353: 3257: 2113:, the APA president in 1960 who was awarded the APA Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award in 1961, defended the 1658: 933: 565: 467: 2235:. Following are the two relevant ethical standards from the APA Ethics Code, with the amended language shown in bold: 1845: 1825: 1668: 1663: 4666: 2192:

participated. A report by a group of psychologists alleges the same, implicating a number of APA officials as well.

1630: 1571: 3253: 1855: 1789: 1764: 1698: 1652: 612: 17: 4827:"July 2, 2015 report to the special committee of the board of directors of the American Psychological Association" 2363:

Council is asked to approve the substitute main motion below that includes a revised resolution with a new title,

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Conversion therapy (also referred to as reparative therapy) is the practice of attempting to change the patient's

1804: 6070: 1407: 993: 5114: 3488:

APA Division 16 School Psychology- President's Message, Worrell, F. C. (2007). "Beyond Division16, Inside APA".

1769: 6291: 4691: 1719: 783: 4919: 4235: 3845:"Just the Facts About Sexual Orientation & Youth: A Primer for Principals, Educators and School Personnel" 1574:– the first division formed by the APA, in 1945, concerned with issues across the subdisciplines of psychology 50: 4826: 3573: 3388: 2199:, were advising interrogators in Guantánamo and other U.S. facilities on improving the effectiveness of the " 6255: 5867: 5712: 5599: 5504: 5442: 4183: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3023: 1592:, which decided against becoming an APA division after the establishment of the similarly defined Division 5 1515: 1443: 1431: 1329: 819: 747: 4107: 3676:

Spitzer, R. L. (1981). "The diagnostic status of homosexuality in DSM-III: a reformulation of the issues".

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the APA condemns the use of any of the following practices by military interrogators trying to elicit anti-

6297: 5975: 5665: 5581: 5259: 3192: 2126: 2073: 2011: 1973: 1449: 1365: 1077: 777: 551: 523: 4985: 4446: 4029: 3981:; Greene, Beverly; Miller, Robin Lin; Worthington, Roger L.; Anderson, Clinton W. (September 28, 2009). 3574:"A Personnel Study of the Division of Counseling and Guidance of the American Psychological Association" 3501: 2673:"Good Governance Project Recommended Changes to Maximize Organizational Effectiveness of APA Governance" 2153: 2102: 771: 414: 217:

The APA has task forces that issue policy statements on various matters of social importance, including

6309: 5434: 4986:"No More Torture: World's Largest Group of Psychologists Bans Role in National Security Interrogations" 2672: 2265:

If the demands of an organization with which psychologists are affiliated or for whom they are working

2106: 765: 5303:

Steinert, Christiane; Munder, Thomas; Rabung, Sven; Hoyer, Jürgen; Leichsenring, Falk (October 2017).

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and showed that some APA leaders were complicit in torture, the dissidents were ignored or ridiculed.

6303: 6028: 5748: 5742: 5736: 5659: 5593: 5575: 5498: 5486: 4139: 3905: 2390:

animals, minimizing discomfort and stress whenever possible, and preference of noninvasive measures.

2130: 1859: 1589: 1533: 1521: 1455: 1437: 1389: 1371: 1305: 1299: 1293: 1035: 903: 537: 530: 419: 5264: 2770: 1627:

Currently vacant – initially Abnormal Psychology and Psychotherapy, which joined Division 12 in 1946

6249: 6118: 6076: 5885: 5879: 5760: 5623: 5569: 5516: 4878: 4108:"Sex and gender: The medical establishment's reluctance to speak honestly about biological reality" 4008:"Resolution on Appropriate Affirmative Responses to Sexual Orientation Distress and Change Efforts" 2901: 1945: 1503: 1461: 1401: 1281: 1173: 987: 945: 873: 825: 720: 716: 650: 4756: 3721: 2156:

released a series of reports, calling attention to violations of the human rights of prisoners in

719:

in APA, several research-focused groups have broken away from the organization. These include the

6243: 6011: 5802: 5790: 5689: 5647: 5587: 5557: 5510: 5404: 5361: 5285: 4491: 4451: 3922: 3897: 3815: 2475: 2345: 2313: 1965: 1915: 1909: 1580:– provides free teaching material for students and teachers of psychology and bestows many awards 1509: 1473: 1425: 1383: 1251: 1239: 1041: 879: 831: 448: 299:

the Practice Directorate engages on behalf of practicing psychologists and health care consumers;

5915: 3982: 3741: 2048:

criticizing the use of the terminology "sex assigned at birth" instead of "sex" by the APA, the

1137: 703:

by a small group of around 30 men; by 1916 there were over 300 members. The first president was

4084: 3366: 6279: 6261: 6189: 6172: 6142: 6100: 6094: 6046: 6040: 5939: 5820: 5653: 5396: 5326: 5277: 4966: 3693: 3655:"Answers to your questions for a better understanding of sexual orientation and homosexuality" 3608: 3552: 3463: 3326: 3316: 3077: 3067: 3037: 3027: 2997: 2987: 2960: 2950: 2928: 2918: 2341: 2157: 1993: 1377: 1197: 1191: 1113: 1023: 1017: 969: 963: 921: 885: 813: 795: 608: 460: 226: 5147: 3801:

The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Promote Sexual Health and Responsible Sexual Behavior

6315: 6213: 6207: 6201: 6124: 6106: 6052: 6034: 5987: 5897: 5873: 5772: 5730: 5617: 5611: 5388: 5353: 5316: 5269: 4112: 3914: 3844: 3685: 3585: 3228: 3059: 3055: 2814: 2450: 2299: 2134: 2044: 1419: 1311: 1269: 1221: 1215: 1179: 1167: 1155: 1065: 1029: 1011: 957: 939: 867: 861: 759: 728: 700: 250: 186: 84: 4236:"Frequently Asked Questions: Internship Applicants - Match Eligibility & Participation" 3632: 3436: 3283: 6195: 6160: 6130: 5963: 5891: 5796: 5683: 5480: 4374: 4348: 4325: 4258: 4007: 3827: 3716: 2858: 2317: 2228: 2181: 2122: 2035: 1940:, who practiced conversion therapy and has published case studies of some of his clients. 1937: 1539: 1413: 1347: 1341: 1323: 1245: 1185: 1161: 1089: 704: 659: 646: 230: 5027: 4539: 3344: 1930:

as a mental disorder, despite the declassification of homosexuality as a disorder in the

3121: 2210:

ban in May 2006 of all direct participation in interrogations by psychiatrists, and the

2117:

of research subjects, arguing that what was being studied was other nations' methods of

1936:(DSM) in 1973. One of the most notable members of NARTH is founder and former president 1900:

In 1975, APA issued a supporting statement that homosexuality is not a mental disorder.

385:

APA Award for Distinguished Contributions to the International Advancement of Psychology

6285: 6273: 6231: 6219: 6148: 6082: 6058: 6005: 5999: 5969: 5957: 5927: 5921: 5850: 5844: 5814: 5784: 5706: 5629: 5551: 5528: 4990: 4447:"Report on American Psychological Association's Role in Bush-Era Interrogation Program" 4298: 3589: 3015: 2836: 2647: 2304: 2239:

1.02, Conflicts Between Ethics and Law, Regulations, or Other Governing Legal Authority

2185: 2165: 2142: 2110: 2069: 2003: 1999: 1981: 1964:

which a task force presented a report that in part examined the efficacy of so-called "

1491: 1479: 1335: 1257: 1227: 1131: 1125: 1095: 1083: 1053: 1047: 1005: 981: 915: 891: 855: 843: 801: 789: 172: 5379:

Shedler, Jonathan (June 2018). "Where Is the Evidence for 'Evidence-Based' Therapy?".

4161: 340:

American Psychological Association Services, Inc. (APASI) was formed in 2018 and is a

6337: 6267: 6237: 6166: 6154: 6136: 5993: 5951: 5945: 5933: 5778: 5766: 5671: 5641: 5635: 5605: 5563: 5492: 5365: 5273: 3978: 3926: 3742:"Report of the Task Force on Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual Orientation" 3165: 2980: 2161: 2015: 1977: 1927: 1527: 1467: 1395: 1359: 1275: 1263: 1119: 1107: 1101: 1059: 927: 909: 897: 837: 807: 679: 5408: 5289: 5148:"Guidelines for Ethical Conduct in the Care and Use of Nonhuman Animals in Research" 1655:– originally formed as the Division of School Psychologists in 1945, renamed in 1969 6321: 6225: 6088: 5981: 5909: 5903: 5724: 5718: 5677: 5545: 5321: 5304: 4723:

Presidential Task Force on Psychological Ethics and National Security (June 2005).

4567: 4424:"How the World's Largest Psychological Association Aided the CIA's Torture Program" 2118: 2064:

is an "objective biological reality" that "is determined at conception and is then

2007: 1919: 1485: 1353: 1317: 1149: 1143: 1071: 975: 849: 753: 381:

Award for Distinguished Professional Contributions to Practice in the Public Sector

324: 318: 222: 201: 5250:

Lilienfeld, Scott O. (June 21, 2016). "Psychological Treatments That Cause Harm".

4801:"American Psychological Association Bolstered C.I.A. Torture Program, Report Says" 4477: 4190:. Association of Psychology Postdoctoral and Internship Centers. February 25, 2011 3654: 2101:

began funding numerous psychologists (and other scientists) in the development of

5060:"American Psychological Association will repay members $ 9 million in settlement" 2622: 5832: 4724: 1957: 1209: 308:

the Science Directorate provides support and voice for psychological scientists.

4965:, Volume 1, By Daniel J. Christie, Wiley-Blackwell, December 2011, pp 580-581, 4605:"Position Statement on Psychiatric Participation in Interrogation of Detainees" 3796: 3414: 3193:"Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition" 3143: 5522: 5392: 3795:

Office of the Surgeon General (US); Office of Population Affairs (US) (2001).

3525: 3330: 3170: 2039: 1554: 1497: 654: 206: 5357: 4210: 3081: 2964: 2932: 370:

Award for Distinguished Contributions to Education and Training in Psychology

112: 99: 4874:"Inquiry: Psychologists group colluded with Pentagon, CIA on interrogations" 3041: 3001: 2282: 2006:

and to all its attendant rights, benefits, and privileges. It also filed an

624: 581: 341: 5400: 5330: 5281: 4302: 3740:

APA Task Force on Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual Orientation.

3310: 378:

Award for Distinguished Professional Contributions to Independent Practice.

3918: 3697: 3689: 374:

APA Award for Distinguished Professional Contributions to Applied Research

367:

Award for Distinguished Contributions to Psychology in the Public Interest

4563:"US psychology body declines to rebuke member in Guantánamo torture case" 2149: 675: 218: 4895:"Three senior officials lose their jobs at APA after US torture scandal" 2578: 209:

or topical areas. The APA has an annual budget of around $ 125 million.

5078:"Psychological Association Reaches $ 9 Million Settlement With Members" 5010:"Psychologists Approve Ban on Role in National Security Interrogations" 4085:"Psychological association calls for legalization of same-sex marriage" 3720:. Vol. 103, no. 13. April 1, 1974. p. 59. Archived from 3629:"ISTSS: Global connections: International collaborators and affiliates" 3261: 2337: 2333: 2114: 422:

for publishing on behalf of other organizations. Its journals include:

3315:(First ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 2227:

In February 2010, the APA's Council of Representatives voted to amend

1740:

Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities / Autism Spectrum Disorder

4582: 3206: 2556: 1795:

Society for the Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity

1566:

The APA has 56 numbered divisions, 54 of which are currently active:

363:

APA Distinguished Scientific Award for the Applications of Psychology

4277: 4188:

APPIC: Association of Psychology Postdoctoral and Internship Centers

3631:. International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. Archived from 3064:

Varieties of Anomalous Experience: Examining the Scientific Evidence

1922:. Among the most prominent supporters of conversion therapy is the 572:

The APA has published hundreds of books. Among these books are: the

4852:"Outside Psychologists Shielded U.S. Torture Program, Report Finds" 4062:"APA Praises Prop 8 Decision as Victory for Science, Human Dignity" 2600: 2376:

Class action lawsuit by members claiming deceptive dues assessments

2316:, effective the end of 2015, and of Deputy Chief Executive Officer 1730:

State, Provincial and Territorial Psychological Association Affairs

4942:"The Sphinx: A site for inquiry and innovation in psychoanalysis, 4922:(Press release). American Psychological Association. July 14, 2015 4778: 3867:"American Medical Association policy regarding sexual orientation" 3549:

Clinical psychology since 1917: Science, practice and organization

645:

contains the rules for every aspect of writing, especially in the

358:

APA Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions to Psychology

180: 4278:"Why I Am Not a Member of the American Psychological Association" 3956:"Physician Assistants vote on retail clinics, reparative therapy" 3229:"American Psychological Association (APA) - Information for CAUL" 2705:"Education Directorate of the American Psychological Association" 1745:

Society for Environmental, Population and Conservation Psychology

1623:

Society for the Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity and the Arts

2129:

where he shocked a dog unpredictably and repeatedly into total,

1924:

National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality

5438: 5226:"The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals" 5224:

The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.

4445:

Stephen Soldz; Nathaniel Raymond; Steven Reisner (April 2015).

4238:. Association of Psychology Postdoctoral and Internship Centers 2726: 2792: 2098: 2061: 1639:- originally Division of Counseling and Guidance Psychologists 185:

The headquarters of the American Psychological Association in

5230:

The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals

4920:"APA Announces Retirements and Resignation of Senior Leaders" 3770: 2169:

by trying individual perpetrators of abuse for their crimes.

1800:

Society for the Psychological Study of Ethnic Minority Issues

2915:

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

2534: 1831:

Society for the Psychological Study of Men and Masculinities

664:

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

643:

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

574:

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

3095: 1998:

The APA adopted a resolution stating that it is unfair and

234: 4641:"Opinion 2.068 – Physician Participation in Interrogation" 2248:, make known their commitment to the Ethics Code and take 1598:– previously named Evaluation, Measurement, and Statistics 723:

in 1959 (with a primarily cognitive orientation), and the

611:, employee growth and development, health and safety, and 4779:"Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct" 2748: 2704: 2498:, the American Association of School Administrators, the 2260:

1.03, Conflicts Between Ethics and Organizational Demands

1584:

Society for Experimental Psychology and Cognitive Science

2881:"American Psychological Association Publications Search" 2506:, the American Academy of Physician Assistants, and the 592:; and many scholarly books on specific subjects such as 5199: 1755:

Society for the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality

658:

clear and highly readable. APA recommends using 12 pt.

264:

American Psychological Association of Graduate Students

163: 4944:

Withholding APA Dues in Protest over Policy on Torture

3309:

Rutherford, Alexandra; Pickren, Wade E., eds. (2018).

1815:

Society for the Study of Peace, Conflict, and Violence

5427: 5096:"APA Practice Assessment Fee Class Action Settlement" 2678:. American Psychological Association. June 28, 2013. 2456:

Society of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology

1933:

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

1841:

Society of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology

3751:. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association 1862:

with projects, working groups and via collaborations

1694:

Society for Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology

1643:

Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology

1617:

Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues

615:. Awards are given at the local and national level. 6182: 6021: 5860: 5699: 5538: 5473: 3312:

125 years of the American Psychological Association

2195:When it emerged that psychologists, as part of the 1821:

Society of Group Psychology and Group Psychotherapy

158: 148: 138: 128: 91: 75: 57: 18:

Divisions of the American Psychological Association

5115:"APA Sued Over Misleading Membership Fees — Again" 3528:. Society for Quantitative and Qualitative Methods 3526:"Society for Quantitative and Qualitative Methods" 3462:. About.com (New York Times group). Archived from 2979: 2441:European Federation of Psychologists' Associations 2160:and American detention camps, and the role of the 1602:Behavioral Neuroscience and Comparative Psychology 390:APA Award for Lifetime Contributions to Psychology 4515:"American Psychological Association Sees No Evil" 4211:"The internship crisis: strategies and solutions" 4162:"Doctoral Internships in Professional Psychology" 3367:"State and Provincial Psychological Associations" 454:International Association for the Study of Dreams 4326:"Iraq: Responsibilities of the occupying powers" 2815:"Model Act for State Licensure of Psychologists" 1760:Society for Child and Family Policy and Practice 4583:"A Call for Annulment of the APA's PENS Report" 4106:Sokal, Alan; Dawkins, Richard (April 8, 2024). 3439:. Social Psychology Network. September 10, 2006 2667: 2665: 2431:Association of Psychological and Social Studies 2361: 2354: 2263: 2258: 2242: 2237: 2105:methods under the supervision of APA treasurer 1893: 1679:Applied Experimental and Engineering Psychology 674:APA maintains a number of databases, including 408:American Psychological Association publications 4368: 4366: 3483: 3481: 2486:, the American Psychological Association, the 1588:Currently vacant – initially reserved for the 649:from determining authorship to constructing a 5450: 5200:"People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals" 5198:People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. 1612:Society for Personality and Social Psychology 602:The Psychologically Healthy Workplace program 8: 3578:Occupations: The Vocational Guidance Journal 3506:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2917:(6th ed.). Washington, DC: APA. 2010 . 2504:National Association of School Psychologists 2474:Mainstream health organizations critical of 2446:National Association of School Psychologists 2125:spoke upon the invitation of the CIA on his 517:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 319:Psychologist § United States and Canada 43: 4534: 4532: 3233:Council of Australian University Librarians 3118:"Psychologically Healthy Workplace Program" 2949:(6th ed.). Washington, DC: APA. 2010. 2080:APA internship crisis for graduate students 496:Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 200:) is the main professional organization of 5457: 5443: 5435: 4476:. APA.org. August 20, 2007. Archived from 3551:. New York, NY: Springer. pp. 40–42. 3510:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3207:"APA Databases & Electronic Resources" 2058:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 171: 49: 42: 5320: 5263: 5174:"The Humane Society of the United States" 5172:The Humane Society of the United States. 5133:"APAPO dues assessment draws new lawsuit" 5003: 5001: 4980: 4978: 4867: 4865: 4230: 4228: 3022:. Washington, DC; Oxford; New York: APA; 2642: 2640: 2416:American Board of Professional Psychology 2350:United Nations Convention against Torture 2206:The APA directive was in contrast to the 2072:by a medical professional. Calling this " 2002:to deny same-sex couples legal access to 1968:", or sexual orientation change efforts. 1948:that sexual orientation can be changed". 1926:(NARTH), which continues to characterize 1709:Society for Community Research and Action 510:Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 4667:"Interrogation/Torture and Dual Loyalty" 4373:Amnesty International (March 18, 2003). 4324:Amnesty International (April 15, 2003). 3120:. APApracticecentral.org. Archived from 27:Scientific and professional organization 5178:The Humane Society of the United States 4697:. Coalition for an Ethical Psychology. 4184:"2011 APPIC Match Statistics - Phase I" 2529: 2527: 2523: 2467: 2366:Treatment or Punishment in All Settings 740:APA Presidents from the present to 1892 4730:. American Psychological Association. 4561:Ackerman, Spencer (January 22, 2014). 4513:Boulanger, Ghislaine (June 16, 2009). 3977:Glassgold, Judith M.; Beckstead, Lee; 3839: 3837: 3823: 3813: 3771:"Joseph Nicolosi – Reparative Therapy" 3499: 2859:"About APA Publications and Databases" 2492:National Association of Social Workers 2093:A year after the establishment of the 1868:Sexual orientation and gender identity 1715:Psychopharmacology and Substance Abuse 1578:Society for the Teaching of Psychology 678:, PsycARTICLES, PsycBOOKS, PsycEXTRA, 313:Membership and title of "psychologist" 5252:Perspectives on Psychological Science 4839:from the original on October 9, 2022. 4671:Institute on Medicine as a Profession 4585:. Coalition for an Ethical Psychology 3547:Donald K. Routh (February 28, 1994). 3460:"Division 2 - teaching of psychology" 3290:from the original on January 20, 2010 3066:(2nd ed.). Washington, DC: APA. 2986:(1st ed.). Washington, DC: APA. 2095:Human Resources Research Organization 1785:Psychologists in Independent Practice 1704:Society for the History of Psychology 725:Association for Psychological Science 7: 6364:1892 establishments in Massachusetts 5381:Psychiatric Clinics of North America 5146:American Psychological Association. 5040:from the original on October 9, 2022 4963:The Encyclopedia of Peace Psychology 4737:from the original on October 9, 2022 4704:from the original on October 9, 2022 4621:from the original on October 9, 2022 4257:Smith Bailey, Deborah (April 2004). 4042:from the original on October 9, 2022 3936:from the original on August 11, 2007 3417:. American Psychological Association 2685:from the original on October 9, 2022 2197:Behavioral Science Consultation Team 1775:Society for Clinical Neuropsychology 1596:Quantitative and Qualitative Methods 699:The APA was founded in July 1892 at 396:APA International Humanitarian Award 4893:Ackerman, Spencer (July 14, 2015). 3775:Thomas Aquinas Psychological Clinic 2421:American Psychoanalytic Association 1750:Society for the Psychology of Women 323:APA policy on the use of the title 6344:American Psychological Association 5467:American Psychological Association 5152:American Psychological Association 5113:Grohol, John M. (April 14, 2013). 4120:from the original on April 8, 2024 3749:American Psychological Association 3590:10.1002/j.2164-5892.1949.tb01516.x 3572:Dreese, Mitchell (February 1949). 3389:"Noted psychologist Theodore Blau" 2771:"Public and Member Communications" 2436:Canadian Psychological Association 2426:Association of Black Psychologists 2246:clarify the nature of the conflict 2233:Canadian Psychological Association 2097:by the U.S. military in 1951, the 1883:Environment and sexual orientation 1851:Society for Prescribing Psychology 1711:: Division of Community Psychology 662:font." The seventh edition of the 630:American Psychological Association 580:), which is the official guide to 559:Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 489:Journal of Experimental Psychology 249:APA is a corporation chartered in 194:American Psychological Association 44:American Psychological Association 36:American Philosophical Association 25: 6349:Organizations established in 1892 3896:Committee on Adolescence (1993). 3605:Encyclopedia of School Psychology 3260:: Gleeson Library. Archived from 2201:enhanced interrogation techniques 1735:Society for Humanistic Psychology 1725:Society of Psychological Hypnosis 595:Varieties of Anomalous Experience 545:Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 482:Journal of Comparative Psychology 428:Archives of Scientific Psychology 239:sexual orientation change efforts 5346:Journal of Humanistic Psychology 5274:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00029.x 4612:American Psychiatric Association 4517:. American Civil Liberties Union 4396:American Civil Liberties Union. 3797:"III. The Public Health Problem" 3284:"PsycINFO Journal Coverage List" 3166:"APA Formatting and Style Guide" 2978:VandenBos, Gary R., ed. (2007). 2484:American Psychiatric Association 2208:American Psychiatric Association 2133:passivity. Former APA president 2060:. Dawkins and Sokal argued that 2034:In 2024, evolutionary biologist 1659:Society of Counseling Psychology 1637:Society of Consulting Psychology 711:Dominance of clinical psychology 32:American Psychiatric Association 5008:Risen, James (August 7, 2015). 3958:. SpiritIndia.com. May 29, 2007 3898:"Homosexuality and Adolescence" 3873:. July 11, 2007. Archived from 2500:American Federation of Teachers 2488:American Counseling Association 2178:Federal Bureau of Investigation 2020:California's constitutional ban 1846:Society of Pediatric Psychology 1826:Society of Addiction Psychology 1780:American Psychology-Law Society 1689:Society for Consumer Psychology 1669:Society for Military Psychology 1664:Psychologists in Public Service 666:was published in October 2019. 5322:10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17010057 5309:American Journal of Psychiatry 4872:Miller, Greg (July 10, 2015). 4850:Risen, James (July 10, 2015). 4492:"Psychologists and Guantanamo" 4347:Khan, Irene (March 19, 2003). 3678:American Journal of Psychiatry 3096:"Publications & Databases" 2508:National Education Association 2496:American Academy of Pediatrics 2252:steps to resolve the conflict 2089:Warfare and the use of torture 2054:American Academy of Pediatrics 1879:Biology and sexual orientation 1631:Society of Clinical Psychology 1572:Society for General Psychology 576:(and a concise version titled 1: 6359:Academic publishing companies 4209:Vasquez, Melba (April 2011). 2749:"Public Interest Directorate" 2296:George W. Bush administration 2229:the association's Ethics Code 1891:The APA states the following: 1810:Exercise and Sport Psychology 1790:Society for Family Psychology 1765:Society for Health Psychology 475:Journal of Applied Psychology 4759:. APA.org. February 24, 2010 4645:American Medical Association 4422:Hajjar, Lisa (May 7, 2015). 3871:American Medical Association 2982:APA Dictionary of Psychology 2837:"Division Officers Handbook" 2480:American Medical Association 2212:American Medical Association 2050:American Medical Association 1887:Homosexuality and psychology 1000:William Bevan (psychologist) 586:APA Dictionary of Psychology 503:Journal of Family Psychology 452:(published on behalf of the 225:, the welfare of detainees, 63:; 132 years ago 30:Not to be confused with the 4647:Ethics Group. November 2006 3437:"Social psychology network" 3258:University of San Francisco 2172:Despite these reports, the 1873:Cause of sexual orientation 1817:: Peace Psychology Division 1674:Adult Development and Aging 566:School Psychology Quarterly 6380: 4494:. NPR.org. August 19, 2008 4303:"Speaking against torture" 3607:. New York, NY: Springer. 3345:"APA History and Archives" 3020:Encyclopedia of Psychology 2947:Concise Rules of APA Style 2727:"APA Practice Directorate" 2298:, naming Chicago attorney 1991: 1907: 1876: 622: 590:Encyclopedia of Psychology 578:Concise Rules of APA Style 405: 316: 29: 5393:10.1016/j.psc.2018.02.001 4064:. APA.org. August 4, 2010 3286:. APA.org. January 2010. 2648:"Good Governance Project" 1684:Rehabilitation Psychology 1557:, psychologist and author 1408:Robert Sessions Woodworth 48: 6292:Jessica Henderson Daniel 5358:10.1177/0022167818800219 2223:Amending the Ethics Code 2042:co-authored an op-ed in 1944:that "there is no valid 1836:International Psychology 1607:Developmental Psychology 784:Jessica Henderson Daniel 715:Due to the dominance of 442:Developmental Psychology 288:Organizational structure 6256:Suzanne Bennett Johnson 5868:Robert Richardson Sears 5713:Harry Levi Hollingworth 5600:Walter Bowers Pillsbury 5505:George Stuart Fullerton 4377:. Amnesty International 4351:. Amnesty International 4328:. Amnesty International 3490:The School Psychologist 3024:Oxford University Press 2650:. APA.org. July 2, 2013 2601:"Council Policy Manual" 2397:Evidence-based practice 2121:. Former APA president 2068:at birth," rather than 1516:George Stuart Fullerton 1444:George Malcolm Stratton 1432:Walter Bowers Pillsbury 1330:Harry Levi Hollingworth 820:Suzanne Bennett Johnson 435:Behavioral Neuroscience 336:Affiliate organizations 279:Good Governance Project 241:, and gender equality. 5976:George Armitage Miller 5666:Margaret Floy Washburn 5582:Henry Rutgers Marshall 2557:"Divisions of the APA" 2370: 2360: 2275: 2262: 2257: 2241: 2127:animal experimentation 2074:social constructionism 2012:the federal court case 1974:developmental disorder 1898: 1858:– addresses issues of 1648:Educational Psychology 1450:Henry Rutgers Marshall 1366:Margaret Floy Washburn 748:Cynthia de las Fuentes 552:Psychology of Violence 524:Psychological Bulletin 189: 144:Cynthia de las Fuentes 4307:Monitor on Psychology 4215:Monitor on Psychology 4140:"About Accreditation" 4083:Alden Mahler Levine. 3919:10.1542/peds.92.4.631 3690:10.1176/ajp.138.2.210 2793:"Science Directorate" 2154:Amnesty International 2103:psychological warfare 1992:Further information: 1908:Further information: 1877:Further information: 415:American Psychologist 392:(APA's highest award) 184: 113:38.89988°N 77.00753°W 6298:Rosie Phillips Davis 6029:Wilbert J. McKeachie 5809:John Edward Anderson 5749:Louis Leon Thurstone 5743:Walter Richard Miles 5737:Walter Samuel Hunter 5660:Shepherd Ivory Franz 5594:Charles Hubbard Judd 5576:James Rowland Angell 5499:James McKeen Cattell 5487:George Trumbull Ladd 4952:on February 1, 2015. 3724:on January 26, 2007. 3393:St. Petersburg Times 3264:on September 5, 2015 3124:on February 20, 2015 3058:; Lynn, Steven Jay; 1590:Psychometric Society 1534:George Trumbull Ladd 1522:James McKeen Cattell 1456:James Rowland Angell 1438:Charles Hubbard Judd 1414:Howard Crosby Warren 1390:Robert Mearns Yerkes 1372:Shepherd Ivory Franz 1306:Walter Samuel Hunter 1300:Walter Richard Miles 1294:Louis Leon Thurstone 1234:John Edward Anderson 1036:Wilbert J. McKeachie 1018:Nicholas A. Cummings 904:Martin E.P. Seligman 778:Rosie Phillips Davis 613:employee recognition 538:Psychology and Aging 531:Psychological Review 229:, the rights of the 154:Arthur C. Evans, Jr. 6250:Melba J. T. Vasquez 6119:Charles Spielberger 6077:Janet Taylor Spence 5886:Orval Hobart Mowrer 5880:Laurance F. Shaffer 5761:Albert Poffenberger 5624:Robert S. Woodworth 5570:Mary Whiton Calkins 4879:The Washington Post 3466:on January 20, 2013 2902:Library of Congress 2174:Bush administration 1946:scientific evidence 1462:Mary Whiton Calkins 1402:John Broadus Watson 1282:Albert Poffenberger 1174:Laurance F. Shaffer 988:Janet Taylor Spence 946:Charles Spielberger 874:Robert J. Sternberg 826:Melba J. T. Vasquez 721:Psychonomic Society 717:clinical psychology 345:the federal level. 118:38.89988; -77.00753 109: / 45: 6354:School accreditors 6244:Carol D. Goodheart 6012:Donald T. Campbell 5803:Calvin Perry Stone 5791:Leonard Carmichael 5690:I. Madison Bentley 5648:John Wallace Baird 5588:George M. Stratton 5558:William Lowe Bryan 5511:James Mark Baldwin 5465:Presidents of the 5014:The New York Times 4994:. August 10, 2015. 4856:The New York Times 4805:The New York Times 4452:The New York Times 4276:Chalquist, Craig. 4263:GradPSYCH Magazine 3877:on January 5, 2010 3635:on August 25, 2011 3415:"Divisions of APA" 3395:. February 1, 2003 2476:conversion therapy 2346:Geneva Conventions 2324:Ban on involvement 2314:Norman B. Anderson 1966:reparative therapy 1916:sexual orientation 1910:Conversion therapy 1904:Conversion therapy 1510:James Mark Baldwin 1474:William Lowe Bryan 1426:Carl Emil Seashore 1384:John Wallace Baird 1252:Leonard Carmichael 1240:Calvin Perry Stone 1042:Donald T. Campbell 880:Philip G. Zimbardo 832:Carol D. Goodheart 772:Sandra L. Shullman 588:; an eight-volume 190: 79:750 First Street, 6331: 6330: 6310:Jennifer F. Kelly 6280:Susan H. McDaniel 6262:Donald N. Bersoff 6190:Norine G. Johnson 6173:Patrick H. DeLeon 6143:Robert J. Resnick 6101:Raymond D. Fowler 6095:Bonnie Strickland 6047:Nicholas Cummings 6041:M. Brewster Smith 5940:Charles E. Osgood 5821:Edwin Ray Guthrie 5654:Walter Dill Scott 5102:. April 30, 2015. 5100:Top Class Actions 5033:. APA.org. 2015. 4301:(February 2006). 3712:"An instant cure" 3322:978-1-4338-2790-7 3060:Krippner, Stanley 2342:international law 2180:revealed that an 2158:Abu Ghraib Prison 2107:Meredith Crawford 1994:Same-sex marriage 1988:Same-sex marriage 1976:and instead seek 1856:Trauma Psychology 1699:Behavior Analysis 1653:School Psychology 1378:Walter Dill Scott 1204:Donald R. Marquis 1198:Ernest R. Hilgard 1192:Joy Paul Guilford 1114:Charles E. Osgood 1024:M. Brewster Smith 970:Bonnie Strickland 964:Raymond D. Fowler 922:Robert J. Resnick 886:Norine G. Johnson 814:Donald N. Bersoff 796:Susan H. McDaniel 766:Jennifer F. Kelly 609:work-life balance 468:Health Psychology 227:human trafficking 179: 178: 16:(Redirected from 6371: 6316:Frank C. Worrell 6214:Ronald F. Levant 6208:Diane F. Halpern 6202:Robert Sternberg 6125:Jack Wiggins Jr. 6107:Joseph Matarazzo 6053:Florence Denmark 6035:Theodore H. Blau 5988:Kenneth B. Clark 5898:Theodore Newcomb 5874:J. McVicker Hunt 5773:Edward C. Tolman 5731:Herbert Langfeld 5618:Howard C. Warren 5612:Edward Thorndike 5517:Hugo Münsterberg 5459: 5452: 5445: 5436: 5431: 5430: 5428:Official website 5413: 5412: 5376: 5370: 5369: 5341: 5335: 5334: 5324: 5300: 5294: 5293: 5267: 5247: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5221: 5215: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5169: 5163: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5143: 5137: 5136: 5129: 5123: 5122: 5119:psychcentral.com 5110: 5104: 5103: 5092: 5086: 5085: 5082:Associations Now 5074: 5068: 5067: 5056: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5039: 5032: 5024: 5018: 5017: 5005: 4996: 4995: 4982: 4973: 4960: 4954: 4953: 4948:. Archived from 4938: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4916: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4890: 4884: 4883: 4869: 4860: 4859: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4831: 4823: 4817: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4807:. April 30, 2015 4797: 4791: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4775: 4769: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4753: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4736: 4729: 4720: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4703: 4696: 4688: 4682: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4663: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4637: 4631: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4620: 4609: 4601: 4595: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4579: 4573: 4572: 4558: 4552: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4536: 4527: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4480:on May 13, 2007. 4470: 4464: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4442: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4419: 4413: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4370: 4361: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4321: 4315: 4314: 4295: 4289: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4273: 4267: 4266: 4254: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4232: 4223: 4222: 4206: 4200: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4180: 4174: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4158: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4113:The Boston Globe 4103: 4097: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4080: 4074: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4058: 4052: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4041: 4034: 4026: 4020: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3987: 3974: 3968: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3952: 3946: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3935: 3902: 3893: 3887: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3863: 3857: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3841: 3832: 3831: 3825: 3821: 3819: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3792: 3786: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3746: 3737: 3726: 3725: 3708: 3702: 3701: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3651: 3645: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3625: 3619: 3618: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3505: 3497: 3485: 3476: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3433: 3427: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3341: 3335: 3334: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3280: 3274: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3189: 3183: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3162: 3156: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3140: 3134: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3062:, eds. (2014) . 3052: 3046: 3045: 3012: 3006: 3005: 2985: 2975: 2969: 2968: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2911: 2905: 2900:A search of the 2898: 2892: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2855: 2849: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2833: 2827: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2789: 2783: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2767: 2761: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2745: 2739: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2723: 2717: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2701: 2695: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2684: 2677: 2669: 2660: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2644: 2635: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2623:"APA Governance" 2619: 2613: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2575: 2569: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2553: 2547: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2531: 2511: 2472: 2451:Peace psychology 2300:David H. Hoffman 2137:, upon visiting 2135:Ronald F. Levant 2045:The Boston Globe 1805:Media Psychology 1504:Hugo Münsterberg 1420:Edward Thorndike 1312:Herbert Langfeld 1270:Edward C. Tolman 1222:Edwin R. Guthrie 1216:Henry E. Garrett 1180:J. McVicker Hunt 1168:O. Hobart Mowrer 1156:Theodore Newcomb 1078:George A. Miller 1066:Kenneth B. Clark 1030:Theodore H. Blau 1012:Florence Denmark 958:Joseph Matarazzo 940:Jack Wiggins Jr. 868:Diane F. Halpern 862:Ronald F. Levant 760:Frank C. Worrell 729:Theodore H. Blau 701:Clark University 251:Washington, D.C. 187:Washington, D.C. 175: 170: 167: 165: 124: 123: 121: 120: 119: 114: 110: 107: 106: 105: 102: 85:Washington, D.C. 71: 69: 64: 53: 46: 21: 6379: 6378: 6374: 6373: 6372: 6370: 6369: 6368: 6334: 6333: 6332: 6327: 6304:Sandra Shullman 6196:Philip Zimbardo 6178: 6161:Martin Seligman 6131:Frank H. Farley 6017: 5964:Gardner Lindzey 5916:Wolfgang Köhler 5892:E. Lowell Kelly 5856: 5797:Herbert Woodrow 5755:Joseph Peterson 5695: 5684:G. Stanley Hall 5534: 5481:G. Stanley Hall 5469: 5463: 5426: 5425: 5422: 5417: 5416: 5378: 5377: 5373: 5343: 5342: 5338: 5315:(10): 943–953. 5302: 5301: 5297: 5265:10.1.1.531.9405 5249: 5248: 5244: 5234: 5232: 5223: 5222: 5218: 5208: 5206: 5197: 5196: 5192: 5182: 5180: 5171: 5170: 5166: 5156: 5154: 5145: 5144: 5140: 5135:. 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Stanley Hall 1348:G. Stanley Hall 1342:Madison Bentley 1324:Edwin G. Boring 1288:Joseph Peterson 1246:Herbert Woodrow 1186:Robert R. Sears 1162:E. Lowell Kelly 1150:Lee J. Cronbach 1138:Wolfgang Köhler 1090:Gardner Lindzey 1072:George W. Albee 850:Sharon S. Brehm 741: 737: 713: 705:G. Stanley Hall 697: 692: 672: 660:Times New Roman 647:social sciences 627: 621: 604: 410: 406:Main category: 404: 351: 338: 321: 315: 290: 281: 247: 215: 162: 151: 141: 131: 117: 115: 111: 108: 103: 100: 98: 96: 95: 83: 67: 65: 62: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6377: 6375: 6367: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6336: 6335: 6329: 6328: 6326: 6325: 6319: 6313: 6307: 6301: 6295: 6289: 6286:Antonio Puente 6283: 6277: 6274:Barry S. Anton 6271: 6265: 6259: 6253: 6247: 6241: 6235: 6232:Alan E. Kazdin 6229: 6223: 6220:Gerald Koocher 6217: 6211: 6205: 6199: 6193: 6186: 6184: 6180: 6179: 6177: 6176: 6170: 6164: 6158: 6152: 6149:Dorothy Cantor 6146: 6140: 6134: 6128: 6122: 6116: 6113:Stanley Graham 6110: 6104: 6098: 6092: 6086: 6083:Robert Perloff 6080: 6074: 6068: 6062: 6059:John J. Conger 6056: 6050: 6044: 6038: 6032: 6025: 6023: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6015: 6009: 6006:Albert Bandura 6003: 6000:Leona E. Tyler 5997: 5991: 5985: 5979: 5973: 5970:Abraham Maslow 5967: 5961: 5958:Nicholas Hobbs 5955: 5949: 5943: 5937: 5931: 5928:Neal E. Miller 5925: 5922:Donald O. Hebb 5919: 5913: 5907: 5901: 5895: 5889: 5883: 5877: 5871: 5864: 5862: 5858: 5857: 5855: 5854: 5851:J. P. Guilford 5848: 5845:Ernest Hilgard 5842: 5839:Donald Marquis 5836: 5830: 5824: 5818: 5815:Gardner Murphy 5812: 5806: 5800: 5794: 5788: 5785:Gordon Allport 5782: 5776: 5770: 5764: 5758: 5752: 5746: 5740: 5734: 5728: 5722: 5716: 5710: 5707:Harvey A. Carr 5703: 5701: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5693: 5687: 5681: 5675: 5669: 5663: 5657: 5651: 5645: 5639: 5633: 5630:John B. Watson 5627: 5621: 5615: 5609: 5603: 5597: 5591: 5585: 5579: 5573: 5567: 5561: 5555: 5552:Edmund Sanford 5549: 5542: 5540: 5536: 5535: 5533: 5532: 5529:Joseph Jastrow 5526: 5520: 5514: 5508: 5502: 5496: 5490: 5484: 5477: 5475: 5471: 5470: 5464: 5462: 5461: 5454: 5447: 5439: 5433: 5432: 5421: 5420:External links 5418: 5415: 5414: 5387:(2): 319–329. 5371: 5352:(5): 653–668. 5336: 5295: 5242: 5216: 5190: 5164: 5138: 5124: 5105: 5087: 5069: 5066:. May 6, 2015. 5051: 5019: 4997: 4991:Democracy Now! 4974: 4955: 4933: 4911: 4885: 4861: 4842: 4818: 4792: 4770: 4748: 4715: 4683: 4658: 4632: 4596: 4574: 4553: 4528: 4505: 4483: 4465: 4437: 4414: 4388: 4362: 4339: 4316: 4290: 4268: 4249: 4224: 4201: 4175: 4153: 4131: 4098: 4075: 4053: 4021: 3999: 3979:Drescher, Jack 3969: 3947: 3913:(4): 631–634. 3888: 3858: 3833: 3824:|journal= 3787: 3762: 3727: 3703: 3668: 3646: 3620: 3614:978-0306484803 3613: 3595: 3584:(5): 307–310. 3564: 3558:978-0306444524 3557: 3539: 3517: 3477: 3450: 3428: 3406: 3380: 3358: 3336: 3321: 3301: 3275: 3245: 3220: 3198: 3184: 3157: 3146:. APAstyle.org 3135: 3109: 3087: 3072: 3056:Cardeña, Etzel 3047: 3032: 3018:, ed. 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Hebb 2090: 2087: 2081: 2078: 2038:and physicist 2031: 2030:Sex assignment 2028: 2004:civil marriage 2000:discriminatory 1989: 1986: 1982:social support 1905: 1902: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1863: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1770:Psychoanalysis 1767: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1634: 1628: 1625: 1620: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1593: 1586: 1581: 1575: 1568: 1563: 1560: 1559: 1558: 1550: 1549:Notable people 1547: 1543: 1542: 1536: 1530: 1524: 1518: 1512: 1506: 1500: 1494: 1492:Joseph Jastrow 1488: 1482: 1480:Edmund Sanford 1476: 1470: 1464: 1458: 1452: 1446: 1440: 1434: 1428: 1422: 1416: 1410: 1404: 1398: 1392: 1386: 1380: 1374: 1368: 1362: 1356: 1350: 1344: 1338: 1336:Harvey A. 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Anton 798: 792: 790:Antonio Puente 786: 780: 774: 768: 762: 756: 750: 743: 742: 739: 738: 736: 733: 712: 709: 696: 693: 691: 688: 671: 668: 623:Main article: 620: 617: 603: 600: 570: 569: 562: 555: 548: 541: 534: 527: 520: 513: 506: 499: 492: 485: 478: 471: 464: 457: 445: 438: 431: 403: 400: 399: 398: 393: 387: 382: 379: 376: 371: 368: 365: 360: 350: 347: 337: 334: 317:Main article: 314: 311: 310: 309: 306: 303: 300: 297: 289: 286: 280: 277: 276: 275: 271: 267: 259: 246: 243: 214: 211: 177: 176: 160: 156: 155: 152: 149: 146: 145: 142: 139: 136: 135: 132: 129: 126: 125: 93: 89: 88: 77: 73: 72: 61:July 1892 59: 55: 54: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6376: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6341: 6339: 6323: 6320: 6317: 6314: 6311: 6308: 6305: 6302: 6299: 6296: 6293: 6290: 6287: 6284: 6281: 6278: 6275: 6272: 6269: 6268:Nadine Kaslow 6266: 6263: 6260: 6257: 6254: 6251: 6248: 6245: 6242: 6239: 6238:James H. Bray 6236: 6233: 6230: 6227: 6224: 6221: 6218: 6215: 6212: 6209: 6206: 6203: 6200: 6197: 6194: 6191: 6188: 6187: 6185: 6181: 6174: 6171: 6168: 6167:Richard Suinn 6165: 6162: 6159: 6156: 6155:Norman Abeles 6153: 6150: 6147: 6144: 6141: 6138: 6137:Ronald E. Fox 6135: 6132: 6129: 6126: 6123: 6120: 6117: 6114: 6111: 6108: 6105: 6102: 6099: 6096: 6093: 6090: 6087: 6084: 6081: 6078: 6075: 6072: 6069: 6066: 6065:William Bevan 6063: 6060: 6057: 6054: 6051: 6048: 6045: 6042: 6039: 6036: 6033: 6030: 6027: 6026: 6024: 6020: 6013: 6010: 6007: 6004: 6001: 5998: 5995: 5994:Anne Anastasi 5992: 5989: 5986: 5983: 5980: 5977: 5974: 5971: 5968: 5965: 5962: 5959: 5956: 5953: 5952:Jerome Bruner 5950: 5947: 5946:Quinn McNemar 5944: 5941: 5938: 5935: 5934:Paul E. Meehl 5932: 5929: 5926: 5923: 5920: 5917: 5914: 5911: 5908: 5905: 5902: 5899: 5896: 5893: 5890: 5887: 5884: 5881: 5878: 5875: 5872: 5869: 5866: 5865: 5863: 5859: 5852: 5849: 5846: 5843: 5840: 5837: 5834: 5831: 5828: 5827:Henry Garrett 5825: 5822: 5819: 5816: 5813: 5810: 5807: 5804: 5801: 5798: 5795: 5792: 5789: 5786: 5783: 5780: 5779:John Dashiell 5777: 5774: 5771: 5768: 5767:Clark L. Hull 5765: 5762: 5759: 5756: 5753: 5750: 5747: 5744: 5741: 5738: 5735: 5732: 5729: 5726: 5723: 5720: 5717: 5714: 5711: 5708: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5698: 5691: 5688: 5685: 5682: 5679: 5676: 5673: 5672:Knight Dunlap 5670: 5667: 5664: 5661: 5658: 5655: 5652: 5649: 5646: 5643: 5642:Robert Yerkes 5640: 5637: 5636:Raymond Dodge 5634: 5631: 5628: 5625: 5622: 5619: 5616: 5613: 5610: 5607: 5606:Carl Seashore 5604: 5601: 5598: 5595: 5592: 5589: 5586: 5583: 5580: 5577: 5574: 5571: 5568: 5565: 5564:William James 5562: 5559: 5556: 5553: 5550: 5547: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5537: 5530: 5527: 5524: 5521: 5518: 5515: 5512: 5509: 5506: 5503: 5500: 5497: 5494: 5493:William James 5491: 5488: 5485: 5482: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5460: 5455: 5453: 5448: 5446: 5441: 5440: 5437: 5429: 5424: 5423: 5419: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5375: 5372: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5340: 5337: 5332: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5299: 5296: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5257: 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1911: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1872: 1867: 1861: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1720:Psychotherapy 1718: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1567: 1561: 1556: 1553: 1552: 1548: 1541: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1529: 1528:William James 1525: 1523: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1487: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1469: 1468:William James 1465: 1463: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1397: 1396:Raymond Dodge 1393: 1391: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1361: 1360:Knight Dunlap 1357: 1355: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1319: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1277: 1276:Clark L. Hull 1273: 1271: 1267: 1265: 1264:John Dashiell 1261: 1259: 1255: 1253: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1223: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1139: 1135: 1133: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1121: 1120:Paul E. Meehl 1117: 1115: 1111: 1109: 1108:Quinn McNemar 1105: 1103: 1102:Jerome Bruner 1099: 1097: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1061: 1060:Anne Anastasi 1057: 1055: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1043: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1007: 1003: 1001: 997: 995: 991: 989: 985: 983: 979: 977: 973: 971: 967: 965: 961: 959: 955: 953: 949: 947: 943: 941: 937: 935: 931: 929: 928:Ronald E. Fox 925: 923: 919: 917: 913: 911: 910:Norman Abeles 907: 905: 901: 899: 898:Richard Suinn 895: 893: 889: 887: 883: 881: 877: 875: 871: 869: 865: 863: 859: 857: 853: 851: 847: 845: 841: 839: 838:James H. 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APA.org 4142:. APA.org 4087:. CNN.com 4010:. APA.org 3988:. APA.org 3927:245205269 3826:ignored ( 3816:cite book 3657:. APA.org 3421:March 12, 3369:. APA.org 3347:. APA.org 3254:"PsycNET" 3209:. APA.org 3098:. APA.org 3082:843454608 2965:317697841 2933:316736612 2861:. APA.org 2839:. APA.org 2817:. APA.org 2795:. APA.org 2773:. APA.org 2751:. APA.org 2729:. APA.org 2707:. APA.org 2625:. APA.org 2603:. APA.org 2581:. APA.org 2559:. APA.org 2537:. 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