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this proposal, but Savur threatened me with a field trial. The situation was difficult. I had no right not to comply with the order, and personal convictions did not allow me to comply. I turned to
Andrienko. Andrienko told me that these instructions are not from the center, that they are distortions on the ground, but he did not say anything specific.
378:
interrogation protocol of
Mitchik from 1945 is the only archival document that contains a reference to Klyachkivsky and "secret directive", with statements similar to the above text. Based on these results Ryabenko postulated that the "secret directive" never existed and the above quote was compiled
350:
We should undertake the great action of the liquidation of the Polish element. As the German armies withdraw, we should take advantage of this convenient moment for liquidating the entire male population in the age from 16 up to 60 years. We cannot lose this fight, and it is necessary at all costs to
373:
According to a
Ukrainian historian Sergei Ryabenko, the "secret directive" cited by many authors is of questionable authenticity. The document signature referenced by the authors does not exist in the SBU archives, and other signatures lead to a criminal case against a deserter from Soviet army Adam
399:
In another NKVD interrogation M. Stepaniak claimed that he and M. Lebed, at the Third Great
Assembly of the OUN in August 1943, criticized Klyachkivskyi's policy and that the UPA "compromised itself with its banditry actions against the Polish population, just as the OUN compromised itself with its
387:
In the same June of 1943, ― the defendant submits information, ― in the Kolkiv forest, I met with Klym Savur , the deputy head of the stake of the main team
Andriyenko. Savur gave me the order to destroy all the Poles of the Kovel district. All the leaders of the Kovel Oblast, including me, opposed
322:
in modern-day western
Ukraine in the years 1943–1945. It was his directive, issued in mid-1943, that ordered the extermination of the Polish population across the province. One Ukrainian Insurgent Army commander who opposed it was threatened by Klyachkivsky with
358:
732:
557:
Bandera aimed to make of
Ukraine a one-party fascist dictatorship without national minorities... UPA partisans murdered tens of thousands of Poles, most of them women and children. Some Jews who had taken shelter with Polish families were also
767:
400:
ties to the
Germans." As a result of the aggravation of contradictions between the leaders of the OUN, R. Shukhevich was elected instead of M. Lebed as the head of the Bureau of the Central Directorate in April 1943.
382:
Regardless of the "secret directive" existence there are other references suggesting local orders to massacre Polish population. In particular, Y. Stelmashchuk, the local commander of the UPA, stated during his NKVD
737:
697:
757:
175:
307:
218:
140:
707:
747:
712:
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He was a member of the
Directorate of the OUN in Lviv, the regional leader of OUN from January 1942, a member of the leadership of OUN and the first commander of the
727:
762:
722:
742:
396:, uses it to support the claim that at that time the murders were not done at the order of the central leadership, but were a local initiative.
254:
636:
611:
702:
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Monument to Dmytro
Klyachkivsky as Klym Savur at his place of death near Orzhiv, sprinkled with holy water by a Ukrainian Orthodox bishop
717:
379:
from statements attributed to Mitchik in the interrogation protocol, likely written by NKVD and signed by the defendant under torture.
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90:
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weaken Polish forces. Villages and settlements situated next to the large forests should disappear from the face of the earth
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20:
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331:
370:, among the tens of thousands of Poles murdered by UPA on his orders, most of the victims were women and children.
474:
420:. He was posthumously awarded the title of Colonel of the UPA and UPA Gold Cross of Military Honors First Grade.
303:
266:
238:
214:
130:
548:
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The legend of the "Orzhiv operation": how the Internal Troops of the NKVD accidentally killed "Klima Savur"
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682:
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249:) as a son of a bank clerk. He completed his secondary studies and entered the Law faculty of the
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and sentenced to death, which was commuted to 10 years of incarceration. He escaped from
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342:. It was an order addressed to the commanders of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army in
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People convicted in relations with the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
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from 1943. He was given the rank of major and made the regional commander of
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571:"«Друже Рубан!» Використання фальсифікатів в дискусіях про Волинь"
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357:
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Behind the scenes of "Volyn-43", the unknown Polish-Ukrainian war
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Mitchik, who then joined UPA, and was later captured by Soviets.
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288:
768:
Genocide of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia perpetrators
600:За лаштунками "Волині-43", невідома польсько-українська війна
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Klyachkivsky was killed in an ambush by the forces of the
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of Klym Savur, Okhrim, and Bilash, was a commander of the
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Anti-Polish actions of Ukrainian Nationalists (in Polish)
209:; 4 November 1911 – 12 February 1945), also known by the
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Dmytro Klyachkivsky is regarded as the initiator of the
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Klyachkivsky was born on 4 November 1911 in the city of
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Anti-Soviet Resistance by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army
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from 1934 until 1939 as chair of a committee of the
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How many soldiers were in Ukrainian Insurgent Army?
627:Il'jušyn, Ihor I.; Ilʹjušyn, Ihor Ivanovyč (2003).
146:
136:
126:
101:
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65:
46:
448:
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285:Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union
738:Prisoners sentenced to death by the Soviet Union
698:Clergy from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
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16:Ukrainian Insurgent Army commander (1911–1945)
758:Ukrainian military personnel killed in action
287:). Klyachkivsky was arrested by the Soviets (
8:
491:
489:
708:Commanders of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army
54:
43:
748:Military personnel killed in World War II
713:Ukrainian collaborators with Nazi Germany
432:, general of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army
412:in February 1945 near the settlement of
693:Military personnel from Ternopil Oblast
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468:
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340:Before action Wisla, there was Volhynia
223:ethnic cleansing of Poles from Volhynia
728:Ukrainian prisoners sentenced to death
338:and was published in 2000 in his book
277:joint Nazi and Soviet attack on Poland
255:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
217:(UPA) and the first head-commander of
330:Evidence of his actions was found in
279:, Eastern Poland was occupied by the
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631:. Kyïv: Inst. Istoriï Ukraïny NANU.
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261:and worked in the service sector in
549:"A Fascist Hero in Democratic Kiev"
547:Timothy Snyder (24 February 2010).
475:Matthew J. Gibney, Randall Hansen,
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763:People killed in NKVD operations
723:Holocaust perpetrators in Poland
629:Volynsʹka trahedija 1943-1944 rr
346:. This secret directive stated:
251:Jan Kazimierz University in Lwow
91:Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
743:Escapees from Soviet detention
320:massacres of Poles in Volhynia
314:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia
199:Dmytro Semenovych Klyachkivsky
1:
498:Genocide and Rescue in Wołyń.
334:archives by Polish historian
267:Ukrainian sport organization
221:. He was responsible for the
207:Дмитро Семенович Клячківський
21:Eastern Slavic naming customs
553:The New York Review of Books
531:Genocide and rescue in Wolyn
159:Eastern Front (World War II)
703:Ukrainian Austro-Hungarians
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718:Ukrainian military leaders
366:Nevertheless, as noted by
141:Northern Operational Group
69:Klym Savur, Okhrim, Bilash
19:In this name that follows
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60:Klyachkivsky in the 1930s
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753:Ukrainian mass murderers
304:Ukrainian Insurgent Army
257:(OUN), he served in the
215:Ukrainian Insurgent Army
131:Ukrainian Insurgent Army
477:Immigration and Asylum.
606:] (in Ukrainian).
598:В’ятрович, Володимир.
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363:
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392:Ukrainian historian,
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299:Prison in July 1941.
528:Tadeusz Piotrowski,
496:Tadeusz Piotrowski,
394:Volodymyr Viatrovych
169:Defence of Przebraże
688:People from Zbarazh
416:in the vicinity of
48:Dmytro Klyachkivsky
662:Historishna Pravda
462:(8 September 2021)
460:Historishna Pravda
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253:. A member of the
164:Volhynian Genocide
664:(3 December 2010)
638:978-966-02-2872-6
613:978-617-12-2096-6
516:Władysław Filar,
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281:Soviet Union
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272:in Zbarazh.
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154:World War II
147:Battles/wars
120:Soviet Union
107:(1945-02-12)
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37:Klyachkivsky
36:
28:
683:1945 deaths
678:1911 births
263:Stanisławów
259:Polish army
66:Nickname(s)
33:family name
672:Categories
437:References
310:in 1944.
275:After the
211:pseudonyms
127:Allegiance
80:1911-11-04
29:Semenovych
25:patronymic
533:, p. 180.
500:Page 187.
479:Page 205.
308:UPA-North
297:Berdychiv
229:Biography
219:UPA-North
203:Ukrainian
424:See also
344:Volhynia
137:Commands
580:13 July
558:killed.
247:Ukraine
239:Galicia
235:Zbarazh
182:†
87:Zbarazh
635:
610:
414:Orzhiv
178:
112:Orzhiv
23:, the
602:[
418:Rivne
404:Death
291:) in
283:(see
269:Sokil
245:(now
633:ISBN
608:ISBN
582:2023
410:NKVD
376:NKVD
293:Lviv
289:NKVD
102:Died
74:Born
332:SBU
35:is
27:is
674::
590:^
573:.
551:.
509:^
488:^
467:^
458:,
445:^
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201:(
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78:(
39:.
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