611:, issued a letter affirming that US-trained osteopathic physicians are fully licensed physicians who prescribe medication and perform surgery. The acknowledgment draws a clear separation between American DOs, who are medical doctors, and non-physician osteopaths trained outside of the United States. Within the international standards that classify jobs to promote international comparability across occupations, US-trained DOs are now categorized with all other physicians as medical doctors. This event took place in June 2018 and started a relay of events and opened doors for DOs as more countries started to understand and give full recognition to US-trained medical doctors with the DO degree. The Association of Medical Councils of Africa (AMCOA) approved a resolution in 2019 granting the AOA's request that AMCOA recognize US-trained DOs as fully licensed physicians with practice rights equivalent to MDs, opening its 20 member countries, which include Botswana, Eswatini, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mauritius, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe to DOs. (Note: Some of the member African countries of AMCOA had independently licensed DOs before; however, this recognition unifies those who did or did not).
1273:
provisional or permanent registration shall not have to qualify the
Screening Test if he/she holds an Under Graduate medical qualification from Australia/Canada/New Zealand/United Kingdom/United States of America and the holder thereof also been awarded a Post Graduate medical qualification in Australia/Canada/New Zealand/United Kingdom/United States of America and has been recognized for enrolment as medical practitioner in that country." A US-granted MD and DO satiate the undergraduate aspect of the law. ACGME residencies fulfill the postgraduate clause of the law. The Commission is still deciding on recognizing AOA residencies (applicable to those DO graduates who graduated from AOA residencies before the 2020 AOA-ACGME merger).
511:(NBME). This is typically done under specific circumstances, such as when the student desires to enter a residency that may have a historic preference for the USMLE, or if a higher USMLE score would help elevate the student's application to be more competitive. USMLE pass rates for DO and MD students in 2012 are as follows: Step 1: 91% and 94%, Step 2 CK: 96% and 97%, and Step 2 CS: 87% and 97%, respectively (this number may be misleading as only 46 DO students compared to 17,118 MD students were evaluated for Step 2 CS) Step 3: 100% and 95% (this number may be misleading, as only 16 DO students compared to 19,056 MD students, were evaluated for Step 3).
615:
MDs, across 47 member countries of IAMRA. IAMRA members include the medical councils of the following countries: Albania, Australia, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brazil, Canada, Egypt, Eswatini, Finland, Germany, Ghana, Grenada, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Oman, Pakistan, Rwanda, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, The Gambia, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, United Arab
Emirates, United Kingdom, United States of America, and Zimbabwe. While many of these countries already recognized the DO as a medical degree prior to the convention, it unified many other countries under the umbrella.
407:(WFME). Per WFME, "Recognition Status is awarded by WFME to an accrediting agency working to an internationally accepted high standard, and confers the understanding that the quality of accreditation of undergraduate medical schools is to an appropriate and rigorous standard." Once admitted to an osteopathic medical school, students study for four years to graduate. The schooling is divided into the pre-clinical and clinical years. The pre-clinical years, the first and second years, focus on the biomedical and clinical sciences. The clinical years, the third and fourth years, consist of
500:(NBOME). The COMLEX-USA is a series of three osteopathic medical licensing examinations. The first two Cognitive Evaluations (CEs) of the COMLEX-USA (Level 1 and Level 2) are taken during medical school and are prerequisites for residency programs, consisting of 352 multiple-choice questions (items) each. Finally, COMLEX Level 3 is usually taken during the first year of residency, and consists of 420 multiple-choice questions and 26 Clinical Decision-Making (CDM) cases.
4243:
5245:
5275:
5285:
53:
1489:'s Health Secretary Alvaro Quijano of the signed a proclamation recognizing US-trained osteopathic physicians in the state of Yucatán; DO physicians may now obtain short-term and long-term licensure through the Health Secretary's office. All other Mexican states require work permits, which are only available in conjunction with the association of a short-term medical mission project.
5265:
5255:
1794:
in
Swedish, applicants must speak Swedish at Level C1 in accordance with the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. Proficiency in Norwegian or Danish also satisfy the language requirements. A course in Swedish laws and additional clinical training is required upon a passing exam score. Some temporary allowances are made.
321:, Missouri, for the teaching of osteopathy on May 10, 1892. While the state of Missouri granted the right to award the MD degree, he remained dissatisfied with the limitations of conventional medicine and instead chose to retain the distinction of the DO degree. In 1898 the American Institute of Osteopathy started the
531:(USMLE) to apply for certain residency programs that may want USMLE scores in addition to COMLEX scores. Those that have received or are in the process of earning an MD or DO degree are both eligible to sit for the USMLE. Because of their additional training, only DO candidates are eligible to sit for the COMLEX.
614:
Similarly, on
November 9, 2023, during its 15th biennial Members General Assembly in Bali, Indonesia, the International Association of Medical Regulatory Authorities (IAMRA) passed a resolution. This resolution endorses the acknowledgement of U.S.-trained DOs as fully licensed physicians, on par with
488:
at DO schools compared to those who matriculate at MD schools within the United States. In 2021, the average MCAT and GPA for students entering US-based MD programs were 511.5 and 3.73, respectively, and 504.0 and 3.55 for DO matriculants. DO medical schools are more likely to accept non-traditional
372:
During the 2011–12 academic year, the osteopathic medical student body consisted of: 69 percent white/non-Hispanic, 19 percent Asian or
Pacific Islander, 3.5 percent Hispanic, 3 percent African-American, and 0.5 percent Native American or Alaskan. The remainder were listed as "other or not entered".
1793:
Same requirements as other foreign physicians. Applicants must have their educations evaluated in order to determine if it is equivalent to the
Swedish standards. After this, applicants must complete a two-part proficiency exam consisting of theoretical and practical portions. As this test is given
346:
As originally conceived by Andrew Still, the letters "DO" stood for "Diplomate in
Osteopathy" and the title conferred by the degree was "Doctor of Osteopathy". Subsequently, the degree also came to be entitled "Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine". Since the late 20th century, the AOA has preferred that
351:
Be it resolved, that the
American Osteopathic Association institute a policy, both officially in our publications and individually on a conversational basis, to use the terms osteopathic medicine in place of the word osteopathy and osteopathic physician and surgeon in place of osteopath; the words
1872:. Following that year, the applicants will be able to apply for a license to practice privately. For GMC registration as a specialist, postgraduate training will need to be separately recognized by the Postgraduate Medical Education and Training Board (PMETB). GOsC registration is also required.
1198:
Greek citizenship is required, unless, in rare instances, there exists a crucial need for certain types of specialist physicians. Further, a work permit must be obtained, a difficult task, and speaking Greek is an unwritten requirement. These are the same requirements as other foreign physicians.
338:
osteopaths, who were educated and trained outside the United States; and US-trained osteopathic physicians, who conduct a full scope of medical and surgical practice. The regulation of non-physician manual medicine osteopaths varies greatly between jurisdictions. In the United States, osteopathic
1301:
Iranian citizens who have received both the DO degree from a US osteopathic school and are board-certified in a clinical specialty. Osteopathic degrees from other countries are not accepted. The process of evaluation of the medical education and clinical training is under the jurisdiction of the
594:
Currently, there are no osteopathic medical programs located outside of the United States that would qualify an individual to practice as an osteopathic physician in the United States. Foreign osteopathic degrees are not recognized by any state in the US or any region else as being equivalent to
368:
in the United States and 145,343 total DOs and osteopathic medical students. The proportion of females in the profession has steadily increased since the 1980s. In 1985, about 10 percent of DO physicians were female, compared with 41 percent in 2018. Between 2008 and 2012, 49 percent of new DO
1272:
The DO degree is recognized for full medical and surgical practice. As of 2019, a DO may practice medicine only if he/she did ACGME residencies, which are already recognized by the
National Medical Commission. According to the Indian Medical Act of 1956, "Provided further that a person seeking
1808:
As per licensure, a qualifying candidate graduated from the department of medicine in a foreign university or independent college recognized by the R.O.C. Ministry of
Education. All US issued DO medical degree programs are recognized by the R.O.C. Ministry of Education, since United States DO
586:, has written that US Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine "must be distinguished from 'osteopaths', members of a less regulated or unregulated profession that is practiced in many countries" as "steopaths get inferior training" that is not comparable to that undertaken by DOs.
462:, "the training, practice, credentialing, licensure, and reimbursement of osteopathic physicians is virtually indistinguishable from those of physicians with MD qualifications, with 4 years of osteopathic medical school followed by specialty and subspecialty training and
373:
The five-year change in osteopathic medical student enrollment by ethnicity has increased by 19 percent for white/non-Hispanic students, 36 percent for Asian-American students, 24 percent for Black/African American students, and 60 percent for Hispanic/Latino students.
568:
Both "DOs and MDs require rigorous study in the field of medicine", with similar entry requirements and curriculum structures that are "largely the same," and both produce graduates who are licensed and accredited as physicians in the United States. Retired
676:
According to documents published online, the Medical Board of Australia has "agreed to accept the DO USA as a primary medical qualification for medical registration provided that the DO USA was awarded by a medical school which has been accredited by the
1399:
Applicants must appear before the Medical, Dental, and Pharmacy Council to answer some medical questions and present their credentials. The council will also make a recommendation about where the applicant's skills would be most helpful in the country.
3725:
1330:
Physicians are discouraged from seeking employment in Italy without firm contracts and work permits. If there is a US state law outlining reciprocity with Italy, a statement to this effect from the Italian Consulate will warrant better chances.
2309:
3714:
4131:
4037:
555:
129:
3820:
3692:
5321:
4327:
4307:
4217:
782:
Required at least 2 years of GME and examination or interview by the council's Examination Committee. Non-Bermudans must have approval from the Ministry of Labour and Home Affairs to work on the island.
155:
4404:
4277:
3188:
3790:
546:
residencies. Upon completion of internship and residency requirements for their chosen medical specialty, holders of the DO may elect to be board certified by either a specialty board (through the
4332:
1600:
US osteopathic medical schools meet the Medical and Dental Council's statutory regulations for international medical graduates. The scope is unlimited, but practice setting may be restricted
4047:
2317:
4459:
4378:
4212:
2173:
Kasper, Dennis L., Eugene Braunwald, Anthony S. Fauci, Stephen L. Hauser, Dan L. Longo, J. Larry Jameson, Kurt J. Isselbacher (2004). "Chapter 10. Complementary and Alternative Medicine".
3624:
561:
Depending on the state, medical licensure may be issued from a combined board (DO and MD) or a separate board of medical examiners. All of the 70 state medical boards are members of the
5558:
4027:
2581:
2120:
104:
2391:
5614:
4042:
3539:
3503:
520:
124:
2142:
5583:
4439:
253:
One notable difference between DO and MD training is that DOs spend an additional 300–500 hours to study pseudoscientific hands-on manipulation of the human musculoskeletal system (
1766:
US degree recognized. The AMCOA recognition of American trained DOs gave full medical and surgical practicing rights to the professionals. Same requirements as foreign physicians.
4184:
3865:
2365:
5593:
5568:
5314:
4312:
4032:
543:
148:
2666:
3569:
2862:
4267:
4373:
4302:
3217:
1865:
2417:
3688:
873:
Requires at least 2 years of GME approved by the AOA or the ACGME and has passed all 3 parts of the LMCC. Reciprocity pathway for DO physicians with a Maine license.
5670:
5578:
5307:
4434:
4001:
3980:
3812:
2999:
2287:
678:
524:
497:
400:
141:
343:
with a Doctor of Medicine (MD) degree. Osteopathic physicians and non-physician osteopaths are so distinct that in practice they function as separate professions.
5706:
4454:
3684:
2947:
2339:
391:
Osteopathic medical school curricula are equivalent to those at schools granting the MD degree. Both US-granted MD and US-granted DO programs are listed in the
2884:
630:, that shows countries where US DOs have previously applied for licensure (countries not listed are regions with no history of US DOs applying for licensure):
459:
3180:
1928:
The AMCOA recognition of American trained DOs gave full medical and surgical practicing rights to the professionals. Same requirements as foreign physicians.
5609:
5460:
4337:
4317:
4222:
3813:"Appendix I Staged Senior Professional and Technical Examinations for Medical Doctors, Dentists, TCM Practitioners, and Pharmacists—Eligibility Requirements"
1950:
1241:
386:
235:
200:
119:
3782:
3105:
2792:
5481:
4227:
831:
528:
504:
3025:
4774:
4272:
2921:
662:
Foreign physicians must submit credentials to various agencies and then appear before any of the National Universities to have their diploma recognized.
476:
Before entering osteopathic medical school, an applicant must complete a four-year undergraduate degree and take a national standardized exam called the
469:
DO schools provide an additional 300–500 hours in the study of hands-on manual medicine and the body's musculoskeletal system, which is referred to as
5428:
5419:
5115:
4282:
4207:
4193:
4177:
4126:
3886:
3858:
382:
298:
289:
224:
43:
3666:
1244:
must accredit all foreign titles. After accreditation is completed, the applicant must seek registration with the Medical College of Honduras (MCH).
5553:
4388:
4262:
5696:
5675:
4714:
4409:
4322:
4257:
1974:
847:
Requires at least 1 year of GME approved by the AOA or the ACGME, completed at least 1 year of GME in Canada, passed all three parts of the LMCC.
2973:
2395:
1019:
A written exam in Spanish is required, besides a series of practical tests involving common procedures (CPR, intubation, lumbar puncture, etc.).
5573:
5330:
4429:
3750:
3644:
3401:
2246:
951:
404:
396:
313:, was the starting point from which was to ascertain the cause of pathological conditions". He founded the American School of Osteopathy (now
79:
2585:
4419:
4414:
4297:
4232:
3359:
2565:
2538:
2281:
2182:
551:
3685:"Information Sheet – International medical graduates awarded the degree of Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine from the United States of America"
3525:
3489:
2730:
2698:
950:
Requires 1 year of GME approved by the AOA or ACGME, 1 year of GME in Quebec passed the written, oral and clinical board examination of the
5014:
4170:
3970:
3851:
2146:
84:
3463:
2212:
2112:
886:
The Medical Act 2011 allows full licensure of osteopathic physicians, both for the country's full registry and its educational registry.
542:
starting in 2020. Before 2020, DOs had the option to attend ACGME residencies or AOA residencies. From 2020, DOs and MDs attend the same
5349:
3073:
2832:
508:
188:
2770:
5563:
5150:
4492:
2793:"Overview of Osteopathic Medical Education/Accreditation/The Four-Year Curriculum (2012 Osteopathic Medical College Information Book)"
1287:
Foreign physicians affiliated with a university project or a mission have unlimited practice rights. No private practice is allowed.
830:
or AOA and must have passed the Universities Coordinating Council Exam, a basic sciences exam, and have passed all three parts of the
562:
392:
254:
220:
3901:
2369:
2004:
1935:
1442:
Accepted on a case-by-case basis if the training meets the minimum educational requirements for physicians in the EU (Article 24 of
751:
604:
470:
94:
3210:
2737:
2673:
5588:
4022:
4017:
3565:
3561:
3535:
3499:
2854:
1725:
Foreign physicians must be recruited by a government agency, a corporation, or a private health care entity, such as a hospital.
627:
535:
99:
3441:
3307:
5492:
4102:
2505:
477:
89:
5476:
5424:
5268:
4574:
4052:
3891:
3816:
2424:
2340:""Medical Registration for Macon County, MO as of March 27, 1874," Missouri Digital Heritage, Secretary of State of Missouri"
480:(MCAT). Some combined undergraduate/medical programs exist. Some authors note the differences in the average MCAT scores and
109:
3365:
3144:
623:
356:
A minority of DOs continue to use the old terms, and the American Academy of Osteopathy retains the old usage in its name.
5716:
4150:
2441:
234:
As of 2014, more than 28% of all U.S. medical students were DO students. The curricula at DO-granting medical schools are
2995:
5548:
5497:
5398:
5120:
3914:
3184:
3051:
547:
4764:
3715:"BOARD OF GOVERNORS IN SUPERSESSION OF MEDICAL COUNCIL OF INDIA SECTOR-8, POCKET-14, DWARKA PHASE-1, NEW DELHI-11 0077"
626:. The following is an international licensure summary for US-trained Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine, as listed by the
4444:
4292:
3603:
3432:
2943:
223:. As of 2023, there were 186,871 osteopathic physicians and medical students in DO programs across the United States.
3242:
618:
Furthermore, DOs may work internationally as physicians and surgeons with any humanitarian organization such as the
5366:
4744:
3211:"Allopathic and Osteopathic Medical Communities Commit to a Single Graduate Medical Education Accreditation System"
2891:
2343:
539:
423:
277:
810:
Completion of Brazilian board exam, establishing residency and some training in a Brazilian hospital is required.
5701:
5173:
4078:
3116:
619:
2799:
5711:
4965:
4887:
4882:
4802:
4562:
4342:
3021:
1171:
Same requirements as other foreign physicians. Depends on the need. Decisions are made on an individual basis.
2917:
2064:
1996:
5649:
4945:
4919:
4449:
3939:
3268:
1869:
1697:
Foreign physicians make arrangements to practice through Russian sponsors, such as hospitals or businesses.
258:
4537:
4485:
4368:
3909:
2475:
2242:
582:
519:
To obtain a license to practice medicine in the United States, osteopathic medical students must pass the
2034:
408:
5381:
5371:
5188:
5074:
5047:
5020:
4972:
4926:
4621:
4424:
4383:
4363:
4358:
4109:
3954:
3949:
3919:
3628:, Council on International Osteopathic Medical Education & Affairs, American Osteopathic Association
3351:
1345:
DO physicians were permitted to supply some services while participating in a specific mission project.
323:
314:
273:
265:
1970:
1144:
OMM only. The French government does not recognize the full scope of practice of osteopathic medicine.
2969:
538:
and the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education agreed to unify standard and osteopathic
492:
DO medical students are required to take the Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensure Examination (
5376:
5208:
5168:
5035:
4849:
4844:
4824:
4759:
4611:
3929:
1443:
489:
students, who are older and entering medicine as a second career, or coming from non-science majors.
318:
269:
247:
3757:
3640:
3391:
2238:
1089:
Same requirements as other foreign physicians. Reciprocity exists in most Latin American countries.
32:
This article is about physician qualifications and titles in the United States. For other uses, see
5654:
5388:
5288:
5230:
5213:
4872:
4589:
4162:
4068:
481:
463:
451:
352:
osteopathy and osteopath being reserved for historical, sentimental, and informal discussions only.
306:
60:
33:
5274:
5445:
5414:
5354:
5178:
5135:
5125:
4914:
4867:
4834:
4829:
4579:
4557:
4287:
3944:
3302:
2705:
1864:
US-trained DO physicians are eligible for full medical practice rights. Applicants must pass the
443:
196:
4242:
3467:
2310:"ACGME, AOA, and AACOM Usher in New Era of Single Accreditation for Graduate Medical Education"
5248:
5130:
5100:
5079:
5042:
5025:
4940:
4904:
4894:
4789:
4709:
4653:
4616:
4601:
4542:
4509:
4478:
3355:
3341:
2643:
2616:
2561:
2534:
2277:
2274:
Science and Society: Understanding Scientific Methodology, Energy, Climate, and Sustainability
2204:
2178:
1033:
United States DO physicians are permitted to apply for short-term medical practice licensure.
419:
243:
3080:
2824:
2528:
2269:
1628:
Work permit required. Short-term or a long-term volunteer service license is also available.
4950:
4935:
4812:
4687:
4643:
2762:
2555:
2113:"The D.O. Is in Now. Osteopathic Schools Turn Out Nearly a Quarter of All Med School Grads"
1428:
The practice of medicine in Luxembourg by a doctor who is not an EU national is very rare.
339:
physicians holding the DO degree have the same rights, privileges, and responsibilities as
5630:
5393:
5278:
5223:
5084:
5069:
5052:
4992:
4987:
4931:
4909:
4606:
4552:
4532:
3464:"The Difference Between U.S.-Trained Osteopathic Physicians and Osteopaths Trained Abroad"
3329:
2825:"Medical School Average GPA & MCAT, Admissions Statistics and Acceptance Rates (2021)"
431:
5299:
5636:
5359:
5110:
5064:
4877:
4807:
4626:
4136:
3934:
3396:
1809:
physicians are permitted to apply for medical practice licensure in R.O.C. since 2009.
608:
573:
570:
412:
335:
184:
3048:"United States Medical Licensing Examination | USMLE Bulletin | Eligibility"
5690:
5644:
5193:
4982:
4977:
4839:
4779:
4682:
3924:
3427:
3337:
3297:
485:
455:
192:
2497:
527:
throughout their medical training. Students are given the option of also taking the
17:
5502:
5487:
5258:
5198:
5183:
5009:
4734:
4584:
4569:
4515:
3423:
3333:
577:
309:, who named his new discipline of medicine "osteopathy", reasoning that "the bone,
3837:
3596:"International Association of Medical Regulatory Authorities - Membership Listing"
1900:
Foreign physicians can fill vacancies in hospitals that need certain specialists.
1530:
Approval by the Nepal Medical Council and a visa from the Immigration Department.
3345:
5344:
5057:
5002:
4899:
4754:
4729:
4547:
4073:
3581:
3466:. American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine. 2012. Archived from
2890:. American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine. 2012. Archived from
2798:. American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine. 2012. Archived from
2086:
334:
The osteopathic medical profession has evolved into two branches: non-physician
5455:
5145:
2445:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5509:
5030:
4997:
4769:
4719:
4704:
4699:
4692:
4677:
4667:
3996:
3387:
1486:
493:
439:
427:
395:
as medical schools. Furthermore, the accreditation agencies for both degrees,
365:
340:
302:
294:
239:
228:
114:
52:
3047:
5218:
4960:
4955:
4819:
4797:
4672:
4636:
1005:
US licensure and annual attendance at the National Congress for Physicians.
447:
204:
3595:
2763:"Agencies with Recognition Status - World Federation for Medical Education"
2647:
2368:. Missouri Digital Heritage, Secretary of State of Missouri. Archived from
347:
this title be used exclusively. Its members resolved at a 1960 conference:
3151:
2620:
4724:
4501:
3246:
503:
In addition to the COMLEX-USA, DO medical students may choose to sit for
212:
74:
1670:
Must possess a valid work visa, and pass written and oral examinations.
5203:
4663:
4631:
4524:
3843:
695:
Hospital must have position unable to be filled by Austrian physician.
435:
418:
Osteopathic medical school accreditation standards require training in
216:
208:
768:
Must complete a Belizean residency for permanent license eligibility.
4095:
3530:
3526:"U.S.-trained DOs recognized as equal to MDs in 20 African countries"
3494:
1823:
US license and GME recognized. Temporary work permits are available.
3490:"DOs receive international recognition as fully licensed physicians"
2855:"Average GPA and MCAT Score for Every Medical School (2021 Updates)"
2211:. U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.
225:
Osteopathic medicine (as defined and regulated in the United States)
2554:
Eileen L. DiGiovanna, Stanley Schiowitz, Dennis J. Dowling (2005).
2056:
827:
556:
American Osteopathic Association Bureau of Osteopathic Specialists
3272:
3181:"DO vs. MD: How much does the medical school degree type matter?"
3150:. National Board of Osteopathic Medical Examiners. Archived from
2607:
Allen TW (1993). "'Osteopathic physician' defines our identity".
1316:
Same requirements as other foreign physicians. Hebrew required.
1586:
OMM only, but DOs may apply for recognition as medical doctors.
5303:
4474:
4166:
3847:
2467:
2366:"Medical registration for Adair County, MO dated 28 July 1883"
2026:
1886:
Recognized status under the law of the practice of medicine.
3783:"Obtaining a licence if you are educated outside EU and EEA"
3626:
Frequently Asked Questions regarding International Licensure
2634:
Allen TW (2010). "Osteopathic medical terminology – redux".
1572:
US licensure and completion of specialty training required.
1258:
Written examination. Personal interview. Training approval.
4470:
3079:. National Board of Medical Examiners. 2012. Archived from
264:
Upon completing medical school, a DO graduate can enter an
231:, but has become a distinct and proper medical profession.
331:) and by that time four states recognized the profession.
5559:
American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine
3216:. Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education.
290:
Osteopathic medicine in the United States § History
227:
emerged historically from the quasi-medical practice of
521:
Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensing Examination
5584:
Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education
1642:
Process for licensure is the same as for other IMGs.
5594:
Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates
5569:
Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education
3756:. Osteopathic International Alliance. Archived from
3643:. American Osteopathic Association. September 2022.
3271:. Federation of State Medical Boards. Archived from
3245:. Federation of State Medical Boards. Archived from
473:(OMM). Osteopathic manipulation is a pseudoscience.
5663:
5623:
5602:
5541:
5469:
5438:
5407:
5337:
5161:
5099:
4860:
4788:
4743:
4652:
4523:
4508:
4397:
4351:
4250:
4200:
4119:
4087:
4061:
4010:
3989:
3963:
3900:
3879:
3292:
3290:
3243:"Directory of State Medical and Osteopathic Boards"
3174:
3172:
2636:
The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association
2609:
The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association
2582:"Terminology for Reporting on Osteopathic Medicine"
826:Requires at least 2 years of GME accredited by the
403:for MD and DO, respectively, are recognized by the
2736:. American Osteopathic Association. Archived from
2704:. American Osteopathic Association. Archived from
2672:. American Osteopathic Association. Archived from
2557:An Osteopathic Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment
2145:. American Osteopathic Association. Archived from
1971:"Osteopathic Medicine Advances Down Under — NBOME"
1302:Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MoHME).
236:equivalent to those at MD-granting medical schools
3347:Consumer Health: A Guide To Intelligent Decisions
2418:"Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation"
1075:US license & board certification recognized.
554:) or an osteopathic specialty board (through the
523:(COMLEX), the licensure exam administered by the
4194:Osteopathic medical schools in the United States
3689:Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency
3298:"What is the difference between a DO and an MD?"
2560:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 3.
301:, began in the United States in 1874. The term "
5579:Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation
3683:Medical Board of Australia (January 18, 2017).
3672:. American Osteopathic Association. April 2013.
1544:Same requirements as other foreign physicians.
1414:Same requirements as other foreign physicians.
1130:Same requirements as other foreign physicians.
1061:Same requirements as other foreign physicians.
1047:Same requirements as other foreign physicians.
679:Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation
525:National Board of Osteopathic Medical Examiners
498:National Board of Osteopathic Medical Examiners
349:
3113:Medical College Information Book, 2012 edition
2885:"Osteopathic Medical College Information Book"
5315:
4486:
4178:
3859:
2731:"Osteopathic Medicine Profession Report 2015"
2699:"Osteopathic Medicine Profession Report 2015"
149:
8:
2667:"Osteopathic Medical Profession Report 2012"
1951:List of medical schools in the United States
1385:AOA letter required. Examination required.
387:Comparison of MD and DO in the United States
2661:
2659:
2657:
2168:
2166:
2164:
832:Licentiate of the Medical Council of Canada
529:United States Medical Licensing Examination
505:United States Medical Licensing Examination
272:training program, which may be followed by
5671:Issues in higher education inside the U.S.
5322:
5308:
5300:
4775:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
4520:
4493:
4479:
4471:
4185:
4171:
4163:
3866:
3852:
3844:
3566:"U.S.-trained DOs gain global recognition"
2767:The World Federation for Medical Education
2175:Harrison's principles of internal medicine
632:
460:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
305:" was coined by the physician and surgeon
156:
142:
38:
5116:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
3887:Osteopathic medicine in the United States
3139:
3137:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2143:"OMP Report: Osteopathic Medical Schools"
1868:examination and work for one year in the
1242:Universidad Nacional AutĂłnoma de Honduras
383:Osteopathic medicine in the United States
238:, which focus the first two years on the
203:: a DO graduate may become licensed as a
44:Osteopathic medicine in the United States
5554:Association of American Medical Colleges
2232:
2230:
2177:(16th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
925:Requires a Canadian or ACGME residency.
912:Requires a Canadian or ACGME residency.
364:In 2018, there were 114,425 osteopathic
3823:from the original on November 21, 2021.
3817:Republic of China Ministry of Education
2205:"Doctor of Osteopathic medicine (D.O.)"
1997:"U.S. Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine"
1962:
377:Education, training and distinctiveness
59:
41:
5574:Liaison Committee on Medical Education
5331:Medical education in the United States
3606:from the original on November 10, 2023
3572:from the original on November 14, 2023
3542:from the original on December 30, 2019
3506:from the original on December 30, 2019
2924:from the original on November 10, 2012
2249:from the original on November 12, 2023
1977:from the original on February 17, 2022
1558:Hearing required. Case-by-case basis.
1116:Must renew the license every 5 years.
952:College of Family Physicians of Canada
580:, one of the five founding editors of
405:World Federation for Medical Education
5707:Academic degrees of the United States
3838:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.)
3667:"AOA International Licensure Summary"
3444:from the original on December 3, 2023
3310:from the original on October 30, 2023
3145:"COMLEX-USA: Bulletin of Information"
2423:. State of New Jersey. Archived from
2007:from the original on October 26, 2014
1752:Notarized US credentials recognized.
552:American Board of Medical Specialties
7:
5254:
5015:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
3269:"Federation of State Medical Boards"
2835:from the original on August 24, 2021
2239:"Osteopathic Medicine – What Is It?"
2067:from the original on January 8, 2022
634:AOA international licensure summary
5264:
3971:List of osteopathic medical schools
3647:from the original on April 14, 2023
3191:from the original on August 6, 2023
2865:from the original on April 13, 2020
2773:from the original on March 28, 2023
1656:Examination & Polish required.
509:National Board of Medical Examiners
507:(USMLE), which is sponsored by the
280:programs as their MD counterparts.
70:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO)
5676:Physician shortage inside the U.S.
5564:National Resident Matching Program
5151:Medical Scientist Training Program
3404:from the original on March 6, 2023
3223:from the original on July 14, 2014
3106:"Board Examinations and Licensure"
3054:from the original on June 27, 2018
3028:from the original on June 22, 2023
3002:from the original on June 22, 2023
2976:from the original on June 22, 2023
2950:from the original on June 22, 2023
2508:from the original on April 6, 2020
2037:from the original on March 3, 2022
1503:Statutes specifically include DOs
954:, and must speak French fluently.
563:Federation of State Medical Boards
393:World Directory of Medical Schools
255:osteopathic manipulative technique
25:
3793:from the original on July 7, 2023
3731:from the original on May 16, 2023
3695:from the original on May 25, 2024
3368:from the original on May 25, 2024
2970:"COMLEX-USA · Level 2-PE — NBOME"
2478:from the original on May 25, 2024
2290:from the original on May 25, 2024
2215:from the original on July 5, 2016
2123:from the original on July 7, 2017
1936:Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine
1614:Panamanian citizenship required.
752:Osteopathic manipulative medicine
605:International Labour Organization
515:Licensing and board certification
471:osteopathic manipulative medicine
261:and surgery like their MD peers.
95:Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine
5589:American Osteopathic Association
5283:
5273:
5263:
5253:
5244:
5243:
4241:
4218:New York Institute of Technology
3562:American Osteopathic Association
3536:American Osteopathic Association
3500:American Osteopathic Association
2091:American Osteopathic Association
628:American Osteopathic Association
536:American Osteopathic Association
187:conferred by the 38 osteopathic
51:
5284:
4103:Journal of Osteopathic Medicine
4048:Directors and Medical Educators
3840:– National Institutes of Health
2918:"Never too late to be a doctor"
2859:Shemmassian Academic Consulting
2472:Journal of Osteopathic Medicine
2392:"Early American Manual Therapy"
478:Medical College Admissions Test
329:Journal of Osteopathic Medicine
276:. DO graduates attend the same
5697:Academic degrees in healthcare
5451:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
5425:International medical graduate
5141:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
4575:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
4053:American Academy of Osteopathy
3976:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
3892:Osteopathic medicine in Canada
3751:"Norway: Osteopathic Medicine"
2916:Madison Park (June 13, 2011).
2527:Emmons Rutledge Booth (2006).
169:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
1:
3630:. Contact information listed.
3179:Murphy B (February 1, 2023).
2237:Novella S (October 7, 2020).
2209:National Institutes of Health
599:International practice rights
496:), which is sponsored by the
415:in the clinical specialties.
250:in the clinical specialties.
61:Andrew Taylor Still (founder)
5549:American Medical Association
5399:Continuing medical education
5121:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
4888:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
3915:Balanced ligamentous tension
3185:American Medical Association
3022:"Examination Format — NBOME"
2996:"Examination Format — NBOME"
2944:"Examination Format — NBOME"
2442:"Osteopathic Virtual Museum"
2111:Berger J (August 14, 2014).
558:certifying boards) or both.
548:American Medical Association
246:sciences, then two years on
3722:National Medical Commission
2533:. JOLANDOS eK. p. 80.
2119:. No. ED14. NY Times.
1711:US credentials recognized.
1483:Unlimited & Restricted
648:Requirements for licensure
317:of the Health Sciences) in
27:Postgraduate medical degree
5733:
5367:Graduate medical education
4415:California Health Sciences
1446:). Examination required.
814:
540:graduate medical education
380:
287:
278:graduate medical education
31:
5420:Osteopathic Medicine (DO)
5239:
4239:
4145:
4079:William Garner Sutherland
3428:"Osteopathy Then and Now"
3392:"Medical blog now online"
1932:
1918:
1904:
1890:
1876:
1854:
1840:
1827:
1813:
1798:
1783:
1770:
1756:
1742:
1729:
1715:
1701:
1687:
1674:
1660:
1646:
1632:
1618:
1604:
1590:
1576:
1562:
1548:
1534:
1520:
1507:
1493:
1476:
1463:
1450:
1432:
1418:
1404:
1389:
1375:
1362:
1349:
1335:
1320:
1306:
1291:
1284:Unlimited and restricted
1277:
1262:
1248:
1231:
1217:
1203:
1188:
1175:
1161:
1148:
1134:
1120:
1106:
1093:
1079:
1065:
1051:
1037:
1023:
1009:
996:Central African Republic
995:
981:
800:
787:
772:
758:
741:
727:
713:
699:
685:
666:
652:
638:
620:World Health Organization
257:) alongside conventional
5075:Transplantation medicine
4966:Clinical neurophysiology
4883:Obstetric anesthesiology
4803:Interventional radiology
4563:Digestive system surgery
2276:. Springer. p. 65.
645:Medical practice rights
607:(ILO), an agency of the
590:International variations
369:graduates were females.
327:(presently known as the
5650:William Stewart Halsted
4946:Intensive care medicine
4920:Mass gathering medicine
4765:Maternal–fetal medicine
3940:Muscle energy technique
3115:. AACOM. Archived from
2502:Popular Science Monthly
1914:US licensure required.
1870:National Health Service
1342:Limited and restricted
1213:US license recognized.
991:US license recognized.
977:US license recognized.
899:US license recognized.
860:US license recognized.
737:US license recognized.
723:US license recognized.
709:US license recognized.
624:Doctors Without Borders
259:evidence-based medicine
197:Doctor of Medicine (MD)
4538:Cardiothoracic surgery
4208:Lake Erie Pennsylvania
3981:Accrediting Commission
3910:Articulatory technique
2243:Science-Based Medicine
1850:Examination required.
642:Year of latest policy
583:Science-Based Medicine
534:In February 2014, the
409:core clinical training
354:
248:core clinical training
120:MD & DO Comparison
5189:Personalized medicine
5048:Reproductive medicine
4973:Occupational medicine
4927:Evolutionary medicine
4359:A.T. Still Kirksville
4110:Journal of Osteopathy
3955:Soft tissue technique
3950:Paraspinal inhibition
3920:Chapman reflex points
3470:on September 27, 2014
3352:McGraw-Hill Education
3306:. February 19, 2020.
3157:on September 16, 2012
2530:History of Osteopathy
2430:on September 8, 2008.
2203:MedLine Plus (2007).
1841:United Arab Emirates
930:Prince Edward Island
595:American DO degrees.
424:obstetrics/gynecology
381:Further information:
324:Journal of Osteopathy
315:A.T. Still University
288:Further information:
219:practicing rights in
5717:Osteopathic medicine
5209:Traditional medicine
5169:Alternative medicine
5036:Addiction psychiatry
4850:Transfusion medicine
4845:Medical microbiology
4760:Gynecologic oncology
4612:Reproductive surgery
4318:Philadelphia Georgia
4151:Osteopathic medicine
3874:Osteopathic medicine
3564:(November 9, 2023).
3390:(January 12, 2008).
3275:on November 15, 2012
3074:"2012 Annual Report"
2769:. February 9, 2017.
1957:Notes and references
1444:Directive 2005/36/EC
1227:Case-by-case basis.
982:Cayman Islands (UK)
299:osteopathic medicine
297:, the older form of
80:US Medical education
18:Doctor of Osteopathy
5655:Andrew Taylor Still
5389:Board certification
5231:History of medicine
5214:Veterinary medicine
5021:Preventive medicine
4873:Adolescent medicine
4715:Infectious diseases
4455:WesternU California
4069:Andrew Taylor Still
3724:. August 21, 2019.
3344:, Kroger M (2012).
2897:on December 3, 2022
2805:on February 1, 2023
2743:on February 1, 2016
2711:on February 1, 2016
2504:: 710. March 1898.
2398:on December 5, 2010
2372:on October 29, 2013
2346:on October 29, 2013
2268:Swanson ES (2015).
2149:on February 1, 2016
1066:Dominican Republic
635:
482:grade point average
464:board certification
452:preventive medicine
307:Andrew Taylor Still
274:fellowship training
211:and thus have full
34:DO (disambiguation)
5615:Specialty colleges
5446:Doctor of Medicine
5179:Molecular oncology
5136:Doctor of Medicine
5126:Master of Medicine
5043:Radiation oncology
4915:Emergency medicine
4868:Addiction medicine
4835:Clinical chemistry
4830:Clinical pathology
4622:Transplant surgery
4580:Orthopedic surgery
4558:Colorectal surgery
4425:Midwestern Arizona
4405:A.T. Still Arizona
4384:Midwestern Chicago
4043:Specialty colleges
3945:Myofascial release
3538:. April 10, 2019.
3303:Medical News Today
2320:on January 7, 2021
2117:The New York Times
2027:"School Directory"
633:
444:emergency medicine
179:, or in Australia
125:Specialty Colleges
5684:
5683:
5542:Regulatory bodies
5297:
5296:
5131:Master of Surgery
5095:
5094:
5080:Tropical medicine
5026:Prison healthcare
4941:Hospital medicine
4905:Disaster medicine
4895:Aviation medicine
4710:Hospital medicine
4617:Surgical oncology
4602:Pediatric surgery
4596:
4543:Endocrine surgery
4468:
4467:
4435:Pacific Northwest
4333:Sam Houston State
4303:Nova Southeastern
4283:Lake Erie Florida
4160:
4159:
4132:California merger
3763:on April 15, 2014
3568:(Press release).
3502:. June 20, 2018.
3361:978-0-07-802848-9
2567:978-0-7817-4293-1
2540:978-3-936679-04-5
2498:"General Notices"
2448:on March 16, 2012
2283:978-3-319-21987-5
2184:978-0-07-139140-5
2063:. December 2019.
2033:. December 2019.
2003:. December 2019.
1942:
1941:
1619:Papua New Guinea
839:British Columbia
420:internal medicine
166:
165:
16:(Redirected from
5724:
5702:Doctoral degrees
5324:
5317:
5310:
5301:
5287:
5286:
5277:
5267:
5266:
5257:
5256:
5247:
5246:
4951:Medical genetics
4936:General practice
4813:Nuclear medicine
4688:Gastroenterology
4644:Vascular surgery
4594:
4521:
4495:
4488:
4481:
4472:
4445:Touro California
4293:Lincoln Memorial
4245:
4187:
4180:
4173:
4164:
4038:Specialty Boards
3868:
3861:
3854:
3845:
3825:
3824:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3762:
3755:
3747:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3730:
3719:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3641:"USDO Licensure"
3637:
3631:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3579:
3577:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3350:(9th ed.).
3326:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3294:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3222:
3215:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3176:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3156:
3149:
3141:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3121:
3110:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3085:
3078:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3007:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2896:
2889:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2804:
2797:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2742:
2735:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2710:
2703:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2679:on June 16, 2013
2678:
2671:
2663:
2652:
2651:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2584:. Archived from
2578:
2572:
2571:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2444:. Archived from
2438:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2422:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2394:. Archived from
2388:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2342:. Archived from
2336:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2316:. Archived from
2306:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2234:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2200:
2189:
2188:
2170:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1973:. October 2020.
1967:
636:
484:of students who
221:all 50 US states
158:
151:
144:
55:
46:
39:
21:
5732:
5731:
5727:
5726:
5725:
5723:
5722:
5721:
5712:Medical degrees
5687:
5686:
5685:
5680:
5659:
5631:Abraham Flexner
5619:
5610:Medical schools
5598:
5537:
5465:
5434:
5403:
5333:
5328:
5298:
5293:
5235:
5224:Chief physician
5157:
5102:
5091:
5085:Travel medicine
5070:Sports medicine
5053:Sexual medicine
4993:Palliative care
4988:Pain management
4932:Family medicine
4910:Diving medicine
4856:
4784:
4746:
4739:
4655:
4648:
4607:Plastic surgery
4553:General surgery
4533:Cardiac surgery
4514:
4512:
4504:
4499:
4469:
4464:
4460:WesternU Oregon
4393:
4347:
4246:
4237:
4196:
4191:
4161:
4156:
4141:
4115:
4083:
4057:
4033:Student Council
4006:
3985:
3959:
3896:
3875:
3872:
3834:
3829:
3828:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3796:
3794:
3789:. May 8, 2020.
3781:
3780:
3776:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3753:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3717:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3698:
3696:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3669:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3650:
3648:
3639:
3638:
3634:
3623:
3619:
3609:
3607:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3575:
3573:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3545:
3543:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3509:
3507:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3473:
3471:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3447:
3445:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3407:
3405:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3371:
3369:
3362:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3313:
3311:
3296:
3295:
3288:
3278:
3276:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3252:
3250:
3249:on July 9, 2012
3241:
3240:
3236:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3194:
3192:
3178:
3177:
3170:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3135:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3076:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3057:
3055:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3031:
3029:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3005:
3003:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2979:
2977:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2953:
2951:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2927:
2925:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2868:
2866:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2838:
2836:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2776:
2774:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2669:
2665:
2664:
2655:
2642:(12): 743–744.
2633:
2632:
2628:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2591:
2589:
2588:on May 14, 2013
2580:
2579:
2575:
2568:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2541:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2511:
2509:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2481:
2479:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2451:
2449:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2427:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2401:
2399:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2375:
2373:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2349:
2347:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2323:
2321:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2293:
2291:
2284:
2270:"Pseudoscience"
2267:
2266:
2262:
2252:
2250:
2236:
2235:
2228:
2218:
2216:
2202:
2201:
2192:
2185:
2172:
2171:
2162:
2152:
2150:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2126:
2124:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2095:
2093:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2070:
2068:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2040:
2038:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2010:
2008:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1980:
1978:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1947:
1855:United Kingdom
891:NW Territories
601:
592:
517:
458:. According to
432:family medicine
413:sub-internships
389:
379:
366:medical doctors
362:
336:manual medicine
292:
286:
189:medical schools
162:
42:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5730:
5728:
5720:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5689:
5688:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5678:
5673:
5667:
5665:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5641:
5640:
5637:Flexner Report
5627:
5625:
5621:
5620:
5618:
5617:
5612:
5606:
5604:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5545:
5543:
5539:
5538:
5536:
5535:
5534:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5507:
5506:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5479:
5473:
5471:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5442:
5440:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5432:
5422:
5417:
5411:
5409:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5385:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5364:
5363:
5362:
5360:Sub-internship
5357:
5350:Medical school
5347:
5341:
5339:
5335:
5334:
5329:
5327:
5326:
5319:
5312:
5304:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5291:
5281:
5271:
5261:
5251:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5233:
5228:
5227:
5226:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5165:
5163:
5162:Related topics
5159:
5158:
5156:
5155:
5154:
5153:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5111:Medical school
5107:
5105:
5097:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5089:
5088:
5087:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5065:Sleep medicine
5062:
5061:
5060:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5039:
5038:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5012:
5007:
5006:
5005:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4969:
4968:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4929:
4924:
4923:
4922:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4891:
4890:
4885:
4878:Anesthesiology
4875:
4870:
4864:
4862:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4853:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4810:
4808:Neuroradiology
4805:
4794:
4792:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4751:
4749:
4745:Obstetrics and
4741:
4740:
4738:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4696:
4695:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4660:
4658:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4641:
4640:
4639:
4629:
4627:Trauma surgery
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4598:
4597:
4590:Otolaryngology
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4566:
4565:
4560:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4529:
4527:
4518:
4516:subspecialties
4506:
4505:
4500:
4498:
4497:
4490:
4483:
4475:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4401:
4399:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4379:Michigan State
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4355:
4353:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4313:Oklahoma State
4310:
4308:NYIT Jonesboro
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4278:Incarnate Word
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4254:
4252:
4248:
4247:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4204:
4202:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4182:
4175:
4167:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4137:Flexner Report
4134:
4129:
4123:
4121:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4106:
4099:
4091:
4089:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4014:
4012:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3935:Lymphatic pump
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3906:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3863:
3856:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3833:
3832:External links
3830:
3827:
3826:
3804:
3774:
3742:
3706:
3675:
3658:
3632:
3617:
3587:
3553:
3517:
3481:
3455:
3415:
3397:Slate Magazine
3379:
3360:
3321:
3286:
3260:
3234:
3202:
3168:
3133:
3122:on May 5, 2012
3097:
3086:on May 9, 2013
3065:
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2190:
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2018:
1988:
1961:
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1953:
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1943:
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1111:
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1101:
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1021:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
993:
992:
989:
986:
983:
979:
978:
975:
972:
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966:
965:
962:
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956:
955:
948:
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931:
927:
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920:
918:
914:
913:
910:
907:
905:
901:
900:
897:
894:
892:
888:
887:
884:
881:
879:
875:
874:
871:
868:
866:
865:New Brunswick
862:
861:
858:
855:
853:
849:
848:
845:
842:
840:
836:
835:
824:
821:
819:
816:
812:
811:
808:
805:
802:
798:
797:
795:
792:
789:
785:
784:
780:
777:
774:
770:
769:
766:
763:
760:
756:
755:
749:
746:
743:
739:
738:
735:
732:
729:
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724:
721:
718:
715:
711:
710:
707:
704:
701:
697:
696:
693:
690:
687:
683:
682:
674:
671:
668:
664:
663:
660:
657:
654:
650:
649:
646:
643:
640:
609:United Nations
600:
597:
591:
588:
574:flight surgeon
516:
513:
378:
375:
361:
358:
285:
282:
185:medical degree
164:
163:
161:
160:
153:
146:
138:
135:
134:
133:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
64:
63:
57:
56:
48:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5729:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5662:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5645:William Osler
5643:
5639:
5638:
5634:
5633:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5626:
5622:
5616:
5613:
5611:
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5605:
5601:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5540:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5513:
5512:
5511:
5508:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5485:
5484:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5474:
5472:
5468:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5437:
5430:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5415:Medicine (MD)
5413:
5412:
5410:
5406:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5369:
5368:
5365:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5325:
5320:
5318:
5313:
5311:
5306:
5305:
5302:
5290:
5282:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5270:
5262:
5260:
5252:
5250:
5242:
5241:
5238:
5232:
5229:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5194:Public health
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5174:Allied health
5172:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5160:
5152:
5149:
5148:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5104:
5098:
5086:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5059:
5056:
5055:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4983:Oral medicine
4981:
4979:
4978:Ophthalmology
4976:
4974:
4971:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4880:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4859:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4840:Cytopathology
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4683:Endocrinology
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3050:. Usmle.org.
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2019:
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1757:South Africa
1755:
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1743:Sierra Leone
1741:
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1716:Saudi Arabia
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959:Saskatchewan
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878:Newfoundland
877:
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456:public health
453:
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193:United States
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131:
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68:
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66:
65:
62:
58:
54:
50:
49:
45:
40:
35:
30:
19:
5635:
5450:
5199:Rural health
5184:Nanomedicine
5140:
4735:Rheumatology
4666: /
4585:Hand surgery
4570:Neurosurgery
4450:Touro Nevada
4223:Philadelphia
4149:
4108:
4101:
4094:
3975:
3807:
3795:. Retrieved
3787:Legitimation
3786:
3777:
3765:. Retrieved
3758:the original
3745:
3733:. Retrieved
3721:
3709:
3697:. Retrieved
3678:
3661:
3649:. Retrieved
3635:
3625:
3620:
3610:November 10,
3608:. Retrieved
3599:
3590:
3580:– via
3574:. Retrieved
3556:
3546:December 30,
3544:. Retrieved
3529:
3520:
3510:December 30,
3508:. Retrieved
3493:
3484:
3474:December 17,
3472:. Retrieved
3468:the original
3458:
3446:. Retrieved
3437:
3431:
3418:
3406:. Retrieved
3395:
3382:
3370:. Retrieved
3346:
3324:
3312:. Retrieved
3301:
3279:November 18,
3277:. Retrieved
3273:the original
3263:
3251:. Retrieved
3247:the original
3237:
3225:. Retrieved
3205:
3193:. Retrieved
3161:November 19,
3159:. Retrieved
3152:the original
3126:November 19,
3124:. Retrieved
3117:the original
3112:
3100:
3088:. Retrieved
3081:the original
3068:
3058:February 22,
3056:. Retrieved
3042:
3030:. Retrieved
3016:
3004:. Retrieved
2990:
2978:. Retrieved
2964:
2952:. Retrieved
2938:
2928:December 17,
2926:. Retrieved
2920:. CNN News.
2911:
2899:. Retrieved
2892:the original
2879:
2867:. Retrieved
2858:
2849:
2837:. Retrieved
2828:
2819:
2807:. Retrieved
2800:the original
2787:
2775:. Retrieved
2766:
2757:
2745:. Retrieved
2738:the original
2725:
2713:. Retrieved
2706:the original
2693:
2683:December 16,
2681:. Retrieved
2674:the original
2639:
2635:
2629:
2612:
2608:
2602:
2590:. Retrieved
2586:the original
2576:
2556:
2549:
2529:
2522:
2510:. Retrieved
2501:
2492:
2480:. Retrieved
2471:
2462:
2452:November 13,
2450:. Retrieved
2446:the original
2436:
2425:the original
2412:
2400:. Retrieved
2396:the original
2386:
2376:November 29,
2374:. Retrieved
2370:the original
2360:
2350:November 13,
2348:. Retrieved
2344:the original
2334:
2322:. Retrieved
2318:the original
2313:
2304:
2294:February 19,
2292:. Retrieved
2273:
2263:
2251:. Retrieved
2217:. Retrieved
2208:
2174:
2151:. Retrieved
2147:the original
2137:
2127:November 11,
2125:. Retrieved
2116:
2106:
2094:. Retrieved
2090:
2087:"OMP Report"
2081:
2071:December 28,
2069:. Retrieved
2060:
2057:"Who We Are"
2051:
2041:December 28,
2039:. Retrieved
2030:
2021:
2011:December 28,
2009:. Retrieved
2000:
1991:
1981:February 16,
1979:. Retrieved
1965:
1933:
1771:South Sudan
1702:Saint Lucia
1549:New Zealand
1535:Netherlands
904:Nova Scotia
754:(OMM) only.
617:
613:
602:
593:
581:
578:Harriet Hall
571:US Air Force
567:
560:
533:
518:
502:
491:
475:
468:
417:
390:
371:
363:
360:Demographics
355:
350:
345:
333:
328:
322:
310:
293:
263:
252:
233:
199:degrees are
180:
176:
172:
168:
167:
69:
29:
5345:Pre-medical
5269:Wikiproject
5058:Venereology
5003:Neonatology
4900:Dermatology
4755:Gynaecology
4747:gynaecology
4730:Pulmonology
4548:Eye surgery
4510:Specialties
4440:Rocky Vista
4369:Kansas City
4298:North Texas
4213:New England
4074:S. S. Still
3699:December 3,
3651:December 3,
3582:PR Newswire
3576:December 3,
3448:December 3,
3408:December 3,
3372:December 3,
3314:December 3,
3195:December 3,
2747:January 26,
2715:January 26,
2153:January 26,
1730:Seychelles
1494:Micronesia
1419:Luxembourg
1149:The Gambia
1052:Costa Rica
728:Bangladesh
486:matriculate
5691:Categories
5461:Comparison
5382:Fellowship
5372:Internship
5031:Psychiatry
5017:(PM&R)
5010:Phlebology
4998:Pediatrics
4825:Anatomical
4790:Diagnostic
4770:Obstetrics
4720:Nephrology
4705:Hematology
4700:Geriatrics
4693:Hepatology
4678:Cardiology
4668:Immunology
4364:Des Moines
4273:Edward Via
3902:Treatments
3440:(1): 4–5.
3090:August 20,
2869:August 24,
2839:August 24,
2615:(9): 884.
2592:October 6,
2482:August 24,
2402:October 6,
2096:August 30,
1925:Unlimited
1911:Unlimited
1897:Unlimited
1883:Unlimited
1877:Venezuela
1861:Unlimited
1847:Unlimited
1834:Unlimited
1820:Unlimited
1805:Unlimited
1790:Unlimited
1777:Unlimited
1763:Unlimited
1749:Unlimited
1736:Unlimited
1722:Unlimited
1708:Unlimited
1694:Unlimited
1681:Unlimited
1667:Unlimited
1653:Unlimited
1639:Unlimited
1625:Unlimited
1611:Unlimited
1597:Unlimited
1569:Unlimited
1555:Unlimited
1541:Unlimited
1527:Unlimited
1514:Unlimited
1500:Unlimited
1470:Unlimited
1464:Mauritius
1457:Unlimited
1439:Unlimited
1425:Unlimited
1411:Unlimited
1396:Unlimited
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1369:Unlimited
1356:Unlimited
1327:Unlimited
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1298:Unlimited
1278:Indonesia
1269:Unlimited
1255:Unlimited
1249:Hong Kong
1238:Unlimited
1224:Unlimited
1210:Unlimited
1195:Unlimited
1182:Unlimited
1168:Unlimited
1155:Unlimited
1127:Unlimited
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1100:Unlimited
1086:Unlimited
1072:Unlimited
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1030:Unlimited
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794:Unlimited
779:Unlimited
765:Unlimited
734:Unlimited
720:Unlimited
706:Unlimited
692:Unlimited
673:Unlimited
667:Australia
659:Unlimited
653:Argentina
494:COMLEX-USA
440:psychiatry
428:pediatrics
341:physicians
319:Kirksville
303:osteopathy
295:Osteopathy
266:internship
240:biomedical
229:osteopathy
201:equivalent
90:Physicians
5624:Reformers
5394:Licensure
5377:Residency
5355:Clerkship
5219:Physician
5103:education
4961:Neurology
4956:Narcology
4820:Pathology
4798:Radiology
4673:Angiology
4637:Andrology
4328:Pikeville
4233:Touro NYC
4201:Northeast
3990:Licensing
3964:Education
3342:London WM
3338:Baratz RS
3330:Barrett S
2809:April 21,
2777:March 28,
2253:March 30,
1919:Zimbabwe
1814:Tanzania
1591:Pakistan
1232:Honduras
1107:Ethiopia
1094:Eswatini
1038:Colombia
852:Manitoba
788:Botswana
742:Barbados
448:radiology
270:residency
205:physician
195:. DO and
5408:Pathways
5249:Category
4725:Oncology
4656:medicine
4654:Internal
4502:Medicine
4268:Campbell
4263:Arkansas
3821:Archived
3791:Archived
3767:March 3,
3726:Archived
3693:Archived
3645:Archived
3604:Archived
3570:Archived
3540:Archived
3504:Archived
3442:Archived
3426:(2021).
3402:Archived
3366:Archived
3308:Archived
3227:March 3,
3218:Archived
3189:Archived
3052:Archived
3032:June 22,
3026:Archived
3006:June 22,
3000:Archived
2980:June 22,
2974:Archived
2954:June 22,
2948:Archived
2922:Archived
2863:Archived
2833:Archived
2829:MedEdits
2771:Archived
2648:21178160
2506:Archived
2476:Archived
2324:April 7,
2288:Archived
2247:Archived
2219:June 28,
2213:Archived
2121:Archived
2065:Archived
2035:Archived
2005:Archived
1975:Archived
1945:See also
1891:Vietnam
1583:Limited
1563:Nigeria
1508:Namibia
1405:Liberia
1390:Lesotho
1376:Lebanon
1336:Jamaica
1204:Grenada
1162:Germany
1141:Limited
1121:Finland
1080:Ecuador
917:Ontario
818:Alberta
773:Bermuda
748:Limited
714:Bahrain
700:Bahamas
686:Austria
639:Country
244:clinical
217:surgical
75:Medicine
5514:Level:
5439:Degrees
5289:Outline
5259:Commons
5204:Therapy
5101:Medical
4664:Allergy
4632:Urology
4525:Surgery
4410:Burrell
4352:Midwest
4323:Orlando
4288:Liberty
4258:Alabama
4127:History
4120:History
3930:Cranial
3880:General
3797:July 7,
3735:May 16,
3433:Skeptic
3388:Plait P
3253:July 6,
2901:July 5,
2621:8244784
2512:May 14,
1905:Zambia
1828:Uganda
1799:Taiwan
1784:Sweden
1688:Russia
1675:Rwanda
1647:Poland
1605:Panama
1577:Norway
1487:Yucatán
1477:Mexico
1451:Malawi
1350:Jordan
1307:Israel
1218:Guyana
1189:Greece
1135:France
942:Quebec
815:Canada
801:Brazil
759:Belize
576:and MD
436:surgery
284:History
213:medical
209:surgeon
191:in the
183:) is a
130:AOA BOS
85:Schools
5664:Topics
5510:COMLEX
5486:Step:
5456:MD–PhD
5338:Stages
5279:Portal
5146:MD–PhD
4430:Noorda
4374:Marian
4096:The DO
4062:People
3997:COMLEX
3531:The DO
3495:The DO
3424:Hall H
3358:
3334:Hall H
2646:
2619:
2564:
2537:
2468:"Home"
2280:
2181:
1661:Qatar
1521:Nepal
1433:Malta
1408:1990s
1393:1990s
1363:Kenya
1321:Italy
1263:India
1176:Ghana
1024:China
1010:Chile
969:Yukon
731:2000s
454:, and
311:osteon
181:DO USA
115:COMLEX
5603:Lists
5482:USMLE
5470:Exams
4861:Other
4420:Idaho
4251:South
4228:Rowan
4088:Media
4028:AACOM
4002:NBOME
3761:(PDF)
3754:(PDF)
3729:(PDF)
3718:(PDF)
3670:(PDF)
3221:(PDF)
3214:(PDF)
3155:(PDF)
3148:(PDF)
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2741:(PDF)
2734:(PDF)
2709:(PDF)
2702:(PDF)
2677:(PDF)
2670:(PDF)
2428:(PDF)
2421:(PDF)
2314:ACGME
2001:AACOM
1934:OMM:
1922:2019
1908:2009
1894:1995
1880:2007
1858:2005
1844:2009
1831:2008
1817:1985
1802:2020
1787:2005
1774:2019
1760:2019
1746:1993
1733:2019
1719:2009
1705:2000
1691:2006
1678:2019
1664:2011
1650:2009
1636:2011
1633:Peru
1622:2010
1608:2009
1594:2011
1580:2009
1566:2010
1552:2008
1538:2009
1524:2008
1511:2019
1497:1993
1480:2011
1467:2019
1454:1991
1436:2010
1422:1987
1379:2004
1366:2007
1353:2012
1339:1994
1324:2009
1310:2007
1295:2009
1292:Iran
1281:1992
1266:2019
1252:1998
1235:2009
1221:1996
1207:2007
1192:2009
1179:2019
1165:2008
1152:2011
1138:2009
1124:1996
1110:2011
1097:2019
1083:1990
1069:2000
1055:2009
1041:1996
1027:2009
1013:2008
999:1990
985:1983
828:ACGME
804:2007
791:2019
776:1997
762:2009
745:1995
717:2010
703:2004
689:2009
670:2013
656:2006
544:ACGME
105:AACOM
5477:MCAT
5429:MBBS
4398:West
4389:Ohio
3799:2023
3769:2014
3737:2023
3701:2023
3653:2023
3612:2023
3578:2023
3548:2019
3512:2019
3476:2012
3450:2023
3410:2023
3374:2023
3356:ISBN
3316:2023
3281:2012
3255:2012
3229:2014
3197:2023
3163:2012
3128:2012
3092:2013
3060:2012
3034:2023
3008:2023
2982:2023
2956:2023
2930:2011
2903:2012
2871:2021
2841:2021
2811:2011
2779:2023
2749:2016
2717:2016
2685:2012
2644:PMID
2617:PMID
2594:2013
2562:ISBN
2535:ISBN
2514:2013
2484:2021
2454:2011
2404:2013
2378:2019
2352:2011
2326:2021
2296:2016
2278:ISBN
2255:2024
2221:2012
2179:ISBN
2155:2016
2129:2014
2098:2024
2073:2019
2061:AAMC
2043:2019
2031:LCME
2013:2019
1983:2022
1866:PLAB
622:and
603:The
411:and
401:COCA
399:and
397:LCME
385:and
242:and
215:and
177:D.O.
5526:2PE
5521:2CE
5498:2CS
5493:2CK
4595:ENT
4513:and
4023:COA
4018:AOA
2640:110
681:".
550:'s
466:".
268:or
207:or
175:or
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100:AOA
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