634:(WHO) estimates a shortage of 4.3 million physicians, nurses and other health workers worldwide. The WHO produced a list of countries with a “Human Resources for Health crisis”. In these countries, there are only 1.13 doctors for every 1,000 people, while in the United States, there are approximately 2.5 doctors for every 1,000 people. One quarter of physicians practicing in the United States are from foreign countries. Thousands of foreign doctors come to practice in the United States each year while only a few hundred doctors from the United States leave to practice in foreign countries even short-term.
28:
1113:
2396:
445:
145:
2404:
678:
436:
the supply of
Medicaid physicians to fluctuate. A study examining variation between states in 2005 showed that the average time for Medicaid reimbursements was directly correlated with Medicaid participation, and physicians in states with faster reimbursement times had a higher probability of accepting new Medicaid patients.
428:, across the country. Expanded coverage is predicted to increase the number of annual primary care visits between 15.07 million and 24.26 million by 2019. If stable levels of physicians' productivity are assumed, between 4,307 and 6,940 additional primary care physicians would be needed to accommodate that increase.
435:
physicians. Incentives and higher reimbursement rates may have increased the number of physicians accepting
Medicaid patients up to 2014. With the expansion of Medicaid and a decrease in incentives and reimbursement rates in 2014, the supply of physicians in Medicaid may drop substantially and cause
195:
and creates issues on maintaining sufficient physician supply. However, higher-income countries can also experience an outflow of physicians who decide to return to their naturalized countries after they have received extensive education and training, and such nations never benefit from their gained
508:
There are thousands of women in the United States who live in counties that do not have obstetrical care available. Arizona has two counties with no care available for pregnant women. Awareness to the lack of access to care is increasing in
Arizona, and the Phoenix area seems to be heading toward a
171:
However, the extent of substitution of physician production is limited by technical and legal factors. Technology cannot replace all skills possessed by physicians, such as surgical skill sets. Legal factors can include allowing only licensed physicians to perform surgeries but nurses or doctors to
130:
medical news blog, for example, it has been argued that inefficiencies introduced into the healthcare system, often driven by government initiatives, have reduced the number of patients physicians can see. By forcing physicians to spend much of their time on data entry and public health issues, the
354:
Changes in the practice environment; for example, changing legal conditions have been cited in the US, Canada and elsewhere as inciting physician attrition, notably the adoption of laws that require doctors to refer for certain procedures (such as abortion or sex change) with which the doctors
118:
since physicians can usually earn much more money and enjoy better working conditions in other countries. Many developed countries also report doctor shortages, which traditionally happened in rural and other underserved areas. Reports as recent as
January 2019 show that high-growth areas like
167:
can replace some of the financial responsibilities for a physician who owns their own practice and allow for more time to treat patients. Disposable supplies can substitute for labor and capital (the time and equipment needed to sterilize instruments). Sound record keeping by physicians can
642:
doctor will serve in the temporary absence of another physician. These positions are typically 1-year placements but can vary by location, specialty, and other factors. Agencies that attempt to provide international aid in various ways often have a strong medical component. Some of these
630:(AAMC) estimates a shortage of 91,500 physicians by 2020 and up to 130,600 by the year 2025. However, a bias would clearly exist in their estimates as expanding medical education serves the direct financial needs of the AAMC. As previously mentioned, the
535:
To address physician shortages in rural areas, develop, organize, and locate medical schools to increase the propensity of physicians entering rural practice. Accepting medical school applicants from rural areas can also increase the proportion of rural
255:
says that federal funding is the most important limitation in the supply of physicians. The high cost of tuition combined with the cost of supporting themselves during medical school discourages some people from enrolling to become a physician. Limited
179:(GDP). Theoretically, as GDP increases, the health care labor force expands and, in turn, physician supply also increases. However, developing countries face additional challenges in retaining competent physicians to higher-income countries such as the
637:
There are various organizations that assist United States physicians and others in serving internationally. These organizations may be filling temporary or permanent positions. Two temporary agencies are Global
Medical Staffing and VISTA staffing. A
495:
Lower medical costs to consumers; compared to other industries, as market share grows and competition declines, physicians are less inclined to gross up the frequency or intensity of medical services to maximize reimbursement per limited patient
372:
in place for health care delivery and financing in a jurisdiction, and also the international job market (e.g. the increasing demand in other countries puts pressure on local competition). As of 2010, the WHO proposes a ratio of at least one
159:
balance. If the number of physicians is decreased or the demand for their services increases, an undersupply or shortage can result. If the number of physicians increases or demand for their services decreases, then an oversupply can result.
223:
with a duration longer than that of a typical undergraduate degree. Consequently, physician supply is affected by the number of students eligible for medical training. Students who do not finish earlier levels of education, including
545:
Loosen the requirements for entry to medical school, such as eliminating the need for a pre-med bachelor's degree as required in some jurisdictions, thereby making the education path more attractive for potential
334:). Many physicians may retain their professional license while they work part-time or after they retire. Consequently, the reported number of active physicians is probably overstated in many jurisdictions.
957:
78:
and goals in place of the health care system. If more physicians are trained than needed, supply exceeds demand. If too few physicians are trained and retained, some people may have difficulty accessing
312:
Are unable to find work of their choice; studies in Mexico have found high levels of unemployment among trained physicians in urban areas even while large rural populations remain medically underserved.
2336:
Cohen, Steven A. (2009). "A review of demographic and infrastructural factors and potential solutions to the physician and nursing shortage predicted to impact the growing US elderly population".
1828:
247:
is limited, reasons include a limited number of teachers, limited funding provided by governments and doctors voting to restrict numbers of medical students. In many countries that do not charge
1652:
1776:
1857:
1486:
525:
Increase the number of medical graduates through increased recruitment of minority students domestically, as well as intensified recruitment of foreign-trained graduates (also known as
260:
and financial aid to medical students may exacerbate that problem, and low expected pay for practicing physicians in some countries may convince some that the cost is not appropriate.
384:
has been attributed with increased demand for physician services in many countries, as more previously young and healthy people become older with increased likelihood of a variety of
849:
330:
Work part-time; in particular, the number working only part-time does not affect the overall number of physicians, but it affects the supply of physician services (e.g. in terms of
283:
Once trained, the current supply of physicians can be affected by the number of those who continue to practice that profession. The number of working physicians can be affected by:
126:
Several causes of the current and anticipated shortages have been suggested, but not everyone agrees that there is a true physician shortage, at least in the United States. On the
617:
Increase use of health care or medical teams (i.e. nurse practitioners and physician assistants) to shift physician workload and allow for increased physician times with patients.
517:
A number of solutions, including short-term fixes and long-term solutions, have been proposed to address physician shortages. Some have been tested and applied in national
2262:
175:
The demand for physicians is also dependent on a country's economic status. Especially in developing nations, health care spending is closely related to the growth of the
662:
Additionally, smaller non-profits that work regionally around the world have also implemented task-shifting strategies in order to increase impact. Non profits, such as
539:
To address physician shortages in high population growth areas in the United States unfreeze the 1996 Graduate
Medical Education (GME) freeze/cap instituted by Congress.
2228:
1937:
275:, either overt or disguised, have also been cited as resulting in people being denied the opportunity to train as a physician on the basis of their race or gender.
1700:
1622:
931:
1257:
953:
1286:
666:
educated community health workers or teachers to perform simple medicinal tasks, thereby freeing up health professionals to focus on more pressing concerns.
1175:
163:
Substitution factors can significantly affect the production of physician services and the availability of physicians to see more patients. For example, an
1336:
Baker RB, Washington HA, Olakanmi O, et al. (July 2008). "African
American physicians and organized medicine, 1846–1968: origins of a racial divide".
1043:
Cooper, Richard A.; Getzen, Thomas E.; McKee, Heather J.; Laud, Prakash (2002). "Economic and
Demographic Trends Signal an Impending Physician Shortage".
2322:
2138:
1824:
1608:
509:
maternity desert. From 2009 to 2019, there was a 12% reduction in obstetricians delivering babies in
Arizona despite a growth in the general population.
417:
2426:
901:
2207:
1646:
1436:
593:
Provide better incentives for physicians to practice in underserved areas – for example, in the U.S., this would include expanding incentives for the
220:
62:
path and remaining in their country of origin. The number of physicians needed in a given context depends on several different factors, including the
1772:
1153:
123:, are experiencing shortages. Shortages exist and are growing in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and Germany.
627:
875:
584:
Improve physician wages, such as through privatization of health care systems thereby enhancing market attractiveness for people to become doctors.
2088:
716:
1853:
1483:
807:
782:
549:
Reduce the costs for students to attend medical school, such as through subsidies for (free or reduced) school tuition and more financial aid.
2301:
1587:
600:
Ensure better practice conditions for physicians – for example, medical liability reforms have been cited as an important factor in the U.S.
251:
to prospective physicians, public funding is the only significant limitation on the number of physicians trained. In the United States, the
1674:
1462:
748:
606:
In the United States, to better accommodate the elderly and their demand for healthcare services, increase medical and nursing training in
2375:
2042:
845:
2459:
1958:
Rosenblatt, RA; Whitcomb, ME; Cullen, TJ; Lishner, DM; Hart, LG (September 23, 1992). "Which medical schools produce rural physicians?".
562:
Improve the political, social and economic conditions in developing countries to prevent brain drain, including fewer wars and conflicts.
603:
Increase the use of e-mail and telephone consultations, which allow physicians to treat patients seeking more traditional forms of care.
2001:
208:
is one way to address physician shortage, and another is increasing the number of schools, but other factors may also play a role.
1726:
1315:
2254:
2021:
1802:
1242:
1127:
114:. Developing nations often have physician shortages because of limited numbers and capacity of medical schools and because of
339:
Changes in the specialty balance; for example, in many countries, the balance is shifting away from medical students becoming
1510:
526:
306:
1261:
644:
302:, or other areas in which medical expertise is required, or they may choose a job in which no medical knowledge is required.
999:
Hu, Teh-Wei; Yang, Bong M. (1988). "The demand for and supply of physician services in the US: a disequilibrium analysis".
643:
organizations helping to provide medical care internationally include Reach Out
Worldwide (ROWW), Doctors Without Borders (
2232:
594:
556:
474:
Increased workload and too many patients per doctor resulting in overworked and sleep-deprived doctors, which compromises
1929:
1694:
923:
465:
252:
240:. The more people that fail to complete the prerequisites, the fewer people become eligible for training as physicians.
2481:
1626:
2067:
656:
368:
in local health care facilities), the demographics and epidemiology of the population being served, the nature of the
2516:
1290:
2526:
2282:
1182:
721:
631:
385:
263:
It has been speculated that politics and social conditions may motivate medical student placements. For example,
103:
499:
The shortage of obstetricians in parts of the United States has led to coining of the phrase "maternity desert."
389:
2113:
2034:
897:
2203:
1426:
578:
425:
216:
115:
27:
1112:
2430:
1149:
829:
518:
421:
374:
176:
107:
2152:
Bodenheimer, Thomas; Grumbach, Kevin; Berenson, Robert A. (25 June 2009). "A Lifeline for Primary Care".
1536:"Expansion of Coverage under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and Primary Care Utilization"
871:
340:
272:
268:
244:
1376:"Educational and labor wastage of doctors in Mexico: towards the construction of a common methodology"
587:
Improve physicians' perspectives of their future career path, such as though reduced use of temporary
155:
Anything that changes the number of available physicians or the demand for their services affects the
663:
331:
229:
225:
149:
111:
96:
71:
2092:
2521:
1751:
802:
777:
691:
588:
570:
461:
344:
2297:
1583:
1668:
1431:
566:
377:
per 1000 people to sufficiently attend the basic needs of the population in a developed country.
212:
43:
1458:
740:
2371:
2451:
2353:
2316:
2169:
2132:
1975:
1911:
1602:
1565:
1407:
1353:
1223:
1101:
1060:
1016:
485:
405:
156:
2022:
http://www.sctimes.com/article/20090726/NEWS01/107260024/1009/Experts-foresee-doctor-shortage
1033:
Charles Phelps, Health Economics (4th edition), (Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley, 2010
2345:
2161:
1967:
1901:
1891:
1555:
1547:
1397:
1387:
1345:
1215:
1091:
1052:
1008:
711:
701:
574:
489:
444:
381:
364:
The demand for physician services is influenced by the local job market (e.g. the number of
295:
248:
233:
120:
1993:
267:
have been cited in some places as preventing some people from enrolling in medical school.
144:
1755:
1730:
1704:
1678:
1656:
1490:
978:
811:
786:
683:
51:
1799:"A quiet crisis has left millions of U.S. women without much needed maternal health care"
1206:
Cole, A. (9 July 2008). "BMA meeting: Doctors vote to limit number of medical students".
1825:"Rural Areas in Arizona Struggle with Access to Prenatal Care Causing Maternity Deserts"
191:. The emigration of physicians from lower-income and developing countries contribute to
1906:
1879:
1720:
1560:
1535:
1402:
1375:
1311:
706:
475:
237:
205:
448:
Nations identified with critical shortages of physicians and other health care workers
2510:
1971:
1798:
1551:
696:
369:
299:
180:
75:
484:
Higher prices for practicing physicians because of less competition by the rules of
397:
393:
348:
264:
257:
131:
initiatives have limited the available time for direct patient care by physicians.
67:
63:
47:
1503:
2349:
1880:"Addressing the primary care physician shortage in an evolving medical workforce"
565:
Make better use of other categories of health care professionals, including more
652:
648:
611:
324:
243:
In most countries, the number of placements for students in medical schools and
192:
80:
323:
Migrate abroad for better economic and social conditions, also referred to as "
17:
2283:
http://sev.prnewswire.com/health-care-hospitals/20081112/CLW00412112008-1.html
1012:
673:
607:
365:
164:
88:
39:
1227:
1056:
1020:
420:
has expanded health insurance coverage and access to an estimated 32 million
2489:
471:
Lower quality of medical care for patients because of shorter doctor visits.
184:
127:
2357:
2204:"How the primary care doctor shortage threatens Obama's health reform plan"
2173:
2063:
1915:
1896:
1569:
1411:
1357:
1349:
1181:. The Midwestern Office of The Council of State Governments. Archived from
1105:
1064:
559:, which help provide debt-relief opportunities for primary care physicians.
54:
in a country or jurisdiction but also on the number continuing to practice
1979:
1392:
2165:
1096:
1079:
457:
432:
92:
55:
1459:"Another Hurdle to Health Care Reform: Too Few General Practice Doctors"
452:
Physician shortages have been linked to a number of effects, including:
106:(WHO) estimates a shortage of 4.3 million physicians, nurses, and other
401:
95:
in need of medical care. That can be observed at the level of a given
1219:
291:
188:
59:
779:
Handbook on monitoring and evaluation of human resources for health.
2089:"Free medical school tuition proposed to ease B.C. Doctor shortage"
1854:"OBGYN Physician Shortage Creates Challenges for Arizona Providers"
954:"Medical schools are working hard to help cure the doctor shortage"
2117:
639:
443:
143:
26:
1670:
Approved Medical Resident Hours Still Resulting In Sleepy Doctors
1484:
New-look Inquisitions want to call doctors in for a little chat.
1287:"Doctors can earn over Euro 20,000 per month in private clinics"
1150:"Medical schools multiplying, but may not solve doctor shortage"
2452:"Dr. Expat: American physicians on foreign soil - amednews.com"
1773:"Maternity Deserts Arizona at Risk for Maternity Care Shortage"
804:
Models and tools for health workforce planning and projections.
846:"Health care organizations work to combat the doctor shortage"
168:
substitute for legal services by avoiding malpractice suits.
50:. The supply depends primarily on the number of graduates of
2292:
2290:
924:"Primary-Care Doctor Shortage May Undermine Reform Efforts"
597:
in rural, urban, and suburban areas experiencing shortages.
532:
Increase the number of medical schools and classroom sizes.
831:
The world health report 2006: working together for health.
1427:"Patterns: Number of Doctors Was Overstated, Study Finds"
481:
Unnecessary patient deaths while waiting for health care.
228:
and in some places those who leave university without an
70:
of the local population, the numbers and types of other
1128:"Medical Schools Look to Grow as Doctor Shortage Looms"
898:"Rural doctor shortage called "a crisis" in Washington"
305:
Fail to obtain or requalify for their license or other
204:
Increasing the number of students enrolled in existing
460:, which limits the ability of health systems to meet
552:
Legislate tuition-increase caps for medical schools.
294:; for example, some might choose instead to work in
2229:"Free Salary Information, Personal Salary Reports"
1746:
424:, increasing the demand of physicians, especially
521:, while others remain subject to ongoing debate.
2338:Journal of Public Health Management and Practice
1930:"Doctors from afar meeting rural Oregon's needs"
872:"Medical miscalculation creates doctor shortage"
2255:"Doctors' Salaries and the Cost of Health Care"
2188:Task shifting to tackle health worker shortages
1623:"The Incredible Shrinking Doctor's Appointment"
1289:. Honorary Consulate of Romania. Archived from
1258:"Doctor shortage worsens as student debt rises"
2198:
2196:
431:The Act may have also affected the supply of
412:US Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
347:, which leads to shortages of physicians for
99:, a province/state, a country, or worldwide.
87:is a situation in which there are not enough
8:
1130:. Wisconsin Healthcare Workforce Development
979:"A debate on what we need our doctors to do"
290:Choose to practice as a physician for their
287:The number of medical school graduates who:
1174:Murphy, Mike; Tim Anderson (October 2008).
1766:
1764:
1369:
1367:
1080:"The metrics of the physician brain drain"
772:
770:
768:
766:
418:Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
2064:"The Volokh Conspiracy – Doctor Shortage"
1905:
1895:
1758:Posted by Layton Lang, December 12, 2011.
1559:
1401:
1391:
1280:
1278:
1095:
824:
822:
820:
31:Medical doctors per 1,000 people in 2018.
1998:Association of American Medical Colleges
1847:
1845:
1312:"Shortage of young (white) male doctors"
797:
795:
789:Geneva, World Health Organization, 2009.
628:Association of American Medical Colleges
542:Higher medical school enrollment limits.
343:(GP) because of more attractive pay for
320:Exit the workforce, such as by retiring.
732:
717:Physician shortage in the United States
355:disagree on moral or religious grounds.
2321:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2314:
2137:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2130:
1607:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1600:
1659:Posted by Jill Stark, April 20, 2007.
1439:from the original on 14 December 2019
1425:Rabin, Roni Caryn (21 October 2009).
211:Becoming a physician requires either
7:
1797:Diaz-Hurtado, Jessica (2019-05-20).
1737:2006; 354:1661–1664; April 20, 2006.
1504:"Summary of the Affordable Care Act"
1078:Mullan, Fitzhugh (27 October 2005).
751:from the original on 4 November 2021
2035:"Needs of Patients Outpace Doctors"
1994:"Medicare Resident Limits ("Caps")"
1084:The New England Journal of Medicine
519:health workforce policies and plans
456:Lower quantity of medical care for
1884:International Archives of Medicine
1696:"Sleepy" doctors admit to mistakes
741:"Medical doctors per 1,000 people"
25:
2462:from the original on July 2, 2024
2253:Rampell, Catherine (2008-11-14).
1493:Posted Wednesday, 1 October 2008.
1461:. Knowledge@Wharton. 2009-07-22.
1260:. AllBusiness.com. Archived from
1243:"Experts foresee doctor shortage"
922:Halsey III, Ashley (2009-06-20).
844:Ciaramella, Sierra (2019-01-31).
236:, do not qualify for entrance to
221:professional undergraduate degree
196:medical knowledge and skill set.
1972:10.1001/jama.1992.03490120073031
1648:Shortage pushes doctors to limit
1552:10.1111/j.1468-0009.2011.00620.x
1285:Financiar, Ziarul (2008-01-24).
1256:Rogers, Christina (2008-06-18).
1111:
676:
388:associated with ageing, such as
172:administer other surgical care.
38:refers to the number of trained
2378:from the original on 2014-03-31
2304:from the original on 2017-10-26
2265:from the original on 2018-06-25
2210:from the original on 2017-01-19
2154:New England Journal of Medicine
2070:from the original on 2015-09-11
2045:from the original on 2009-03-11
2004:from the original on 2019-02-07
1940:from the original on 2016-03-03
1860:from the original on 2019-08-10
1831:from the original on 2019-06-05
1823:Blasius, Melissa (2019-06-03).
1805:from the original on 2019-05-26
1779:from the original on 2024-07-12
1771:Blasius, Melissa (2019-06-03).
1590:from the original on 2017-06-18
1516:from the original on 2013-01-17
1465:from the original on 2013-04-20
1374:Nigenda G; et al. (2005).
1318:from the original on 2019-12-14
1156:from the original on 2016-05-11
960:from the original on 2020-01-09
956:. Toronto: The Globe and Mail.
934:from the original on 2016-12-05
904:from the original on 2011-06-04
878:from the original on 2012-07-25
852:from the original on 2019-02-07
527:International Medical Graduates
74:working in the system, and the
2482:"Our Model: Capacity Building"
1176:"Dropout rates draw attention"
870:Cauchon, Dennis (2005-03-02).
317:The number of physicians who:
148:Supply and demand curves with
110:worldwide, especially in many
1:
2397:"Health:Key Tables from OECD"
1733:Posted by Robert Steinbrook,
1722:Private Health Care in Canada
1126:Burk, Jennifer (2007-05-14).
595:National Health Service Corps
557:National Health Service Corps
360:Demand for physician services
2427:"Countries Without Doctors?"
2403:. OECD. 2011. Archived from
2350:10.1097/PHH.0b013e31819d817d
1852:Bosch, Graham (2019-08-09).
896:Ramirez, Marc (2009-04-18).
466:Millennium Development Goals
279:Number of physicians working
253:American Medical Association
200:Number of physicians trained
2186:World Health Organization.
2033:Girion, Lisa (2006-06-04).
1878:Lakhan SE, Laird C (2009).
828:World Health Organization.
801:World Health Organization.
657:International Medical Corps
2543:
1748:Offshoring Physician Labor
1380:Human Resources for Health
1148:Beene, Ryan (2009-03-18).
952:Feasby, Tom (2009-03-30).
416:In the United States, the
386:chronic medical conditions
140:Economic theory and trends
1856:. Chamber Business News.
1241:Lee, Frank (2009-07-26).
1013:10.1080/00036848800000022
848:. Chamber Business News.
722:Primary care service area
632:World Health Organization
555:Increase the role of the
307:professional requirements
213:several years of training
104:World Health Organization
72:health care practitioners
1057:10.1377/hlthaff.21.1.140
645:Médecins Sans Frontières
579:community health workers
390:type 2 diabetes mellitus
426:primary care physicians
217:undergraduate education
116:international migration
1897:10.1186/1755-7682-2-14
1707:Posted by Celia Hall,
1534:Hofer Adam N. (2011).
1350:10.1001/jama.300.3.306
1214:(jul09 1): a748–a748.
449:
422:United States citizens
375:primary care physician
177:gross domestic product
152:
32:
1393:10.1186/1478-4491-3-3
1314:. Sunday Star Times.
981:. KevinMD. 2014-05-15
900:. The Seattle Times.
626:In the US alone, the
490:health care economies
447:
341:general practitioners
332:full-time equivalents
273:gender discrimination
269:Racial discrimination
147:
30:
2486:The MINDS Foundation
2166:10.1056/NEJMp0902909
1097:10.1056/NEJMsa050004
664:the MINDS Foundation
589:employment contracts
571:physician assistants
400:, and some types of
245:clinical internships
226:high school dropouts
112:developing countries
97:health care facility
2407:on February 5, 2015
928:The Washington Post
692:Artificial scarcity
567:nurse practitioners
464:goals, such as the
462:primary health care
345:medical specialists
309:for legal practice.
2259:The New York Times
1754:2018-01-10 at the
1729:2010-02-13 at the
1703:2016-01-29 at the
1677:2016-01-29 at the
1655:2016-03-04 at the
1489:2016-03-03 at the
1432:The New York Times
810:2013-07-29 at the
785:2015-07-01 at the
776:Dal Poz MR et al.
513:Proposed solutions
450:
153:
85:physician shortage
44:health care system
33:
2517:Medical education
2458:. July 20, 2009.
2160:(26): 2693–2696.
2039:Los Angeles Times
1540:Milbank Quarterly
1001:Applied Economics
745:Our World in Data
575:clinical officers
504:Maternity deserts
488:in market-driven
486:supply and demand
406:neurodegenerative
157:supply and demand
46:or active in the
16:(Redirected from
2534:
2527:Health economics
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2492:on 9 August 2014
2488:. Archived from
2478:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2429:. Archived from
2423:
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2240:
2231:. Archived from
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2126:
2125:
2116:. Archived from
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2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2091:. Archived from
2085:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2030:
2024:
2019:
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1984:
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1948:
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1945:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1909:
1899:
1875:
1869:
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1718:
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1692:
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1660:
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1635:
1634:
1625:. Archived from
1619:
1613:
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1220:10.1136/bmj.a748
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912:
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909:
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887:
886:
884:
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874:. USATODAY.com.
867:
861:
860:
858:
857:
841:
835:
826:
815:
799:
790:
774:
761:
760:
758:
756:
737:
712:Nursing shortage
702:Health workforce
686:
681:
680:
679:
382:population aging
296:medical research
249:tuition payments
234:associate degree
121:Phoenix, Arizona
36:Physician supply
21:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2507:
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2424:
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2408:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2381:
2379:
2372:"For the Media"
2370:
2369:
2365:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2313:
2307:
2305:
2298:"Archived copy"
2296:
2295:
2288:
2281:
2277:
2268:
2266:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2238:
2236:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2213:
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2202:
2201:
2194:
2190:. Geneva, 2007.
2185:
2181:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2129:
2123:
2121:
2114:"Archived copy"
2112:
2111:
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2086:
2082:
2073:
2071:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2048:
2046:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2016:
2007:
2005:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1966:(12): 1559–65.
1957:
1956:
1952:
1943:
1941:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1863:
1861:
1851:
1850:
1843:
1834:
1832:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1808:
1806:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1782:
1780:
1770:
1769:
1762:
1756:Wayback Machine
1745:
1741:
1731:Wayback Machine
1719:
1715:
1705:Wayback Machine
1693:
1689:
1685:(May 21, 2007).
1679:Wayback Machine
1667:
1663:
1657:Wayback Machine
1645:
1641:
1632:
1630:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1599:
1593:
1591:
1584:"Archived copy"
1582:
1581:
1577:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1491:Wayback Machine
1481:
1477:
1468:
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1452:
1442:
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1424:
1423:
1419:
1373:
1372:
1365:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1321:
1319:
1310:
1309:
1305:
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1284:
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1267:
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1255:
1254:
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1235:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1159:
1157:
1152:. Bridging 96.
1147:
1146:
1142:
1133:
1131:
1125:
1124:
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1077:
1076:
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1042:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1007:(8): 995–1006.
998:
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963:
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951:
950:
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935:
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920:
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890:
881:
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869:
868:
864:
855:
853:
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842:
838:
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812:Wayback Machine
800:
793:
787:Wayback Machine
775:
764:
754:
752:
739:
738:
734:
730:
684:Medicine portal
682:
677:
675:
672:
624:
515:
506:
442:
414:
370:health policies
362:
281:
206:medical schools
202:
142:
137:
52:medical schools
23:
22:
18:Doctor shortage
15:
12:
11:
5:
2540:
2538:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2473:
2443:
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2388:
2363:
2328:
2286:
2275:
2245:
2220:
2206:. 2009-04-27.
2192:
2179:
2144:
2105:
2080:
2055:
2025:
2014:
1985:
1950:
1936:. 2009-04-17.
1921:
1870:
1841:
1815:
1789:
1760:
1739:
1713:
1711:, 22 Mar 2007.
1687:
1661:
1639:
1614:
1575:
1526:
1509:. 2013-04-25.
1495:
1475:
1450:
1417:
1363:
1328:
1303:
1274:
1248:
1245:. sctimes.com.
1233:
1198:
1166:
1140:
1118:
1090:(17): 1810–8.
1070:
1051:(1): 140–154.
1045:Health Affairs
1035:
1026:
991:
970:
944:
914:
888:
862:
836:
816:
791:
762:
731:
729:
726:
725:
724:
719:
714:
709:
707:Medical desert
704:
699:
694:
688:
687:
671:
668:
623:
620:
619:
618:
615:
604:
601:
598:
591:
585:
582:
563:
560:
553:
550:
547:
543:
540:
537:
533:
530:
514:
511:
505:
502:
501:
500:
497:
493:
482:
479:
476:patient safety
472:
469:
441:
438:
413:
410:
361:
358:
357:
356:
352:
337:
336:
335:
328:
321:
315:
314:
313:
310:
303:
280:
277:
238:medical school
201:
198:
141:
138:
136:
133:
108:health workers
102:Globally, the
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2539:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
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2491:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2474:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2447:
2444:
2433:on 2014-11-11
2432:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2406:
2402:
2401:OECD iLibrary
2398:
2392:
2389:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2344:(4): 352–62.
2343:
2339:
2332:
2329:
2324:
2318:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2279:
2276:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2249:
2246:
2235:on 2015-09-08
2234:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2145:
2140:
2134:
2120:on 2012-11-07
2119:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2095:on 2019-12-17
2094:
2090:
2084:
2081:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2018:
2015:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1951:
1939:
1935:
1934:The Oregonian
1931:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
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1842:
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1816:
1804:
1800:
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1790:
1778:
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1709:The Telegraph
1706:
1702:
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1680:
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1671:
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1662:
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1651:
1649:
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1629:on 2008-10-13
1628:
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1610:
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1576:
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1347:
1344:(3): 306–13.
1343:
1339:
1332:
1329:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1293:on 2017-03-12
1292:
1288:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1264:on 2012-07-16
1263:
1259:
1252:
1249:
1244:
1237:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
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1199:
1188:on 2009-10-08
1184:
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1170:
1167:
1155:
1151:
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1141:
1129:
1122:
1119:
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915:
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892:
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877:
873:
866:
863:
851:
847:
840:
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834:Geneva, 2006.
833:
832:
825:
823:
821:
817:
814:Geneva, 2010.
813:
809:
806:
805:
798:
796:
792:
788:
784:
781:
780:
773:
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769:
767:
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736:
733:
727:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
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697:Health policy
695:
693:
690:
689:
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674:
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665:
660:
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650:
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596:
592:
590:
586:
583:
581:, and others.
580:
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407:
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380:For example,
378:
376:
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359:
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346:
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319:
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301:
300:public policy
297:
293:
289:
288:
286:
285:
284:
278:
276:
274:
270:
266:
265:racial quotas
261:
259:
254:
250:
246:
241:
239:
235:
231:
230:undergraduate
227:
222:
218:
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178:
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91:to treat all
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42:working in a
41:
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2494:. Retrieved
2490:the original
2485:
2476:
2464:. Retrieved
2456:amednews.com
2455:
2446:
2435:. Retrieved
2431:the original
2421:
2409:. Retrieved
2405:the original
2400:
2391:
2380:. Retrieved
2366:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2306:. Retrieved
2278:
2267:. Retrieved
2258:
2248:
2237:. Retrieved
2233:the original
2223:
2212:. Retrieved
2187:
2182:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2122:. Retrieved
2118:the original
2108:
2097:. Retrieved
2093:the original
2083:
2072:. Retrieved
2058:
2047:. Retrieved
2038:
2028:
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2006:. Retrieved
1997:
1988:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1942:. Retrieved
1933:
1924:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1862:. Retrieved
1833:. Retrieved
1818:
1807:. Retrieved
1792:
1781:. Retrieved
1747:
1742:
1735:N Engl J Med
1734:
1721:
1716:
1708:
1695:
1690:
1683:ScienceDaily
1682:
1669:
1664:
1647:
1642:
1631:. Retrieved
1627:the original
1617:
1592:. Retrieved
1578:
1546:(1): 69–89.
1543:
1539:
1529:
1518:. Retrieved
1498:
1478:
1467:. Retrieved
1453:
1441:. Retrieved
1430:
1420:
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1320:. Retrieved
1306:
1295:. Retrieved
1291:the original
1266:. Retrieved
1262:the original
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1236:
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1207:
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1190:. Retrieved
1183:the original
1169:
1158:. Retrieved
1143:
1132:. Retrieved
1121:
1087:
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1048:
1044:
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1029:
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1000:
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973:
962:. Retrieved
947:
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927:
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891:
880:. Retrieved
865:
854:. Retrieved
839:
830:
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753:. Retrieved
744:
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636:
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516:
507:
451:
430:
415:
398:osteoporosis
394:hypertension
379:
366:job openings
363:
349:primary care
282:
262:
258:scholarships
242:
210:
203:
174:
170:
162:
154:
135:Determinants
125:
101:
84:
68:epidemiology
64:demographics
48:labor market
35:
34:
1482:Lea Singh.
1443:25 February
653:Peace Corps
649:Mercy Ships
622:Global view
612:gerontology
536:physicians.
325:brain drain
193:Brain drain
150:equilibrium
81:health care
2522:Physicians
2511:Categories
2437:2017-03-11
2382:2014-03-30
2308:2012-02-01
2269:2017-03-09
2239:2009-08-17
2214:2009-08-16
2124:2012-02-03
2099:2018-10-04
2074:2009-08-15
2049:2009-08-16
2008:2019-02-05
1944:2009-08-17
1890:(14): 14.
1864:2020-04-03
1835:2019-06-05
1827:. ABC 15.
1809:2019-06-05
1783:2019-06-20
1775:. ABC 15.
1681:Posted by
1633:2009-08-14
1594:2012-02-02
1520:2012-01-31
1469:2009-08-20
1322:2009-08-20
1297:2009-08-20
1268:2009-08-20
1192:2009-08-20
1160:2009-08-20
1134:2009-08-20
985:2014-05-21
964:2009-08-20
938:2009-08-20
908:2009-08-20
882:2009-08-20
856:2019-02-05
728:References
608:geriatrics
496:encounter.
408:diseases.
165:accountant
89:physicians
40:physicians
1801:. Newsy.
1228:0959-8138
1021:0003-6846
651:, the US
546:students.
529:or IMGs).
185:Australia
2460:Archived
2376:Archived
2358:19525780
2317:cite web
2302:Archived
2263:Archived
2208:Archived
2174:19553643
2133:cite web
2068:Archived
2043:Archived
2002:Archived
1938:Archived
1916:19416533
1858:Archived
1829:Archived
1803:Archived
1777:Archived
1752:Archived
1727:Archived
1701:Archived
1675:Archived
1653:Archived
1603:cite web
1588:Archived
1570:21418313
1511:Archived
1487:Archived
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