101:
76:
637:
645:
57:
732:. Despite its ability to survive in polluted waters, the species requires clean, well-oxygenated and moving waters to thrive in an aquarium. For treatment of skin diseases, aquarium specimens are not well-suited as the skin-feeding behavior fully manifests only under conditions where the food supply can be scarce and unpredictable.
706:(PETA), which opposes all human use of animals, denounces the practice, citing callous methods of international transportation and suggesting that the fish are deliberately starved between treatments to force them to eat an abnormal food.
449:
system. It lives in rivers, streams, canals, reservoirs, ponds and lakes, although it tends to avoid stagnant waters. It often is common or abundant, even in areas that are heavily influenced by humans like polluted canals.
693:
saying that "cosmetology regulations generally mandate that tools need to be discarded or sanitized after each use. But epidermis-eating fish are too expensive to throw away". The procedure is legal in
475:
have been described, but their validity is questionable and in the last few decades authorities have generally not recognized them. Nevertheless, reviews published since 2014 have provided
728:
instead, this leads to questions over the true identity of most of the fish seen in the trade. It is legally protected from capture from the wild in Turkey due to concerns of
1447:
687:
The practice is banned in several of the states in the United States and
Canadian provinces as cosmetology regulators believe the practice is unsanitary, with the
1486:
1182:
351:. This small fish typically is up to about 14 centimeters (5.5 inches) in total length, but locally individuals can reach as much as 24 cm (9.5 in).
1563:
924:
703:
1593:
716:
trade mostly originate from commercial facilities in Israel and to a lesser degree Turkey. Since
Israeli and many (but not all) Turkish populations of "
1421:
1460:
676:. Wisconsin ordered the closure of the doctor fish service shortly after its opening. In 2010, the first spa opened in the United Kingdom in
30:
This article is about the freshwater fish used for treating skin diseases. For the species sometimes called "doctor fish" in the UK, see
427:
1578:
1573:
1535:
541:(thus limiting its range to the Tigris–Euphrates system and river systems in Iran), but the others do overlap in range with true
1104:
1588:
1465:
890:
1208:
1369:
652:
Doctor fish facilities at spa resorts exist in many countries worldwide. In 2006, doctor fish spa resorts opened in
1583:
1491:
932:
1034:
Hamilton, 1822 in Iran with description of a new species: a morpho-molecular approach (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)".
403:
681:
669:
467:
variations over its relatively large range and it has been recognized for several years that it likely was a
100:
1271:
1299:
664:, Croatia, where the fish are used to clean the bathers at the spa. In 2008, two widely known doctor fish
1374:
600:, but these were generally recognized as valid species many years ago. Finally the complex includes four
1156:
205:
1540:
1517:
1395:
1346:
673:
464:
1117:
689:
606:
510:
485:
305:
281:
269:
245:
222:
65:
514:
293:
257:
1253:
1087:
525:
454:
231:
95:
1452:
1499:
1478:
1382:
1079:
736:
612:
572:
501:
1527:
1504:
1243:
1071:
624:
554:
1337:
684:
issued a report assigning a "very low" risk of transferring infection from the procedure.
566:
491:
468:
784:
1568:
729:
618:
479:
and morphologic evidence for recognizing some of them as separate species, while other
142:
39:
1557:
1473:
1058:
BayÇelebİ, E.; C. Kaya; D. Turan; S.A. ErgÜden; J. Freyhof (2018). "Redescription of
886:
793:
596:
590:
584:
560:
519:
415:
152:
85:
80:
1257:
1144:
1091:
959:
489:(formerly a subspecies) from its Turkish range, except the Tigris–Euphrates system,
1387:
1351:
752:
446:
423:
411:
407:
348:
35:
1030:
Esmaeli, H.R.; G. Sayyadzadeh; B.W. Coad; S. Eagderi (2016). "Review of the genus
529:(new species) from the Sartang-e-Bijar Spring in the Tigris River system in Iran.
1434:
1331:
1160:
826:
506:
480:
419:
371:
344:
1248:
1231:
1075:
578:
472:
459:
457:
of this species has been labelled with uncertainty. As traditionally defined (
438:
river basins, but the species also inhabits other coastal river basins in the
435:
172:
162:
1322:
994:, a new species from the Dead Sea basin with remarks on the relationship of
740:
677:
443:
431:
367:
112:
1083:
854:
1361:
636:
17:
1408:
1316:
899:
713:
699:
665:
601:
496:
476:
359:
340:
132:
1413:
648:
Some spas provide large fish ponds with thousands of doctor fish in them
644:
1426:
336:
56:
1439:
695:
657:
653:
439:
391:
387:
122:
1293:
1512:
643:
635:
363:
182:
31:
661:
499:
basin, including the Jordan River, in Israel, Jordan and Syria,
399:
395:
1400:
1297:
1209:"What No One Told You about Those Disgusting Fish Pedicures"
483:
have been described from the species complex. This includes
1183:"Piscipédicurie: inusitée, controversée et non réglementée"
735:
When used as a prelude intended to enhance the effects of
343:
that is native to a wide range of freshwater habitats in
1145:
Ban on Feet-Nibbling Fish Leaves Nail Salons on the Hook
1105:
Virginia Spa
Creates Splash by Offering Fish Pedicures
743:
treatment, fish pedicure is known as ichthyotherapy.
402:. Some of the main systems where it is found are the
1306:
523:(new species) of the Mond River basin in Iran, and
1118:"Step right in – the Doctor Fish will see you now"
1062:from southern Anatolia (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)".
1236:Journal of Fisheries and Aquaculture Development
990:Hamidan, N.H.; M.F. Geiger; J. Freyhof (2014). "
1232:"Fishery Management in Lake Kinneret: A Review"
1053:
1051:
1049:
954:
952:
950:
34:. For the fish known as the "surgeonfish", see
1025:
1023:
1021:
985:
983:
981:
668:services were opened in the United States in
8:
545:or at least occur in the same river basins.
704:People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
1294:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
881:
879:
877:
875:
74:
55:
46:
1247:
1008:Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters
859:Global Biodiversity Information Facility
820:
818:
816:
814:
812:
810:
808:
537:have entirely separate ranges from true
764:
1140:
1138:
849:
847:
778:
776:
774:
772:
770:
768:
38:. For people known as "Dr. Fish", see
7:
1518:4A108A46-8D42-F455-9E4C-7FA0EF2629D7
640:Doctor fish cleaning a bather's feet
1564:IUCN Red List least concern species
794:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
378:Distribution, habitat and taxonomy
25:
1594:Taxa named by Johann Jakob Heckel
702:. The animal rights organization
505:(formerly a subspecies) from the
1181:Galipeau, Silvia (8 July 2010).
855:"Search Results for: Garra rufa"
495:(new species) from the northern
99:
1157:"Fish pedicure risk 'very low'"
1116:Slack, Martin (10 March 2010).
923:Coad, B.W. (14 November 2016).
1036:Iranian Journal of Ichthyology
1:
925:"Cyprinidae: Garra to Vimba"
1610:
1006:(Teleostei: Cyprinidae)".
382:As traditionally defined,
29:
1249:10.29011/2577-1493.100040
1076:10.11646/zootaxa.4524.2.6
929:Freshwater Fishes of Iran
442:and Iran, as well as the
237:
230:
211:
204:
96:Scientific classification
94:
72:
63:
54:
49:
889:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
720:" now are recognized as
698:, with a few clinics in
682:Health Protection Agency
670:Fairfax County, Virginia
1579:Freshwater fish of Asia
1574:Animal-assisted therapy
1272:"The word: Doctor fish"
801:: e.T19086922A19223063.
241:Discognathus crenulatus
1589:Fish described in 1843
1211:. PETA. 22 August 2017
903:. August 2016 version.
825:Zicha, Ondřej (2009).
649:
641:
966:. SeriouslystupidFish
647:
639:
548:Other members of the
327:), also known as the
783:Freyhof, J. (2014).
712:seen in the spa and
674:Milwaukee, Wisconsin
301:Garra rufa crenulata
265:Discognathus obtusus
1230:Gophen, M. (2018).
690:Wall Street Journal
66:Conservation status
1122:The Yorkshire Post
680:. In 2011, the UK
650:
642:
463:), there are some
366:and tiny animals (
277:Discognathus rufus
253:Discognathus lamta
1584:Fish of West Asia
1551:
1550:
1500:Open Tree of Life
1300:Taxon identifiers
935:on 8 January 2019
737:ultraviolet light
517:systems in Iran,
315:
314:
309:
297:
285:
273:
261:
249:
89:
16:(Redirected from
1601:
1544:
1543:
1531:
1530:
1521:
1520:
1508:
1507:
1495:
1494:
1482:
1481:
1469:
1468:
1456:
1455:
1443:
1442:
1430:
1429:
1417:
1416:
1404:
1403:
1391:
1390:
1378:
1377:
1365:
1364:
1355:
1354:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1295:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1251:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1153:
1147:
1142:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1113:
1107:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1055:
1044:
1043:
1027:
1016:
1015:
987:
976:
975:
973:
971:
956:
945:
944:
942:
940:
931:. Archived from
920:
905:
904:
883:
870:
869:
867:
865:
851:
842:
841:
839:
837:
822:
803:
802:
780:
607:G. lorestanensis
428:Tigris–Euphrates
304:
292:
280:
268:
256:
244:
217:
104:
103:
83:
78:
77:
59:
47:
21:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1539:
1534:
1526:
1524:
1516:
1511:
1503:
1498:
1490:
1485:
1477:
1472:
1464:
1459:
1451:
1446:
1438:
1433:
1425:
1420:
1412:
1407:
1399:
1394:
1386:
1381:
1373:
1368:
1360:
1358:
1350:
1345:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1302:
1292:
1291:
1281:
1279:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1214:
1212:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1192:
1190:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1165:
1163:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1126:
1124:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1099:
1057:
1056:
1047:
1029:
1028:
1019:
992:Garra jordanica
989:
988:
979:
969:
967:
964:(HECKEL, 1843)"
958:
957:
948:
938:
936:
922:
921:
908:
885:
884:
873:
863:
861:
853:
852:
845:
835:
833:
824:
823:
806:
782:
781:
766:
761:
749:
634:
526:G. amirhosseini
469:species complex
380:
303:
291:
279:
267:
255:
243:
226:
219:
213:
200:
98:
90:
79:
75:
68:
43:
28:
27:Species of fish
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1607:
1605:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1556:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1532:
1522:
1509:
1496:
1483:
1470:
1457:
1444:
1431:
1418:
1405:
1392:
1379:
1366:
1356:
1343:
1328:
1312:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1290:
1289:
1278:. 11 July 2007
1263:
1222:
1200:
1173:
1148:
1134:
1108:
1097:
1070:(2): 227–236.
1045:
1017:
977:
946:
906:
887:Froese, Rainer
871:
843:
804:
763:
762:
760:
757:
756:
755:
748:
745:
730:overharvesting
633:
630:
613:G. tashanensis
573:G. longipinnis
502:G. gymnothorax
379:
376:
313:
312:
311:
310:
298:
286:
274:
262:
250:
235:
234:
228:
227:
220:
209:
208:
202:
201:
194:
192:
188:
187:
180:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
143:Actinopterygii
140:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
92:
91:
73:
70:
69:
64:
61:
60:
52:
51:
40:Fish (surname)
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1606:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1277:
1276:New Scientist
1273:
1267:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1226:
1223:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1174:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1123:
1119:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1101:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1060:Garra turcica
1054:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:(3): 223–236.
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
986:
984:
982:
978:
965:
963:
955:
953:
951:
947:
934:
930:
926:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
907:
902:
901:
896:
894:
888:
882:
880:
878:
876:
872:
860:
856:
850:
848:
844:
832:
828:
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
811:
809:
805:
800:
796:
795:
790:
788:
779:
777:
775:
773:
771:
769:
765:
758:
754:
751:
750:
746:
744:
742:
738:
733:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
705:
701:
697:
692:
691:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
660:, Japan, and
659:
655:
646:
638:
632:Fish pedicure
631:
629:
627:
626:
625:G. widdowsoni
621:
620:
615:
614:
609:
608:
603:
599:
598:
593:
592:
587:
586:
581:
580:
575:
574:
569:
568:
563:
562:
557:
556:
555:G. barreimiae
551:
546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
527:
522:
521:
516:
512:
508:
504:
503:
498:
494:
493:
488:
487:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
465:morphological
462:
461:
456:
451:
448:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
386:is native to
385:
377:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
354:In the wild,
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
325:
320:
307:
302:
299:
295:
290:
287:
283:
278:
275:
271:
266:
263:
259:
254:
251:
247:
242:
239:
238:
236:
233:
229:
224:
218:
216:
210:
207:
206:Binomial name
203:
199:
198:
193:
190:
189:
186:
185:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
154:
153:Cypriniformes
151:
148:
147:
144:
141:
138:
137:
134:
131:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
114:
111:
108:
107:
102:
97:
93:
87:
82:
81:Least Concern
71:
67:
62:
58:
53:
48:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
1307:
1280:. Retrieved
1275:
1266:
1239:
1235:
1225:
1213:. Retrieved
1203:
1191:. Retrieved
1186:
1176:
1164:. Retrieved
1151:
1125:. Retrieved
1121:
1111:
1100:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1042:(2): 82–121.
1039:
1035:
1031:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
996:G. ghorensis
995:
991:
968:. Retrieved
961:
937:. Retrieved
933:the original
928:
898:
892:
862:. Retrieved
858:
834:. Retrieved
830:
827:"Garra rufa"
798:
792:
786:
753:Cleaner fish
734:
725:
722:G. jordanica
721:
717:
709:
708:
688:
686:
651:
623:
617:
611:
605:
595:
589:
583:
577:
571:
567:G. ghorensis
565:
559:
553:
552:complex are
549:
547:
542:
538:
534:
531:G. jordanica
530:
524:
518:
500:
492:G. jordanica
490:
484:
458:
452:
447:Lake Maharlu
383:
381:
355:
353:
349:Western Asia
332:
328:
323:
322:
318:
316:
300:
294:non Hamilton
288:
276:
264:
258:non Hamilton
252:
240:
214:
212:
197:G. rufa
196:
195:
183:
44:
36:Acanthuridae
1435:iNaturalist
1332:Wikispecies
1282:1 September
1242:(1): 1–10.
1161:NHS England
1000:G. tibanica
739:expoure in
619:G. typhlops
481:new species
372:zooplankton
345:subtropical
333:nibble fish
329:doctor fish
289:Garra lamta
169:Subfamily:
1558:Categories
1352:Garra_rufa
1338:Garra rufa
1308:Garra rufa
970:29 October
962:Garra rufa
939:29 October
893:Garra rufa
787:Garra rufa
759:References
726:G. turcica
710:Garra rufa
656:, Turkey,
597:G. sahilia
591:G. rossica
585:G. persica
561:G. elegans
535:G. turcica
520:G. mondica
486:G. turcica
473:subspecies
471:. Several
460:sensu lato
384:Garra rufa
370:and other
368:arthropods
356:Garra rufa
324:Garra rufa
215:Garra rufa
173:Labeoninae
163:Cyprinidae
50:Red garra
18:Doctorfish
1187:La Presse
741:psoriasis
678:Sheffield
672:, and in
444:endorheic
347:parts of
319:red garra
191:Species:
119:Kingdom:
113:Eukaryota
1479:19086922
1453:11267174
1409:FishBase
1359:BioLib:
1317:Wikidata
1258:51811751
1189:. Canada
1092:54159379
1084:30486123
900:FishBase
747:See also
714:aquarium
700:Montreal
666:pedicure
602:cavefish
497:Dead Sea
455:taxonomy
360:detritus
358:feed on
341:cyprinid
232:Synonyms
159:Family:
133:Chordata
129:Phylum:
123:Animalia
109:Domain:
86:IUCN 3.1
1541:1312572
1427:2366850
1323:Q908440
1215:9 March
1166:9 March
1064:Zootaxa
1004:G. rufa
864:28 June
836:28 June
718:G. rufa
579:G. nana
550:G. rufa
543:G. rufa
539:G. rufa
511:Balarud
477:genetic
416:Orontes
337:species
335:, is a
248:1846–49
225:, 1843)
179:Genus:
149:Order:
139:Class:
84: (
1528:127356
1525:uBio:
1505:709588
1492:137080
1466:689117
1440:361334
1401:357123
1375:378080
1362:147650
1256:
1193:8 July
1127:4 July
1090:
1082:
831:BioLib
696:Quebec
658:Hakone
654:Kangal
515:Bashar
440:Levant
434:, and
424:Jordan
412:Ceyhan
408:Seyhan
392:Levant
390:, The
388:Turkey
306:Heckel
282:Heckel
270:Heckel
246:Heckel
223:Heckel
1569:Garra
1536:WoRMS
1513:Plazi
1448:IRMNG
1414:26483
1388:3FBMD
1254:S2CID
1088:S2CID
1032:Garra
507:Karun
420:Queiq
404:Kızıl
364:algae
184:Garra
32:Tench
1487:NCBI
1474:IUCN
1461:ITIS
1422:GBIF
1370:BOLD
1284:2024
1240:2018
1217:2018
1195:2010
1168:2018
1129:2010
1080:PMID
1068:4524
1002:and
972:2019
941:2019
866:2010
838:2010
799:2014
724:and
662:Umag
622:and
594:and
533:and
513:and
453:The
436:Mond
400:Iran
398:and
396:Iraq
317:The
308:1844
296:1822
284:1843
272:1843
260:1822
1396:EoL
1383:CoL
1347:ADW
1244:doi
1072:doi
432:Kor
374:).
339:of
331:or
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