1162:(UNPFII) noted the doctrine of discovery "as the foundation of the violation of their (Indigenous people) human rights". The eleventh session of the UNPFII, held at the UN's New York headquarters from 7–18 May 2012, had the special theme of "The Doctrine of Discovery: its enduring impact on Indigenous peoples and the right to redress for past conquests (articles 28 and 37 of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples)". It called for a mechanism to investigate historical land claims, with speakers observing that "The Doctrine of Discovery had been used for centuries to expropriate Indigenous lands and facilitate their transfer to colonizing or dominating nations".
1034:(1832), Marshall re-interpreted the doctrine of discovery. He stated that discovery did not give the discovering nation title to land, but only "the sole right of acquiring the soil and making settlements on it." This was a right of preemption which only applied between the colonizing powers and did not diminish the sovereignty of the indigenous inhabitants. "It regulated the right given by discovery among the European discoverers, but could not affect the rights of those already in possession, either as aboriginal occupants, or as occupants by virtue of a discovery made before the memory of man."
51:
819:
788:, in 1756, wrote, "Plantations or colonies, in distant countries, are either such where the lands are claimed by right of occupancy only, by finding them desert and uncultivated, and peopling them from the mother-country; or where, when already cultivated, they have been either gained by conquest, or ceded to us by treaties. And both these rights are founded upon the law of nature, or at least upon that of nations." Two years after Blackstone,
947:
the right of acquisition, which they all asserted, should be regulated as between themselves. This principle was that discovery gave title to the government by whose subjects, or by whose authority, it was made, against all other
European governments, which title might be consummated by possession. ... The history of America, from its discovery to the present day, proves, we think, the universal recognition of these principles.
1245:(2016), commissioners called on members of the church to repudiate the doctrine of discovery. The commissioners directed that a report be written reviewing the history of the doctrine. That report was approved by the 223rd General Assembly (2018), along with recommendations for a variety of additional actions that could be taken by the church at all levels to acknowledge indigenous peoples and to confront racism against them.
979:'s right to conquer newly found lands. Marshall stated, however, "Spain did not rest her title solely on the grant of the Pope. Her discussions respecting boundary, with France, with Great Britain, and with the United States, all show that she placed it on the rights given by discovery. Portugal sustained her claim to the Brazils by the same title." Marshall pointed to the exploration charters given to the explorer
680:, which extended Portugal's authority to conquer the lands of infidels and pagans for "the salvation of all" in order to "pardon ... their souls". The document also granted Portugal a specific right to conquest in West Africa and to trade with Saracens and infidels in designated areas. Charles and Rah argue that these bulls were used to justify the
1125:, the Supreme Court of Canada found that the Indigenous peoples of Canada held an aboriginal title to their land, which was independent of the Royal Proclamation of 1763 and was derived from the fact that, "when the settlers came, the Indians were there, organized in societies and occupying the land as their forefathers had done for centuries".
914:, governor of the Indiana Territory, thus giving rise to conflicting claims of title. The court found, on three grounds, that it should not recognize the land titles obtained from Native Americans prior to American independence. A number of academics and Indigenous rights activists have argued that Chief Justice
760:
France effectively repudiated the papal bulls and claims based on discovery without possession, the French king stating that "Popes hold spiritual jurisdiction, and it does not lie with them to distribute land amongst kings" and that "passing by and discovering with the eye was not taking possession."
946:
On the discovery of this immense continent, the great nations of Europe ... as they were all in pursuit of nearly the same object, it was necessary, in order to avoid conflicting settlements, and consequent war with each other, to establish a principle which all should acknowledge as the law by which
809:
Summarizing the practices
European states used to justify their acquisition of territory inhabited by indigenous peoples, McNeil states, "While Spain and Portugal favoured discovery and papal grants because it was generally in their interests to do so, France and Britain relied more on symbolic acts,
747:
Throughout the sixteenth century, Spain and
Portugal claimed that papal authority had given them exclusive rights of discovery, trade and conquest of non-Christian lands in their respective spheres of influence. These claims were challenged by theorists of natural law such as the Spanish theologians
995:
McNeil states that the authority for the doctrine of discovery, as formulated by
Marshall, was "flimsy". Furthermore, Indigenous nations in North America were factually independent and sovereign prior to the arrival of Europeans and therefore the European powers should not have been able to acquire
926:
Marshall found that ultimate title to land comes into existence by virtue of discovery and possession of that land, a rule that had been observed by all
European countries with settlements in the New World. The United States had ultimate title of the land, as against other European nations, because
801:
All imperial
European states enacted symbolic rituals to give notice of discovery and possession of lands to other states. These rituals included burying plates, raising flags, erecting signs, and naming territories, rivers or other features. More concrete claims of possession ranged from building
774:
From the sixteenth century, France and
England asserted a right to explore and colonize any non-Christian territory not under the actual possession of a Christian sovereign. The stated justifications for this included the spread of Christianity, the duty to bring civilization to barbarian peoples,
805:
European monarchs often asserted sovereignty over large areas of non-Christian territory based on purported discoveries and symbolic acts of possession. They frequently issued charters and commissions giving the grantees the power to represent the Crown and acquire property. While
European states
638:
Law professor Robert J. Miller states that by 1493, "The idea that the
Doctrine granted European monarchs ownership rights in newly discovered lands and sovereign and commercial rights over Indigenous peoples due to first discovery by European Christians was now established international law, at
759:
France and
England also made claims to territories inhabited by non-Christians based on first discovery, but disputed the notion that papal bulls, or discovery by itself, could provide title over lands. In 1541, French plans to establish colonies in Canada drew protests from Spain. In response,
612:
In Marshall's formulation of the doctrine, discovery of territory previously unknown to Europeans gave the discovering nation title to that territory against all other European nations, and this title could be perfected by possession. A number of legal scholars have criticized Marshall's
1599:"The Doctrine of Discovery Reconsidered: Reflecting on Discovering Indigenous Lands: The Doctrine of Discovery in the English Colonies, by Robert J Miller, Jacinta Ruru, Larissa Behrendt, and Tracey Lindberg, and Reconciling Sovereignties: Aboriginal Nations and Canada, by Felix Hoehn"
1112:(1888), the first Canadian case on Indigenous land title. The judge in first instance stated that Marshall had "concisely stated the same law of the mother country". On appeal, however, the Privy Council departed from Johnson in finding that native land rights were derived from the
806:
often acknowledged that indigenous peoples inhabiting these lands had property rights which had to be acquired through conquest, treaty or purchase, they sometimes acted as if territories were uninhabited and sovereignty and property rights could be acquired through occupation.
671:
and pagans and any other unbelievers and enemies of Christ", and "reduce their persons to perpetual servitude", to take their belongings, including land, "to convert them to you, and your use, and your successors the Kings of Portugal." In 1455, Pope Nicholas V issued
771:'s violation of the Spanish sphere, the English queen replied that popes had no right to grant the world to princes, that she owed no allegiance to the Pope, and that mere symbolic gestures (such as erecting monuments or naming rivers) did not give property rights.
810:
colonial charters, and occupation." Benton and Strauman argue that European powers often adopted multiple, sometimes contradictory, legal rationales for their acquisition of territory as a deliberate strategy in defending their claims against European rivals.
1201:, delegates passed a resolution repudiating the doctrine of discovery and calling on Unitarian Universalists to study the doctrine and eliminate its presence from the current-day policies, programs, theologies, and structures of Unitarian Universalism.
781:, writing in 1625, stated that discovery does not give a right to sovereignty over inhabited land, "For discovery applies to those things which belong to no one." Dutch policy was to acquire land in North America by purchase from indigenous peoples.
1003:'s critique of the claim that discovery gave a right to possession of inhabited lands. Vitoria, however, stated that the Spanish could claim possession of the Americas by conquest if indigenous populations violated principles of natural law.
1138:
never applied in Canada". Aboriginal title is a beneficial interest in land, although the Crown retains an underlying title. The court set out a number of conditions which must be met in order for the Crown to extinguish Aboriginal title.
1282:
condemned and repudiated the Doctrine of Discovery in July 2017, noting it "continues to facilitate genocide, oppression, dehumanization, and the removal of Peoples from ancestral lands in the United States, Canada and globally".
1006:
Blake Watson states that Marshall overlooked evidence showing that the Dutch and some English settlers acknowledged the right of Indians to their land and favored purchase as a means of acquiring title. Watson and others, such as
1252:(ELCA) adopted Assembly Action CA16.02.04 titled "Repudiation of the Doctrine of Discovery" by a vote of 912–28, describing the doctrine as "an example of the 'improper mixing of the power of the church and the power of the sword
1166:
1155:, which acknowledges the "rights of Indigenous peoples to their land". The only nations to vote against the declaration were the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. All four would later reverse their positions.
711:
exclusive rights to travel and trade west of that line, and to "bring under your sway the said mainland and islands with their residents and inhabitants and to bring them to the Catholic faith." A second on the same day,
991:
Allison Dussias states that the Piankeshaw were not party to the litigation and therefore, "no Indian voices were heard in a case which had, and continues to have, profound effects on Indian property rights."
635:
through the continuous exercise of sovereignty. Discovery of a territory creates a mere inchoate title which must be completed within a reasonable period by effective occupation of that territory.
613:
interpretation of the relevant international law. In recent decades, advocates for Indigenous rights have campaigned against the doctrine. In 2023, the Vatican formally repudiated the doctrine.
1011:, state that Marshall misinterpreted the "discovery doctrine" as giving exclusive right to lands discovered, rather than the exclusive right to treaty with the inhabitants who owned that land.
802:
forts to establishing settlements. Rituals of a transfer of sovereignty often involved trials, executions and other acts to symbolize that the laws of the colonizing power were in force.
1098:
854:
Discovery of lands previously unknown to Europeans gave the discovering nation title to that land against all other European nations, and this title could be perfected by possession.
2144:
Dussias, Allison M., "Squaw Drudges, Farm Wives, and the Dann Sisters' Last Stand: American Indian Women’s Resistance to Domestication and the Denial of Their Property Rights", 77
1986:
1081:
1057:, the Supreme Court restored the rule in Johnson that discovery gave the discovering nation ultimate title to land, subject to a right of occupancy held by indigenous peoples.
2674:
1177:
1159:
902:
tribes. Defendant McIntosh claimed the same land, having purchased it under a grant from the United States. In 1775, members of the Piankeshaw tribe sold certain land in the
784:
By the eighteenth century, some leading theorists of international law argued that territorial rights over land could stem from the settlement and cultivation of that land.
1321:
756:. In 1539 Vitoria wrote that the Spanish discovery of the Americas provides "no support for possession of these lands, any more than it would if they had discovered us."
798:(1758), drew a distinction between land that was effectively occupied and cultivated, and the unsettled and uncultivated land of nomads which was open to colonization.
1672:
Slattery, Brian (2005). "Paper Empires: The legal dimensions of French and English Ventures in North America". In McLaren, John; Buck, A. R.; Wright, Nancy E. (eds.).
1152:
2979:
1184:
addressed the doctrine, saying that it had been abrogated as early as 1494 by subsequent papal bulls, encyclicals, and pronouncements. It said that it considered
2688:
Pineda, Baron (2017). "Indigenous Pan-Americanism: Contesting Settler Colonialism and the Doctrine of Discovery at the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues".
2660:
2463:'Doctrine of Discovery', Used for Centuries to Justify Seizure of Indigenous Land, Subjugate Peoples, Must Be Repudiated by United Nations, Permanent Forum Told"
2829:
1291:
1205:
2724:"GA-1722 Repudiation of the Christian Doctrine of Discovery: A Call to Education and Action, and Support for Indigenous Voices in the Witness of the Christian"
2068:. E/C.19/2010/13. Presented at the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, Ninth Session, United Nations Economic and Social Council, New York, 27 April 2010.
1025:(1831), the US Supreme Court found that the Cherokee Nation was a "domestic dependent nation" with no standing to take action against the state of Georgia.
898:
where land speculators worked together to make claims to achieve a desired result. The plaintiff, Johnson, had inherited land originally purchased from the
863:
The discovering nation, having ultimate title to the land, had the right to sell the land of indigenous peoples, subject to the latter's right of occupancy.
1324:
jointly repudiated the doctrine of discovery as "not part of the teaching of the Catholic Church". The Vatican's statement pointed to the 1537 papal bull,
2465:(media release). HR/5088. Forum on Indigenous Issues, Eleventh Session, United Nations Economic and Social Council, New York. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
3009:
2984:
2862:"Joint Statement of the Dicasteries for Culture and Education and for Promoting Integral Human Development on the "Doctrine of Discovery", 30 March 2023"
1231:
1438:"Joint Statement of the Dicasteries for Culture and Education and for Promoting Integral Human Development on the "Doctrine of Discovery", 30.03.2023"
1310:
867:
639:
least to Europeans." Law professor Kent McNeil, however, states, "it is not apparent that such a rule was ever part of the European law of nations."
1130:
2538:
860:
On discovery, the sovereignty of the indigenous peoples and their rights to sell their land were diminished, but their right of occupancy remained.
3004:
1108:
732:, which moved the line separating their spheres of influence to 300 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands. The treaty was eventually endorsed by
2804:
1287:
1279:
1249:
561:
2565:
1412:
135:
1072:(1990) the court held that tribes could not prosecute Indians who were not a member of the prosecuting tribe. However in November 1990, the
2475:
775:
the natural right to explore and trade freely with other peoples, and the right to settle and cultivate uninhabited or uncultivated land.
2333:
2410:
Watson, Blake A (2011). "The Impact of the American Doctrine of Discovery on Native Land Rights in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand".
2367:
Watson, Blake A (2011). "The Impact of the American Doctrine of Discovery on Native Land Rights in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand".
1317:
632:
460:
2446:
2082:
2308:
1194:
1062:
844:
595:
2228:
1651:
1556:
1506:
2940:
2195:"John Marshall and Indian Land Rights: A Historical Rejoinder to the Claim of 'Universal Recognition' of the Doctrine of Discovery"
2038:"John Marshall and Indian Land Rights: A Historical Rejoinder to the Claim of 'Universal Recognition' of the Doctrine of Discovery"
1802:"John Marshall and Indian Land Rights: A Historical Rejoinder to the Claim of 'Universal Recognition' of the Doctrine of Discovery"
1158:
The discovery doctrine has been condemned as socially unjust, racist, and in violation of basic and fundamental human rights. The
857:
The nation discovering that land had "the sole right of acquiring the soil from the natives, and establishing settlements upon it."
2629:
1272:
1170:
430:
2300:
2066:"Preliminary Study of the Impact on Indigenous Peoples of the International Legal Construct Known as the Doctrine of Discovery"
1302:
1268:
830:
claimed that the doctrine of discovery was international law which was applicable to the new United States government as well.
2194:
2037:
1801:
2861:
1437:
1121:
344:
2583:
2183:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005): Ch. 1 "Francisco de Vitoria and the Colonial Origins of International Law".
2022:
Eric Kades (2000), "The Dark Side of Efficiency: Johnson v. McIntosh and the Expropriation of American Indian Lands", 148
442:
1359:
1306:
1242:
514:
409:
2913:
2493:
834:
415:
50:
2839:
1459:
MIckelson, Karin (2014). "The Maps of International Law: Perceptions of Nature in the Classification of Territory".
2994:
2750:
1215:
In 2014, Ruth Hopkins, a tribal attorney and former judge, wrote to Pope Francis asking him to formally revoke the
1113:
1021:
936:
708:
687:
In 1493, following a dispute between Portugal and Spain over the discovery of non-Christian lands in the Americas,
554:
335:
221:
30:
This article is about the discovery of land under public international law. For pre-trial phase of a lawsuit, see
2969:
466:
327:
322:
155:
2918:
932:
866:
This ultimate title of the discovering nation (in this case Britain) passed to the individual states after the
130:
1209:
1079:
As of March 2023, the most recent time the doctrine was cited by the Supreme Court is in the 2005 case
1073:
453:
317:
918:
had large real estate holdings that would have been affected if the case were decided in favor of Johnson.
2999:
1313:, Canadian bishops requested that the Catholic Church issue a new statement on the doctrine of discovery.
1227:
1008:
911:
739:
394:
363:
2914:"An Indigenous Lens into Comparative Law: The Doctrine of Discovery in the United States and New Zealand"
1330:, which affirmed the liberty and property rights of indigenous peoples and prohibited their enslavement.
2871:
2542:
1892:
1066:(1979), the Supreme Court held that discovery deprived tribes of the right to prosecute non-Indians. In
729:
547:
435:
1275:. As part of their demonstration, they invited a number of indigenous elders to authorize the burning.
2751:"How the Vatican encouraged the colonization of Indigenous lands – and enabled the Crown to keep them"
2989:
2974:
1981:
1030:
1000:
875:
753:
681:
664:
288:
2830:"Pope apologizes for 'deplorable evil' of Indigenous abuse in Canadian Catholic residential schools"
2288:
1173:, conducted on 8–17 August 2009, passed a resolution officially repudiating the discovery doctrine.
910:, Royal Governor of Virginia, and others. In 1805, the Piankeshaw conveyed much of the same land to
2907:
Native America, Discovered and Conquered: Thomas Jefferson, Lewis & Clark, and Manifest Destiny
1086:
889:
839:
719:
604:
378:
249:
2705:
2661:"Clergy repudiate 'doctrine of discovery' as hundreds support Indigenous rights at Standing Rock"
2539:"General Synod delegates overwhelmingly approve resolution repudiating the Doctrine of Discovery"
1951:
1943:
1843:
1742:
1734:
1476:
785:
714:
268:
110:
79:
818:
2675:"Image Gallery: 500 interfaith clergy and laity answered the call to stand with Standing Rock"
2334:"Vatican repudiates Doctrine of Discovery following decades of demands from Indigenous people"
2224:
1647:
1572:
1552:
1502:
1391:
928:
903:
895:
692:
688:
583:
211:
194:
120:
74:
2697:
2343:
2221:
Conquest by Law: How the Discovery of America Dispossessed Indigenous Peoples of Their Lands
2093:
1935:
1835:
1726:
1610:
1468:
1374:
1339:
1294:
have repudiated the doctrine and called on governments to remove it from laws and policies.
1198:
954:
935:
and France, as part of the sovereign rights the U.S. had won from the British crown through
827:
675:
587:
476:
447:
273:
216:
89:
2646:
2430:"Department of Economic and Social Affairs – Social Policy and Development Division; Home"
1379:
1364:
749:
652:
651:
which authorized various European powers to conquer the lands of non-Christians. In 1452,
404:
307:
204:
199:
31:
2805:"Canada's bishops want Catholic Church to issue new statement on Doctrine of Discovery"
1148:
789:
733:
724:
524:
420:
373:
173:
164:
140:
2775:
996:
territorial sovereignty by discovery and settlement, but only by conquest or cession.
2963:
2723:
2709:
1955:
1847:
1746:
1480:
1385:
1344:
1326:
1262:
1218:
1186:
1068:
970:
915:
847:
768:
698:
627:
599:
591:
257:
84:
17:
2449:, United Nations Economic and Social Council, New York. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
1413:"Vatican Repudiates 'Doctrine of Discovery,' Used as Justification for Colonization"
621:
The means by which a state can acquire territory in international law are conquest,
1354:
1298:
907:
874:
Dunbar-Oritz states that the doctrine outlined in this case continues to influence
778:
658:
519:
283:
263:
240:
42:
2776:"The Doctrine of Discovery explained and what would happen if the Pope revoked it"
2459:
2316:
2312:
1701:
1689:
European treaties bearing on the history of the United States and its dependencies
2899:
Public Native America: Tribal Self Representation in Casinos, Museums and Powwows
1896:
2264:"Native Americans and the Law: Native Americans Under Current United States Law"
1715:"Acquiring empire by law: From Roman doctrine to early modern European practice"
1644:
Unsettling Truths: The Ongoing, Dehumanizing Legacy of the Doctrine of Discovery
1369:
1349:
964:
764:
425:
399:
293:
231:
226:
189:
2927:
Discovering indigenous lands: The doctrine of discovery in the English colonies
1549:
Discovering indigenous lands, the doctrine of discovery in the English colonies
2866:
2604:
1939:
1880:
1839:
1730:
1547:
Miller, Robert J.; Ruru, Jacinta; Behrendt, Larissa; Lindberg, Tracey (2010).
1472:
980:
899:
704:
648:
537:
506:
486:
178:
105:
59:
2263:
1615:
1598:
510:
471:
278:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2701:
2520:
2498:
2338:
2119:
1522:
1181:
960:
668:
496:
368:
358:
183:
145:
2897:
1947:
1923:
1738:
1714:
2566:"A Letter to Pope Francis: Abolish the Papal Bull Behind Colonization!"
2494:"Why Pope Francis may be hesitant to rescind the Doctrine of Discovery"
622:
298:
150:
2304:
1924:"Why Terra Nullius? Anthropology and Property Law in Early Australia"
1259:
On November 3, 2016, a group of 524 clergy publicly burned copies of
1235:
1190:
as "a historic remnant with no juridical, moral or doctrinal value".
2429:
2065:
1134:(2014), the Supreme Court of Canada confirmed that "the doctrine of
850:
held that under generally accepted principles of international law:
2925:
Miller, R. J., Ruru, J., Behrendt, L., & Lindberg, T. (2010).
2647:"The Doctrine of Discovery Helped Define Native American Policies"
976:
817:
1826:
Borch, Merete (2001). "Rethinking the Origins of Terra Nullius".
1501:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 161, 596, 599.
501:
353:
115:
1674:
Despotic Dominion, property Rights in British Settler Societies
2834:
2011:
How the Indians Lost Their Land: Law and Power on the Frontier
1676:. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. p. 55.
533:
2181:
Imperialism, Sovereignty, and the Making of International Law
1076:
was amended by Congress to permit inter-tribal prosecutions.
894:
Banner and Kades argue that the 1823 case was the result of
625:
by agreement, occupation of land which belongs to no state (
1719:
Law and History Review. American Society for Legal History
999:
Pagden states that Marshall did not sufficiently consider
647:
Miller and others trace the doctrine of discovery back to
2268:
Native American Constitution and Law Digitization Project
722:. These were extended later in the year by a third bull,
2611:; for actions by the 223rd General Assembly (2018), see
2521:"Doctrine of Discovery and Rights of Indigenous Peoples"
2299:
Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968, Apr. 11, 1968, 82
2607:. For action by the 222nd General Assembly (2016), see
1099:
Monarchy of Canada and the Indigenous peoples of Canada
983:
as proof that other nations had accepted the doctrine.
1713:
Benton, Lauren; Straumann, Benjamin (February 2010).
1037:
In five further cases decided between 1836 and 1842,
2584:"Synod 2016 Rejects Doctrine of Discovery as Heresy"
2476:"General Convention renounces Doctrine of Discovery"
1082:
City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York
1987:
An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States
1691:. Vol. I. Washington DC: Carnegie Institution.
1178:
United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues
1160:
United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues
2947:. The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History
2798:
2796:
2223:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 131.
1230:, delegates to the annual general assembly of the
1212:repudiated the doctrine in a near-unanimous vote.
703:, drew a north-south line 100 leagues West of the
1551:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 12.
963:'s claims to lands discovered along the coast of
2087:, 21 U.S. 543, 5 L.Ed. 681, 8 Wheat. 543 (1823)"
1153:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
944:
718:, referred to the rights of the sovereigns of
1499:Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law
1292:Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada
555:
8:
2076:
2074:
2060:
2058:
1881:"The Doctrine of Discovery and Canadian Law"
1702:The bull of Julius II in Portuguese archives
1238:in response to a study report on the topic.
1122:Calder v British Columbia (Attorney General)
833:The discovery doctrine was expounded by the
793:
1260:
1216:
968:
952:
763:Similarly, when in 1580 Spain protested to
737:
696:
673:
656:
1303:July 2022 penitential pilgrimage to Canada
562:
548:
38:
2541:. United Church of Christ. Archived from
1990:. Boston: Beacon Press. pp. 197–201.
1614:
1497:Grant, John P.; Barker, J. Craig (2009).
728:. In 1494, Portugal and Spain signed the
2909:, Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2006
1411:Provoledo, Elisabetta (March 31, 2023).
1248:In 2016, the Churchwide Assembly of the
2630:"RepudiationDoctrineofDiscoverySPR2016"
2270:. The University of Oklahoma Law Center
1642:Charles, Mark; Rah, Soong-Chan (2018).
1403:
1109:St Catharines Milling and Lumber Co v R
837:in a series of decisions, most notably
484:
386:
343:
306:
239:
163:
97:
66:
41:
2905:Robert J. Miller and Elizabeth Furse,
2728:General Assembly | Disciples of Christ
2605:PC(USA) "Doctrine of Discovery Report"
2362:
2360:
1976:
1974:
1908:
1906:
1885:The Canadian Journal of Native Studies
1850:– via Taylor and Francis Online.
1646:. InterVarsity Press. pp. 15–20.
1637:
1635:
1288:Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples
1280:Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)
1250:Evangelical Lutheran Church in America
1234:rejected the doctrine of discovery as
2980:European colonization of the Americas
2398:Tsilhqot'in Nation v British Columbia
2386:Tsilhqot'in Nation v British Columbia
2327:
2325:
2024:University of Pennsylvania Law Review
1968:Benton and Strauman (2010). pp. 3, 12
1869:Benton and Strauman (2010). pp. 30–35
1667:
1665:
1663:
1318:Dicasteries for Culture and Education
1241:At the 222nd General Assembly of the
1131:Tsilhqot'in Nation v British Columbia
878:and treatment of indigenous peoples.
136:Lost, mislaid, and abandoned property
7:
2912:Miler, Robert J., and Jacinta Ruru.
2564:Hopkins, Ruth (September 12, 2018).
1492:
1490:
1322:Promoting Integral Human Development
870:, then to the United States in 1789.
2803:Taylor, Stephanie (July 27, 2022).
2332:Winfield, Nicole (March 30, 2023).
2262:Robertson, Lindsay G. (June 2001).
1461:Leiden Journal of International Law
951:Marshall noted the 1455 papal bull
27:Concept of public international law
2929:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2170:, Cambridge University Press, 1991
2064:Frichner, Tonya Gonnella. (2010).
1195:Unitarian Universalist Association
1063:Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe
582:, is a disputed interpretation of
25:
3010:Property law in the United States
2985:Human rights in the United States
2941:"The Doctrine of Discovery, 1493"
2120:"Five Hundred Years of Injustice"
1860:Benton and Strauman (2010). p. 26
1629:Miller (et. al.) (2010). pp. 9–12
1316:On March 30, 2023, the Vatican's
1226:At the 2016 Synod, 10–17 June in
826:In 1792, U.S. Secretary of State
2902:, Rutgers University Press, 2006
2749:White, Patrick (July 22, 2022).
1273:Standing Rock Indian Reservation
1176:During the Ninth Session of the
590:, introduced into United States
49:
2838:. July 25, 2022. Archived from
2157:McNeil (2016). pp. 699–700, 706
1269:Dakota Access Pipeline protests
3005:Legal doctrines and principles
2492:Gollom, Mark (July 30, 2022).
2289:Pub. L. 101-511 § 8077(b)
2219:Robertson, Lindsay G. (2005).
1687:Davenport, F. G., ed. (1917).
931:from the original discoverers
617:Discovery in international law
1:
2458:United Nations (8 May 2012).
2412:Seattle University Law Review
2388:2 SCR 257 at paragraphs 69–71
2369:Seattle University Law Review
2252:Robertson (2005). pp. 138–142
2243:Robertson (2005). pp. 133–135
1828:Australian Historical Studies
1143:Advocacy against the doctrine
1106:was extensively discussed in
443:Lateral and subjacent support
2118:Newcomb, Steve (Fall 1992).
1360:First contact (anthropology)
1278:The General Assembly of the
1243:Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.)
814:North American jurisprudence
410:Practicing without a license
2168:Vitoria: Political Writings
868:Declaration of Independence
835:United States Supreme Court
822:Chief Justice John Marshall
3026:
2474:Schjonberg, Mary Frances.
2000:McNeil (2016). pp. 704–705
1777:Slattery (2005). pp. 72–73
1759:Slattery (2005). pp. 58–59
1305:in light of the abuses of
1114:Royal Proclamation of 1763
1096:
1089:in the majority decision.
1022:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
887:
709:Catholic Monarchs of Spain
336:Doctrine of worthier title
29:
2447:"UNPFII Eleventh Session"
2400:2 SCR 257 at paragraph 77
2146:North Carolina Law Review
1940:10.1017/S0738248000000067
1840:10.1080/10314610108596162
1731:10.1017/S0738248009990022
1473:10.1017/S0922156514000235
1232:Christian Reformed Church
1015:Other United States cases
467:Conflict of property laws
323:Rule against perpetuities
2919:West Virginia Law Review
2307:(codified as amended at
1603:Osgoode Hall Law Journal
663:, which authorized King
1922:Banner, Stuart (2005).
1879:Reid, Jennifer (2010).
1616:10.60082/2817-5069.3000
1577:Osgoode Hall Law School
1210:United Church of Christ
1074:Indian Civil Rights Act
843:in 1823. In that case,
318:Restraint on alienation
2480:Episcopal Life Online,
2009:Stuart Banner (2005),
1928:Law and History Review
1768:Slattery (2005). p. 67
1261:
1228:Grand Rapids, Michigan
1217:
1093:Impact on Canadian law
1009:Robert A. Williams Jr.
969:
953:
949:
912:William Henry Harrison
823:
794:
740:Ea quae pro bono pacis
738:
697:
695:. The first of these,
674:
657:
345:Nonpossessory interest
2945:www.gilderlehrman.org
2872:Holy See Press Office
2202:Seton Hall Law Review
2099:on September 24, 2015
2045:Seton Hall Law Review
1982:Dunbar-Ortiz, Roxanne
1912:McNeil (2016). p. 707
1809:Seton Hall Law Review
1597:McNeil, Kent (2016).
1204:In 2013, at its 29th
1097:Further information:
821:
730:Treaty of Tordesillas
643:Historical background
580:doctrine of discovery
294:Action to quiet title
18:Doctrine of Discovery
2702:10.1353/aq.2017.0068
2570:Indian Country Today
2527:. February 17, 2016.
1223:papal bull of 1493.
1197:General Assembly in
1001:Francisco de Vitoria
929:inherited that title
876:American imperialism
754:Francisco di Vitoria
682:Atlantic slave trade
665:Afonso V of Portugal
289:Equitable conversion
2677:. November 3, 2016.
2663:. November 4, 2016.
2613:business item 10–12
2609:business item 11-17
2085:Johnson v. McIntosh
1311:residential schools
1307:Canadian Indigenous
1180:in April 2010, the
1171:US Episcopal Church
1087:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
1031:Worcester v Georgia
890:Johnson v. McIntosh
883:Johnson v. McIntosh
840:Johnson v. McIntosh
605:Johnson v. McIntosh
431:prior appropriation
379:Equitable servitude
2809:The Globe and Mail
2755:The Globe and Mail
2690:American Quarterly
2586:. January 29, 2016
1958:– via JSTOR.
1749:– via JSTOR.
1167:General Convention
1104:Johnson v M'Intosh
896:collusive lawsuits
824:
795:Le droit des gents
786:William Blackstone
715:Eximiae devotionis
705:Cape Verde Islands
667:to "subjugate the
576:discovery doctrine
461:Quicquid plantatur
269:Deeds registration
111:Adverse possession
80:Community property
2995:International law
2193:Watson, Blake A.
2166:Pagden, Anthony.
2036:Watson, Blake A.
1834:(117): 222–239 .
1800:Watson, Blake A.
1786:Slattery (2005).
1392:Right of conquest
1267:, as part of the
1151:(UN) adopted the
904:Indiana Territory
736:in the 1506 bull
693:Bulls of Donation
689:Pope Alexander VI
584:international law
572:
571:
212:Concurrent estate
195:Defeasible estate
75:Personal property
16:(Redirected from
3017:
2970:Aboriginal title
2956:
2954:
2952:
2922:111 (2008): 849.
2884:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2874:. March 30, 2023
2858:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2842:on July 25, 2022
2826:
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2407:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2364:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2344:Associated Press
2329:
2320:
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2291:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2199:
2190:
2184:
2179:Anthony Anghie,
2177:
2171:
2164:
2158:
2155:
2149:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2098:
2092:. Archived from
2091:
2081:Marshall, John.
2078:
2069:
2062:
2053:
2052:
2042:
2033:
2027:
2020:
2014:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1978:
1969:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1901:
1900:
1876:
1870:
1867:
1861:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1806:
1797:
1791:
1784:
1778:
1775:
1769:
1766:
1760:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1710:
1704:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1669:
1658:
1657:
1639:
1630:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1569:
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1544:
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1519:
1513:
1512:
1494:
1485:
1484:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1440:. March 30, 2023
1434:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1408:
1375:Manifest destiny
1340:Aboriginal title
1266:
1255:
1222:
1199:Phoenix, Arizona
974:
958:
955:Romanus Pontifex
942:Marshall noted:
828:Thomas Jefferson
797:
743:
720:Castile and León
702:
679:
676:Romanus Pontifex
662:
655:issued the bull
596:US Supreme Court
588:Age of Discovery
564:
557:
550:
531:Higher category:
477:Security deposit
274:Estoppel by deed
217:Leasehold estate
90:Unowned property
53:
39:
21:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3014:
2960:
2959:
2950:
2948:
2939:
2936:
2893:
2891:Further reading
2888:
2887:
2877:
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2860:
2859:
2855:
2845:
2843:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2813:
2811:
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2794:
2784:
2782:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2759:
2757:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2733:
2731:
2730:. April 4, 2017
2722:
2721:
2717:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2603:
2599:
2589:
2587:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2548:
2546:
2545:on July 6, 2020
2537:
2536:
2532:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2504:
2502:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2482:26 August 2009.
2473:
2469:
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2453:
2445:
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2428:
2427:
2423:
2409:
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2396:
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2323:
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2256:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2231:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2197:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2178:
2174:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2148:637, 645 (1999)
2143:
2139:
2129:
2127:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2080:
2079:
2072:
2063:
2056:
2040:
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2021:
2017:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1980:
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1972:
1967:
1963:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1904:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1868:
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1824:
1820:
1804:
1799:
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1712:
1711:
1707:
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1696:
1686:
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1661:
1654:
1641:
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1633:
1628:
1624:
1596:
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1591:
1581:
1579:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1531:
1529:
1523:"Robert Miller"
1521:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1496:
1495:
1488:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1443:
1441:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1421:
1419:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1380:Monroe Doctrine
1365:Frontier thesis
1336:
1253:
1145:
1101:
1095:
1017:
989:
967:, and the 1493
924:
892:
886:
816:
750:Domingo de Soto
653:Pope Nicholas V
645:
619:
568:
529:
416:Property rights
414:
262:
200:Future interest
188:
165:Estates in land
35:
32:Discovery (law)
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3013:
3012:
3007:
3002:
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2987:
2982:
2977:
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2961:
2958:
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2935:
2934:External links
2932:
2931:
2930:
2923:
2910:
2903:
2896:Lawlor, Mary.
2892:
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2767:
2741:
2715:
2696:(4): 823–832.
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1573:"McNeil, Kent"
1564:
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1539:
1527:search.asu.edu
1514:
1507:
1486:
1467:(3): 621–639.
1451:
1429:
1417:New York Times
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987:Legal critique
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734:Pope Julius II
725:Dudum siquidem
707:. It gave the
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2375:(2): 532–535.
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