1132:
for incorrect domain names, taking the user to VeriSign's search site. Other applications, such as many implementations of email, treat a lack of response to a domain name query as an indication that the domain does not exist, and that the message can be treated as undeliverable. The original VeriSign implementation broke this assumption for mail, because it would always resolve an erroneous domain name to that of Site Finder. While VeriSign later changed Site Finder's behaviour with regard to email, there was still widespread protest about VeriSign's action being more in its financial interest than in the interest of the
Internet infrastructure component for which VeriSign was the steward.
909:. A registrant usually designates an administrative contact to manage the domain name. The administrative contact usually has the highest level of control over a domain. Management functions delegated to the administrative contacts may include management of all business information, such as name of record, postal address, and contact information of the official registrant of the domain and the obligation to conform to the requirements of the domain registry in order to retain the right to use a domain name. Furthermore, the administrative contact installs additional contact information for technical and billing functions.
842:(ICANN), the organization charged with overseeing the name and number systems of the Internet. In addition to ICANN, each top-level domain (TLD) is maintained and serviced technically by an administrative organization operating a registry. A registry is responsible for maintaining the database of names registered within the TLD it administers. The registry receives registration information from each domain name registrar authorized to assign names in the corresponding TLD and publishes the information using a special service, the
40:
1232:
1220:
387:
1444:
1206:
118:(ccTLDs). Below these top-level domains in the DNS hierarchy are the second-level and third-level domain names that are typically open for reservation by end-users who wish to connect local area networks to the Internet, create other publicly accessible Internet resources or run websites. The registration of a second- or third-level domain name is usually administered by a
915:. The technical contact manages the name servers of a domain name. The functions of a technical contact include assuring conformance of the configurations of the domain name with the requirements of the domain registry, maintaining the domain zone records, and providing continuous functionality of the name servers (that leads to the accessibility of the domain name).
406:
1567:. In some cases, the owners of misspelled domain names may also attempt to sell the domain names to the owners of the legitimate domain names, or to individuals or organizations who are interested in capitalizing on the traffic generated by internet users who accidentally type in the misspelled domain names.
935:
to host a domain's resource records. The registrar's policies govern the number of servers and the type of server information required. Some providers require a hostname and the corresponding IP address or just the hostname, which must be resolvable either in the new domain, or exist elsewhere. Based
893:
providers that try to compete or complement ICANN's role of domain name administration, however, most of them failed to receive wide recognition, and thus domain names offered by those alternative roots cannot be used universally on most other internet-connecting machines without additional dedicated
596:
During the 32nd
International Public ICANN Meeting in Paris in 2008, ICANN started a new process of TLD naming policy to take a "significant step forward on the introduction of new generic top-level domains." This program envisions the availability of many new or already proposed domains, as well as
1131:
and other technical bodies, explained how they were surprised by VeriSign's changing the fundamental behavior of a major component of
Internet infrastructure, not having obtained the customary consensus. Site Finder, at first, assumed every Internet query was for a website, and it monetized queries
1300:
that could harm legitimate businesses. After a joint operation on
February 15, 2011, the DOJ and the Department of Homeland Security claimed to have seized ten domains of websites involved in advertising and distributing child pornography, but also mistakenly seized the domain name of a large DNS
849:
Registries and registrars usually charge an annual fee for the service of delegating a domain name to a user and providing a default set of name servers. Often, this transaction is termed a sale or lease of the domain name, and the registrant may sometimes be called an "owner", but no such legal
968:
A few companies have offered low-cost, below-cost or even free domain registration with a variety of models adopted to recoup the costs to the provider. These usually require that domains be hosted on their website within a framework or portal that includes advertising wrapped around the domain
145:
Domain names serve to identify
Internet resources, such as computers, networks, and services, with a text-based label that is easier to memorize than the numerical addresses used in the Internet protocols. A domain name may represent entire collections of such resources or individual instances.
1591:
attacks that depend on falsifying or misrepresenting an internet domain name. These are designed to persuade unsuspecting users into visiting a web site other than that intended, or opening an email that is not in reality from the address shown (or apparently shown). Although website and email
1570:
To avoid being caught by a misspelled domain name, internet users should be careful to type in domain names correctly, and should avoid clicking on links that appear suspicious or unfamiliar. Additionally, individuals and organizations who own popular or well-known domain names should consider
1556:, are domain names that are intentionally or unintentionally misspelled versions of popular or well-known domain names. The goal of misspelled domain names is to capitalize on internet users who accidentally type in a misspelled domain name, and are then redirected to a different website.
940:
A domain name consists of one or more labels, each of which is formed from the set of ASCII letters, digits, and hyphens (a–z, A–Z, 0–9, -), but not starting or ending with a hyphen. The labels are case-insensitive; for example, 'label' is equivalent to 'Label' or 'LABEL'. In the textual
597:
a new application and implementation process. Observers believed that the new rules could result in hundreds of new top-level domains to be registered. In 2012, the program commenced, and received 1930 applications. By 2016, the milestone of 1000 live gTLD was reached.
1681:. This type of attack depends on registering a domain name that is similar to the 'target' domain, differing from it only because its spelling includes one or more characters that come from a different alphabet but look the same to the naked eye. For example, the
1351:
Business
Constituency (BC) has spent decades trying to make IDN variants work at the second level, and in the last several years at the top level. Domain name variants are domain names recognized in different character encodings, like a single domain presented in
881:
domains and others, use a registry-registrar model consisting of hundreds of domain name registrars (see lists at ICANN or VeriSign). In this method of management, the registry only manages the domain name database and the relationship with the registrars. The
818:
TLD, which as of
December 21, 2014, had 115.6 million domain names, including 11.9 million online business and e-commerce sites, 4.3 million entertainment sites, 3.1 million finance related sites, and 1.8 million sports sites. As of July 15, 2012, the
252:), which mapped computer hostnames to numerical addresses. The rapid growth of the network made it impossible to maintain a centrally organized hostname registry and in 1983 the Domain Name System was introduced on the ARPANET and published by the
222:, although domain name registration with a registrar does not confer any legal ownership of the domain name, only an exclusive right of use for a particular duration of time. The use of domain names in commerce may subject them to
588:
During the growth of the
Internet, it became desirable to create additional generic top-level domains. As of October 2009, 21 generic top-level domains and 250 two-letter country-code top-level domains existed. In addition, the
853:
ICANN publishes the complete list of TLD registries and domain name registrars. Registrant information associated with domain names is maintained in an online database accessible with the WHOIS protocol. For most of the 250
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662:
Next are third-level domains, which are written immediately to the left of a second-level domain. There can be fourth- and fifth-level domains, and so on, with virtually no limitation. Each label is separated by a
2841:
198:
A generic domain is a name that defines a general category, rather than a specific or personal instance, for example, the name of an industry, rather than a company name. Some examples of generic names are
524:
Hostnames impose restrictions on the characters allowed in the corresponding domain name. A valid hostname is also a valid domain name, but a valid domain name may not necessarily be valid as a hostname.
2519:
235:
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holder's content, revenue from which allows the provider to recoup the costs. Domain registrations were free of charge when the DNS was new. A domain holder may provide an infinite number of
850:
relationship is actually associated with the transaction, only the exclusive right to use the domain name. More correctly, authorized users are known as "registrants" or as "domain holders".
1371:, an expert on Internet related topics, "Unfortunately, variants don't work. The problem isn't putting them in the DNS, it's that once they're in the DNS, they don't work anywhere else."
1029:
is often used to emphasize the meaning of a domain name, because DNS names are not case-sensitive. Some names may be misinterpreted in certain uses of capitalization. For example:
611:
For special purposes, such as network testing, documentation, and other applications, IANA also reserves a set of special-use domain names. This list contains domain names such as
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2974:
902:
In the process of registering a domain name and maintaining authority over the new name space created, registrars use several key pieces of information connected with a domain:
2410:
2904:
1139:(ICANN) threatened to revoke its contract to administer the root name servers. ICANN published the extensive set of letters exchanged, committee reports, and ICANN decisions.
1136:
839:
395:
2736:
67:
services and more. Domain names are used in various networking contexts and for application-specific naming and addressing purposes. In general, a domain name identifies a
1293:
3056:
2838:
195:
Domain names are used to establish a unique identity. Organizations can choose a domain name that corresponds to their name, helping
Internet users to reach them easily.
188:
Internet resources. This abstraction allows any resource to be moved to a different physical location in the address topology of the network, globally or locally in an
2550:
2032:
1324:
which they process on the basis of breach of terms and conditions. Around 16,000 domains are suspended annually, and about 80% of the requests originate from PIPCU.
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There is also significant disquiet regarding the United States
Government's political influence over ICANN. This was a significant issue in the attempt to create a
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3578:
3115:
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59:
that identifies a realm of administrative autonomy, authority or control. Domain names are often used to identify services provided through the Internet, such as
165:
Domain names are also used as simple identification labels to indicate ownership or control of a resource. Such examples are the realm identifiers used in the
129:(FQDN) is a domain name that is completely specified with all labels in the hierarchy of the DNS, having no parts omitted. Traditionally a FQDN ends in a dot (
2156:
1092:, on the other hand, run servers that are typically assigned only one or a few addresses while serving websites for many domains, a technique referred to as
2515:
2225:
718:
could be an email server, each intended to perform only the implied function. Modern technology allows multiple physical servers with either different (cf.
683:, e.g., 1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa, which is the reverse DNS resolution domain name for the IP address of a
1184:
1364:
problem. Under Domain Name Variants, the different encodings of the domain name (in simplified and traditional Chinese) would resolve to the same host.
961:
domain names, like sought-after real estate, tend to carry significant value, usually due to their online brand-building potential, use in advertising,
1717:. Most web browsers warn of 'mixed alphabet' domain names, Other services, such as email applications, may not provide the same protection. Reputable
192:. Such a move usually requires changing the IP address of a resource and the corresponding translation of this IP address to and from its domain name.
3538:
1037:, which can be misread. In such situations, the proper meaning may be clarified by placement of hyphens when registering a domain name. For instance,
154:
is also used for the leaf labels in the domain name system, usually without further subordinate domain name space. Hostnames appear as a component in
3086:
2493:
3533:
3427:
1635:. Should a user accidentally enter an incorrect domain name, they may be led to any URL (including an alternative website owned by a cybersquatter).
137:, and may therefore be written in any desired capitalization method, but most commonly domain names are written in lowercase in technical contexts.
1957:
1160:, whereby registrars, when given whois queries, automatically register the domain name for themselves. Network Solutions has been accused of this.
2817:
1383:
is a domain name used in a work of fiction or popular culture to refer to a domain that does not actually exist, often with invalid or unofficial
1309:
694:
Second-level (or lower-level, depending on the established parent hierarchy) domain names are often created based on the name of a company (e.g.,
1018:. Various factors influence the perceived value or market value of a domain name. Most of the high-prize domain sales are carried out privately.
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of domain names, based on the legal theory that domain names constitute property used to engage in criminal activity, and thus are subject to
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Many desirable domain names are already assigned and users must search for other acceptable names, using Web-based search features, or
726:) to serve a single hostname or domain name, or multiple domain names to be served by a single computer. The latter is very popular in
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era, before the advent of today's commercial Internet. In the early network, each computer on the network retrieved the hosts file (
2379:
651:(SLD) names. These are the names directly to the left of .com, .net, and the other top-level domains. As an example, in the domain
462:
The hierarchy of domains descends from the right to the left label in the name; each label to the left specifies a subdivision, or
2068:
1000:
tools which search domain name databases and suggest available alternative domain names related to keywords provided by the user.
931:. Most registrars provide two or more name servers as part of the registration service. However, a registrant may specify its own
2732:
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2202:
1423:
3004:
2605:
1273:
1096:. Such IP address overloading requires that each request identifies the domain name being referenced, for instance by using the
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to provide server redundancy for the services offered, a feature that is used to manage the traffic of large, popular websites.
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253:
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When the Domain Name System was devised in the 1980s, the domain name space was divided into two main groups of domains. The
82:(DNS). Any name registered in the DNS is a domain name. Domain names are organized in subordinate levels (subdomains) of the
3165:
1119:
system which redirected all unregistered .com and .net domains to a VeriSign webpage. For example, at a public meeting with
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The practice of using a simple memorable abstraction of a host's numerical address on a computer network dates back to the
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702:.com). Below these levels, the next domain name component has been used to designate a particular host server. Therefore,
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115:
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1725:
registrars will not accept applications to register a deceptive name but this policy cannot be presumed to be infallible.
1571:
registering common misspellings of their domain names in order to prevent others from using them for malicious purposes.
494:. The empty label is reserved for the root node and when fully qualified is expressed as the empty label terminated by a
1860:
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2003:
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545:(gTLD) was implemented which represented a set of categories of names and multi-organizations. These were the domains
178:
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126:
627:. Other top-level domain names containing trade marks are registered for corporate use. Cases include brands such as
417:
of domain names. Each node in the tree holds information associated with the domain name. The tree sub-divides into
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858:(ccTLDs), the domain registries maintain the WHOIS (Registrant, name servers, expiration dates, etc.) information.
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has ruled that the exclusive right to a domain name is protected as property under article 1 of Protocol 1 to the
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and does not allow the representation of names and words of many languages in their native scripts or alphabets.
56:
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865:(NIC), also function as registrars to end-users. The major generic top-level domain registries, such as for the
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In the first quarter of 2015, 294 million domain names had been registered. A large fraction of them are in the
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886:(users of a domain name) are customers of the registrar, in some cases through additional layers of resellers.
542:
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91:
1115:
Critics often claim abuse of administrative power over domain names. Particularly noteworthy was the VeriSign
1502:
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are domains subordinate to their parent domain. An example of very deep levels of subdomain ordering are the
184:
An important function of domain names is to provide easily recognizable and memorizable names to numerically
3583:
1830:
1825:
1759:
1473:
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1406:
Domain names used in works of fiction have often been registered in the DNS, either by their creators or by
1176:, forbids the use of a misleading domain name with the intention of attracting Internet users into visiting
398:(ICANN) manages the top-level development and architecture of the Internet domain name space. It authorizes
31:
2675:
2120:
671:. 'sos' is said to be a sub-domain of 'state.oh.us', and 'state' a sub-domain of 'oh.us', etc. In general,
498:. The full domain name may not exceed a total length of 253 ASCII characters in its textual representation.
39:
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in 2010. Consumer Electronics Association vice president Michael Petricone was worried that seizure was a
1104:
3193:
3819:
3627:
3393:
3315:
1949:
1820:
1768: – System to prevent email fraud ("Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting and Conformance")
1484:
922:
835:
399:
119:
2813:
211:. Companies have created brands based on generic names, and such generic domain names may be valuable.
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strings used in application user interfaces into the valid DNS character set by an encoding called
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3413:
3000:
2952:
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1880:
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centers, where service providers host the websites of many organizations on just a few servers.
3725:
2635:
2464:
1999:
1892:
1756: – Suite of IETF specifications for securing certain kinds of information provided by DNS
491:
249:
75:(IP) resource, such as a personal computer used to access the Internet, or a server computer.
72:
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390:
The hierarchical domain name system, organized into zones, each served by domain name servers
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3573:
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2572:
2301:
1919:
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1702:
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is a domain name that has at least one associated IP address. For example, the domain names
448:
134:
87:
2400:
Evangelista, Benny. 2010. "25 years of .com names." San Francisco Chronicle. March 15, p. 1
1252:. For example, in the seizure of the domain name of a gambling website, the DOJ referenced
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2947:
2845:
2709:
2661:
2362:
2229:
2160:
1796:
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1276:
1237:
2375:
1780: – Electronic document used to prove the ownership of a public key (SSL certificate)
1743: – Creating email spam or phishing messages with a forged sender identity or address
1509:
577:(TLDs) are the highest level of domain names of the Internet. Top-level domains form the
1312:(PIPCU) has been attempting to seize domain names from registrars without court orders.
3680:
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3363:
2874:
1888:
1840:
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on traditional requirements (RFC 1034), typically a minimum of two servers is required.
711:
68:
3198:
2654:
2198:
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in that domain names are foundations on which a website can be built, and the highest
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3593:
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2054:
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667:(dot). An example of an operational domain name with four levels of domain labels is
605:
578:
422:
223:
146:
Individual Internet host computers use domain names as host identifiers, also called
2601:
1320:
PIPCU and other UK law enforcement organisations make domain suspension requests to
1268:
3735:
3670:
3383:
3358:
1728:
1616:
1083:
826:
As of December 31, 2023, 359.8 million domain names had been registered.
593:
domain serves technical purposes in the infrastructure of the Domain Name System.
3161:
1793: – Technique for making a Web page available under more than one URL address
1258:
3740:
3523:
3445:
3388:
3378:
3249:, Domain Names — Implementation and Specification, an Internet Protocol Standard
3246:
3239:
1913:
1810:
1628:
1443:
1427:
1396:
1124:
1116:
954:
439:
386:
170:
1737: – Creating a website, as a hoax, with the intention of misleading readers
1426:. O'Brien subsequently created a website based on the concept and used it as a
3755:
3690:
3528:
3475:
3398:
2242:
1698:
1026:
636:
185:
3230:
2905:"Comment on ICANN Recommendations for Managing IDN Variant Top-Level Domains"
2580:
1611:, also called "URL hijacking", a "sting site", or a "fake URL", is a form of
1135:
Despite widespread criticism, VeriSign only reluctantly removed it after the
737:
or components of domain names are separated in a fully qualified name by the
3750:
3710:
3705:
3645:
3470:
3465:
3408:
3403:
2631:
2091:
1845:
1706:
970:
942:
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734:
688:
672:
664:
620:
495:
463:
1993:
1399:", specifically set aside by IANA in RFC 2606 for such use, along with the
17:
1244:
In the early 21st century, the US Department of Justice (DOJ) pursued the
133:) to denote the top of the DNS tree. Labels in the Domain Name System are
3715:
3700:
3635:
3613:
3227:, public information regarding Internet domain name registration services
1682:
1588:
1560:
1120:
776:
684:
680:
612:
502:
189:
147:
83:
48:
2267:
1762: – Simple email-validation system designed to detect email spoofing
1651:
A common misspelling, or foreign language spelling, of the intended site
804:
by Symbolics Inc., a computer systems firm in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
30:
This article is about domain names in the Internet. For other uses, see
3765:
3760:
3675:
3650:
3640:
3598:
3563:
3558:
3490:
3455:
3435:
3242:, Domain Names — Concepts and Facilities, an Internet Protocol Standard
3136:
2356:
Internet Grows to 294 Million Domain Names in the First Quarter of 2015
1564:
1559:
Misspelled domain names are often used for malicious purposes, such as
1395:
used in film and other media. The canonical fictitious domain name is "
1321:
1062:
772:
723:
437:, that are conventionally concatenated, and delimited by dots, such as
405:
241:
159:
86:
domain, which is nameless. The first-level set of domain names are the
60:
1301:
provider, temporarily replacing 84,000 websites with seizure notices.
3745:
3608:
3543:
3495:
3460:
3440:
3263:
3252:
3202:
2878:
2733:"Past Congressional Attempts to Combat Online Copyright Infringement"
2305:
2293:
1923:
1774: – Email authentication method designed to detect email spoofing
632:
616:
537:(ccTLD) were primarily based on the two-character territory codes of
174:
2857:
ECHR 18 September 2007, no. 25379/04, 21688/05, 21722/05, 21770/05,
2490:"Choose A Top Domain Registrar Of Your Choice Using Our Search Tool"
521:, may indeed have an IP address, and if so, they are also hostnames.
3213:
1592:
spoofing attacks are more widely known, any service that relies on
779:. For example, københavn.eu is mapped to xn--kbenhavn-54a.eu. Many
3695:
3665:
3553:
3548:
3513:
3485:
3480:
2911:
1912:
Arends, R.; Austein, R.; Larson, M.; Massey, D.; Rose, S. (2005).
1765:
1722:
1686:
1348:
1014:
The business of resale of registered domain names is known as the
989:
843:
764:
760:
624:
590:
385:
99:
64:
38:
647:
Below the top-level domains in the domain name hierarchy are the
3793:
3660:
3655:
2679:
2116:
1388:
1143:
921:. The party responsible for receiving billing invoices from the
759:
The character set allowed in the Domain Name System is based on
676:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
433:
A domain name consists of one or more parts, technically called
321:
260:
111:
107:
103:
95:
3267:
2516:"WhoRepresents helps brands connect with celebrity influencers"
2119:. Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN).
1713:) that may not be perceived as different from the ASCII letter
941:
representation of a domain name, the labels are separated by a
604:(IANA) maintains an annotated list of top-level domains in the
402:, through which domain names may be registered and reassigned.
3730:
1624:
1437:
1411:
628:
517:
domain is not. However, other top-level domains, particularly
3194:
Top Level Domain Bias in Search Engine Indexing and Rankings
2144:, J. Postel, J. Reynolds, The Internet Society (October 1984)
1604:
There are a number of better-known types of domain spoofing:
236:
List of the oldest currently registered Internet domain names
3057:"Example Screenshots of Strider URL Tracer With Typo-Patrol"
2092:"Domain names - Implementation and specification (RFC 1035)"
2055:"Defining Domain: Higher Education's Battles for Cyberspace"
1587:) is used generically to describe one or more of a class of
823:
TLD had more registrations than all of the ccTLDs combined.
3224:
2223:
ICANN Board Approves Sweeping Overhaul of Top-level Domains
1915:
RFC 4034 – Resource Records for the DNS Security Extensions
1191:
and deceptive use of names and trademarks in domain names.
78:
Domain names are formed by the rules and procedures of the
2967:"Canadian banks hit by two-year domain name spoofing scam"
2788:"U.S. Government Shuts Down 84,000 Websites, 'By Mistake'"
218:
and domain name registrants are frequently referred to as
996:
operating system tools. Many registrars have implemented
3218:
3108:"Upcoming update with IDN homograph phishing fix - Blog"
2173:
1153:
that would be beyond the control of any single country.
585:. Every domain name ends with a top-level domain label.
409:
The hierarchy of labels in a fully qualified domain name
3079:"Internationalized Domain Names (IDN) in Google Chrome"
2376:"Thirty years of .COM domains - and the numbers are up"
1799: – Technique for Internet censorship circumvention
1410:
attempting to profit from it. This phenomenon prompted
1183:
The Truth in Domain Names Act follows the more general
796:
The first commercial Internet domain name, in the TLD
3221:- Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
541:
country abbreviations. In addition, a group of seven
3189:(domain bias in web search) a research by Microsoft
3774:
3622:
3503:
3422:
3339:
3306:
3299:
3231:
Internet Domain Names: Background and Policy Issues
1137:
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
840:
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
466:of the domain to the right. For example: the label
396:
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
1294:Combating Online Infringement and Counterfeits Act
1332:Because of the economic value it represents, the
3137:"About Safari International Domain Name support"
1156:Additionally, there are numerous accusations of
3255:, Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy
3208:Icann New gTLD Program Factsheet - October 2009
2956:, December 12, 2006. Retrieved April 12, 2008.
834:The right to use a domain name is delegated by
800:, was registered on 15 March 1985 in the name
263:domains with the dates of their registration:
3279:
3027:"Mass Spoofing Campaign Abuses Walmart Brand"
1785:Legitimate technologies that may be subverted
214:Domain names are often simply referred to as
8:
2848:, 1 November 2016 – 31 October 2017, Nominet
2759:"Tech industry wary of domain name seizures"
2577:"VeriSign fends off critics at ICANN confab"
2292:Cheshire, S.; Krochmal, M. (February 2013).
1654:A misspelling based on a typographical error
2814:"Whatever Happened to "Due Process" ?"
2332:"Executive Summary - dot brand observatory"
2117:"Introduction to Top-Level Domains (gTLDs)"
2025:"The first ever 20 domain names registered"
1885:TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1: The Protocols
1472:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
973:in their domain. For example, the owner of
3303:
3286:
3272:
3264:
1982:, J.C. Klensin, J. Klensin (February 2003)
1731: – Cyberattack using corrupt DNS data
1671:(ccTLD) (.cm, .co, or .om instead of .com)
1391:", a usage exactly analogous to the dummy
1185:Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act
1033:, a database of artists and agents, chose
953:Domain names are often seen in analogy to
861:Some domain name registries, often called
2869:
2867:
2174:"32nd International Public ICANN Meeting"
1536:Learn how and when to remove this message
259:The following table shows the first five
2602:"Verisign's Wildcard Service Deployment"
2543:"'Slurls': Most Outrageous Website URLs"
1623:made by Internet users when inputting a
404:
326:
265:
2941:So This Manatee Walks Into the Internet
2879:"Domain Name Variants Still Won't Work"
1950:"Why are generic domains so expensive?"
1872:
1644:will usually be one of five kinds, all
1548:Misspelled domain names, also known as
1310:Police Intellectual Property Crime Unit
1198:
1041:, a programmers' discussion site, used
94:(gTLDs), such as the prominent domains
1754:Domain Name System Security Extensions
1069:URL: http://www.example.net/index.html
490:. Each label may contain from 1 to 63
158:(URLs) for Internet resources such as
122:who sell its services to the public.
3830:Domain name seizures by United States
3037:from the original on November 6, 2021
2334:. observatory.domains. Archived from
2312:from the original on 13 November 2020
2243:"About the Program - ICANN New gTLDs"
1693:alphabets each have their own letter
1362:Internationalization and localization
43:An annotated example of a domain name
27:Identification string in the Internet
7:
2977:from the original on 6 November 2021
2820:from the original on 5 December 2014
2664:, NSI Registers Every Domain Checked
2415:TLD larger than all ccTLDs combined"
2294:"RFC6761 - Special-Use Domain Names"
1980:Role of the Domain Name System (DNS)
1470:adding citations to reliable sources
1082:A domain name may point to multiple
1057:The domain name is a component of a
643:Second-level and lower level domains
413:The domain name space consists of a
2514:Courtney, Curzi (14 October 2014).
2417:. Royal.pingdom.com. Archived from
1697:, each of which has its own binary
1583:(or simply though less accurately,
1422:spoke the name while ad-libbing on
1338:European Convention on Human Rights
1187:passed in 1999 aimed at preventing
1010:List of most expensive domain names
722:) or even identical addresses (cf.
602:Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
2885:from the original on July 29, 2020
2382:from the original on April 7, 2016
1960:from the original on 20 March 2019
1851:List of Internet top-level domains
1657:A plural of a singular domain name
898:Technical requirements and process
698:.co.uk), product or service (e.g.
25:
2839:Tackling online criminal activity
2812:Jeftovic, Mark (8 October 2013).
2731:Gabriel, Jeffrey (18 June 2020).
2444:Domain Name Industry Brief (DNIB)
2090:Mockapetris, P. (November 1987).
1992:Cricket Liu, Paul Albitz (2006).
1619:which relies on mistakes such as
1275:In 2013 the US government seized
1172:of 2003, in combination with the
1127:, numerous people, active in the
1045:, but changed its domain name to
977:could provide subdomains such as
447:The right-most label conveys the
3214:IANA Two letter Country Code TLD
2553:from the original on 31 May 2019
2541:Ki, Mae Heussner (2 June 2010).
2522:from the original on 8 July 2019
1442:
1230:
1218:
1204:
1149:and sparked greater interest in
1123:to air technical concerns about
513:are also hostnames, whereas the
455:belongs to the top-level domain
3168:from the original on 2016-01-31
3143:from the original on 2014-06-17
3118:from the original on 2020-08-08
3089:from the original on 2020-11-01
3007:from the original on 2021-11-04
2921:from the original on 2022-10-09
2794:from the original on 2018-12-25
2769:from the original on 2011-04-10
2739:from the original on 2020-06-20
2608:from the original on 2008-12-02
2496:from the original on 2015-09-04
2471:from the original on 2019-05-19
2440:"DNIB Quarterly Report Q4 2023"
2298:Internet Engineering Task Force
2274:from the original on 2019-05-04
2249:from the original on 2016-11-03
2205:from the original on 2011-09-10
2180:from the original on 2009-03-08
2123:from the original on 2009-06-15
2071:from the original on 2018-11-07
2035:from the original on 2020-08-08
2006:from the original on 2011-09-05
1930:from the original on 2018-09-20
451:; for example, the domain name
254:Internet Engineering Task Force
3234:Congressional Research Service
2757:Jerome, Sarah (6 April 2011).
1334:European Court of Human Rights
856:country code top-level domains
838:, which are accredited by the
749:Internationalized domain names
535:country code top-level domains
519:country code top-level domains
248:) from a computer at SRI (now
173:used to verify DNS domains in
116:country code top-level domains
1:
3776:Web content management system
3025:Tara Seals (August 6, 2019).
2700:Dia, Miaz (4 February 2010).
2465:"ICANN-Accredited Registrars"
1669:Country Code Top-Level Domain
1664:: (i.e. .com instead of .org)
1292:The U.S. Congress passed the
811:domains had been registered.
769:Internationalized domain name
755:Internationalized domain name
1887:. Vol. 1 (1 ed.).
1861:Reverse domain name notation
1414:to purchase the domain name
1075:Second-level domain: example
659:is the second-level domain.
179:Uniform Resource Identifiers
2674:FBI / DOJ (15 April 2011).
2579:. CNET News. Archived from
1393:555 telephone number prefix
965:, and many other criteria.
925:and paying applicable fees.
889:There are also a few other
863:network information centers
807:By 1992, fewer than 15,000
177:systems, and in many other
167:Session Initiation Protocol
127:fully qualified domain name
3846:
3784:Document management system
3451:Domain Technologie Control
3424:Web hosting control panels
2378:. Geekzone. Mar 13, 2015.
2053:Rooksby, Jacob H. (2015).
1918:(Technical report). IEFT.
1772:DomainKeys Identified Mail
1168:In the United States, the
1007:
963:search engine optimization
933:authoritative name servers
771:(IDNA) system, which maps
752:
233:
162:(e.g., en.wikipedia.org).
29:
3083:chromium.googlesource.com
2626:Mueller, M (March 2004).
2232:, CircleID, 26 June 2008.
1648:the victim site address:
1170:Truth in Domain Names Act
1164:Truth in Domain Names Act
1158:domain name front running
1098:HTTP request header field
543:generic top-level domains
156:Uniform Resource Locators
92:generic top-level domains
3259:Special use domain names
2411:"Domain domination: The
1856:Reverse domain hijacking
1059:uniform resource locator
787:Domain name registration
706:might be an FTP server,
256:as RFC 882 and RFC 883.
3162:"IDN Display Algorithm"
1831:Domain name warehousing
1826:Domain name speculation
1760:Sender Policy Framework
1434:Misspelled domain names
1053:Uses in website hosting
985:to interested parties.
32:Domain (disambiguation)
1778:Public key certificate
1594:domain name resolution
1563:scams or distributing
1381:fictitious domain name
1375:Fictitious domain name
1105:Server Name Indication
1004:Resale of domain names
998:domain name suggestion
907:Administrative contact
836:domain name registrars
474:as a subdomain of the
410:
400:domain name registrars
391:
90:(TLDs), including the
44:
3394:Web content lifecycle
2702:"website laten maken"
2176:. ICANN. 2008-06-22.
2163:, ICANN, October 2009
1821:Domain name registrar
1418:after talk-show host
1151:alternative DNS roots
1072:Top-level domain: net
1061:(URL) used to access
1022:Domain name confusion
923:domain name registrar
573:. These two types of
482:is a label to create
408:
389:
120:domain name registrar
42:
3354:Mobile web analytics
3067:on 21 December 2008.
2712:on December 20, 2016
2268:"Root Zone Database"
1679:IDN homograph attack
1596:may be compromised.
1581:Domain name spoofing
1575:Domain name spoofing
1466:improve this section
1178:Internet pornography
1111:Abuse and regulation
1090:Web hosting services
1047:experts-exchange.com
891:alternative DNS root
581:of the hierarchical
2142:Domain Requirements
2060:Brooklyn Law Review
1954:TheRealJerryLow.com
1881:Stevens, W. Richard
1836:Domain registration
1723:country code domain
1640:The typosquatter's
1354:traditional Chinese
1174:PROTECT Act of 2003
1094:virtual web hosting
1043:expertsexchange.com
983:foo.bar.example.org
783:have adopted IDNA.
728:Web hosting service
679:reverse resolution
649:second-level domain
328:
320:and the first five
267:
3815:Domain Name System
3414:Website governance
3294:Website management
3061:Microsoft Research
3001:Barracuda Networks
2973:. 9 January 2020.
2953:The New York Times
2946:2017-01-23 at the
2914:. April 21, 2019.
2877:(April 21, 2019).
2859:Paeffgen v Germany
2844:2017-12-16 at the
2660:2010-02-17 at the
2583:on January 4, 2013
2361:2017-12-20 at the
2228:2009-06-26 at the
2199:"New gTLS Program"
2159:2011-11-25 at the
2154:"New gTLD Program"
2029:ComputerWeekly.com
1358:simplified Chinese
1238:libertyreserve.com
1225:channelsurfing.net
1016:domain aftermarket
687:interface, or the
583:Domain Name System
429:Domain name syntax
411:
392:
335:Registration date
327:
314:30 September 1985
274:Registration date
266:
80:Domain Name System
45:
3802:
3801:
3726:Network Solutions
3374:
3373:
2997:"Domain spoofing"
2573:McCullagh, Declan
1546:
1545:
1538:
1520:
1385:top-level domains
1212:absolutepoker.com
1035:whorepresents.com
913:Technical contact
733:The hierarchical
575:top-level domains
529:Top-level domains
486:, a subdomain of
470:specifies a node
421:beginning at the
382:Domain name space
379:
378:
318:
317:
250:SRI International
88:top-level domains
73:Internet Protocol
16:(Redirected from
3837:
3721:NearlyFreeSpeech
3574:Identity Digital
3505:Top-level domain
3304:
3288:
3281:
3274:
3265:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3063:. Archived from
3053:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2963:
2957:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2928:
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2920:
2909:
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2895:
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2892:
2890:
2871:
2862:
2855:
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2836:
2830:
2829:
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2809:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2708:. Archived from
2697:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2678:. Archived from
2671:
2665:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2569:
2563:
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2538:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2407:
2401:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2372:
2366:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2306:10.17487/RFC6761
2289:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2239:
2233:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2170:
2164:
2151:
2145:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2096:IETF Datatracker
2087:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
1998:(5th ed.).
1989:
1983:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1924:10.17487/RFC4034
1909:
1903:
1902:
1877:
1816:Domain hijacking
1735:Website spoofing
1719:top level domain
1716:
1712:
1707:dotless letter i
1696:
1667:An abuse of the
1662:top-level domain
1631:or composing an
1541:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1521:
1519:
1478:
1446:
1438:
1416:Hornymanatee.com
1298:blunt instrument
1288:
1286:§ 982(a)(1)
1271:
1261:
1234:
1222:
1208:
1147:top-level domain
1039:Experts Exchange
894:configurations.
716:mail.example.com
449:top-level domain
329:
268:
135:case-insensitive
21:
3845:
3844:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3770:
3618:
3499:
3418:
3370:
3349:Click analytics
3335:
3295:
3292:
3185:
3180:
3171:
3169:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3146:
3144:
3135:
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3119:
3106:
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3092:
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3077:
3076:
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3055:
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3040:
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3024:
3023:
3019:
3010:
3008:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2980:
2978:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2948:Wayback Machine
2938:
2934:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2888:
2886:
2875:Levine, John R.
2873:
2872:
2865:
2856:
2852:
2846:Wayback Machine
2837:
2833:
2823:
2821:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2797:
2795:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2772:
2770:
2756:
2755:
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2742:
2740:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2715:
2713:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2685:
2683:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2662:Wayback Machine
2653:
2649:
2642:
2628:Ruling the Root
2625:
2624:
2620:
2611:
2609:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2586:
2584:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2556:
2554:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2525:
2523:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2499:
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2488:
2487:
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2472:
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2462:
2458:
2448:
2446:
2438:
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2433:
2424:
2422:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2395:
2385:
2383:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2365:, Jun 30, 2015.
2363:Wayback Machine
2354:
2350:
2341:
2339:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2315:
2313:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2277:
2275:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2252:
2250:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2230:Wayback Machine
2221:
2217:
2208:
2206:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2183:
2181:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2161:Wayback Machine
2152:
2148:
2139:
2135:
2126:
2124:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2100:
2098:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2074:
2072:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2038:
2036:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2009:
2007:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1977:
1973:
1963:
1961:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1933:
1931:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1899:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1806:
1797:Domain fronting
1791:URL redirection
1787:
1750:
1748:Risk mitigation
1714:
1710:
1694:
1625:website address
1615:, and possibly
1602:
1585:Domain spoofing
1577:
1542:
1531:
1525:
1522:
1479:
1477:
1463:
1447:
1436:
1377:
1346:
1330:
1328:Property rights
1318:
1280:
1277:Liberty Reserve
1263:
1253:
1240:
1235:
1226:
1223:
1214:
1209:
1200:Seizure notices
1197:
1166:
1113:
1065:, for example:
1055:
1024:
1012:
1006:
979:foo.example.org
951:
949:Business models
919:Billing contact
900:
832:
794:
789:
757:
751:
708:www.example.com
704:ftp.example.com
669:sos.state.oh.us
645:
531:
507:www.example.com
484:www.example.com
453:www.example.com
431:
384:
238:
232:
143:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3843:
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3827:
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3758:
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3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3681:Google Domains
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3632:
3630:
3620:
3619:
3617:
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3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3569:Google Domains
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3510:
3508:
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3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3364:Click tracking
3356:
3351:
3345:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3312:
3310:
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3290:
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3261:
3256:
3250:
3243:
3236:
3228:
3222:
3216:
3211:
3205:
3196:
3191:
3184:
3183:External links
3181:
3179:
3178:
3153:
3128:
3114:. 2017-04-21.
3112:Opera Security
3099:
3070:
3048:
3017:
2988:
2958:
2932:
2896:
2863:
2850:
2831:
2804:
2779:
2749:
2723:
2706:Kmowebdiensten
2692:
2666:
2647:
2640:
2618:
2593:
2575:(2003-10-03).
2564:
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2067:(3): 857–942.
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2016:
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1889:Addison-Wesley
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1741:Email spoofing
1738:
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1726:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1665:
1658:
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1637:
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1613:cybersquatting
1601:
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1435:
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1408:cybersquatters
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1306:United Kingdom
1269:§ 1955(d)
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1031:Who Represents
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1008:Main article:
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830:Administration
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753:Main article:
750:
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720:load balancing
712:World Wide Web
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290:24 April 1985
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280:
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69:network domain
26:
24:
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3341:Web analytics
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2696:
2693:
2682:on 2011-04-14
2681:
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2659:
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2648:
2643:
2641:0-262-63298-5
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2435:
2432:
2421:on 2012-07-23
2420:
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2403:
2397:
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2377:
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2338:on 2016-11-10
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2030:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2005:
2002:. p. 3.
2001:
1997:
1996:
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1985:
1981:
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1959:
1955:
1951:
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1941:
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1898:9780201633467
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1643:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1633:email address
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1609:Typosquatting
1607:
1606:
1605:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1554:URL hijacking
1551:
1550:typosquatting
1540:
1537:
1529:
1526:December 2022
1518:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1487: –
1486:
1485:"Domain name"
1482:
1481:Find sources:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1451:This section
1449:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1433:
1431:
1430:on the show.
1429:
1425:
1421:
1420:Conan O'Brien
1417:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1374:
1372:
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1367:According to
1365:
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1199:
1194:
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1189:typosquatting
1186:
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1118:
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1087:
1085:
1078:Hostname: www
1077:
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847:
845:
841:
837:
829:
827:
824:
822:
817:
812:
810:
805:
803:
802:symbolics.com
799:
791:
786:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
767:approved the
766:
762:
756:
748:
746:
744:
740:
736:
731:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
692:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
660:
658:
654:
653:example.co.uk
650:
642:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
609:
607:
606:DNS root zone
603:
598:
594:
592:
586:
584:
580:
579:DNS root zone
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
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536:
528:
523:
520:
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469:
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458:
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442:
441:
436:
428:
426:
424:
423:DNS root zone
420:
416:
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401:
397:
388:
381:
374:
371:
370:
366:
363:
362:
358:
355:
354:
350:
347:
346:
342:
340:berkeley.edu
339:
338:
334:
331:
330:
325:
323:
313:
310:
309:
306:11 July 1985
305:
302:
301:
297:
294:
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289:
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285:
281:
278:
277:
273:
270:
269:
264:
262:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
237:
229:
227:
225:
224:trademark law
221:
220:domain owners
217:
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210:
206:
202:
196:
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187:
182:
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93:
89:
85:
81:
76:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3820:Domain names
3736:Register.com
3671:GMO Internet
3623:
3384:Web document
3359:Web tracking
3326:Self-hosting
3321:Peer-to-peer
3225:Internic.net
3199:Domain Names
3170:. Retrieved
3156:
3145:. Retrieved
3131:
3120:. Retrieved
3111:
3102:
3091:. Retrieved
3082:
3073:
3065:the original
3060:
3051:
3039:. Retrieved
3030:
3020:
3009:. Retrieved
2991:
2979:. Retrieved
2970:
2961:
2951:
2935:
2923:. Retrieved
2899:
2887:. Retrieved
2858:
2853:
2834:
2822:. Retrieved
2807:
2796:. Retrieved
2782:
2771:. Retrieved
2762:
2752:
2741:. Retrieved
2726:
2714:. Retrieved
2710:the original
2705:
2695:
2684:. Retrieved
2680:the original
2669:
2655:Slashdot.org
2650:
2627:
2621:
2610:. Retrieved
2596:
2585:. Retrieved
2581:the original
2567:
2555:. Retrieved
2546:
2536:
2524:. Retrieved
2509:
2498:. Retrieved
2492:. Verisign.
2484:
2473:. Retrieved
2459:
2447:. Retrieved
2443:
2434:
2423:. Retrieved
2419:the original
2412:
2405:
2396:
2384:. Retrieved
2370:
2351:
2340:. Retrieved
2336:the original
2326:
2314:. Retrieved
2297:
2287:
2276:. Retrieved
2262:
2251:. Retrieved
2237:
2218:
2207:. Retrieved
2193:
2182:. Retrieved
2168:
2149:
2141:
2136:
2125:. Retrieved
2111:
2099:. Retrieved
2095:
2085:
2073:. Retrieved
2064:
2058:
2048:
2037:. Retrieved
2028:
2019:
2008:. Retrieved
1995:DNS and BIND
1994:
1987:
1979:
1974:
1964:27 September
1962:. Retrieved
1953:
1948:Low, Jerry.
1943:
1932:. Retrieved
1914:
1907:
1884:
1875:
1729:DNS spoofing
1660:A different
1645:
1617:brandjacking
1603:
1584:
1580:
1578:
1569:
1558:
1547:
1532:
1523:
1513:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1480:
1464:Please help
1452:
1405:
1400:
1380:
1378:
1366:
1347:
1344:IDN variants
1331:
1319:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1243:
1182:
1167:
1155:
1141:
1134:
1114:
1100:
1088:
1084:IP addresses
1081:
1056:
1046:
1042:
1034:
1030:
1027:Intercapping
1025:
1013:
997:
987:
982:
978:
974:
967:
958:
952:
939:
929:Name servers
928:
918:
912:
906:
901:
888:
883:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
860:
852:
848:
833:
825:
820:
815:
813:
808:
806:
797:
795:
758:
742:
732:
715:
714:server, and
707:
703:
699:
695:
693:
668:
661:
656:
652:
646:
610:
599:
595:
587:
532:
514:
510:
506:
487:
483:
479:
478:domain, and
475:
471:
467:
456:
452:
438:
434:
432:
418:
412:
393:
332:Domain name
319:
298:24 May 1985
271:Domain name
258:
245:
239:
219:
215:
213:
208:
204:
200:
197:
194:
183:
164:
151:
144:
130:
124:
77:
52:
46:
36:
3825:Identifiers
3741:Squarespace
3624:Domain name
3524:DNS Belgium
3446:DirectAdmin
3389:Web content
3379:Overselling
3308:Web hosting
3164:. Mozilla.
2824:27 November
2518:. DM News.
2449:16 February
2101:January 21,
1811:Domain hack
1629:web browser
1428:running gag
1397:example.com
1369:John Levine
1360:. It is an
1316:Suspensions
1125:Site Finder
1117:Site Finder
975:example.org
955:real estate
884:registrants
710:would be a
511:example.com
488:example.com
472:example.com
440:example.com
394:Today, the
356:purdue.edu
209:travel.info
171:Domain Keys
169:(SIP), the
150:. The term
53:domain name
18:Domain Name
3809:Categories
3756:Webcentral
3691:Infomaniak
3628:registrars
3594:NIC México
3529:CentralNic
3507:registries
3476:Ispmanager
3428:comparison
3399:Web server
3172:2016-01-31
3147:2017-04-29
3122:2020-08-26
3093:2020-08-26
3041:August 27,
3031:threatpost
3011:2021-08-27
2798:2012-12-16
2773:2011-04-15
2743:2020-06-19
2716:8 December
2686:2011-04-15
2612:2007-09-22
2587:2007-09-22
2500:2015-08-10
2475:2012-09-13
2425:2012-07-25
2342:2016-11-09
2278:2020-11-01
2253:2016-11-09
2209:2009-06-15
2184:2009-06-26
2127:2009-06-26
2075:2015-10-27
2039:2020-07-30
2010:2011-10-22
1978:RFC 3467,
1934:2015-07-05
1868:References
1699:code point
1646:similar to
1496:newspapers
1259:§ 981
1250:forfeiture
971:subdomains
945:(period).
846:protocol.
781:registries
735:DNS labels
673:subdomains
608:database.
295:think.com
114:, and the
3711:Hostinger
3706:Namecheap
3646:DreamHost
3471:ISPConfig
3466:InterWorx
3409:Webmaster
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