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43:, members of the East Bay Lesbian/Gay Democratic Club, and attorney Matt Coles, the Domestic Partner Task Force drafted what has become the template for domestic partner/civil union policies around the world. Brougham is credited with coining the term "domestic partnership" to refer to a non-marriage union between two partners.
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The HRWC held a public hearing early in 1984 on "Examining the Use of
Marriage to Determine Benefits and Liabilities in Berkeley and the Alternatives." The DPTF's policy, as co-authored by Brougham, Treiman and others on the Task Force, was adopted by the commission and presented to the City Council.
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Two letters by written by
Brougham to a colleague and dated August 21, 1979 set the basis for his future endeavors. In the first, he addressed the issue of marriage as the sole vehicle for the claiming of benefits by government employees for their spouses and partners, and in the second, he proposed
174:
In June 1991, Berkeley became the third polity in the state to create a domestic partnership registry. On
October 11 of that year, 28 lesbian and gay male couples and one heterosexual couple registered their partnerships. The registry and benefits were also extended to non-resident couples that same
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In
November 1984, all the city council members up for election who had voted against the policy lost reelection. Progressives from the Berkeley Citizens' Action (BCA) slate who replaced them had voiced strong support for a domestic partner policy. The East Bay Lesbian/Gay Democratic Club had worked
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A copy was sent to the
Berkeley School Board. In July 1984 the City Council voted down the proposal citing financial concerns. On August 1, 1984, the Berkeley School Board enacted the policy by a 4 to 1 vote. The school board motion was made by board member and community activist Ethel Manheimer.
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Initially, the affidavit had three requirements: “1) She/he would be qualified to marry the employee but for the fact that she/he is the same gender as the employee; 2) she/he resides with the employee; and 3) she/he is declared as the sole domestic partner of the employee.” Over the next several
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In 1982, the term "domestic partner" was first used in a lawsuit filed by San
Francisco Human Rights Commission employee Larry Brinkin. Brinkin, then an employee of Southern Pacific Railway, had recently suffered the loss of his partner of eleven years. When he was denied the three days of paid
51:
According to
Traiman, Brougham's idea was conceived when, as an employee of the City of Berkeley in 1979, he realized that he could not sign his life partner, Barry Warren, for health and dental benefits because they were available only to the married spouses of city employees. The prior year,
123:
bereavement leave given to married employees, he filed suit with the assistance of the ACLU. Mr. Brinkin lost his case. Despite a great deal of evidence to the contrary, the judge agreed with his employer's claim that there was no way to know if his relationship was legitimate.
171:; a modified version was reinstated by another voter initiative, 1990's Proposition K, also written by Britt. Currently, the city still offers a domestic partnership status separate and differing in benefits from that offered by the state; city residents can apply for both.
136:
hard to elect the BCA Slate. This was the first time domestic partners was a campaign issue. At the first meeting of the new City
Council in December 1984, the Berkeley City Council enacted a policy extending employee benefits to unmarried couples of any
52:
Berkeley became the first municipality to pass an anti-discrimination ordinance which included sexual orientation as a protected class, offering
Brougham a potential legal basis for gaining the benefits for his partner.
722:
297:
After San
Francisco and Berkeley had passed their domestic partnership registry laws, American companies also began to offer corporate benefits to LGBT employees, including domestic partnership benefits. In 1992,
62:
years, two additional points were added: a requirement of mutual financial responsibility, and a rule that both persons be at least eighteen years of age and able to enter into a legal contract.
96:. Britt was in attendance at a presentation by Brougham and Warren to a meeting of California gay student unions, and was inspired by the idea. Britt's version was adopted and passed by the
178:
From that point on, municipal legislative efforts to create domestic partnership registries for same- and opposite-sex couples increased, with the following polities following suit:
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that Berkeley could solve its dilemma by enacting what he called "domestic partnerships" in order to allow same-sex couples employee benefits which were separate from marriage:
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119:. Feinstein won with 70%, but the anger felt by the defeat of Britt's proposal led to the establishment of the EBG/LDC and increased LGBT political activism in the city.
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160:. West Hollywood, which has a large LGBT population and heavily-Democratic political orientation, had incorporated in December of the prior year.
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successfully introduced domestic partner legislation for city residents and employees that was passed by the city council and created the first
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Also in 1992, Stanford and the University of Chicago both offered domestic partnership benefits to staff, faculty and students.
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became the second polity to a domestic partnership registry law. However, voters repealed the domestic partnership law by
140:. The first couple to file for benefits under Berkeley's sex-neutral policy were Brougham and his partner Barry Warren.
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28:'s Human Relations and Welfare Commission to draw up the structure of the city's (and, eventually, the state's)
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36:, then the vice-chair of the HRWC and a gay rights activist, was appointed as leader of the Task Force.
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This became a source of animosity within the LGBT community in San Francisco, and hundreds signed the
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became the first major corporation in the United States to offer such benefits to employees.
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on September 26, 1999, creating a statewide registry for same- and opposite-sex couples.
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104:, mayor of San Francisco at the time, came under intense pressure from the
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408:"San Francisco Grants Recognition To Couples Who Aren't Married"
115:' recall petition against Feinstein, putting her mayoralty to a
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354:"Two Year Report on the San Francisco Equal Rights Ordinance"
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Brougham and Warren, the latter of whom was an employee of
480:. San Francisco Office of the City Clerk. Archived from
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Domestic partnership benefits by non-governmental bodies
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Leland Traiman, A Brief History of Domestic Partnerships
460:"Campaign Trail; 2 Candidates Who Beat Death Itself"
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20:was a governmental body established in 1983 by the
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433:. New York: Columbia University Press. p.
84:In 1982, Brougham's definition was modified by
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285:Domestic partnerships were signed into law by
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851:Organizations based in Berkeley, California
702:Golinski v. Office of Personnel Management
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521:
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386:"Ethel Manheimer, Berkeley activist, dies"
323:"A Brief History of Domestic Partnerships"
80:Early legislative history in San Francisco
478:"Filing a Domestic Partnership Agreement"
738:ONE National Gay & Lesbian Archives
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856:Politics of the San Francisco Bay Area
620:Arnold Schwarzenegger and LGBT rights
127:Early legislative history in Berkeley
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653:San Francisco 2004 same-sex weddings
758:San Francisco LGBT Community Center
615:School Success and Opportunity Act
281:Domestic partnership in California
74:University of California, Berkeley
14:
92:, a gay man appointed to replace
39:Working with gay rights activist
818:
817:
406:Bishop, Katherine (1989-05-31).
748:Pacific Center for Human Growth
458:Reinhold, Robert (1990-10-30).
275:Domestic partnerships statewide
144:Domestic partnership registries
648:2000 California Proposition 22
1:
665:2008 California Proposition 8
600:1978 California Proposition 6
158:domestic partnership registry
108:and vetoed the bill in 1983.
743:Lambda Archives of San Diego
429:Gay Politics, Urban Politics
643:Domestic Partner Task Force
572:Moscone–Milk assassinations
384:Joe Garofoli (2012-12-12).
359:. Sfgov.org. Archived from
18:Domestic Partner Task Force
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278:
100:Board of Supervisors, but
846:LGBT rights in California
813:
723:Billy DeFrank LGBT Center
605:Consenting Adult Sex Bill
567:Compton's Cafeteria riot
789:San Francisco Bay Times
733:Los Angeles LGBT Center
728:GLBT Historical Society
425:Bailey, Robert (1998).
796:San Francisco Sentinel
695:Hollingsworth v. Perry
152:, city council member
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803:City News Los Angeles
225:City of Santa Barbara
670:Post-election events
659:In re Marriage Cases
635:domestic partnership
256:Petaluma, California
250:Santa Barbara County
183:City of Laguna Beach
30:domestic partnership
544:San Francisco Pride
610:FAIR Education Act
530:LGBT in California
262:City of Long Beach
189:City of Sacramento
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782:Bay Area Reporter
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688:Strauss v. Horton
630:Same-sex marriage
577:White Night riots
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150:West Hollywood
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486:. Retrieved
482:the original
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368:. Retrieved
361:the original
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268:Palm Springs
207:Santa Monica
195:Marin County
185:(April 1992)
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41:Tom Brougham
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258:(June 1999)
252:(June 1999)
244:Los Angeles
227:(June 1997)
221:(June 1996)
94:Harvey Milk
90:Harry Britt
88:Supervisor
22:Californian
840:Categories
806:(inactive)
488:2008-11-19
392:2013-12-03
370:2010-07-01
339:2010-07-01
309:References
287:Gray Davis
246:(May 1999)
203:(May 1994)
197:(May 1993)
169:initiative
213:Palo Alto
163:In 1989,
32:program.
824:Category
752:Berkeley
675:Protests
388:. SFGate
242:City of
26:Berkeley
24:City of
559:History
537:Culture
219:Oakland
592:Rights
441:
270:(2000)
264:(1999)
237:Arcata
175:year.
138:gender
767:Media
364:(PDF)
357:(PDF)
333:(PDF)
326:(PDF)
439:ISBN
16:The
632:and
435:316
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