Domino Sugar Refinery

670:, one block north of the refinery, the same year. American Sugar also proposed closing the five short dead-end streets between Grand and South Fifth streets, in order to have full control of the land that comprised the refinery, but withdrew its application following local opposition. American Sugar proposed closing the five streets again in 1923, but this was also opposed by the local population. The company then threatened to move to New Jersey in 1924 over the failure to close the dead-end streets. At the time, the plant had an annual payroll of $ 3.5 million and manufactured 70,000 long tons (78,000 short tons; 71,000 t) of sugar per year. The New York City government allowed the company to close streets in front of the refinery. 674:

of sugar. The renovation was completed in 1927. The upgrades had cost $ 3 million and resulted in increased efficiency in the refinery's operations. Around this time, a large sign with yellow letters spelling "Domino Sugar" was erected on one of the refinery's buildings, facing the East River. By American Sugar's 50th anniversary in 1941, the refinery produced 60 grades of sugars and was a significant source of income to the municipal governments and surrounding community. It was estimated that from 1912 to 1941, the factory paid $ 156 million in wages, $ 4 million in taxes, and $ 2 million for water; accepted sugar from 2,252 ships; and used 3.5 million short tons (3.2 Mt) of coal and 17,537 barrels of oil. The

801:. The new plan called for 60% more public open space on a new street grid, allowed mixed-use zoning, and was designed to connect the existing neighborhood to the new 0.25 mi (400 m) waterfront. Two Trees' plan would still set aside 660 out of the 2,200 apartments for affordable housing, but it would also include buildings of up to 50 stories, which would be some of Brooklyn's tallest buildings. Though some neighborhood residents opposed the redevelopment, this opposition was more limited after Two Trees agreed to add more affordable housing and parkland. One of the proposed buildings was replaced within a plaza. The revised plan faced objection from New York City mayor 504:

refined sugar in the nation. Because of the depth of the East River in the vicinity of the refinery, shipments of raw sugar from overseas could be loaded directly into the facility. In February 1881, Havemeyers & Elder received a permit from the City of Brooklyn's Bureau of Buildings to add three stories to an existing six-story building on Kent Avenue between South 4th and South 5th streets. That November, Havemeyers & Elder acquired an adjacent parcel, which had previously been leased to rival refiners Wintjen, Dick and Harms. The same month, Theodore Havemeyer submitted plans for a ten-story brick structure, likely a new filter house, to the Bureau of Buildings.

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and swimming pool. Floors 2–13 are used as office space, and floor 14 has a double-height event space with a catering kitchen and service areas. Each story covers 30,000 square feet (2,800 m). Above the first story, the glass office structure is recessed 10 feet (3.0 m) from the landmarked facade, and each story is 12 to 14 feet (3.7 to 4.3 m) high. The structure's staircases are between the landmarked facade and the glass structure. A wall garden is also placed between the new office structure and the landmarked facade. There is no usable space between the old and new facades, except at ground level where the window sills of the new facade reach the floor.

822: 1042: 530:, Theodore Havemeyer supervised the new structures' construction. Two people were variously cited as being the contractor: a building application in November 1881 mentions Thomas Winslow and J. E. James as the builders, while a subsequent application in March 1882 states that Havemeyer and James were co-architects. The rebuilding was funded in part by insurance money and the sale of assets. The reconstruction was reported to be completed by July 1883. In total, work cost $ 7 million (equal to $ 195 million in 2023). 840:

building in the complex, 325 Kent Avenue, started in May 2015. Two Trees also cleaned out the Pan, Filter, and Finishing House, which still contained its old sugar-refining machinery. In February 2017, the developers of the redevelopment project opened a housing lottery for the 104 affordable-housing apartments at 325 Kent Avenue, which attracted 87,000 applicants, or about 837 for every apartment. 325 Kent Avenue opened in July 2017, and the first residents moved into the building the next month.

577:; prior to reorganization, the trust had controlled 98% of the United States' sugar production. An account of the plant's operation in 1894 stated that the plant was "the largest of its kind in the world" with seven buildings on 0.25 square miles (0.65 km) of land; the refinery employed 3,000 workers and utilized 800 short tons (710 long tons; 730 t) of coal a day, producing 13,000 barrels of sugar daily. In 1896, American Sugar became one of the original twelve companies in the 1094:. Most of the windows have brick arches. The building was fueled by coal, which required a 155-foot (47 m) chimney to ventilate safely. The chimney was among the region's tallest when the Pan, Filter, and Finishing House was built. The top section of the chimney was expanded in the 1920s using curved brick. To deliver coal to the refinery, American Sugar used ten coal barges, each with a capacity of between 750 and 1,250 short tons (670 and 1,120 long tons; 680 and 1,130 t). 412:, Thomas Winslow, and J. E. James. The American Sugar Refining Company grew to control most of the sugar industry in the United States by the late 19th century, with the Brooklyn refinery as its largest plant. Many different types of sugar were refined at the facility, and it employed up to 4,500 workers at its peak in 1919. Demand started to decline in the 1920s with advances in sugar refining and the construction of other facilities, but the refinery continued to operate until 2004. 847:, a public park along the East River waterfront, opened in June 2018. A modification to the landmarked Pan, Filter, and Finishing House was approved in August 2019. The interconnected towers at One South First and Ten Grand opened shortly afterward. One South First opened in September 2019, followed by Ten Grand that November. The first office tenant at Ten Grand signed a lease in December 2019. No other office tenants had signed leases at Ten Grand before the onset of the 47: 918: 537: 500:, the latter two of whom later formed their own refinery. The Havemeyers & Elder refinery, also called the Yellow Sugar House, was the largest of the Havemeyer family plants. According to sketches, the complex included a five-story building, two single-story buildings, and a standalone chimney. During 1863 and 1865, the Havemeyers bought two lots between South 2nd and South 4th streets for expansion of the facility. 956:. One South First contains 330 residential units, 66 of which are affordable-housing apartments; the units range from studios to two-bedroom apartments. Ten Grand contains 15,000 square feet (1,400 m) of retail space and 150,000 square feet (14,000 m) of office space. The combined structure's amenities include a rooftop deck with cabanas, a fitness center, a residents' lounge, a swimming pool, and spaces for 663:, an explosion destroyed part of the plant, killing between six and twelve workers. A crowd of more than 15,000 people gathered to watch the plant burn. Initially, there was serious concern that the explosion was the work of German agents, because the Germans were the United States' adversary in the war, but the ultimate cause was found to be the ignition of sugar grains in the refinery's machinery. 1101:

high, but plans for the structure were modified in 2019, calling for a glass roof 235 feet (72 m) tall. The new structure rises 15 stories to the barrel vault, and a penthouse measuring 30 feet (9.1 m) tall is placed immediately below the vault. The shape of the roof was inspired by the arched window openings that are placed throughout the original facade. A reviewer for the

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South 2nd and South 3rd streets. Immediately adjacent, between South 3rd and South 4th streets, was a 6-story storehouse and a machine shop. The block between South 4th and South 5th streets was a 7-story refinery building, while the block to the south was a single-story detached storehouse. Only the Pan, Filter, and Finishing House remains of the refinery complex.

7207: 634:. Workers were paid a starting salary of between $ 1.12 and $ 1.50 per day (equivalent to between $ 39 and $ 53 in 2023), with 5- or 10-cent pay increases according to tenure. The highest-paid workers at the plant earned between $ 100 and $ 150 a month (equivalent to between $ 3,522 and $ 5,282 in 2023). According to a 1900 642:, though the refinery did have lockers and showers in its basement. Workers were prone to being fired at times of job insecurity, although conditions improved in the early 20th century, when wages were increased and some workers received pensions. Most employees were men, but by 1920, about one of ten workers were women. 784:, included up to nine buildings, four of which would be over 300 feet (91 m) tall. The plan called for 2,200 apartments, 660 of which would be set aside or designated as affordable housing, as well as a school; the "Domino Sugar" sign on the refinery would be preserved. The CPC plan received support from the 900:. When the redevelopment is complete, it will include 200,000 square feet (19,000 m) of community and commercial space; 600,000 square feet (56,000 m) of office space; 2,800 apartments, of which 700 will be affordable; and 6 acres (2.4 ha) of parkland on the waterfront, which is part of 1049:

The extant structure of the refinery consists of the Pan, Filter, and Finishing House (also known as the Refinery building), a New York City designated landmark designed by Theodore Havemeyer, Thomas Winslow, and J. E. James. The building is at 292 Kent Avenue between South 2nd and South 3rd streets.

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As part of the interior renovation, the ceiling heights of floors 1–4, 14, and 15 were increased, while floor 16 was eliminated. The ground floor is used for retail and also contains restrooms for Domino Park visitors. The building also has a 40,000-square-foot (3,700 m) fitness club with a gym

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When the refinery was rebuilt in 1882–1883, it was composed of several structures on the west side of Kent Avenue between South 2nd and South 6th streets. It was described upon its completion as being the largest sugar refinery in the Americas. The Pan, Filter, and Finishing House is located between

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to two-bedroom apartments. 325 Kent Avenue has 382,750 square feet (35,559 m) of residential space and 9,370 square feet (871 m) of ground-floor retail space. The building contains amenities such as a rooftop deck, a fitness center, a residents' lounge, and a courtyard on the fourth floor.

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In March 2014, the City Planning Commission approved the new plans, which would have cost $ 1.5 billion, after Two Trees Management agreed to include more affordable housing units. That deal required Two Trees to include 700 below-market-rate units, which was 40 more than what was originally offered

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in 2010. However, it faced opposition from local residents, who objected to the scale of the proposed development. In 2012, CPC defaulted on its development project for the Domino Sugar Factory. Development company Two Trees Management expressed interest for the site that June and purchased it for $

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10 L; 790,000,000 imp gal) of sugar a year, it was only processing half that amount by 2002. The next year, American Sugar Refining announced that the Domino Sugar plant would be shuttered due to a lack of demand. The refinery stopped operating in 2004. More than 220 workers were laid

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In 1926, American Sugar commenced a large renovation of the plant. As part of the project, the 300-foot (91 m) dock was replaced with a 500-foot (150 m) bulkhead, and a new boiler house was erected, as well as a warehouse that could store 25,000 long tons (28,000 short tons; 25,000 t)

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The complex also contained a "bin structure" in which sugar grains were categorized by size, as well as conveyor bridges leading down to the refinery building. A yellow "Domino Sugar" sign, dating from the 1920s, was hung on one of the buildings facing the waterfront. In December 2022, a replica of

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The 10-story pan house and Finishing House sections are 130 feet (40 m) tall, while the 13-story filter house section is 155 feet (47 m) tall, including a chimney. These structures are interconnected and measured 250 feet (76 m) north–south by 150 feet (46 m) west–east. The Pan,

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porcelain tiles. The podium includes retail on the ground story. There are 45,000 square feet (4,200 m) of amenity space on five additional floors, including terraces, a fitness center, coworking space, and a spa. The condos range from one to three bedrooms and contain features such as movable

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The buildings comprise a single structure; the massing is designed so that the upper stories of One South First are carried over the top of Ten Grand upon a glass-clad structure. The facade is made of precast concrete, which the architects stated is based on sugar crystals' molecular structure. The

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gave Two Trees an $ 80 million construction loan to fund the completion of the development. Around the same time, Two Trees began leasing out 460,000 square feet (43,000 m) of office space in the Refinery building. Work on 346 Kent Avenue (later known as One Domino Square), a pair of towers at

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Construction on the new filter house was underway when the original refinery burned down on January 8, 1882, destroying the structures between South 3rd and South 4th streets. The fire destroyed several warehouses as well as the 200-by-150-foot (61 by 46 m) building that contained the refinery

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Just south of the refinery building, and next to Domino Park, is Domino Square, a 1-acre (0.40 ha) public plaza. It was designed by Field Operations and Studio Cadena, with Lisa Switkin as the landscape architect. Domino Square is shaped like an oval bowl, which, at its widest point, measures

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in June 1999. When the strike started, Domino reduced operations at the refinery, performing much of the refining at its Baltimore plant before shipping it to Brooklyn for finishing. The strike ended in February 2001, making it one of the longest-ever in the city's history. Although over a hundred

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machines and then roasted and dried. The roasting and drying process produced either retail-ready products such as cubes, tablets, and syrups, or individual grains that could be used as ingredients in other processes. The sugar products were packed into barrels, which were stored in the warehouses

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of Practice for Architecture and Urbanism designed a conversion of the building in 2017. The plans include adding a new glass facade with a barrel vault behind the existing, landmarked walls of the Pan, Filter, and Finishing House. The glass roof was originally proposed to be 224 feet (68 m)

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at the refinery's Syrup Shed. After the closure of the exhibition, the non-landmarked portions of the refinery were to be demolished, as had been planned before the show. In mid-2014, demolition of the structures commenced; demolition was mostly complete by December 2014. Excavation for the first

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The interior was outfitted with brick floors atop brick flat-topped arches, which were supported by iron beams and 66 cast-iron columns. Fire escapes, fire extinguishers, and electric lights were also present in the Pan, Filter, and Finishing House. The interior of the building was converted to

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in 1988. Three years later, Amstar became known as Domino Sugar, after its primary trademark. Employment at the Domino Sugar Refinery continued to decrease, and by 1996 the plant had only 450 workers. After union workers' contracts expired in late 1998, Tate & Lyle announced upgrades to the

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Several other refineries were subsequently built in Williamsburg, making it into the world's largest sugar-refining center at that time. By 1870, the neighborhood produced a majority of sugar used within the United States, and by 1881, the Havemeyer refinery processed about three-fourths of all

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proposed another design in 2013, which was approved the next year. Demolition of the non-landmark structures in the refinery began shortly afterward, and the first new tower in the development project opened in 2017. As of 2024, the refinery redevelopment consists of four completed towers; the

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The work conditions at the refinery were described as onerous, and the workers were poorly paid, despite working shifts of at least ten hours per day. When the refinery was founded, almost all of the workers were German immigrants, while Irish immigrants were hired as outdoor laborers. Later

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The Havemeyer family's sugar-refining operations had outgrown its Manhattan plant by the mid-19th century. The first member of the Havemeyer family to open a facility in Williamsburg was John C. Havemeyer, Frederick Jr.'s nephew. At the end of 1856, John C. Havemeyer and Charles E. Bertrand

777:(LPC) designated the Pan, Filter, and Finishing House as an official city landmark in 2007. Though the yellow "Domino Sugar" sign facing the East River was not part of the designation, the developer proposed keeping the sign by displaying it on top of the Pan, Filter, and Finishing House. 942:

of the structure consists of two stepped towers on the north and south, which step down gradually from west to east. The tops of the two wings are connected on the western side of the building, creating a rectangular hole on the western facade and giving it a "doughnut" shape.

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A two-story boiler house was located along the East River, west of the refinery building. A 505-foot-long (154 m) warehouse was located adjacent to the boiler house. Five large pumps drew in 20 million US gallons (76,000,000 L; 17,000,000 imp gal) of

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co-founded Havemeyer & Bertrand at the intersection of modern-day Kent Avenue and South 3rd Street. The firm assumed the name Havemeyer, Townsend & Company in 1858, then Havemeyers & Elder in 1863. The refinery employed several Havemeyer family members, including

1008:, the public park includes pieces of machinery from the factory, as well as gardens, a play area for children, and various fields. An elevated walkway runs along the length of the park. River Street runs parallel to the park for the entire length of the development. 951:

The 45-story One South First tower (also known as 260 Kent Avenue) and the 24-story Ten Grand tower are located between South 1st and South 2nd streets, north of the Pan, Filter, and Finishing House on the western side of Kent Avenue. The structures were designed by

524:, so that operations could restart while the new refinery was being erected. The next month, Havemeyers & Elder submitted plans for a new fireproof pan and finishing house measuring 250 by 70 feet (76 by 21 m) to the Bureau of Buildings. According to the 708:

As early as the 1920s, industry-wide changes were resulting in a reduction of utilization of the Brooklyn plant. After American Sugar completed a plant in Baltimore in 1922, refining operations in Brooklyn were reduced. The company also assumed space at

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in 1930, using that space for its offices. The refinery's cooperage closed in 1946 after the industry stopped using wood barrels to ship sugar. Employment at the plant fell after the end of World War II in 1945; the company had 1,500 workers in 1959.

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Many different types of sugar were refined at the facility. Raw sugar was shipped from forty countries and from Florida. Raw sugar was first unloaded from piers along the East River, and mixed with water within the filter house. Then, the mixture was

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325 Kent Avenue, a 16-story, 170-foot (52 m) tower designed by SHoP Architects, is located on the east side of Kent Avenue. The building contains 522 residential units, 105 of which are affordable-housing apartments, and the units range from

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The family's first refinery in Williamsburg opened in 1856 and was operated by Frederick C. Havemeyer Jr., the son of American Sugar's founder. After a fire destroyed the original structures, the current complex was built in 1882 by

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By early 2021, the Pan, Filter, and Finishing House, which had been renamed the Refinery, was being renovated. Two Trees opened an affordable-housing lottery for One South First's 89 affordable units in early 2022. That August,

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units and are reserved for low-income residents. The condo tower is 39 stories tall and is the Domino Sugar Refinery complex's only condo tower, while the rental tower is 55 stories tall. The facade of both towers is made of

593:, pumped to the thirteenth floor, and placed into 10-foot-tall (3.0 m), 8-foot-wide (2.4 m) circular vats called "blow-ups". Fifty pipes transported the mixture upward. Afterward, the mixture was filtered through " 568:

due to its size, and by 1884, the rebuilt plant employed 1,000 men who made 5,000 barrels of sugar daily. The family created the Sugar Refineries Company or Sugar Trust in late 1887. The Sugar Trust was reorganized into the

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The 11-acre (4.5 ha) site was purchased by CPC Resources, the for-profit arm of the Community Preservation Corporation, and Brooklyn developer Isaac Katan in July 2004 for $ 55.8 million. Following a wide-ranging

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at the end of that year. In addition, the Refinery building's barrel-vaulted roof was being completed by late 2022, and an LED replica of the old "Domino Sugar" sign was installed on the building that December.

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to companies that relocated from Manhattan to the Refinery building. Sales at One Domino Square began in April 2024, and the Domino Square plaza opened at the Domino Sugar Refinery site in September 2024.

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in early 2020, which caused demand for physical office space to decline significantly. During the pandemic, Two Trees leased space at Ten Grand to numerous local companies. According to a 2022 analysis by

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The Pan, Filter, and Finishing House is made mostly of reddish brick, which are 4 feet (1.2 m) thick on the lower stories and 2 feet (0.61 m) thick on the upper stories. The massing has no

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In 2014, photographer David Allee explored the abandoned portions of the refinery, stating that it smelled of "creme brulee mixed with mold and rot". The same year, from May through July, artist

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layers into circular tanks that measured 20 feet (6.1 m) tall and 9 feet (2.7 m) across. The solution then went into the pan house, where it was boiled at 112 °F (44 °C) in

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trees, and flowers within steel planters; Switkin said these plantings were meant to allude to a forest in the northeastern United States. The plaza itself is paved in asphalt, and there is a

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the old sign was installed on the Pan, Filter, and Finishing House. In contrast to the original neon sign, the replica contains 9-foot-7-inch-tall (2.92 m) letters illuminated by LEDs.

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article, workers were employed for at least eight years on average, and many workers either lived near Kent Avenue or took trolley lines to the refinery. Most laborers at that time lived in

7101:"$ 525,000 Water Bill Against Sugar Trust; Brooklyn Makes Demand for Six Years Unmetred Supply. Engineers Are Taking State of Meters All Around the Refinery to See If Even More Is Not Owed" 6484: 3633: 5466: 5200: 3156: 964:

panels for One South First generally measure 9.75 by 5.75 feet (2.97 by 1.75 m), while the panels for Ten Grand and the shared base measure 12.42 by 10.00 feet (3.79 by 3.05 m).

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in 2007, because of its historical significance as one of several industrial concerns on Brooklyn's waterfront. After the failure of an initial redevelopment proposal by CPC Resources,

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and 260 more than what the CPC wanted. In exchange, Two Trees was allowed to build its towers of up to 55 stories. Three floors would be built on top of the existing factory building.

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facility. Despite this, the company spent $ 16 million on expanding the facility in the 1960s. American Sugar was renamed Amstar in 1970, and its New York City office was relocated to

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A second residential building, 260 Kent Avenue, started construction in early 2018. The LPC approved a redesign for the landmarked portion of the refinery complex in November 2017.

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Encyclopedia of Biography of New York: A Life Record of Men and Women Whose Sterling Character and Energy and Industry Have Made Them Preëminent in Their Own and Many Other States

1086:. On the western facade, facing the East River, the facade contains bricks that are recessed to form patterns such as chevrons and polygons. In some places, bluestone was used in 4726: 3402: 7824: 7361: 7341: 5161: 7078: 5654: 3789: 536: 4328: 4239: 7592: 5007: 3677: 1355: 2801: 2174:

Biographical Record of the Havemeyer Family (1600–1943): More Particularly the Descendants of Frederick Christian Havemeyer (1774–1841) and Their Sugar Refining Interests

5528: 5342: 4840: 4620: 4485: 471:, Manhattan, in 1807. The original refinery occupied a lot of 30 by 40 feet (9.1 by 12.2 m), but by the 1840s it had expanded to ten stories and occupied the whole 7784: 7249: 4757: 4695: 5074: 4871: 3716: 3540: 6934: 6817: 6348: 3324: 415:

In the early 21st century, the refinery was redeveloped as office space, residential towers, and parkland. The complex's filter, pan, and finishing house was made a

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of the north Brooklyn waterfront the next year, preservationists lobbied to save the Domino Sugar Refinery and other industrial structures on the waterfront. The

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in 1827, with most of the commercial enterprises located on the waterfront, and after becoming a part of the city of Brooklyn in 1855, Williamsburg grew quickly.

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covered about half of the losses, and resulted in the elimination of 1,200 to 2,000 jobs. Its destruction resulted in an increase in sugar prices nationwide.

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the southern end of the development, began in November 2022. To finance the construction of 346 Kent Avenue, Two Trees received a $ 365 million loan from

659:, immediately to the north of the sugar refinery. American Sugar believed the refinery to be so fireproof that it did not need insurance. In 1917, during 7653: 7628: 6414: 6280: 5862: 5376: 2126: 1249:

How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda

5620: 2909: 7100: 2995: 2957: 2826: 2684: 6623: 4436: 3347: 6310: 3254: 2057: 7633: 7536: 6708: 6506: 5744: 4162: 3436: 2730: 1914: 1752: 6114: 6013: 5223: 3102: 3039: 2618: 2449: 1107:

wrote in 2023 that the Refinery building was "an object from another age, a time when Brooklyn was a place of production rather than consumption".

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The refinery seen in 2012; the filter, pan, and finishing house (left) is still standing, while ancillary structures (right) have been demolished

4413: 7674: 6709:"The Highest in New-York; Working on the Top of a Very Tall Chimney. The First of the Great Pair of Chimneys of One of the New Steam Companies" 6076: 5030: 4581: 4508: 4092: 5398: 4643: 4123: 7623: 7552: 7177: 7023: 6998: 6884: 6684: 2269: 1887: 1526: 1060: 1128:

The former buildings at the refinery include the Syrup Shed, the Wash House, the Turbine Room, the Power House, and the Pump House. Several

7242: 6580: 5428: 1960: 5288: 5254: 3578: 2662: 1284: 858:, "85 percent of the founders and principals" of the companies at Ten Grand lived in either Williamsburg or the adjacent neighborhoods of 6959: 6755: 5979: 4542: 2414: 1566: 6778: 5923: 5775: 3828: 2275: 2236: 1654: 1041: 609:, where it was separated into sugar and molasses. The sugar grains were then taken to the finishing house, where they were separated in 4718: 4070: 3870: 3386: 7726: 7572: 4031: 3928: 848: 656: 5954: 1082:, though the facade has decorative elements on the upper stories. On the eastern facade, along Kent Avenue, there are vertical brick 7062: 1723: 1448: 821: 416: 5646: 3781: 743:

workers defected and returned to work, the remaining striking workers agreed to Tate & Lyle's plan to eliminate 110 positions.

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Namely South First and South Fourth Streets, as well as one block of a road along the river between South First and Grand streets.

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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States

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off at the end of January 2004, and two dozen workers were retained for packing operations that shuttered by the end of the year.

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system underneath the plaza, which treats recycled water from the complex's buildings. The interior of the bowl can be used as a

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100 feet (30 m) across. There are 120 plantings, as well as several levels of seating. The plantings include pines, oaks,

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The industrial waterfront of Brooklyn was developed in the 19th century with the construction of major shipping hubs such as

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from the East River, which was used for the condensers and then pumped back out. The refinery also used large amounts of

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in 1971. By the late 1970s, the Amstar refinery was the only remaining sugar refinery on the Williamsburg waterfront.

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The terminal had been established in 1906, though the tracks on Kent Avenue had existed since the late 19th century.

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One Domino Square, at 5 South Fifth Street, is composed of two towers rising from a shared base. It was designed by

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American Sugar established the East River Terminal Railroad in 1907 to transport sugar between the refinery and the

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that measured 32 feet (9.8 m) tall and 9 feet (2.7 m) across. Subsequently, the mixture was sent through

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were situated on the waterfront, unloading sugar. The cranes ran on tracks that were 425 feet (130 m) long.

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said in 1941 that the refinery made Brooklyn the center of sugar refining in the United States, similar to how

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Domino Park runs along the East River waterfront, west of Kent Avenue. Designed by the architectural firm of

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The Birth of Big Business in the United States, 1860–1914: Commercial, Extractive, And Industrial Enterprise

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Merchants of Williamsburgh: Frederick C. Havemeyer, Jr., William Dick, John Mollenhauer, Henry O. Havemeyer

6238: 3460:"At Sugar Refinery, A Melting-Pot Strike; Workers of Many Nations Besiege Brooklyn Relic of Industrial Age" 7618: 7258: 6385:"One Domino Square Offers World Class Residences and Spectacular Amenities at the Williamsburg Waterfront" 2996:"New Refinery Ready for American Sugar; Brooklyn Plant About Complete and Operations Will Begin This Week" 2958:"New Refinery Ready for American Sugar; Brooklyn Plant About Complete and Operations Will Begin This Week" 2046: 1079: 449: 377: 5502: 3428: 2722: 7638: 7577: 7386: 7326: 6106: 2552: 1998: 1865: 1830: 1453: 785: 666:

By 1919, the refinery had over 4,500 paid employees. The company took ownership of a pier at the end of

565: 369: 253:

600,000 square feet (56,000 m) of office space, 200,000 square feet (19,000 m) of retail space

6848:"PAU Studio Reveals Updates to Plans for Conversion of Domino Sugar Refinery in Williamsburg, Brooklyn" 1229:

states that the architect was listed as both "T. H." and "F. A." Havemeyer in publications of the time.

497: 5097:"Williamsburg's Tallest Building Begins Construction, See Field Condition's Photos of 260 Kent Avenue" 4961:"First Project In Former Domino Sugar Site, 325 Kent, Offers New Luxury Rentals in South Williamsburg" 976:

and includes 160 condominiums and about 400 rental apartments. About 120 of the rental apartments are

493: 7648: 7643: 7609: 7557: 7454: 4405: 4202:"Domino Sugar Refinery Sold To Two Trees For $ 185 Million, Affordable Housing Still A Question Mark" 1197: 1021: 859: 738:

refinery that would eliminate 100 jobs and weaken union guarantees. As a result, 284 workers went on

526: 4573: 7710: 7695: 7587: 7290: 7222:

American Sugar Refining Company, Brooklyn Refinery, 264–350 Kent Avenue, Brooklyn, Kings County, NY

5529:"Domino Sugar Refinery Prepares for Office Conversion at 292 Kent Avenue in Williamsburg, Brooklyn" 4480: 4323: 2072: 1212: 1097: 897: 701: 248: 6990: 5031:"Oooh, Domino! Development at Former Sugar Factory Site Welcomes First Residents • Brooklyn Paper" 46: 7485: 7480: 7470: 7429: 7391: 6441: 4648: 4018: 3505: 3464: 1443: 1387: 1148:: in 1903, it was estimated that the refinery alone used two percent of Brooklyn's water supply. 977: 973: 863: 602: 521: 485: 441: 437: 409: 335: 198: 6547:"NYC's Waterfront Is Transforming into Luxury Leisure Space, One Park and Condo Tower at a Time" 6273:"Real Estate Community Celebrates Grand Opening of One Domino Square on Williamsburg Waterfront" 6311:"Iconic Bridge Views and Remarkable Light: Inside Annabelle Selldorf's Condo One Domino Square" 2656: 2369:

King's Handbook of New York City: An Outline History and Description of the American Metropolis

1267: 1247: 917: 7449: 7409: 7173: 7108: 7070: 6926: 6747: 6716: 6690: 6680: 6446: 5296: 4999: 4832: 4653: 4612: 4516: 4444: 4359: 4170: 4131: 4062: 4023: 3920: 3862: 3820: 3747: 3708: 3669: 3625: 3586: 3548: 3510: 3469: 3394: 3355: 3316: 3262: 3224: 3186: 3148: 3110: 3003: 2965: 2834: 2692: 2685:"A Brooklyn 'Death Avenue'?; Sugar Trust Applying for a Surface Railroad Franchise Over There" 2626: 2406: 2399: 2331: 2265: 2153: 1990: 1922: 1760: 1560: 1522: 1485: 1457: 1064: 904:. The entire complex will eventually contain five residential buildings and cost $ 3 billion. 581:. The company continued to prosper despite further antitrust legislation, and Frederick's son 7167: 3812: 2259: 1646: 7419: 7356: 4054: 4013: 3912: 3854: 1861: 1826: 1477: 1263: 1243: 1157: 927: 781: 676: 514: 464: 393: 64: 896:

The Domino Sugar Refinery site spans 11 acres (4.5 ha) on the East River north of the

7700: 7444: 7169:

A History of New York in 27 Buildings: The 400-Year Untold Story of an American Metropolis

5399:"Brooklyn's Latest Waterfront Tower Redefines Mixed Use: Tour Of One South First/10 Grand" 4785:"325 Kent Avenue Opens As First Building of Two Trees' Domino Redevelopment, Williamsburg" 1103: 1068: 1017: 798: 710: 627: 623: 420: 220: 5832:"The Refinery's Steel Barrel Vault Tops Out at 292 Kent Avenue in Williamsburg, Brooklyn" 6349:"Annabelle Selldorf Wraps Brooklyn's 'One Domino Square' With Pearly, Iridescent Facade" 5429:"Shampoo Maker Prose Signs on for 12,000 Square Feet of Office Space at 10 Grand Street" 3141:"Leases Wall St. Space; American Sugar Refining Company Gets Two Floors in New Building" 1381: 7690: 7424: 7300: 7285: 4295: 2827:"Explosion Wrecks Big Sugar Plant; Fifteen Men Taken to Hospitals One Dead, Four Dying" 876: 806: 802: 734: 639: 619: 373: 307: 7778: 7751: 7414: 7310: 7271: 6172:"First Tower in Domino Sugar Mega-Project Takes Shape on Kent Avenue in Williamsburg" 5715:"Selldorf's Double Domino Towers Rising on 'Burg Waterfront Will Mix Condos, Rentals" 5590:"Lottery opens at Williamsburg's 45-story rental One South First, from $ 1,550/month" 3740:"Developers Known for Residential Work Buy Domino Sugar Plant on Brooklyn Waterfront" 739: 468: 445: 385: 6507:"Domino Park Turns 2: A Look Back on New York City's Game-Changing Development Site" 17: 3103:"Refinery to Mark 50th Anniversary; American Sugar Was Founded in Brooklyn in 1891" 1753:"The Sugar Market.; A Temporary Advance in Prices on Account of the Havemeyer Fire" 1141: 1129: 1005: 987: 723: 401: 31: 7151: 7187: 4352:"At Brooklyn's Domino Sugar Site, Waning Opposition to Prospect of Luxury Towers" 3073:"American Sugar Refinery Vital Factor in Boro Growth, Celebrating Golden Jubilee" 2619:"Railway for Sugar Trust; Company to Build a Terminal Line at Its Brooklyn Works" 2172: 1516: 30:

This article is about the former refinery in New York City. For other sites, see

7295: 5067:"Domino's Doughnut-Shaped Rental 325 Kent Is Nearing Completion in Williamsburg" 2556: 2002: 1727: 1145: 1087: 1024:, an event space, or a wintertime ice rink. Around the plaza are retail spaces. 999: 982: 901: 871: 844: 830: 660: 631: 610: 425: 145: 1322:

The tallest was the 210-foot (64 m) chimney of the New York Steam Company.

404:

and was one of several sugar factories on the East River in northern Brooklyn.

5863:"See It: Steel Structure for New Building Inside Domino Sugar Refinery Rising" 5745:"Two-Tower Complex Begins Ascent at 346 Kent Avenue in Williamsburg, Brooklyn" 3982: 2592: 2118: 1915:"The Havemeyer Fire.; The Losses and Insurance—a Partial List of the Policies" 835: 685: 606: 590: 547: 472: 453: 389: 7112: 7074: 6930: 6720: 6450: 5300: 5003: 4895:"87,000 People Applied For Affordable Apartments At The Domino Sugar Factory" 4836: 4657: 4616: 4520: 4448: 4363: 4174: 4135: 4066: 4027: 3924: 3866: 3824: 3751: 3712: 3673: 3629: 3590: 3552: 3514: 3473: 3398: 3359: 3320: 3266: 3228: 3190: 3152: 3114: 3007: 2969: 2838: 2696: 2630: 2588: 2441: 2410: 2150:

Good Work Well Done: The Sugar Business Career of Horace Havemeyer, 1903–1956

1994: 1926: 1879: 1764: 1489: 99: 86: 6694: 6615: 6384: 5559:"Affordable housing lottery opens at Domino Sugar Factory's One South First" 4899: 3072: 2940: 2936: 2901: 2864: 2324:

Beet Sugar in the West; A History of the Utah-Idaho Sugar Company, 1891–1966

2264:. Contributions in Economics and Economic History. Praeger. pp. 80–81. 2228: 2157: 2016: 1952: 1791: 1595: 957: 884: 696: 594: 551: 513:

and finishing house. It caused an estimated $ 1.5 million in damage, though

467:, had established their first sugar refinery on Vandam Street in modern-day 165: 6014:"Brooklyn Waterfront Condos Open as Williamsburg's Building Boom Nears End" 5980:"Brooklyn Waterfront Condos Open as Williamsburg's Building Boom Nears End" 4928:"87,000 People Applied for 104 Subsidized Apartments at Domino Development" 7206: 5621:"M&T Bank Provides $ 80M for Two Trees' Domino Sugar Refinery Project" 5459:"Domino Sugar Development Nabs First Office Tenant With Hair Care Company" 2335: 7267: 6477:"First Look At Williamsburg's Gorgeous New Domino Park On The East River" 6411:"Domino Redevelopment's Massive Waterfront Park Will Open in Summer 2018" 4437:"Plan to Redevelop Domino Sugar Factory in Brooklyn Hits Snag: De Blasio" 1083: 770: 750:

Though the complex was able to process 950 million U.S. gallons (3.6

381: 60: 7221: 797:

Two Trees submitted a new design plan for the site in 2013, designed by

5162:"Landmarks Preservation Commission Approves Domino Refinery's Redesign" 4932: 3348:"The Media Business: Advertising; If All Else Fails, Try Plain English" 1640: 1638: 1636: 953: 939: 681: 192: 7194:. Vol. 15. Illustrated American Publishing Company. May 26, 1894. 7024:"Landmarked Domino Sugar Factory Turning into Office and Retail Space" 6954: 6952: 6885:"New Renderings of Domino Sugar Redevelopment Show Glass-Domed Design" 6239:"COOKFOX Skirts the East River with 3D-Molded Precast Concrete Panels" 1201:, Frederick C. Havemeyer Jr. bought land at that intersection in 1858. 7346: 4543:"Eerie Photos Of Brooklyn's Gigantic, Abandoned Domino Sugar Factory" 3782:"It's Official: Two Trees Is Now Developing the Domino Sugar Factory" 1013: 935: 883:

The Refinery building reopened September 27, 2023. Two Trees offered

854: 598: 5955:"PAU's Domino Sugar Refinery Reopens as Brooklyn's Newest Workspace" 2902:"New "Sugar Town" Employing Army of Workers to Rise in Williamsburg" 805:, who wanted even more affordable housing on the site. In response, 6960:"A New Office Building Rises from Within the Domino Sugar Refinery" 5224:"Williamsburg's Waterfront Domino Park Is Set to Open This Weekend" 4124:"Lured by Visions of Real Estate Profits, Nonprofit Group Stumbled" 6810:"Vishaan Chakrabarti Reveals New Designs for Domino Sugar Factory" 5924:"Exclusive: Inside the Futuristic Domino Sugar Factory Renovation" 5776:"JPMorgan Lends $ 365M on Two Trees' Domino Sugar Refinery Towers" 1116:

460,000 square feet (43,000 m) of office space in the 2020s.

1040: 938:

is made of copper, while the upper portion consists of zinc. The

916: 820: 317: 7224:", 45 photos, 36 data pages, 3 photo caption pages 6659: 6644: 6142:"SHoP's Doughnut-Shaped '325 Kent' Apartment Complex in Brooklyn" 5128:"Domino Sugar Refinery Redesign Approved by Landmarks Commission" 4750:"Domino Destructoporn: Old Sugar Refinery Demolition Almost Done" 2531: 2485: 2210: 2090: 1702: 1627: 1546: 1430: 5647:"Two Trees Gets $ 80M Loan for Domino Sugar Project in Brooklyn" 4232:"Domino Sugar Factory Master Plan Development / SHoP Architects" 3618:"Familiar Domino Sugar Refinery Will Shut Much of Its Operation" 183:

Theodore A. Havemeyer, Thomas Winslow and J. E. James (refinery)

7231: 7227: 6077:"Tracking the Redevelopment of Brooklyn's Domino Sugar Factory" 4825:"Relics of the Domino Sugar Refinery, Frozen in Time and Syrup" 3579:"Company News; Tate & Lyle Agrees to Sell Sugar Operations" 747:

bought the brand and plant from Tate & Lyle the same year.

6581:"See the New Waterfront Public Plaza Now Open in Williamsburg" 2442:"Local Manufacturers: The Interesting Process of Sugar Making" 2054:

The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide

424:

Filter, Pan, and Finishing House; and a waterside park called

6610: 6608: 6606: 4509:"Deal Is Reached on Redevelopment of Brooklyn Sugar Refinery" 3855:"Landmark Status Is Approved for Domino Refinery in Brooklyn" 1825:. Vol. 9, no. 270. February 26, 1881. p. 107. 564:

The new refinery structure gave the Havemeyer family a large

520:

In February 1882, Theodore Havemeyer purchased a refinery in

6919:"At the Domino Sugar Refinery, A Glass Egg in a Brick Shell" 6136: 6134: 6132: 4864:"Brooklyn's Waterfront Future Starts with Domino Sugar Site" 4719:"Demolition of the Domino Sugar Refinery Is Almost Complete" 2574: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2099: 1590: 1588: 1586: 1584: 186:

Practice for Architecture and Urbanism (refinery renovation)

6677:

The Works: The Industrial Architecture of the United States

5335:"Domino Megaproject's Second Rental Debuts in Williamsburg" 2056:. Vol. 29, no. 730. March 11, 1882. p. 235. 1980: 1978: 1909: 1907: 1905: 809:

indicated that he was willing to revert to the older plan.

5255:"Landmarks Okays Tweaks to Domino Sugar Refinery Redesign" 3913:"Domino Sugar Is Gone, But Sign Will Live On After Ruling" 3040:"Removal of Iconic Domino Sugar Sign Will Start This Week" 2952: 2950: 2119:"Colossal: Mr. Theodore A. Havemeyer's New Sugar Refinery" 1747: 1745: 1565:. American historical society, Incorporated. p. 227. 6048:"Domino Square Offers New Views from Brooklyn Waterfront" 5894:"Iconic Domino Sugar Sign Returns to Brooklyn Waterfront" 4644:"Kara Walker Creates a Confection at the Domino Refinery" 585:

renamed the company "Domino's Sugar" in the early 1900s.

452:

in northern Brooklyn was incorporated on the bank of the

7152:

Havemeyers & Elder Filter, Pan & Finishing House

6991:"How the Domino Refinery Went from Sugar to Skyscrapers" 6203:"Domino's second residential building unveils new looks" 5681:"Two Trees Going Big With Domino Sugar Refinery Project" 4263:"Two Trees' SHoP-Designed Domino Development, REVEALED!" 3067: 3065: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2542: 2540: 2502: 2353: 5155: 5153: 4779: 4777: 4775: 3662:"New Neighborhood Emerging on the Domino Refinery Site" 1953:"The Havemeyers' Loss: Burning of Their Sugar Refinery" 7018: 7016: 6879: 6877: 6875: 6873: 5503:"Brooklyn's Domino Sugar Offices Win the Amenity Wars" 5289:"A New Tower Opens on the Domino Site in Williamsburg" 5193:"See the Transformation of Williamsburg's Domino Park" 2223: 2221: 2219: 1163:

List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Brooklyn

722:

activities were relocated in 1958 to American Sugar's

7800:

Historic American Engineering Record in New York City

7342:

High School of Enterprise, Business, & Technology

4055:"2 Sides Clash at City Hall Over Domino Housing Plan" 3387:"Striking Domino Workers Feel Bitterness and Resolve" 1045:

Pan, Filter, and Finishing House, seen from the south

7805:

Industrial buildings and structures in New York City

7362:

Williamsburg High School for Architecture and Design

4014:"Domino Sugar Housing Plan Gets Key Council Support" 2741:– via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com. 2460:– via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com. 2137:– via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com. 1898:– via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com. 1345:"Austin, Nichols and Company Warehouse (Overturned)" 392:. When active as a refinery, it was operated by the 7739: 7719: 7683: 7667: 7608: 7601: 7545: 7514: 7494: 7463: 7400: 7377: 7370: 7319: 7278: 6266: 6264: 6070: 6068: 4605:"Luxury Apartments? Later. For Now, They Burn Sage" 4574:"A Sonorous Subtlety: Kara Walker with Kara Rooney" 3738:Cardwell, Diane; Radomsky, Rosalie (July 1, 2004). 350: 342: 331: 323: 313: 303: 280: 265: 257: 247: 239: 231: 226: 216: 208: 176: 171: 161: 131: 123: 115: 78: 70: 56: 7063:"A Fabled Sign Returns to the Brooklyn Waterfront" 6779:"New Plans for the Domino Sugar Complex, Revealed" 6378: 6376: 6374: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5322: 3255:"City Has Plan to Upgrade Section of Williamsburg" 1186:Kent Avenue was known as First Street before 1881. 6574: 6572: 5708: 5706: 5282: 5280: 5060: 5058: 5056: 4688:"See the Destruction of the Domino Sugar Factory" 573:in 1891 after the previous year's passage of the 6670: 6668: 6342: 6340: 6338: 6336: 6007: 6005: 6003: 6001: 4406:"Domino Square Opens on the Brooklyn Waterfront" 3894: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3290: 3288: 2393: 2391: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2293: 1676:A Century of Sugar Refining in the United States 1596:"Williamsburg to Retain Historic Sugar Refinery" 921:Domino Park, looking east toward 325 Kent Avenue 27:Development and former refinery in New York City 7527:Congregation Yetev Lev D'Satmar (Rodney Street) 7522:Congregation Yetev Lev D'Satmar (Hooper Street) 7159:New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission 6841: 6839: 6837: 6835: 6304: 6302: 6300: 6298: 6232: 6230: 6228: 5674: 5672: 5496: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5486: 5484: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4810: 3952:"Live from Domino Sugar: 'New Domino' Detailed" 3775: 3773: 3309:"Tate & Lyle Sets Deal To Buy Amstar Sugar" 2865:"Brooklyn Ferry Properties Figure In Two Deals" 2723:"Sugar Loss May Be Million, 1 Dead, Score Hurt" 1510: 1508: 1506: 1409: 1407: 1405: 1352:New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission 1237: 1235: 1227:New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission 733:The Amstar brand was purchased by British firm 7820:New York City Designated Landmarks in Brooklyn 6912: 6910: 6540: 6538: 6536: 6534: 6532: 5953:Florian, Maria-Cristina (September 28, 2023). 5369:"First Office Tower Opens at Domino Park Site" 5362: 5360: 4681: 4679: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4385: 3848: 3846: 3033: 3031: 3029: 2931:"Sugar Plant May Quit Here, Says E.D. Babst". 780:CPC's original plan for the site, designed by 7243: 6655: 6653: 6041: 6039: 3422: 3420: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 8: 7532:Light of the World Church Pentecostal Church 6271:O'Neil, Meaghan McGoldrick (June 10, 2024). 4992:"Rental Building Rises on Domino Sugar Site" 3813:"Brooklyn Waterfront Called Endangered Site" 2782: 2780: 2761:. Vol. 61, no. 25. June 20, 1917. 2527: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2086: 2084: 2082: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1623: 1621: 1542: 1540: 1538: 39: 7825:Redevelopment projects in the United States 4163:"Developer to Revive a Project in Brooklyn" 2579:"The Sugar Trust and Its Employes [ 1426: 1424: 1422: 1059:Filter, and Finishing House was one of the 7605: 7374: 7250: 7236: 7228: 5807:"Two Trees Gets $ 364M for Domino Project" 45: 38: 5333:Ricciulli, Valeria (September 13, 2019). 4093:"Domino Sugar Plans on Verge of Meltdown" 3701:"The Last Grain Falls at a Sugar Factory" 3307:Hicks, Jonathan P. (September 27, 1988). 2605: 1843: 1653:. Vol. 1, no. 3. pp. 3–5. 1343:Postal, Matthew A. (September 20, 2005). 6075:Ricciulli, Valeria (November 11, 2019). 5861:Bradley-Smith, Anna (November 4, 2022). 3499:Greenhouse, Steven (February 27, 2001). 3458:Greenhouse, Steven (February 15, 2000). 3385:Greenhouse, Steven (November 25, 2000). 825:The renovated Refinery building in 2023. 695: 7785:1882 establishments in New York (state) 7337:El Puente Academy for Peace and Justice 7048: 6754:. Vol. 1, no. 5. p. 15. 6679:. Oxford University Press. p. 52. 6591:from the original on September 27, 2024 6557:from the original on September 23, 2024 6359:from the original on September 26, 2024 6321:from the original on September 10, 2024 6249:from the original on September 28, 2020 5725:from the original on September 25, 2024 4748:Del Signore, John (December 19, 2014). 4435:Bagli, Charles V. (February 27, 2014). 4416:from the original on September 28, 2024 4073:from the original on September 19, 2020 3898: 3439:from the original on September 16, 2018 3294: 2309: 2278:from the original on September 15, 2020 1413: 1335: 1285:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–" 1179: 1063:when finished, rivaling the heights of 986:windows, rooms with high ceilings, and 7810:Industrial buildings completed in 1882 7675:Williamsburg Bridge Plaza Bus Terminal 7357:Williamsburg Collegiate Charter School 7081:from the original on December 14, 2022 6895:from the original on September 3, 2021 6858:from the original on September 3, 2021 6820:from the original on September 3, 2021 6789:from the original on September 3, 2021 6660:Landmarks Preservation Commission 2007 6645:Landmarks Preservation Commission 2007 6517:from the original on September 3, 2021 6383:Johnstone, Amie (September 19, 2024). 6046:Jack, Dominique (September 25, 2024). 5873:from the original on December 14, 2022 5842:from the original on December 14, 2022 5755:from the original on December 14, 2022 5691:from the original on December 14, 2022 5657:from the original on December 14, 2022 5539:from the original on September 3, 2021 5265:from the original on September 3, 2021 5172:from the original on September 3, 2021 4507:Grynbaum, Michael M. (March 4, 2014). 4488:from the original on February 18, 2017 4331:from the original on February 18, 2017 4319:"Domino Sugar Plan: Bigger Is Better?" 4200:Del Signore, John (October 15, 2012). 4034:from the original on February 18, 2017 3873:from the original on February 15, 2020 3853:Wilson, Michael (September 26, 2007). 3780:Furfaro, Danielle (October 16, 2012). 3521:from the original on February 18, 2017 3501:"Bitter Strike At Domino Finally Ends" 3480:from the original on February 18, 2017 3217:"American Sugar Co. To Remain in City" 2532:Landmarks Preservation Commission 2007 2486:Landmarks Preservation Commission 2007 2211:Landmarks Preservation Commission 2007 2091:Landmarks Preservation Commission 2007 1703:Landmarks Preservation Commission 2007 1628:Landmarks Preservation Commission 2007 1547:Landmarks Preservation Commission 2007 1431:Landmarks Preservation Commission 2007 1361:from the original on November 14, 2021 7830:Sugar refineries in the United States 7553:Austin, Nichols and Company Warehouse 7537:St. Ann's Armenian Catholic Cathedral 7001:from the original on January 29, 2024 6970:from the original on January 29, 2024 6846:Morris, Sebastian (August 14, 2019). 6579:Rahmanan, Anna (September 24, 2024). 6487:from the original on November 9, 2020 6237:Marani, Matthew (December 12, 2019). 5934:from the original on January 29, 2024 5287:Laterman, Kaya (September 12, 2019). 4823:Dunlap, David W. (October 23, 2013). 4698:from the original on October 19, 2020 4553:from the original on February 1, 2017 3699:Yardley, William (January 31, 2004). 2398:Moynihan, Colin (November 21, 1999). 1478:"Obituary: Frederick C. Havemeyer Jr" 1386:. publisher not identified. pp. 1283:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. 7: 7795:Buildings and structures in Brooklyn 7218:Historic American Engineering Record 6777:Davidson, Justin (October 3, 2017). 6201:Warerkar, Tanay (October 19, 2018). 5679:Levitt, David M. (August 16, 2022). 5600:from the original on January 7, 2022 5439:from the original on January 7, 2020 5126:Rosenberg, Zoe (November 28, 2017). 4971:from the original on August 18, 2017 4686:Budin, Jeremiah (October 20, 2014). 4122:Bagli, Charles V. (March 14, 2012). 3931:from the original on January 5, 2018 3541:"To the Bitter End at a Sugar Plant" 3427:Rubin, Richard (September 7, 1999). 3038:Clarke, Katherine (August 6, 2014). 1858:American Architect and Building News 1823:American Architect and Building News 189:Audrey Matlock Architects (325 Kent) 151:2019 (One South First and Ten Grand) 7061:Barron, James (November 23, 2022). 6937:from the original on April 25, 2023 6808:Cohen, Michelle (October 3, 2017). 6746:Hopkins, Edwin T. (June 14, 1920). 6545:Budds, Diana (September 19, 2024). 6457:from the original on August 9, 2018 6417:from the original on April 26, 2017 6182:from the original on April 28, 2020 6087:from the original on April 21, 2023 6024:from the original on April 20, 2024 6012:Epstein, Jennifer (April 3, 2024). 5904:from the original on April 21, 2023 5786:from the original on April 21, 2023 5713:Corcoran, Cate (October 20, 2023). 5588:Ginsburg, Aaron (January 3, 2022). 5569:from the original on April 13, 2022 5367:Duggan, Kevin (November 11, 2019). 5160:Croghan, Lore (November 28, 2017). 5065:Warerkar, Tanay (August 30, 2017). 4717:Amato, Rowley (December 21, 2014). 4584:from the original on August 6, 2020 4288:"Domino Sugar Refinery Master Plan" 4161:Bagli, Charles V. (June 21, 2012). 4142:from the original on March 23, 2021 4053:Bagli, Charles V. (June 22, 2010). 4012:Bagli, Charles V. (June 29, 2010). 3616:Cardwell, Diane (August 21, 2003). 3346:Elliott, Stuart (August 30, 1991). 3179:"American Sugar Co. Becomes Amstar" 2790:Explosive Properties of Sugar Dusts 2753:"Explosion in Brooklyn Sugar Plant" 2152:. New York: D. Catlin. p. 94. 2047:"Buildings Projected: Kings County" 1720:Save Brooklyn's Industrial Heritage 1645:Barta, George L. (April 13, 1920). 7727:Brooklyn Eastern District Terminal 7654:Metropolitan Avenue/Lorimer Street 7119:from the original on June 20, 2020 6917:Kamin, Debra (February 12, 2023). 6758:from the original on July 11, 2020 6727:from the original on June 20, 2020 6437:"New Parks Sprout Around New York" 6409:Warerkar, Tanay (April 20, 2017). 6283:from the original on July 17, 2024 6213:from the original on June 21, 2020 6152:from the original on June 18, 2020 6117:from the original on June 18, 2020 5892:Mocker, Greg (December 22, 2022). 5805:Hourie, Ilya (December 29, 2022). 5774:Coen, Andrew (December 29, 2022). 5469:from the original on July 13, 2020 5409:from the original on June 11, 2020 5379:from the original on June 11, 2020 5345:from the original on June 18, 2020 5307:from the original on June 11, 2020 5138:from the original on June 19, 2020 5107:from the original on June 12, 2018 5077:from the original on June 18, 2020 5041:from the original on June 18, 2020 5010:from the original on June 12, 2020 4926:Hogan, Gynne (February 15, 2017). 4893:Colon, David (February 16, 2017). 4874:from the original on June 21, 2020 4843:from the original on July 30, 2020 4795:from the original on June 18, 2020 4760:from the original on June 25, 2020 4729:from the original on June 25, 2020 4623:from the original on June 20, 2020 4541:Jacobs, Harrison (June 26, 2014). 4404:Friia, John (September 25, 2024). 4370:from the original on July 30, 2020 4242:from the original on June 21, 2020 4212:from the original on June 19, 2020 4181:from the original on June 18, 2020 4103:from the original on June 18, 2020 3962:from the original on June 12, 2018 3950:Steele, Lockhart (July 24, 2007). 3831:from the original on June 11, 2019 3792:from the original on July 17, 2020 3758:from the original on June 18, 2020 3719:from the original on July 23, 2020 3680:from the original on June 12, 2018 3636:from the original on June 18, 2020 3366:from the original on June 26, 2020 3273:from the original on June 26, 2020 3235:from the original on June 26, 2020 3197:from the original on June 26, 2020 3159:from the original on June 25, 2020 3121:from the original on June 26, 2020 3050:from the original on June 26, 2020 3014:from the original on June 22, 2020 2976:from the original on June 22, 2020 2637:from the original on June 21, 2020 2417:from the original on June 26, 2020 2063:from the original on June 21, 2020 1933:from the original on June 21, 2020 1771:from the original on June 20, 2020 849:COVID-19 pandemic in New York City 657:Brooklyn Eastern District Terminal 25: 6626:from the original on July 6, 2022 6622:. December 11, 1897. p. 43. 6616:"Brooklyn's Great Sugar Industry" 5527:Young, Michael (April 30, 2021). 5501:Velsey, Kim (September 9, 2022). 5253:Croghan, Lore (August 13, 2019). 5234:from the original on June 7, 2018 5203:from the original on June 7, 2018 4907:from the original on July 6, 2022 4664:from the original on July 5, 2017 4455:from the original on May 31, 2020 4317:Chaban, Matt (November 4, 2013). 4261:Dailey, Jessica (March 3, 2013). 3993:from the original on July 6, 2022 3981:Corbett, Rachel (July 21, 2007). 3911:Wilson, Michael (June 25, 2008). 3811:Pogrebin, Robin (June 14, 2007). 3660:Barbanel, Josh (April 26, 2017). 3597:from the original on May 27, 2015 3559:from the original on July 6, 2022 3327:from the original on May 25, 2015 3083:from the original on July 6, 2022 2912:from the original on July 6, 2022 2908:. February 14, 1926. p. 23. 2875:from the original on July 6, 2022 2845:from the original on July 6, 2022 2807:from the original on July 6, 2022 2765:from the original on July 6, 2022 2733:from the original on July 6, 2022 2703:from the original on July 6, 2022 2665:from the original on July 6, 2022 2452:from the original on July 6, 2022 2376:from the original on July 6, 2022 2239:from the original on July 6, 2022 2181:from the original on July 7, 2020 2129:from the original on July 6, 2022 2027:from the original on July 6, 2022 1963:from the original on July 6, 2022 1890:from the original on July 6, 2022 1802:from the original on July 6, 2022 1724:Municipal Art Society of New York 1716:"Domino Sugar Refinery Buildings" 1678:. New York: De Vinne, n.d. Print. 1657:from the original on July 6, 2022 1606:from the original on July 6, 2022 1569:from the original on July 6, 2022 1449:The Encyclopedia of New York City 908:Residential and commercial towers 775:Landmarks Preservation Commission 546:Domino Sugar Refinery behind the 417:New York City designated landmark 338:, Thomas Winslow, and J. E. James 7332:Brooklyn Preparatory High School 7205: 6107:"325 Kent Avenue – TRD Research" 5645:Rogers, Jack (August 29, 2022). 5222:De Vries, Susan (June 6, 2018). 5029:Gill, Lauren (August 25, 2017). 4642:Gopnik, Blake (April 25, 2014). 4350:Yee, Vivian (October 16, 2013). 3405:from the original on May 5, 2021 2787:Meek, Richard Lee (April 1952). 2023:. February 24, 1882. p. 4. 1790:Skinner, C.M. (March 11, 1900). 1602:. January 24, 1926. p. 29. 1383:The Eastern District of Brooklyn 1037:Pan, Filter, and Finishing House 535: 4990:Laterman, Kaya (May 26, 2017). 4572:Rooney, Kara L. (May 6, 2014). 4476:"Domino Sugar Plan Moves Ahead" 3429:"Bitter Battle at Domino Sugar" 2798:Georgia Institute of Technology 1989:. January 10, 1882. p. 2. 990:in the kitchens and bathrooms. 571:American Sugar Refining Company 398:American Sugar Refining Company 195:(One South First and Ten Grand) 4862:Cuozzo, Steve (May 24, 2016). 4474:Chaban, Matt (March 5, 2014). 3079:. January 9, 1941. p. 3. 2448:. August 17, 1884. p. 7. 2328:University of Washington Press 2322:Arrington, Leonard J. (1966). 1959:. January 9, 1882. p. 1. 1886:. January 9, 1882. p. 4. 463:and William Havemeyer, of the 1: 6748:"Controlling Our Coal Supply" 6309:Gannon, Devin (May 2, 2024). 5619:Fu, Emily (August 24, 2022). 2551:. July 22, 1894. p. 20. 2503:The Illustrated American 1894 2354:The Illustrated American 1894 2235:. August 9, 1884. p. 4. 1061:tallest buildings in Brooklyn 947:One South First and Ten Grand 7352:Success Academy Williamsburg 7306:Marsha P. Johnson State Park 6347:Barandy, Kat (May 2, 2024). 4603:Beck, Sara (June 19, 2014). 2871:. July 4, 1919. p. 13. 2729:. June 14, 1917. p. 1. 2125:. July 31, 1883. p. 2. 1792:"The Workers and the Trusts" 1647:"Old Sugar Days in Brooklyn" 1277:American Antiquarian Society 1257:American Antiquarian Society 579:Dow Jones Industrial Average 6634:– via newspapers.com. 5191:Plitt, Amy (June 6, 2018). 3091:– via newspapers.com. 2943:– via newspapers.com. 2935:. March 12, 1924. pp. 2920:– via newspapers.com. 2883:– via newspapers.com. 2587:. March 17, 1900. pp. 2372:. Moses King. p. 918. 2247:– via newspapers.com. 2035:– via newspapers.com. 1985:"The Sugar Refinery Fire". 1971:– via newspapers.com. 1810:– via newspapers.com. 1614:– via newspapers.com. 728:1251 Avenue of the Americas 7851: 7766:Brooklyn Community Board 1 7593:Williamsburgh Savings Bank 7440:Music Hall of Williamsburg 7435:Moore Street Retail Market 7188:"Through A Sugar Refinery" 2258:Whitten, David O. (2006). 997: 789:185 million that October. 29: 7760: 7568:Kings County Savings Bank 7265: 7220:(HAER) No. NY-548, " 7172:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 6964:The Architect's Newspaper 6752:The American Sugar Family 5984:Crain's New York Business 5433:Crain's New York Business 4097:Crain's New York Business 1821:"Building Intelligence". 1651:The American Sugar Family 1380:Armbruster, E.L. (1912). 934:The lower portion of the 438:Red Hook's Atlantic Basin 358: 261: 44: 7476:Museum of Food and Drink 7192:The Illustrated American 7142:Havemeyer, H.W. (1989). 2171:Havemeyer, H.O. (1944). 1521:. Rizzoli. p. 142. 720:Research and development 154:2024 (One Domino Square) 7790:American sugar industry 6675:Bradley, Betsy (1999). 2148:Catlin, Daniel (1988). 1866:2027/njp.32101080160961 1831:2027/njp.32101080160961 745:American Sugar Refining 376:in the neighborhood of 7835:Williamsburg, Brooklyn 5930:. September 27, 2023. 2661:. 1917. p. 1002. 2658:Journal of Proceedings 1515:Reiss, Marcia (2014). 1046: 922: 826: 817:Redevelopment progress 705: 684:manufactured cars and 461:Frederick C. Havemeyer 7578:McKibbin Street Lofts 7563:Domino Sugar Refinery 7327:Brooklyn Latin School 7212:Domino Sugar Refinery 7166:Roberts, Sam (2019). 7161:. September 25, 2007. 6715:. November 19, 1882. 5751:. December 12, 2022. 5465:. December 24, 2019. 5435:. December 19, 2019. 5405:. November 12, 2019. 2625:. November 20, 1907. 1860:. Vol. 9. 1881. 1454:Yale University Press 1044: 920: 824: 786:New York City Council 699: 618:immigrants came from 575:Sherman Antitrust Act 566:competitive advantage 410:Theodore A. Havemeyer 370:mixed-use development 366:Domino Sugar Refinery 336:Theodore A. Havemeyer 100:40.71444°N 73.96750°W 40:Domino Sugar Refinery 7558:Colored School No. 3 7455:Williamsburg Cinemas 7214:at Wikimedia Commons 6966:. November 6, 2023. 6620:Brooklyn Times-Union 5928:Architectural Digest 5565:. January 10, 2022. 4940:on February 17, 2017 3261:. October 21, 1979. 3223:. February 3, 1969. 3185:. October 28, 1970. 2933:Brooklyn Times-Union 2727:Brooklyn Daily Eagle 2691:. December 1, 1909. 2585:Brooklyn Daily Eagle 2446:Brooklyn Daily Eagle 2366:King, Moses (1892). 2123:Brooklyn Daily Eagle 1921:. January 10, 1882. 1884:Brooklyn Daily Eagle 1759:. January 11, 1882. 1730:on November 10, 2010 1600:Brooklyn Times-Union 1559:Fitch, C.E. (1916). 1198:Brooklyn Times-Union 1022:theater in the round 833:exhibited her piece 688:manufactured steel. 636:Brooklyn Daily Eagle 527:Brooklyn Daily Eagle 459:German-born cousins 354:Two Trees Management 212:Two Trees Management 124:Estimated completion 18:Domino Sugar Factory 7711:Metropolitan Avenue 7588:Williamsburg Houses 7583:Taylor–Wythe Houses 7291:Bushwick Inlet Park 7107:. October 3, 1903. 7030:. November 29, 2022 6891:. August 19, 2019. 6178:. August 26, 2016. 6146:designboom magazine 5838:. October 9, 2022. 5780:Commercial Observer 5685:Commercial Observer 5625:Commercial Observer 5463:Commercial Observer 4791:. October 4, 2017. 4481:New York Daily News 4324:New York Daily News 3666:Wall Street Journal 3545:The Washington Post 3109:. January 9, 1941. 1987:The Washington Post 1444:Jackson, Kenneth T. 1213:The Washington Post 1174:Informational notes 1098:Vishaan Chakrabarti 898:Williamsburg Bridge 759:Redevelopment plans 702:Williamsburg Bridge 201:(One Domino Square) 105:40.71444; -73.96750 96: / 41: 7486:The City Reliquary 7481:Front Room Gallery 7471:Glasslands Gallery 7392:The City Reliquary 7105:The New York Times 7067:The New York Times 6989:Heathcote, Edwin. 6923:The New York Times 6713:The New York Times 6442:The New York Times 6113:. March 13, 2019. 5293:The New York Times 4996:The New York Times 4829:The New York Times 4649:The New York Times 4609:The New York Times 4513:The New York Times 4441:The New York Times 4356:The New York Times 4167:The New York Times 4128:The New York Times 4099:. March 21, 2012. 4059:The New York Times 4019:The New York Times 3917:The New York Times 3859:The New York Times 3817:The New York Times 3744:The New York Times 3705:The New York Times 3622:The New York Times 3583:The New York Times 3506:The New York Times 3465:The New York Times 3391:The New York Times 3352:The New York Times 3313:The New York Times 3259:The New York Times 3221:The New York Times 3183:The New York Times 3145:The New York Times 3107:The New York Times 3000:The New York Times 2962:The New York Times 2831:The New York Times 2800:. pp. 26–27. 2689:The New York Times 2623:The New York Times 2403:The New York Times 2330:. pp. 54–55. 2229:"Local Industries" 1919:The New York Times 1757:The New York Times 1482:The New York Times 1073:Financial District 1047: 978:affordable housing 974:Annabelle Selldorf 923: 827: 715:Financial District 706: 651:Early 20th century 583:Henry O. Havemeyer 522:Red Hook, Brooklyn 515:insurance policies 442:Brooklyn Navy Yard 402:Domino brand sugar 199:Annabelle Selldorf 119:Under construction 7815:Mill architecture 7772: 7771: 7747:East Williamsburg 7735: 7734: 7684:Roads and streets 7510: 7509: 7450:Spectacle Theater 7410:The Brick Theater 7210:Media related to 7179:978-1-62040-981-7 7146:. H.W. Havemeyer. 7051:, pp. 52–53. 6686:978-0-19-509000-0 6585:Time Out New York 6513:. July 31, 2020. 5103:. April 9, 2018. 4578:The Brooklyn Rail 4298:on March 18, 2015 4238:. March 5, 2013. 3983:"'Domino' Falls?" 3585:. July 27, 2001. 3547:. March 4, 2001. 3433:The Village Voice 2833:. June 14, 1917. 2271:978-0-313-32395-9 1846:, pp. 34–35. 1796:Los Angeles Times 1528:978-1-909815-66-7 1484:. July 29, 1891. 1195:According to the 1065:early skyscrapers 968:One Domino Square 928:studio apartments 700:As seen from the 630:, as well as the 479:Original facility 448:. The village of 400:, which produced 362: 361: 227:Technical details 16:(Redirected from 7842: 7606: 7420:Brooklyn Brewery 7375: 7252: 7245: 7238: 7229: 7209: 7195: 7183: 7162: 7156: 7147: 7129: 7128: 7126: 7124: 7097: 7091: 7090: 7088: 7086: 7058: 7052: 7046: 7040: 7039: 7037: 7035: 7020: 7011: 7010: 7008: 7006: 6986: 6980: 6979: 6977: 6975: 6956: 6947: 6946: 6944: 6942: 6914: 6905: 6904: 6902: 6900: 6881: 6868: 6867: 6865: 6863: 6843: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6825: 6805: 6799: 6798: 6796: 6794: 6774: 6768: 6767: 6765: 6763: 6743: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6732: 6705: 6699: 6698: 6672: 6663: 6657: 6648: 6642: 6636: 6635: 6633: 6631: 6612: 6601: 6600: 6598: 6596: 6576: 6567: 6566: 6564: 6562: 6542: 6527: 6526: 6524: 6522: 6503: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6483:. June 6, 2018. 6473: 6467: 6466: 6464: 6462: 6445:. 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June 2, 1929. 3137: 3131: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3077:Brooklyn Citizen 3069: 3060: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3035: 3024: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3002:. June 5, 1927. 2992: 2986: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2964:. June 5, 1927. 2954: 2945: 2944: 2928: 2922: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2906:Brooklyn Citizen 2898: 2885: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2869:New-York Tribune 2861: 2855: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2806: 2795: 2784: 2775: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2758:Fire Engineering 2749: 2743: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2719: 2713: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2681: 2675: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2653: 2647: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2615: 2609: 2603: 2597: 2596: 2576: 2561: 2560: 2549:New York Tribune 2544: 2535: 2529: 2506: 2500: 2489: 2483: 2462: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2438: 2427: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2395: 2386: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2363: 2357: 2351: 2340: 2339: 2319: 2313: 2307: 2288: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2255: 2249: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2225: 2214: 2208: 2191: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2168: 2162: 2161: 2145: 2139: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2115: 2094: 2088: 2077: 2076: 2070: 2068: 2062: 2051: 2043: 2037: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2013: 2007: 2006: 1982: 1973: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1957:New-York Tribune 1949: 1943: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1911: 1900: 1899: 1897: 1895: 1876: 1870: 1869: 1853: 1847: 1841: 1835: 1834: 1818: 1812: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1787: 1781: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1749: 1740: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1726:. Archived from 1712: 1706: 1700: 1679: 1673: 1667: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1642: 1631: 1625: 1616: 1615: 1613: 1611: 1592: 1579: 1578: 1576: 1574: 1556: 1550: 1544: 1533: 1532: 1512: 1501: 1500: 1498: 1496: 1474: 1468: 1467: 1456:. p. 1140. 1440: 1434: 1428: 1417: 1411: 1400: 1399: 1397: 1395: 1377: 1371: 1370: 1368: 1366: 1360: 1349: 1340: 1323: 1320: 1314: 1311: 1305: 1302: 1296: 1295: 1293: 1291: 1280: 1274: 1260: 1254: 1239: 1230: 1223: 1217: 1208: 1202: 1193: 1187: 1184: 1158:History of sugar 1124:Former buildings 753: 677:Brooklyn Citizen 539: 465:Havemeyer family 394:Havemeyer family 299: 297: 291: 289: 276: 274: 111: 110: 108: 107: 106: 101: 97: 94: 93: 92: 89: 49: 42: 21: 7850: 7849: 7845: 7844: 7843: 7841: 7840: 7839: 7775: 7774: 7773: 7768: 7756: 7731: 7715: 7701:Flushing Avenue 7679: 7663: 7659:Montrose Avenue 7629:Flushing Avenue 7597: 7546:Other buildings 7541: 7506: 7490: 7464:Exhibits spaces 7459: 7445:Nitehawk Cinema 7402: 7396: 7379: 7378:Organizations, 7366: 7315: 7274: 7261: 7256: 7202: 7186: 7180: 7165: 7154: 7150: 7141: 7133: 7132: 7122: 7120: 7099: 7098: 7094: 7084: 7082: 7060: 7059: 7055: 7047: 7043: 7033: 7031: 7022: 7021: 7014: 7004: 7002: 6995:Financial Times 6988: 6987: 6983: 6973: 6971: 6958: 6957: 6950: 6940: 6938: 6916: 6915: 6908: 6898: 6896: 6883: 6882: 6871: 6861: 6859: 6845: 6844: 6833: 6823: 6821: 6807: 6806: 6802: 6792: 6790: 6776: 6775: 6771: 6761: 6759: 6745: 6744: 6740: 6730: 6728: 6707: 6706: 6702: 6687: 6674: 6673: 6666: 6658: 6651: 6643: 6639: 6629: 6627: 6614: 6613: 6604: 6594: 6592: 6578: 6577: 6570: 6560: 6558: 6544: 6543: 6530: 6520: 6518: 6505: 6504: 6500: 6490: 6488: 6475: 6474: 6470: 6460: 6458: 6435: 6434: 6430: 6420: 6418: 6408: 6407: 6403: 6393: 6391: 6382: 6381: 6372: 6362: 6360: 6346: 6345: 6334: 6324: 6322: 6308: 6307: 6296: 6286: 6284: 6270: 6269: 6262: 6252: 6250: 6236: 6235: 6226: 6216: 6214: 6200: 6199: 6195: 6185: 6183: 6170: 6169: 6165: 6155: 6153: 6140: 6139: 6130: 6120: 6118: 6105: 6104: 6100: 6090: 6088: 6074: 6073: 6066: 6056: 6054: 6045: 6044: 6037: 6027: 6025: 6011: 6010: 5999: 5989: 5987: 5986:. April 3, 2024 5978: 5977: 5973: 5963: 5961: 5952: 5951: 5947: 5937: 5935: 5922: 5921: 5917: 5907: 5905: 5891: 5890: 5886: 5876: 5874: 5860: 5859: 5855: 5845: 5843: 5830: 5829: 5825: 5815: 5813: 5804: 5803: 5799: 5789: 5787: 5773: 5772: 5768: 5758: 5756: 5743: 5742: 5738: 5728: 5726: 5712: 5711: 5704: 5694: 5692: 5678: 5677: 5670: 5660: 5658: 5644: 5643: 5639: 5629: 5627: 5618: 5617: 5613: 5603: 5601: 5587: 5586: 5582: 5572: 5570: 5557: 5556: 5552: 5542: 5540: 5526: 5525: 5521: 5511: 5509: 5500: 5499: 5482: 5472: 5470: 5457: 5456: 5452: 5442: 5440: 5427: 5426: 5422: 5412: 5410: 5397: 5396: 5392: 5382: 5380: 5366: 5365: 5358: 5348: 5346: 5332: 5331: 5320: 5310: 5308: 5286: 5285: 5278: 5268: 5266: 5252: 5251: 5247: 5237: 5235: 5221: 5220: 5216: 5206: 5204: 5190: 5189: 5185: 5175: 5173: 5159: 5158: 5151: 5141: 5139: 5125: 5124: 5120: 5110: 5108: 5095: 5094: 5090: 5080: 5078: 5064: 5063: 5054: 5044: 5042: 5028: 5027: 5023: 5013: 5011: 4989: 4988: 4984: 4974: 4972: 4958: 4957: 4953: 4943: 4941: 4925: 4924: 4920: 4910: 4908: 4892: 4891: 4887: 4877: 4875: 4861: 4860: 4856: 4846: 4844: 4822: 4821: 4808: 4798: 4796: 4783: 4782: 4773: 4763: 4761: 4747: 4746: 4742: 4732: 4730: 4716: 4715: 4711: 4701: 4699: 4685: 4684: 4677: 4667: 4665: 4641: 4640: 4636: 4626: 4624: 4602: 4601: 4597: 4587: 4585: 4571: 4570: 4566: 4556: 4554: 4540: 4539: 4535: 4525: 4523: 4506: 4505: 4501: 4491: 4489: 4473: 4472: 4468: 4458: 4456: 4434: 4433: 4429: 4419: 4417: 4403: 4402: 4383: 4373: 4371: 4349: 4348: 4344: 4334: 4332: 4316: 4315: 4311: 4301: 4299: 4286: 4285: 4281: 4271: 4269: 4260: 4259: 4255: 4245: 4243: 4230: 4229: 4225: 4215: 4213: 4199: 4198: 4194: 4184: 4182: 4160: 4159: 4155: 4145: 4143: 4121: 4120: 4116: 4106: 4104: 4091: 4090: 4086: 4076: 4074: 4052: 4051: 4047: 4037: 4035: 4011: 4010: 4006: 3996: 3994: 3980: 3979: 3975: 3965: 3963: 3949: 3948: 3944: 3934: 3932: 3910: 3909: 3905: 3897: 3886: 3876: 3874: 3852: 3851: 3844: 3834: 3832: 3810: 3809: 3805: 3795: 3793: 3779: 3778: 3771: 3761: 3759: 3737: 3736: 3732: 3722: 3720: 3698: 3697: 3693: 3683: 3681: 3659: 3658: 3649: 3639: 3637: 3615: 3614: 3610: 3600: 3598: 3577: 3576: 3572: 3562: 3560: 3539: 3538: 3534: 3524: 3522: 3498: 3497: 3493: 3483: 3481: 3457: 3456: 3452: 3442: 3440: 3426: 3425: 3418: 3408: 3406: 3384: 3383: 3379: 3369: 3367: 3345: 3344: 3340: 3330: 3328: 3306: 3305: 3301: 3293: 3286: 3276: 3274: 3253: 3252: 3248: 3238: 3236: 3215: 3214: 3210: 3200: 3198: 3177: 3176: 3172: 3162: 3160: 3139: 3138: 3134: 3124: 3122: 3101: 3100: 3096: 3086: 3084: 3071: 3070: 3063: 3053: 3051: 3044:nydailynews.com 3037: 3036: 3027: 3017: 3015: 2994: 2993: 2989: 2979: 2977: 2956: 2955: 2948: 2930: 2929: 2925: 2915: 2913: 2900: 2899: 2888: 2878: 2876: 2863: 2862: 2858: 2848: 2846: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2810: 2808: 2804: 2793: 2786: 2785: 2778: 2768: 2766: 2751: 2750: 2746: 2736: 2734: 2721: 2720: 2716: 2706: 2704: 2683: 2682: 2678: 2668: 2666: 2655: 2654: 2650: 2640: 2638: 2617: 2616: 2612: 2604: 2600: 2578: 2577: 2564: 2546: 2545: 2538: 2530: 2509: 2501: 2492: 2484: 2465: 2455: 2453: 2440: 2439: 2430: 2420: 2418: 2397: 2396: 2389: 2379: 2377: 2365: 2364: 2360: 2352: 2343: 2321: 2320: 2316: 2308: 2291: 2281: 2279: 2272: 2257: 2256: 2252: 2242: 2240: 2227: 2226: 2217: 2209: 2194: 2184: 2182: 2170: 2169: 2165: 2147: 2146: 2142: 2132: 2130: 2117: 2116: 2097: 2089: 2080: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2049: 2045: 2044: 2040: 2030: 2028: 2015: 2014: 2010: 1984: 1983: 1976: 1966: 1964: 1951: 1950: 1946: 1936: 1934: 1913: 1912: 1903: 1893: 1891: 1878: 1877: 1873: 1855: 1854: 1850: 1842: 1838: 1820: 1819: 1815: 1805: 1803: 1789: 1788: 1784: 1774: 1772: 1751: 1750: 1743: 1733: 1731: 1714: 1713: 1709: 1701: 1682: 1674: 1670: 1660: 1658: 1644: 1643: 1634: 1626: 1619: 1609: 1607: 1594: 1593: 1582: 1572: 1570: 1558: 1557: 1553: 1545: 1536: 1529: 1514: 1513: 1504: 1494: 1492: 1476: 1475: 1471: 1464: 1442: 1441: 1437: 1429: 1420: 1412: 1403: 1393: 1391: 1379: 1378: 1374: 1364: 1362: 1358: 1347: 1342: 1341: 1337: 1327: 1326: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1308: 1303: 1299: 1289: 1287: 1282: 1272: 1264:McCusker, J. J. 1262: 1252: 1244:McCusker, J. J. 1242: 1240: 1233: 1224: 1220: 1209: 1205: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1181: 1171: 1154: 1126: 1113: 1104:Financial Times 1069:Lower Manhattan 1056: 1054:Form and facade 1039: 1030: 1018:reclaimed water 1002: 996: 970: 949: 915: 913:325 Kent Avenue 910: 894: 819: 799:SHoP Architects 795: 766: 761: 751: 735:Tate & Lyle 713:in Manhattan's 711:120 Wall Street 694: 653: 648: 640:boarding houses 628:southern Europe 562: 557: 556: 555: 550:, as seen from 545: 540: 510: 481: 434: 421:SHoP Architects 295: 293: 287: 285: 272: 270: 221:SHoP Architects 204: 157: 141:2017 (325 Kent) 138:1882 (refinery) 104: 102: 98: 95: 90: 87: 85: 83: 82: 52: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7848: 7846: 7838: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7777: 7776: 7770: 7769: 7761: 7758: 7757: 7755: 7754: 7749: 7743: 7741: 7740:Related topics 7737: 7736: 7733: 7732: 7730: 7729: 7723: 7721: 7717: 7716: 7714: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7691:Bedford Avenue 7687: 7685: 7681: 7680: 7678: 7677: 7671: 7669: 7665: 7664: 7662: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7619:Bedford Avenue 7615: 7613: 7603: 7602:Transportation 7599: 7598: 7596: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7549: 7547: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7518: 7516: 7512: 7511: 7508: 7507: 7505: 7504: 7498: 7496: 7492: 7491: 7489: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7467: 7465: 7461: 7460: 7458: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7425:Light Industry 7422: 7417: 7412: 7406: 7404: 7398: 7397: 7395: 7394: 7389: 7383: 7381: 7372: 7368: 7367: 7365: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7323: 7321: 7317: 7316: 7314: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7301:Macri Triangle 7298: 7293: 7288: 7286:Ascenzi Square 7282: 7280: 7276: 7275: 7266: 7263: 7262: 7257: 7255: 7254: 7247: 7240: 7232: 7226: 7225: 7215: 7201: 7200:External links 7198: 7197: 7196: 7184: 7178: 7163: 7148: 7131: 7130: 7092: 7053: 7041: 7012: 6981: 6948: 6906: 6869: 6852:New York YIMBY 6831: 6800: 6769: 6738: 6700: 6685: 6664: 6649: 6637: 6602: 6568: 6528: 6498: 6468: 6428: 6401: 6370: 6332: 6294: 6277:Brooklyn Paper 6260: 6224: 6193: 6163: 6128: 6098: 6064: 6035: 5997: 5971: 5945: 5915: 5884: 5867:Brooklyn Paper 5853: 5836:New York YIMBY 5823: 5797: 5766: 5749:New York YIMBY 5736: 5702: 5668: 5637: 5611: 5580: 5563:Brooklyn Eagle 5550: 5533:New York YIMBY 5519: 5480: 5450: 5420: 5390: 5373:Brooklyn Paper 5356: 5318: 5276: 5259:Brooklyn Eagle 5245: 5214: 5183: 5166:Brooklyn Eagle 5149: 5118: 5088: 5052: 5035:Brooklyn Paper 5021: 4982: 4959:Ahmed, Saraf. 4951: 4918: 4885: 4854: 4806: 4789:New York YIMBY 4771: 4740: 4709: 4675: 4634: 4595: 4564: 4533: 4499: 4466: 4427: 4381: 4342: 4309: 4279: 4253: 4223: 4192: 4153: 4114: 4084: 4045: 4004: 3987:Brooklyn Paper 3973: 3942: 3903: 3884: 3842: 3803: 3786:Brooklyn Paper 3769: 3730: 3691: 3647: 3608: 3570: 3532: 3491: 3450: 3416: 3377: 3338: 3299: 3284: 3246: 3208: 3170: 3132: 3094: 3061: 3025: 2987: 2946: 2923: 2886: 2856: 2818: 2776: 2744: 2714: 2676: 2648: 2610: 2606:Havemeyer 1989 2598: 2562: 2536: 2507: 2505:, p. 609. 2490: 2463: 2428: 2387: 2358: 2356:, p. 607. 2341: 2314: 2289: 2270: 2250: 2233:Brooklyn Union 2215: 2192: 2177:. p. 67. 2163: 2140: 2095: 2078: 2038: 2021:Brooklyn Union 2008: 1974: 1944: 1901: 1880:"A Great Fire" 1871: 1848: 1844:Havemeyer 1989 1836: 1813: 1798:. p. 22. 1782: 1741: 1707: 1680: 1668: 1632: 1617: 1580: 1551: 1534: 1527: 1502: 1469: 1462: 1446:, ed. (1995). 1435: 1418: 1401: 1372: 1334: 1333: 1325: 1324: 1315: 1306: 1297: 1281:1800–present: 1231: 1218: 1203: 1188: 1178: 1177: 1170: 1167: 1166: 1165: 1160: 1153: 1150: 1125: 1122: 1112: 1109: 1055: 1052: 1038: 1035: 1029: 1026: 998:Main article: 995: 992: 969: 966: 948: 945: 914: 911: 909: 906: 893: 890: 877:JPMorgan Chase 818: 815: 807:David Walentas 803:Bill de Blasio 794: 791: 765: 762: 760: 757: 693: 690: 652: 649: 647: 644: 561: 558: 542: 541: 534: 533: 532: 509: 508:Reconstruction 506: 480: 477: 433: 430: 374:sugar refinery 360: 359: 356: 355: 352: 348: 347: 344: 340: 339: 333: 329: 328: 325: 321: 320: 315: 311: 310: 308:Sugar industry 305: 301: 300: 282: 278: 277: 269:July 1883 267: 263: 262: 259: 258: 255: 254: 251: 245: 244: 241: 237: 236: 233: 229: 228: 224: 223: 218: 214: 213: 210: 206: 205: 203: 202: 196: 190: 187: 184: 180: 178: 174: 173: 169: 168: 163: 159: 158: 156: 155: 152: 149: 142: 139: 135: 133: 129: 128: 125: 121: 120: 117: 113: 112: 80: 76: 75: 72: 68: 67: 58: 54: 53: 50: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7847: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7782: 7780: 7767: 7764: 7759: 7753: 7752:Wallabout Bay 7750: 7748: 7745: 7744: 7742: 7738: 7728: 7725: 7724: 7722: 7718: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7688: 7686: 7682: 7676: 7673: 7672: 7670: 7668:Bus terminals 7666: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7639:Graham Avenue 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7607: 7604: 7600: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7550: 7548: 7544: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7519: 7517: 7513: 7503: 7502:Desert Island 7500: 7499: 7497: 7493: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7468: 7466: 7462: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7415:Brooklyn Bowl 7413: 7411: 7408: 7407: 7405: 7399: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7384: 7382: 7376: 7373: 7369: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7324: 7322: 7318: 7312: 7311:McCarren Park 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7283: 7281: 7277: 7273: 7272:New York City 7269: 7264: 7260: 7253: 7248: 7246: 7241: 7239: 7234: 7233: 7230: 7223: 7219: 7216: 7213: 7208: 7204: 7203: 7199: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7175: 7171: 7170: 7164: 7160: 7153: 7149: 7145: 7140: 7139: 7138: 7137: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7096: 7093: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7057: 7054: 7050: 7045: 7042: 7029: 7028:Greenpointers 7025: 7019: 7017: 7013: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6985: 6982: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6955: 6953: 6949: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6913: 6911: 6907: 6894: 6890: 6889:Greenpointers 6886: 6880: 6878: 6876: 6874: 6870: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6842: 6840: 6838: 6836: 6832: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6804: 6801: 6788: 6784: 6783:Intelligencer 6780: 6773: 6770: 6757: 6753: 6749: 6742: 6739: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6704: 6701: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6682: 6678: 6671: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6656: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6641: 6638: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6611: 6609: 6607: 6603: 6595:September 30, 6590: 6586: 6582: 6575: 6573: 6569: 6561:September 30, 6556: 6552: 6548: 6541: 6539: 6537: 6535: 6533: 6529: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6502: 6499: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6472: 6469: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6443: 6438: 6432: 6429: 6416: 6412: 6405: 6402: 6394:September 30, 6390: 6386: 6379: 6377: 6375: 6371: 6363:September 30, 6358: 6354: 6350: 6343: 6341: 6339: 6337: 6333: 6325:September 30, 6320: 6316: 6312: 6305: 6303: 6301: 6299: 6295: 6287:September 30, 6282: 6278: 6274: 6267: 6265: 6261: 6248: 6244: 6243:Archpaper.com 6240: 6233: 6231: 6229: 6225: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6197: 6194: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6167: 6164: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6129: 6116: 6112: 6111:The Real Deal 6108: 6102: 6099: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6071: 6069: 6065: 6057:September 30, 6053: 6049: 6042: 6040: 6036: 6028:September 30, 6023: 6019: 6015: 6008: 6006: 6004: 6002: 5998: 5990:September 30, 5985: 5981: 5975: 5972: 5960: 5956: 5949: 5946: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5919: 5916: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5888: 5885: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5857: 5854: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5827: 5824: 5812: 5811:The Real Deal 5808: 5801: 5798: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5770: 5767: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5740: 5737: 5729:September 30, 5724: 5720: 5716: 5709: 5707: 5703: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5675: 5673: 5669: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5641: 5638: 5626: 5622: 5615: 5612: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5584: 5581: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5554: 5551: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5523: 5520: 5508: 5504: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5481: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5454: 5451: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5424: 5421: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5394: 5391: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5363: 5361: 5357: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5319: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5283: 5281: 5277: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5249: 5246: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5218: 5215: 5202: 5198: 5194: 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Curbed. 6353:designboom 5101:CityRealty 4975:August 18, 1463:0300055366 1169:References 983:iridescent 885:tax breaks 860:Greenpoint 836:A Subtlety 686:Pittsburgh 595:bone black 560:Operations 548:East River 473:city block 454:East River 390:East River 91:73°58′03″W 88:40°42′52″N 7763:See also: 7387:El Puente 7320:Education 7113:0362-4331 7075:0362-4331 6941:April 21, 6931:0362-4331 6721:0362-4331 6511:ArchDaily 6481:Gothamist 6451:0362-4331 6207:Curbed NY 6091:April 21, 6081:Curbed NY 6018:Bloomberg 5959:ArchDaily 5908:April 21, 5816:April 21, 5790:April 21, 5604:April 17, 5573:April 17, 5339:Curbed NY 5301:0362-4331 5197:Curbed NY 5132:Curbed NY 5071:Curbed NY 5004:0362-4331 4900:Gothamist 4837:0362-4331 4754:Gothamist 4723:Curbed NY 4692:Curbed NY 4658:0362-4331 4617:0362-4331 4526:April 21, 4521:0362-4331 4449:0362-4331 4410:amNewYork 4364:0362-4331 4272:April 21, 4267:Curbed NY 4236:ArchDaily 4206:Gothamist 4175:0362-4331 4136:0362-4331 4067:0362-4331 4028:0362-4331 3956:Curbed NY 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