398:
44:
31:
380:
allow them to survive harsh winds and resist freezing temperatures. In a mosaic, cushion plants are known to facilitate other species through this added protection. When tested on
Donatia novae-zelandiae though, a 2012 study by Brittany Cranston found that they were poor facilitators. When added to
242:
plant forms a mat capable of reaching over a meter in diameter, made up of densely packed tufts tipped with imbricated spirals of leaves, all connected by one root system. Leaves are sessile, base widened, 5-6mm long and erect. Upper leaves are bright green, while lower leaves are brown, but still
350:
eras, when major
Australian and New Zealand mountain ranges formed. This created subsequent glaciation and cooling temperatures, leading to the creation of modern alpine and sub-alpine environments. A long-distance dispersal event, likely aided by Antarctica brought
433:
grow slowly, making them vulnerable to disturbance. Trampling by humans has been recorded to cause significantly reduced coverage and lower species diversity than undisturbed areas. Degradation was more severe in water logged areas, creating greater threat to
444:
is adapted to the cold. A 2015 study showed that artificially warming a site by 1.8 degrees
Celsius for two seasons resulted in decreased leaf length, leaf width, seed production and specific leaf area. The most pronounced population decreases in
393:
is seemingly more adapted to thrive in competition for moorland, gaining more benefit from its neighbours than it provides. It does not play the same role of growing on and stabilising skeletal substrates like other species do.
409:
can also occur along natural waterways of moorland. Here, cushions can grow in height to create dam like walls that prevent water flow. The resulting effect is a series of stepped ponds of water, dammed by cushions such as
449:
have been a result of fire, of which the alpine species is rarely subjected to. When subject to fires, alpine moorland species take decades to regenerate if they do at all.
255:
being surrounded by a distinctive circular ridge. Flowers are white, 5-6mm wide, solitary and scattered across the surface of the mat. Flowers feature 5 triangular
1203:
389:, resulted in notable heat stress. It was therefore concluded that there is great variation in the facilitative effects of cushion plants based on species.
1336:
1151:
426:
1164:
429:. The narrow niche and clear threats do make them vulnerable in future. As a result of poor nutrient availability and growth focused on density,
291:, Donatiaceae was often not recognised as a family in many publications. More recent studies find Donatiaceae to be sufficiently different from
365:
is most prevalent in cushion moorland, which generally form in areas of high-rainfall with poor drainage, above 800m. The water logging,
216:
forms dense spirals of thick, leathery leaves, creating a hardy plant that typically exists in alpine and subalpine bioclimatic zones.
1331:
729:"Phylogeny and Generic Interrelationships of the Stylidiaceae (Asterales), with a Possible Extreme Case of Floral Paedomorphosis"
295:, based on unique anatomical, morphological, and embryological characteristics. These include an absence of floral column, free
1306:
1190:
1035:
566:
1321:
397:
369:
substrate and harsh conditions prevent trees from growing, so these areas become entirely dominated by cushion plants.
287:
due to uncertainty if the two were significantly different. Due to ecological, habitual and geographic similarities to
1112:
267:. Flowering occurs from January to March. Fruit are turbinate shaped, with fruiting occurring from February to March.
1103:
1326:
1252:
470:
1208:
881:
43:
1257:
1311:
1065:
1143:
1316:
1169:
853:
160:
381:
an open alpine area, species richness of the site was decreased. In contrast, another cushion species,
1218:
639:
208:
935:
1278:
1138:
820:
748:
693:
280:
38:
502:
1226:
1125:
828:
1004:
1231:
1016:
1003:
Cranston, Brittany H.; Monks, Adrian; Whigham, Peter A.; Dickinson, Katharine J. M. (2015).
973:
810:
740:
683:
314:
Although there is much merit for separate families, many classification systems still class
911:"What makes a good neighbour? Drivers of facilitation in alpine cushion plant communities"
323:
81:
1244:
30:
1239:
1005:"Variation and response to experimental warming in a New Zealand cushion plant species"
450:
430:
406:
382:
377:
359:
species to New
Zealand, where they were pre-adapted for alpine and sub-alpine growth.
68:
962:"Impact of trampling on bolster heath communities of Mt Field National Park, Tasmania"
1300:
251:
are apparent, running parallel along the main axis on both leaf surfaces, with their
191:
697:
1283:
1130:
910:
356:
308:
292:
288:
284:
127:
385:
increased the species richness. It was also found that removing the neighbours of
1117:
1177:
1097:
347:
252:
227:
1088:
373:
can be found solitary, or in a mosaic of other cushions and micro shrubbery.
244:
688:
605:
1270:
311:, with Donatiacae being considered an outgroup, sharing a common ancestor.
239:
117:
832:
641:
Flora australiensis:a description of the plants of the
Australian territory
540:
978:
1265:
1082:
815:
343:
339:
107:
94:
330:
system did the same but allowed for optional recognition of
Donatiacae.
1156:
824:
798:
752:
728:
319:
315:
296:
260:
248:
223:
176:
137:
1182:
1020:
961:
671:
327:
304:
300:
264:
256:
1059:
744:
194:, found only in New Zealand and Tasmania. Common names can include
1195:
414:, promoting further cushion growth in a positive feedback system.
396:
55:
567:"Donatia novae-zelandiae in the Awarua – Waituna wetland complex"
366:
1063:
307:
and paracytic stomata. Donatiacae is therefore sister group to
672:"The anatomy and morphology of four Tasmanian cushion species"
453:
is therefore forecast to cause issues in both of these areas.
512:. Department of Natural Resources and Environment Tasmania
799:"Patterns of Diversification in New Zealand Stylidiaceae"
727:
Laurent, Nadina; Bremer, Birgitta; Bremer, Kare (1998).
510:
Department of
Natural Resources and Environment Tasmania
966:
Papers and
Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania
676:
Papers and
Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania
1036:"Cushion bog at sea level - but for how much longer?"
503:"Tasmanian Threatened Native Vegetation Communities"
1072:
638:Bentham, George; Mueller, Ferdinand von (1864).
425:is currently classed as "Not Threatened" by the
778:Das Pflanzenreich: Regni vegetabilis conspectus
401:Cushion Plant Dams on the Tarn Shelf, Mt Field.
665:
663:
661:
659:
8:
876:
874:
535:
533:
531:
529:
527:
247:are 2-3mm long, tufts of dense white hairs.
904:
902:
792:
790:
788:
786:
722:
720:
718:
716:
714:
497:
495:
493:
491:
1060:
998:
996:
797:Wagstaff, Steven J.; Wege, Juliet (2002).
29:
20:
977:
814:
687:
427:New Zealand Threat Classification System
318:within the Stylidiaceae family, such as
283:described Donatiaceae as a subfamily of
226:, which is the only genus in the family
462:
1043:New Zealand Plant Conservation Network
940:New Zealand Plant Conservation Network
600:
598:
596:
594:
592:
590:
574:Department of Conservation New Zealand
633:
631:
629:
627:
7:
1219:a27b3acb-6998-4152-8ef9-46a91aed522e
772:Mildbraed, J. (1908). Stylidiaceae.
541:"Donatia | plant genus | Britannica"
279:is somewhat controversial. In 1908,
222:is one of two species in the genus
1337:Taxa named by Joseph Dalton Hooker
612:. Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery
14:
471:"Donatia novae-zelandiae Hook.f."
338:The species likely originated in
1258:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:790962-1
376:The dense interlocking tufts of
263:and 5 pointed, oblong, 5mm long
42:
644:. Vol. 2. L. Reeve and co
606:"Flora of Tasmania Online A-D"
1:
476:. Kew Royal Botanical Gardens
190:is a species of mat-forming
1034:Lloyd, Kevin; Ward, Molly.
670:Gibson, Neil (March 1991).
1353:
803:American Journal of Botany
474:Plants of the World Online
16:Species of flowering plant
936:"Donatia novae-zelandiae"
854:"Key to Tasmanian Dicots"
780:, IV. 278. Leipzig, 1908.
405:Ecosystem engineering by
166:
159:
39:Scientific classification
37:
28:
23:
1332:Plants described in 1853
689:10.26749/rstpp.124.2.231
418:Threats and conservation
334:Distribution and ecology
243:long persisting. In the
24:Donatia novae-zelandiae
1144:Donatia novae-zelandiae
1104:Donatia novae-zelandiae
1074:Donatia novae-zelandiae
447:Donatia novae-zelandiae
442:Donatia novae-zelandiae
436:Donatia novae-zelandiae
423:Donatia novae-zelandiae
412:Donatia novae-zelandiae
391:Donatia novae-zelandiae
387:Donatia novae-zelandiae
371:Donatia novae-zelandiae
363:Donatia novae-zelandiae
353:Donatia novae-zelandiae
277:Donatia novae-zelandiae
220:Donatia novae-zelandiae
214:Donatia novae-zelandiae
187:Donatia novae-zelandiae
170:Donatia novae-zelandiae
152:D. novae-zelandiae
1307:Asterales of Australia
915:ourarchive.otago.ac.nz
402:
979:10.26749/rstpp.118.47
960:Gibson, Neil (1984).
400:
1322:Flora of New Zealand
909:Cranston, Brittany.
816:10.3732/ajb.89.5.865
209:Iberis sempervirens
196:New Zealand Cushion
545:www.britannica.com
403:
281:Johannes Mildbraed
275:Classification of
1327:Flora of Tasmania
1294:
1293:
1227:Open Tree of Life
1066:Taxon identifiers
1021:10.1111/aec.12231
733:Systematic Botany
565:Ledgard, George.
183:
182:
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1009:Austral Ecology
1002:
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994:
984:
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858:www.utas.edu.au
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745:10.2307/2419506
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336:
324:Dahlgren system
273:
236:
206:also refers to
179:
174:
168:
155:
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1350:
1348:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1312:Cushion plants
1309:
1299:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1284:wfo-0000654050
1275:
1262:
1249:
1236:
1223:
1213:
1200:
1187:
1174:
1161:
1148:
1135:
1122:
1109:
1094:
1078:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1056:
1055:
1026:
1015:(6): 642–650.
992:
952:
927:
898:
870:
845:
809:(5): 865–874.
782:
765:
739:(3): 289–304.
710:
682:(2): 231–238.
655:
623:
586:
557:
523:
487:
461:
460:
458:
455:
451:Climate change
431:cushion plants
419:
416:
407:cushion plants
383:Silene acaulis
378:cushion plants
335:
332:
326:. The earlier
272:
269:
235:
232:
181:
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149:
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135:
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98:
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84:
79:
72:
71:
66:
59:
58:
53:
49:
48:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1349:
1338:
1335:
1333:
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1325:
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1302:
1285:
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1171:
1166:
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1136:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1110:
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1099:
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1079:
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1071:
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1062:
1044:
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971:
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956:
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941:
937:
931:
928:
916:
912:
905:
903:
899:
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886:www.mobot.org
883:
877:
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871:
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846:
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730:
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368:
364:
360:
358:
355:, along with
354:
349:
345:
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333:
331:
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298:
294:
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217:
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211:
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205:
201:
197:
193:
192:cushion plant
189:
188:
178:
173:
171:
165:
162:
161:Binomial name
158:
154:
153:
148:
145:
144:
141:
140:
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
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122:
119:
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106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
93:
90:
87:
86:
83:
80:
77:
74:
73:
70:
69:Tracheophytes
67:
64:
61:
60:
57:
54:
51:
50:
45:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1317:Stylidiaceae
1073:
1046:. Retrieved
1042:
1029:
1012:
1008:
983:. Retrieved
969:
965:
955:
943:. Retrieved
939:
930:
918:. Retrieved
914:
889:. Retrieved
885:
861:. Retrieved
857:
848:
836:. Retrieved
806:
802:
777:
773:
768:
756:. Retrieved
736:
732:
701:. Retrieved
679:
675:
646:. Retrieved
640:
614:. Retrieved
609:
577:. Retrieved
573:
560:
548:. Retrieved
544:
514:. Retrieved
509:
478:. Retrieved
473:
465:
446:
441:
440:
435:
422:
421:
411:
404:
390:
386:
375:
370:
362:
361:
357:Stylidiaceae
352:
337:
313:
309:Stylidiaceae
293:Stylidiaceae
289:Stylidiaceae
285:Stylidiaceae
276:
274:
237:
219:
218:
213:
207:
204:Snow Cushion
203:
200:Snow Cushion
199:
195:
186:
185:
184:
169:
167:
151:
150:
138:
128:Stylidiaceae
101:
88:
75:
62:
18:
1245:kew-2775287
1178:iNaturalist
1098:Wikispecies
882:"Asterales"
776:Engler, A.
348:Pleistocene
342:during the
253:guard cells
234:Description
228:Donatiaceae
82:Angiosperms
1301:Categories
1240:Plant List
457:References
245:leaf axils
202:, however
1271:100326315
972:: 47–68.
303:, smooth
240:perennial
146:Species:
118:Asterales
52:Kingdom:
1266:Tropicos
1196:790962-1
1089:Q5295412
1083:Wikidata
1048:26 March
985:26 March
945:26 March
920:26 March
891:26 March
863:26 March
838:26 March
833:21665687
758:26 March
703:26 March
698:83467316
648:26 March
616:26 March
579:26 March
550:26 March
516:26 March
480:26 March
344:Pliocene
340:Tasmania
322:and the
271:Taxonomy
124:Family:
108:Asterids
95:Eudicots
1157:5543723
825:4131329
753:2419506
320:APG III
316:Donatia
297:stamens
261:stamens
249:Stomata
224:Donatia
177:Hook.f.
139:Donatia
134:Genus:
114:Order:
56:Plantae
1232:858740
1216:NZOR:
1183:323166
1170:450337
831:
823:
751:
696:
328:APG II
305:pollen
301:petals
265:petals
257:sepals
1209:74627
1139:FoAO2
1131:379LH
1118:70845
1039:(PDF)
821:JSTOR
749:JSTOR
694:S2CID
610:Trove
570:(PDF)
506:(PDF)
102:Clade
89:Clade
76:Clade
63:Clade
1253:POWO
1204:NCBI
1191:IPNI
1165:GRIN
1152:GBIF
1113:APNI
1050:2023
987:2023
947:2023
922:2023
893:2023
865:2023
840:2023
829:PMID
760:2023
705:2023
650:2023
618:2023
581:2023
552:2023
518:2023
482:2023
367:peat
346:and
299:and
259:, 2
238:The
1279:WFO
1126:CoL
1017:doi
974:doi
970:118
811:doi
741:doi
684:doi
680:124
438:.
198:or
1303::
1281::
1268::
1255::
1242::
1229::
1206::
1193::
1180::
1167::
1154::
1141::
1128::
1115::
1100::
1085::
1041:.
1013:40
1011:.
1007:.
995:^
968:.
964:.
938:.
913:.
901:^
884:.
873:^
856:.
827:.
819:.
807:89
805:.
801:.
785:^
774:In
747:.
737:23
735:.
731:.
713:^
692:.
678:.
674:.
658:^
626:^
608:.
589:^
572:.
543:.
526:^
508:.
490:^
230:.
212:.
104::
91::
78::
65::
1052:.
1023:.
1019::
989:.
976::
949:.
924:.
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