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Originally passed to prohibit the sex trafficking of Asian women and an influx of Asian male laborers, it instead created a dangerous and illegal system where young women would present forged papers that said they were already members of
Chinese families in the United States. This phenomenon was dubbed the "paper daughters". The women, often referred to as
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there. Culbertson and the
Presbyterian Home acted as a place of refuge for women forced into sex slavery and freed indentured female Chinese servants, where they could be safe from the outside world and get an education. Together, Culbertson and Cameron worked to rescue Chinese immigrants until Culbertson's death in 1897.
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Friends and relatives of these girls would leave clandestine messages for
Donaldina at the Presbyterian Home, indicating the house where a girl was held captive. Often, criminal tong members, who nicknamed her "Jesus Woman" and the "White Devil", would threaten Cameron and the home. She once spent a
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of 1882 was the first piece of federal immigrant legislation in the United States. It prohibited immigrants from any area considered "undesirable", which included most of Asia. It also barred
Chinese women from entering the United States, unless they were already married to men in the United States.
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Two years after
Culbertson's death in 1897, Cameron became superintendent of the Presbyterian Home at the age of 27. She continued the mission of the Home, saving young Chinese immigrant women from sex slavery and indentured service. Contemporary sources referred to this work as "the only foreign
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Family friend Evelyn Browne, the former president of the
Occidental Board of Foreign Missions, took Cameron to the Presbyterian Home in San Francisco, in an effort to expose Donaldina to the world around her. At the home, Donaldina met Margaret Culbertson and, in 1895, she became a sewing teacher
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forced the evacuation of the
Presbyterian Home. Cameron returned the night of the earthquake through the blazing city to retrieve a logbook that detailed her guardianship over the girls at the home, thus ensuring their safety from being forced back into servitude or prostitution. The home was
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Cameron retired from her missionary work and the
Presbyterian Home in 1934. She is credited with saving and educating over 2,000 Chinese immigrant women and girls. Before her death, she was considered something of a "national icon", and her life story was told in three biographies, some with
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Once freed, Chinese women were forced to reside at the
Presbyterian Home (where they were not allowed outside without an escort) and to convert to Christianity. While some Chinese immigrant women welcomed conversion and saw Donaldina as a savior, nicknaming her "Lo Mo"
228:), translated variously as "White Spirit", "White Witch", or "White Devil"βa sensational racial epithet that newspaper and magazine reporters helped spread. She was also dubbed the "Angry Angel of Chinatown", which would later become the title for a biography.
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She also founded two homes for
Chinese children, many of them orphans or the children of the rescued women. The Chung Mei Home housed young boys, while the Ming Quong Home was for girls. The former Chung Mei house is today part of the Windrush School in
307:. The building still stands today in Chinatown in San Francisco. It serves as a multi-service nonprofit agency serving the local Asian communities through supportive youth programs, social services, and counseling.
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287:, California. Younger Chinese American girls were taken care of here until they were old enough (age 13) to move to Oakland. That home today is part of nonprofit EMQ FamiliesFirst.
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when she was three and a half. During her childhood, she had very little contact and experience with immigrant populations while living on a large sheep ranch in the
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was a Chinese organization that attempted to stop the tongs, but eventually collapsed when the Chinese Tong (slavery leaders) infiltrated the organization.
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The youngest of seven children, Donaldina was born into a Scottish family that lived on a sheep farm in New Zealand. She moved with her family to
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depictions of Chinese women, but also challenged popular preconceptions that such women were incapable of integrating into American society.
757:
671:
Wong, Kristin and Kathryn: "Fierce Compassion, The Life of Abolitionist Donaldina Cameron" (Saline, Michigan: New Earth Enterprises, 2012)
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152:(criminal societies). These women lived brutal lives, usually dying within five years. During this time San Francisco City Hall, run by
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Harris, Gloria G.; Hannah S. Cohen (2012). "Chapter 4. Reformers and Activists β Donaldina Cameron: Angry Angel of Chinatown".
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Moore, Heather B.: "The Paper Daughters of Chinatown" (Salt Lake City, UT: Shadow Mountain Publishing, 2020){978-1629727820}
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while seeking the release of a Chinese woman. However, Cameron continued her mission. She was sometimes called "Fahn Quai" (
256:
111:. She was known as "Fahn Quai" or the "White Devil" of Chinatown, as well as the "Angry Angel of Chinatown" and "Lo Mo".
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and other aides, who also took part in dangerous rescues, translated for Cameron, and advocated for trafficked women.
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destroyed in the earthquake and was rebuilt in 1907 at 920 Sacramento Street, where it still stands today.
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252:) (which she translated as " loyal mother"), and others had mixed feelings about this forced conversion.
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Cameron wrote extensively, seeking to gain financial support for her mission, in publications including
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160:, took kickbacks from the tongs, resulting in very little government action against this problem. The
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fictional elements. While most attention has been focused on Cameron, her work was made possible by
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Hasley, Karen J.: "Gold Mountain" (Denver, CO: Outskirts Press, 2012) character in work of fiction
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358:: Cameron mentored Schulze, who would assist Cameron in saving enslaved Chinese in San Francisco.
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Donaldina Cameron, group of children (1908) at the Occidental Board Presbyterian Mission House
567:"Op-Ed: Asian women fought the West's slave trade. And then they were written out of history"
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Twelbeck, Kirsten (2012). "The Donaldina Cameron Myth and the Rescue of America, 1910β2012".
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Relations of Rescue: The Search for Female Moral Authority in the American West, 1874β1939
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in Oakland, California. In 1935, a third Ming Quong homeβthe "baby house"βwas founded in
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456:"Asian women fought the West's slave trade. And then they were written out of history"
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The White Devil's Daughters: The Women Who Fought Slavery in San Francisco's Chinatown
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Chinatowns in a Transnational World: Myths and Realities of an Urban Phenomenon
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and a pamphlet titled "The Yellow Slave Traffic". This writing often furthered
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Notable American Women: The Modern Period: a Biographical Dictionary
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who was a pioneer in the fight against slavery in San Francisco's
96:(July 26, 1869 β January 4, 1968) was a New Zealand-born American
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McClain, Laurene Wu (1983). "Donaldina Cameron: A Reappraisal".
681:
148:, were sold as domestic servants or forced prostitutes by the
592:"Warrior: The Historical Inspiration for Nellie Davenport"
536:"Ming Quong: a History of Rescuing Chinese American Girls"
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Pioneer Presbyterian missionary in San Francisco Chinatown
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Women Trailblazers of California: Pioneers to the Present
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Occidental Board Presbyterian Mission House, renamed the
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in 1942. She died on January 4, 1968, at the age of 98.
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Chinatown's Angry Angel, The Story of Donaldina Cameron
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Fahn Quai, Lo Mo, Angry Angel of Chinatown, White Devil
397:. Charleston, SC: The History Press. pp. 60β74 .
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Portrait of Donaldina Cameron (1922) as a young woman
689:"The Firebrand: A Short Story of Old San Francisco"
325:portrays Cameron in the American television series
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651:, (Palo Alto, California: Pacific Books, 1977)
346:includes a fictionalized depiction of Cameron.
303:In 1942, the Presbyterian Home was renamed the
768:Presbyterian missionaries in the United States
427:Sicherman, Barbara; Green, Carol Hurd (1980).
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748:Burials at Evergreen Cemetery, Los Angeles
728:New Zealand emigrants to the United States
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433:. Harvard University Press. p. 131.
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687:Deering, Mabel Craft (September 1907).
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257:great San Francisco earthquake and fire
616:Fass, Mara Bandy (September 1, 2020).
682:The Donaldina Cameron House Home Page
661:. New York: Oxford University Press.
565:Siler, Julia Flynn (August 4, 2019).
454:Siler, Julia Flynn (August 4, 2019).
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193:mission enterprise ever carried on
738:American Presbyterian missionaries
618:"The Paper Daughters of Chinatown"
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783:People from Palo Alto, California
291:Later life and legacy (1934β1968)
188:in 1942, at 920 Sacramento (2018)
340:The Paper Daughters of Chinatown
514:. Routledge. pp. 135β163.
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743:Female Christian missionaries
331:(2019) as Nellie Davenport.
758:New Zealand women activists
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778:People from San Francisco
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763:Chinatown, San Francisco
381:, Alfred A. Knopf, 2019.
168:Mission life (1900β1934)
657:Pascoe, Peggy. (1990).
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305:Donaldina Cameron House
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115:Early life (1869β1900)
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162:Chinese Six Companies
141:Chinese Exclusion Act
197:the United States".
109:indentured servitude
255:In April 1906, the
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336:historical fiction
318:In popular culture
265:Women and Missions
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125:San Gabriel Valley
571:Los Angeles Times
540:EMQ FamiliesFirst
484:Pacific Historian
461:Los Angeles Times
440:978-0-674-62733-8
356:Tye Leung Schulze
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298:Tien Fuh Wu
269:orientalist
201:night in a
54:New Zealand
712:Categories
627:2022-12-13
602:2021-04-22
363:References
342:(2020) by
277:El Cerrito
135:Background
121:California
101:missionary
84:Occupation
47:1869-07-26
467:August 5,
312:Palo Alto
285:Los Gatos
249:lou5 mou2
146:mui tsais
105:Chinatown
699:16 March
550:22 April
490:: 24β35.
350:See also
244:Jyutping
225:fan quai
220:Jyutping
203:San Jose
154:Abe Ruef
338:novel,
328:Warrior
234:Chinese
210:Chinese
693:Sunset
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150:tongs
701:2018
578:2022
552:2016
516:ISBN
469:2019
435:ISBN
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334:The
206:jail
156:and
139:The
70:U.S.
60:Died
41:Born
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239:θζ―
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215:ηͺι¬Ό
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