824:
531:. The total length of the species ranges from 14 to 18 cm (5.5 to 7.1 in) and the wingspan from 25 to 31 cm (9.8 to 12.2 in). Body mass ranges from 20 to 33 g (0.71 to 1.16 oz). Standard measurements are as follows: the wing chord is 8.5–10 cm (3.3–3.9 in), the tail is 4–6 cm (1.6–2.4 in), the bill is 1–1.8 cm (0.39–0.71 in) and the tarsus is 1.1–1.7 cm (0.43–0.67 in). The downy woodpecker is mainly black on the upperparts and wings, with a white back, throat and belly and white spotting on the wings. There is one white bar above the eye, and one below. They have a black tail with white outer feathers barred with black. Adult males have a red patch on the back of the head whereas juvenile birds display a red cap.
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659:, or warm the eggs for 15 minute periods, taking turns in alternating shifts. At night, the male woodpecker typically will rest on the eggs for their continued warmth. This incubation period lasts for about 12 days. When the eggs hatch, the infant woodpeckers weigh about 1.6 grams, which will rise to around 3.2 grams over the course of its first day of life. They will appear fully grown by the 17th or 18th day.
81:
632:, which serves as protection from the elements and predators. Heartwood is often softer in dead or decayed trees, as a result, the number of dead trees in a forest and downy woodpeckers habitats are positively correlated in studies. Downy woodpeckers prefer to nest in areas with ample light, leading them to favor trees with broader leaves, such as poplars, birches, and ashes, or forest openings and edges.
298:. Length ranges from 14 to 18 cm (5.5 to 7.1 in). Downy woodpeckers primarily live in forested areas throughout the United States and Canada, with the exception of deserts in the southwest and the northern tundra. The bird nests in tree cavities and feeds primarily on insects, although it supplements its diet with seeds and berries. The downy woodpecker is very similar in appearance to the
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31:
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downy woodpeckers will create a cavity in a tree roughly 2.4 to 15.3 m (8 to 50 ft) above the ground, with the male woodpecker pecking the hole for roughly half of the daylight hours, in 20 minute work sessions. The nest hole takes about two or three weeks to create, and normally measures 12 to 15 cm wide and about 20 to 30 cm deep.
549:
call. One may identify the woodpecker by the pik-call, counting half a second between piks (a total of four must be heard). The rattle-call is a short burst that sounds similar to a bouncing ball, while that of the hairy woodpecker is a shorter burst of the same amplitude. Like other woodpeckers, it
651:
Downy woodpeckers will start breeding in their first possible season and will return to a site within 2 hectares of where they were born. They breed every year of their mature life, possibly returning to the same nest holes that they used in years prior. Barring the presence of an existing hole,
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in summer. The young males will also gain a bright red dot on the back of their head once they reach adulthood. The adult birds will begin to moult earlier than their young. This process starts when their young still occupy the nest, ultimately culminating with replacement of the two strongest,
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538:, but it can be distinguished from the hairy by the presence of black spots on its white tail feathers and the length of its bill. The downy woodpecker's bill is shorter than its head, whereas the hairy woodpecker's bill is approximately equal to head length.
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A Downy
Woodpecker (Picoides pubescens) drumming in Roberts Bird Sanctuary, Minneapolis, Minnesota. A second, distant woodpecker drumming in response and other birds, including an American Robin and a Red-winged Blackbird, can be heard in the
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639:, a moth that costs the US agriculture industry more than $ 1 billion annually in crop losses and population control. In winter, especially, downy woodpeckers can often be found in suburban backyards with mature trees where they feed on
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Downy woodpeckers nest in a tree cavity excavated by the nesting pair in a dead tree or limb. In the winter, they roost in tree cavities. They tend to nest near soft snags, where the wood is softer and the inner
57:
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of the tree can be accessed more easily. The woodpecker will form a nest cavity in the softer heartwood, and its nest will be protected by the outer portion of the tree. This portion is made up of harder
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central feathers. These feathers are maintained to retain the bird's climbing power during the two month moult period. When the moulting ends in
September, their plumage will have a slight yellow tinge.
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Downy woodpeckers forage on trees, picking the bark surface in summer and digging deeper in winter. They mainly eat insects, but they also feed on seeds and berries. They are a natural predator of the
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615:. Their range consists of most of the United States and Canada, except for the deserts of the southwest and the tundra of the north. Mostly permanent residents, northern birds may
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2008:
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Fuchs, J.; Pons, J.M. (2015). "A new classification of the pied woodpeckers assemblage (Dendropicini, Picidae) based on a comprehensive multi-locus phylogeny".
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also produces a drumming sound (sounds like four taps ) with its beak as it pecks into trees. Its drums are slower compared to other North
American species.
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424:. Why they evolved this way cannot be explained with confidence; it may be relevant that the species exploit rather different-sized foodstuffs and
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Systema naturae : per regna tria natura, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
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Adult downy woodpeckers are the smallest of North
America's woodpeckers, but there are many smaller species elsewhere, especially the
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for the males, and striped or white dotted crowns for the females. Eventually, these crowns will turn jet black after they finish
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groups. In the revised generic classification, the downy woodpecker was placed with four other species in the resurrected genus
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Birds of
British Columbia Volume 2 : Nonpasserines : Diurnal Birds of Prey Through Woodpeckers
1274:
woodpeckers based on a molecular phylogeny, with emphasis on convergence in downy and hairy woodpeckers"
457:
333:
310:
The downy woodpecker was described and illustrated with a hand-coloured plate by the
English naturalist
200:
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1323:
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A female will typically lay 4-5 white eggs, but can lay up to 7. During waking hours, both birds will
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1016:(in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (12th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 175.
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590:. A distant woodpecker drumming in response, and other birds, can be heard in the background.
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1237:(Picidae, Picinae) and related genera implies convergent evolution of plumage patterns"
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44:
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318:, which was published between 1729 and 1732. When in 1766 the Swedish naturalist
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1956:
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by Hans
Winkler, David A. Christie & David Nurney. Houghton Mifflin (1995),
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1069:. Vol. 6. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 211.
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599:
436:
291:
167:
157:
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The downy woodpecker is virtually identical in plumage pattern to the larger
1737:
1335:
Downy
Woodpecker, Life History, All About Birds - Cornell Lab of Ornithology
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608:
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377:
177:
117:
1217:
1109:
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2026:
1851:
1646:
1448:"Snags – The Wildlife Tree: The Importance of Snags in Your Neighborhood"
845:
Female downy woodpecker (Dryobates pubescens) feeding on sunflower seeds.
667:
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137:
619:
further south; birds in mountainous areas may move to lower elevations.
2106:
1948:
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429:
287:
1961:
1389:
Campbell, R. Wayne; Dawe, Neil K.; McTaggart-Cowan, Ian (1997-01-01).
420:
are not very closely related; the outward similarity is an example of
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127:
1623:
1305:
1935:
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996:. Vol. 1. London: W. Innys and R. Manby. p. 21, Plate 21.
1930:
817:
Bobbing downy woodpecker in
Prospect Park, Brooklyn, New York, USA
518:
394:
53:
2039:
1729:
1619:
Downy woodpecker Bird Sound at Florida Museum of Natural History
725:
640:
460:, 1832) – central Alaska to east Canada and central and east USA
343:
is the Latin for "pubescent" or "downy". Linnaeus specified the
147:
1627:
993:
The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands
316:
The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands
1480:
Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada.
500:, 1852) – Rocky Mountains (southeast Alaska to southwest USA)
371:
study published in 2015 found that these genera did not form
1182:
Shakya, S.B.; Fuchs, J.; Pons, J.-M.; Sheldon, F.H. (2017).
922:
Downy Woodpecker, South Meadows Trail, East Hartford, CT USA
560:
381:, that had been erected in 1826 by the German naturalist
866:
Downy woodpecker foraging at Fresh Pond in Cambridge, MA
607:
Downy woodpeckers are native to forested areas, mainly
1184:"Tapping the woodpecker tree for evolutionary insight"
784:
Female with a leaf caught on her bill in New York City
523:
The female lacks the red patch on the back of the head
351:(North America) but the locality is now restricted to
1233:"Mitochondrial DNA phylogeny of the woodpecker genus
1423:"Habitat Suitability Index Models: Downy Woodpecker"
355:. The downy woodpecker was usually placed in either
2076:
1841:
1636:
1557:"European corn borer - Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner)"
1533:"The European Corn Borer | The European Corn Borer"
910:A Downy Woodpecker (male) in Oregon, United States
643:and shelled peanuts provided by mesh birdfeeders.
490:, 1860) – central Washington to central California
1416:
1414:
1412:
966:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22681155A92894756.en
662:These younger birds are demarcated by tinted red
416:Despite their close resemblance, the downy and
339:and cited Catesby's book. The specific epithet
332:, he included the downy woodpecker, coined the
1603:- USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
470:, 1889) – southwest Canada and west Washington
1231:Moore, W.S.; Weibel, A.C.; Agius, A. (2006).
480:, 1839) – west Oregon to northwest California
8:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1446:Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife.
1031:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
389:. Within the genus, the downy woodpecker is
1345:Oklahoma City Community College and Cornell
1624:
1268:Weibel, Amy C.; Moore, William S. (2005).
226:
79:
43:
29:
20:
1289:
1252:
1241:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
1207:
964:
302:, although they are not closely related.
1509:"Downy Woodpecker | Audubon Field Guide"
933:
678:
541:The downy woodpecker gives a number of
703:A downy woodpecker hanging upside down
688:An adult female walking in Saskatoon,
597:
1364:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p.
1188:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1163:. International Ornithologists' Union
1143:
1141:
1082:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
7:
1035:. London: Christopher Helm. p.
2130:IUCN Red List least concern species
1779:downy-woodpecker-picoides-pubescens
952:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
768:Downy woodpecker feeding chicks in
2150:Birds of Saint Pierre and Miquelon
1482:"Information archivée dans le Web"
1134:(in German). 18–19. Jena. Col 977.
14:
1421:Schroeder, Richard (April 1983).
1395:. Vancouver, BC, CAN: UBC Press.
898:Pajaro carpintero en Québec ville
385:with the downy woodpecker as the
1607:Downy woodpecker Species Account
1324:Downy woodpecker Species Account
1254:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00586.x
1161:IOC World Bird List Version 10.1
1066:Check-List of Birds of the World
915:
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598:Problems playing this file? See
576:
104:
941:BirdLife International (2016).
586:A downy woodpecker drumming in
1613:Downy woodpecker photo gallery
833:in Cambridge, Ontario, Canada.
1:
235:Approximate distribution map
1615:at VIREO (Drexel University)
1609:- Cornell Lab of Ornithology
2160:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1209:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.09.005
1102:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.03.016
2178:
2145:Birds of the United States
1027:Jobling, James A. (2010).
878:Downy Woodpecker on Feeder
450:, 1910) – southeast Alaska
1361:The Sibley Guide to Birds
252:
245:
234:
225:
206:
199:
101:Scientific classification
99:
77:
68:
51:
42:
37:
28:
23:
1590:Internet Bird Collection
1585:"Downy woodpecker media"
1291:10.1093/condor/107.4.797
1270:"Plumage convergence in
959:: e.T22681155A92894756.
407:ladder-backed woodpecker
2155:Birds described in 1766
510:, 1766) – southeast USA
2140:Birds of North America
565:
524:
369:molecular phylogenetic
349:America septentrionali
63:
1826:Paleobiology Database
796:Male in New York City
564:
522:
267:(Linnaeus, 1766)
60:
16:Species of woodpecker
554:Behavior and ecology
545:, including a short
422:convergent evolution
399:Nuttall's woodpecker
1873:Dryobates pubescens
1843:Dryobates pubescens
1598:Downy woodpecker -
1537:www.ent.iastate.edu
1356:Sibley, David Allen
1200:2017MolPE.116..182S
1094:2015MolPE..88...28F
945:Dryobates pubescens
831:Dryobates pubescens
741:Dryobates pubescens
637:European corn borer
283:Dryobates pubescens
259:Linnaeus, 1766
210:Dryobates pubescens
71:Conservation status
2066:Picoides-pubescens
1691:picoides-pubescens
1678:Picoides_pubescens
1638:Picoides pubescens
1600:Picoides pubescens
1561:entnemdept.ufl.edu
1489:publications.gc.ca
1151:; Donsker, David;
1128:"Generalübersicht"
566:
525:
411:Dryobates scalaris
403:Dryobates nuttalli
294:, the smallest in
264:Picoides pubescens
64:
2117:
2116:
2048:Open Tree of Life
1630:Taxon identifiers
1375:978-0-679-45122-8
1313:978-0-395-72043-1
1153:Rasmussen, Pamela
1061:Peters, James Lee
1046:978-1-4081-2501-4
893:
861:
829:Downy Woodpecker
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747:, New Jersey, USA
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418:hairy woodpeckers
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192:D. pubescens
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24:Downy woodpecker
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536:hairy woodpecker
474:D. p. gairdnerii
439:are recognized:
300:hairy woodpecker
278:downy woodpecker
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240: Year-round
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504:D. p. pubescens
444:D. p. glacialis
337:Picus pubescens
330:twelfth edition
325:Systema Naturae
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256:Picus pubescens
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1996:NatureServe
1957:iNaturalist
1867:Wikispecies
1787:iNaturalist
1456:October 17,
1431:October 17,
1235:Veniliornis
1194:: 182–191.
1149:Gill, Frank
972:12 November
724:Feeding on
515:Description
397:containing
358:Dendrocopos
62:background.
2124:Categories
2061:Xeno-canto
1566:2017-11-13
1542:2017-11-13
1518:2024-04-25
1494:2023-10-17
1278:The Condor
928:References
600:media help
437:subspecies
428:very much
405:) and the
292:woodpecker
158:Piciformes
2135:Dryobates
2093:Q27927447
1858:Q27074911
1088:: 28–37.
625:heartwood
609:deciduous
588:Minnesota
378:Dryobates
341:pubescens
186:Species:
179:Dryobates
124:Kingdom:
118:Eukaryota
2087:Wikidata
2001:2.105113
1988:22681155
1887:22681155
1882:BirdLife
1852:Wikidata
1805:10456108
1653:Q1265625
1647:Wikidata
1358:(2000).
1272:Picoides
1218:28890006
1126:(1826).
1110:25818851
1010:(1766).
668:moulting
657:incubate
647:Breeding
572:Drumming
529:piculets
508:Linnaeus
498:Hartlaub
488:Malherbe
458:Swainson
448:Grinnell
367:, but a
364:Picoides
328:for the
306:Taxonomy
247:Synonyms
218:Linnaeus
164:Family:
138:Chordata
134:Phylum:
128:Animalia
114:Domain:
91:IUCN 3.1
2107:8970499
2040:1484523
1975:1145276
1949:9149595
1756:2477781
1730:1047051
1699:Avibase
1513:Audubon
1196:Bibcode
1090:Bibcode
675:Gallery
630:sapwood
617:migrate
478:Audubon
468:Maynard
314:in his
288:species
286:) is a
220:, 1766)
174:Genus:
168:Picidae
154:Order:
144:Class:
89: (
52:Female
2053:873958
2014:118200
1962:792988
1936:dowwoo
1910:dowwoo
1900:858782
1831:368082
1818:178259
1763:GNAB:
1743:DENPPU
1686:ARKive
1666:dowwoo
1399:
1372:
1311:
1216:
1167:28 May
1108:
1043:
664:crowns
435:Seven
391:sister
238:
2027:70660
1931:eBird
1923:7TCSX
1907:BOW:
1800:IRMNG
1792:17660
1717:7WGCT
1485:(PDF)
1451:(PDF)
1426:(PDF)
772:, USA
739:Male
611:, of
395:clade
393:to a
38:Male
2102:GBIF
2035:OBIS
2009:NCBI
1983:IUCN
1970:ITIS
1944:GBIF
1895:BOLD
1813:ITIS
1751:GBIF
1738:EPPO
1458:2023
1433:2023
1397:ISBN
1370:ISBN
1309:ISBN
1214:PMID
1169:2020
1106:PMID
1041:ISBN
974:2021
957:2016
726:suet
641:suet
276:The
148:Aves
1918:CoL
1774:IBC
1725:EoL
1712:CoL
1673:ADW
1662:ABA
1366:312
1286:doi
1282:107
1249:doi
1204:doi
1192:116
1098:doi
1037:323
961:doi
743:in
547:pik
413:).
361:or
347:as
290:of
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
