477:, consisting of secondary school graduates and students, were mobilized and sent "up to the mountains and down to the villages" i.e. to rural villages and to frontier settlements. In these areas, they had to build up and take root, to receive reeducation from the poor and lower-middle peasants". Ten percent of the 1970 urban population was relocated. The population grew from 500 million to 700 million people in China. One way for Mao to handle the population growth was to send people to the countryside. Mao was from the countryside and wanted all educated youth to have experience there. This was a way for high school students to better integrate themselves into the working class. "In the beginning, the Cultural Revolution exhilarated me because suddenly I felt that I was allowed to think with my own head and say what was on my mind". While many believed that this was a great opportunity to transform themselves into a strong socialist youth, many students could not deal with the harsh life and died in the process of reeducation.
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consciousness. This failed and could have ended Mao Zedong's influence. Instead of moving forward into a more modern country, Mao and the CCP took a step back to the past. Harsh weather and gross economic mismanagement resulted in the worst famine in history. Mao's position with the party was weakened, so he worked on a plan that would be his defining moment and would give the
Chinese a national identity. From here, he plotted his return to the pinnacle of power, which resulted in the
466:. At this point, the politics initiated by Mao's government, along with the diminishing crops, had left the country in dire financial straits. Mao saw this as a prime opportunity to sow chaos and push the country towards the downfall of the old system, leaving a blank slate from which a reconstruction based on complete Communism would emerge. Thus, the central government did little to nothing to stop or discourage the Red Guards' acts, no matter how abusive.
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important, nevertheless, vitally affecting the lives of the vast majority of the
Chinese people. The revolution was an urban movement. It fought what was seen as excess successes of a growing population of urban workers, students, and intellectuals, who were seen as the prosperous bourgeoise. Mao wanted those classes to be more well-rounded in their approach to seeking societal success. This would occur even at the cost of economic growth.
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The
Cultural Revolution did bring important changes in the social character and political climate of life in China but not so much in its formal institutions. Mao's power base was paramount. The revolution aimed to bring new social change in the 1960s and early years of the decade. The changes were
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urban youth would be sent to mountainous areas or farming villages to learn from the workers and farmers there. In total, approximately 17 million youth were sent to rural areas as a result of the movement. Usually only the oldest child had to go, but younger siblings could volunteer to go instead.
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Eventually, though, once Mao's cabinet tried to rein them in to start their program, most Red Guard squads refused to stop their activities, believing their fight not to be complete yet (or being unwilling to lose the privileges they held in the name of class struggle). Mao drastically changed his
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The
Cultural Revolution started with Mao reaching out to high school students for ideological and material support. They were asked to target teachers viewed as possessing or propagating capitalist views and rebelling against them, which many were open to due to high academic pressure. During that
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cancelled. Secondary and primary school students had the option to still go if they wished, which many did because they were curious as to what was going on. Schools were used as a rallying ground to interrogate those who were considered to be class enemies, such as teachers. In the beginning, the
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campaign's aim was to increase agriculture, industrial productions, social change and ideological change. The Great Leap's goal of developing China's material productive forces was inextricably intertwined with the pursuit of communist social goals and the development of a popular communist
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The
Cultural Revolution consisted of many different smaller sub-campaigns that affected all of China, some of which came about quite quickly. One of these campaigns was the Monsters and Demons campaign that ran from 1966 to 1967. The campaign's name refers to metaphors such as
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entered the picture. Therefore, the images displayed on posters showed a clear idea of what behavior and slogans were acceptable during this movement. From 1966 to 1968, all schools in China were closed, and the
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In 1978, the government ended the movement, but the send-down youth were not allowed to return to their homes in urban areas, with exception of those who enrolled the university through
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319:'s early 1960s sending-down policy in its political context. President Liu Shaoqi instituted the first sending-down policy to redistribute excess urban population following the
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Some were sent to rural villages to join production teams and establish residence (chadui luohu). These individuals did not significantly change environments.
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Cultural
Revolution empowered the Red Guards into helping interrogate the class enemies and finding out whose houses to search and possibly destroy.
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and some whose parents or relatives were high-level officials. After a huge wave of protest across the country by the send-down youth especially in
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has received great praise for its take on life for the young people sent to rural villages of China during the movement (see
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to remote areas of China. Some commentators consider these people, many of whom lost the opportunity to attend university, "
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McLaren, Anne (July 1979). "The
Educated Youth Return: The Poster Campaign in Shanghai from November 1978 to March 1979".
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was also among the youth sent to rural areas. Xi was a send-down youth for seven years until he enrolled in
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Rhetoric of the
Chinese Cultural Revolution: The Impact on Chinese Thought, Culture, and Communication
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views about them and set up to break their power base by splitting them up.
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between the mid-1950s and 1978. As a result of what he perceived to be pro-
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Revolution and Its Past: Identities and Change in Modern
Chinese History
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Landsberger, Stefan R; van der
Heijden, Marien, eds. (September 2007).
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961:. Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press. pp. 59–61.
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Many fresh high school graduates, who became known as the so-called
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Hunan Provincial Proletarian Revolutionary Great Alliance Committee
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Counterattack the Right-Deviationist Reversal-of-Verdicts Trend
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A Glossary of Political Terms of the People's Republic of China
941:(1st ed.). New York: A Division of Macmillan Publishing.
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Ecoambiguity: Environmental Crises and East Asian Literatures
896:. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. p. 147.
731:, Semnar Studies in History, Pearson Education, pp.
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950:. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 60.
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Certificate in honor of Down to the Countryside Movement
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Up to the Mountains and Down to the Countryside Movement
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771:(1st ed.). Wadsworth Publishing. p. 294.
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Some of Us: Chinese Women Growing Up in the Mao Era
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823:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. p.
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1796:List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party
769:China: A Cultural, Social, and Political History
378:General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party
990:. Chinese University Press. pp. 427–428.
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369:Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress
1055:Up to the Mountain, Down to the Village
711:, Pearson Education, pp. 349–356,
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802:from the original on December 12, 2022
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387:'s chemical engineer program in 1975.
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786:Hille, Kathrin (September 20, 2013).
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513:Back to the Village National Campaign
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749:Zhong, Xueping; et al. (2001),
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312:Chairman Mao's policy differed from
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1215:Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius
1014:. University of California Press.
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405:Resettlement in the countryside (
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1779:Mao Zedong's cult of personality
1625:Learn from Dazhai in agriculture
1155:Down to the Countryside Movement
1127:Seven Thousand Cadres Conference
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767:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (2005).
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475:millions of educated urban youth
283:Down to the Countryside Movement
35:Down to the Countryside Movement
1509:Six Articles of Public Security
984:Li, Gucheng (January 1, 1995).
819:People's China: A Brief History
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146:Shang-shan Hsia-hsiang Yün-tung
1748:Worker-Peasant-Soldier student
1708:Central Case Examination Group
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101:Down to the Villages Movement
98:The Up to the Mountains &
1575:Continuous Revolution Theory
1565:Cow demons and snake spirits
1488:Quotations from Chairman Mao
1132:Socialist Education Movement
1033:. Chinese Posters Foundation
937:Meisner, Maurice J. (1977).
753:, Rutgers University Press,
508:Political prisoners in China
444:cow demons and snake spirits
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473:From December 1968 onward,
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131:Shàngshān Xiàxiāng Yùndòng
1890:Social movements in China
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1160:Cleansing the Class Ranks
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1545:Newborn socialist things
1481:Bombard the Headquarters
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67:Traditional Chinese
1723:Revolutionary committee
1273:Inner Mongolia incident
1240:1976 Tiananmen Incident
1210:Black Painting incident
1175:February Countercurrent
1011:Spider Eaters: A Memoir
340:China's Lost Generation
215:Simplified Chinese
81:Simplified Chinese
18:Down to the countryside
1693:May Sixteenth elements
1107:Anti-Rightist Campaign
910:2027/fulcrum.qn59q491p
725:Benson, Linda (2002),
555:McLaren, Anne (1979).
453:college entrance exams
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358:, all of whom went to
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1635:Five Black Categories
1301:Zhao Jianmin Spy Case
1235:1976 Nanjing incident
946:Mitter, Rana (2008).
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1661:Conservative Faction
1590:One Divides into Two
1560:Big-character poster
1112:Great Chinese Famine
902:10.3998/mpub.3867115
503:Reform through labor
321:Great Chinese Famine
50:Some of the 200,000
1875:Cultural Revolution
1640:Five Red Categories
1502:May 16 Notification
1205:10th Party Congress
1093:Cultural Revolution
432:Cultural Revolution
385:Tsinghua University
295:Cultural Revolution
1885:Maoist terminology
1816:Morning Sun (film)
1791:Great Leap Forward
1681:Ultra-Left Faction
1630:Stinking Old Ninth
1278:Guangdong Massacre
1185:9th Party Congress
1137:Taoyuan Experience
1117:Great Leap Forward
700:General references
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427:Great Leap Forward
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1610:Capitalist roader
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1200:Lin Biao incident
1122:Lushan Conference
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955:Lu, Xing (2004).
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1373:Wang Hongwen
1354:Gang of Four
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261:chāduì luòhù
255:Hanyu Pinyin
195:Resettlement
124:Hanyu Pinyin
51:
29:
1615:Yiku sitian
1464:Ye Jianying
1459:Hua Guofeng
1454:Mao Yuanxin
1444:Chen Zaidao
1379:Peng Dehuai
1368:Yao Wenyuan
1322:Key figures
1195:Project 571
939:Mao's China
850:(2): 1–20.
626:Mitter 2008
567:(2): 1–20.
1864:Categories
1784:Mango cult
1656:Red Guards
1449:Kang Sheng
1434:Qiu Huizuo
1414:Ji Dengkui
1358:Jiang Qing
1339:Zhou Enlai
1334:Liu Shaoqi
1329:Mao Zedong
1256:Red August
806:August 23,
691:Hille 2013
531:Ebrey 2005
448:Red Guards
413:Background
381:Xi Jinping
348:Jiang Rong
344:Liu Xiaobo
317:Liu Shaoqi
306:privileged
302:Mao Zedong
140:Wade–Giles
1540:Four Olds
1473:Documents
1429:Wu Faxian
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1399:Chen Boda
1389:Peng Zhen
1249:Massacres
1006:Yang, Rae
880:131104421
864:0156-7365
680:Yang 2013
581:0156-7365
519:Citations
364:Dai Sijie
291:bourgeois
1849:Category
1533:Concepts
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1344:Lin Biao
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1008:(2013).
977:54374711
925:July 29,
894:(e-book)
800:Archived
481:See also
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299:Chairman
178:Jyutping
58:Shenyang
1419:Wang Li
1394:Tao Zhu
1100:Prelude
872:2158728
665:Li 1995
653:Lu 2004
589:2158728
1774:Maoism
1649:Groups
1384:Wu Han
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398:, the
392:Gaokao
336:exiled
87:上山下乡运动
73:上山下鄉運動
60:(1968)
876:S2CID
868:JSTOR
733:38–44
585:JSTOR
352:Ma Bo
56:from
1039:2020
1016:ISBN
992:ISBN
973:OCLC
963:ISBN
927:2020
914:ISBN
860:ISSN
829:ISBN
808:2022
773:ISBN
755:ISBN
737:ISBN
713:ISBN
577:ISSN
425:The
354:and
277:The
221:插队落户
207:插隊落戶
906:hdl
898:doi
852:doi
825:199
569:doi
376:).
366:'s
154:IPA
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