167:
340:
290:
130:
239:
178:
257:, where the gudgeon pin joint of the connecting rod is within the piston itself. This avoids the crosshead, piston rod and its sealing gland, but it also makes a single-acting piston almost essential. This, in turn, has the advantage of allowing easy access to the bottom of the piston for lubricating oil, which also has an important cooling function. This avoids local overheating of the piston and rings.
31:
157:
but unusual in other engine types. Many hydraulic and pneumatic cylinders use them where it is needed to produce a force in both directions. A double-acting hydraulic cylinder has a port at each end, supplied with hydraulic fluid for both the retraction and extension of the piston. A double-acting
315:
Internal combustion engines soon switched to single-acting cylinders. This was for two reasons: as for the high-speed steam engine, the high force on each piston and its connecting rod was so great that it placed large demands upon the bearings. A single-acting piston, where the direction of the
316:
forces was consistently compressive along the connecting rod, allowed for tighter bearing clearances. Secondly the need for large valve areas to provide good gas flow, whilst requiring a small volume for the combustion chamber so as to provide good
277:. This uses both sides of the piston as working faces, the lower side of the piston acting as a piston compressor to compress the inlet charge ready for the next stroke. The piston is still considered as single-acting, as only one of these faces
199:
Where these were used for pumping mine shafts and only had to act against a load in one direction, single-acting designs remained in use for many years. The main impetus towards double-acting cylinders came when
166:
223:
became part of the piston, and there was no longer any piston rod. This was for similar reasons to the internal combustion engine, as avoiding the piston rod and its seals allowed a more effective
208:, that could be used to drive machinery via an output shaft. Compared to a single-cylinder engine, a double-acting cylinder gave a smoother power output. The high-pressure engine, as developed by
339:
141:
is a cylinder in which the working fluid acts alternately on both sides of the piston. In order to connect the piston in a double-acting cylinder to an external mechanism, such as a
793:
289:
521:
196:, were single-acting. These often transmitted their force through the beam by means of chains and an "arch head", as only a tension in one direction was needed.
158:
cylinder is used where an external force is not available to retract the piston or it can be used where high force is required in both directions of travel.
129:
93:, to push the piston back in the other direction. Single-acting cylinders are found in most kinds of reciprocating engine. They are almost universal in
786:
458:
was laid up for eight months until 1938 while the engines were replaced. Even then the engines were regarded as unsatisfactory and were replaced by
1668:
270:
238:
704:
377:
made 2-stroke cycle double-acting (2-SCDA) diesels for marine propulsion before 1930. The first, of 7,000 hp, was fitted in the
British MV
595:
411:
779:
1238:
733:
689:
638:
247:
1702:
1614:
1673:
1508:
1317:
961:
560:
The pressure of around 30 psi (2 bar) was low by today's standard and only "high" in comparison to Watt engines.
366:, used double-acting cylinders. Gas engines require little or no compression of their charge, in comparison to petrol or
1347:
1337:
177:
1541:
1405:
1386:
1377:
1261:
873:
816:
367:
536:
that is powered by a pressurised liquid, typically oil. It has many applications, notably in construction equipment (
230:
Small models and toys often use single-acting cylinders for the above reason but also to reduce manufacturing costs.
1155:
630:
106:
94:
520:
1707:
1696:
1253:
1481:
1413:
370:, and so the double-acting cylinder designs were still adequate, despite their narrow, convoluted passageways.
484:
s engines, this version was still troublesome and the boats were later re-engined with the same single-acting
1743:
1717:
1712:
1633:
1357:
1302:
1024:
980:
541:
422:
309:
216:
171:
1748:
1722:
1620:
1461:
1342:
993:
931:
467:
42:
1678:
1587:
1312:
1233:
1206:
936:
921:
831:
495:
489:
451:
440:
434:
1647:
1332:
1271:
1132:
998:
946:
883:
836:
537:
501:
404:
382:
374:
205:
74:
50:
373:
Double-acting cylinders have been infrequently used for internal combustion engines since, although
1753:
1641:
1175:
1049:
966:
956:
664:
363:
343:
293:
146:
145:, a hole must be provided in one end of the cylinder for the piston rod, and this is fitted with a
89:
only. A single-acting cylinder relies on the load, springs, other cylinders, or the momentum of a
1574:
1568:
1562:
1554:
1549:
1137:
515:
209:
189:
118:
34:
594:
classes. Knowledge (XXG)'s article considers them the P-1, P-3 & P-5 sub-types of a single
1438:
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1147:
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78:
46:
1514:
1502:
1475:
1201:
1119:
1089:
941:
654:
620:
488:
16-248 V16 engines as their sister boats. Other
Electric Boat-constructed submarines of the
1687:
1420:
1362:
1281:
1170:
1165:
1079:
1034:
459:
274:
110:
658:
477:, with a 9-cylinder development of the H.O.R. engine. Although not as great a failure as
450:
s engines were a complete failure and were wrecked during trials before even leaving the
417:
Six boats were built, with three different diesel engine designs from different makers.
53:
are often classified by whether they are single- or double-acting, depending on how the
1606:
1455:
1427:
1104:
1003:
926:
916:
826:
485:
351:
17:
1737:
1394:
1367:
1266:
1185:
1021:
474:
426:
355:
325:
321:
212:, used double-acting pistons and became the model for most steam engines afterwards.
102:
98:
82:
54:
1595:
1352:
1099:
1084:
1039:
893:
888:
802:
570:
506:
class, were also built with these 9-cylinder H.O.R. engines, but later re-engined.
333:
329:
254:
185:
154:
150:
114:
1520:
1494:
1447:
1044:
1018:
988:
866:
861:
443:, or, in this case, double-acting engines were favoured for being more compact.
193:
153:" to prevent escape of the working fluid. Double-acting cylinders are common in
142:
1526:
1469:
1094:
1029:
1013:
951:
908:
898:
389:
301:
201:
705:"Amazing Airplane Motor Doubles The Power", Popular Mechanics, September 1932
1322:
1307:
624:
224:
220:
188:
normally use double-acting cylinders. However, early steam engines, such as
358:, with one or two extremely large cylinders and powered by the burning of
1211:
533:
90:
381:(United Baltic Co.) in 1929. The two B&W SCDA engines fitted to the
726:
The Fleet
Submarine in the U.S. Navy: A Design and Construction History
308:'s original engines, from around 1860, were double-acting and followed
1327:
1064:
439:. Owing to the limited space available within the submarines, either
430:
86:
58:
30:
846:
519:
338:
288:
237:
176:
165:
128:
29:
771:
324:. Lenoir's steam engine-derived cylinder was inadequate for the
775:
728:. London: Arms and Armour Press. pp. 48, 50, 62–63, 210.
242:
Single-acting pistons of a typical modern diesel car engine
133:
Typical horizontal steam engine with double-acting cylinder
747:
745:
1661:
1632:
1605:
1586:
1540:
1493:
1446:
1437:
1404:
1385:
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1224:
1194:
1146:
1118:
1072:
1063:
979:
907:
854:
845:
809:
573:
is familiar from internal combustion engines today.
37:
with one of the first single-acting power cylinders
219:, used single-acting pistons of a new design. The
719:
717:
715:
713:
707:cutaway drawing of double action aircraft engine
684:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 334–336.
27:Classification of reciprocating engine cylinders
681:A Short History of Naval and Marine Engineering
425:) 8-cylinder double-acting engines that were a
350:Extremely large gas engines were also built as
181:Single-acting oscillating-cylinder steam engine
787:
8:
473:were ordered. Three of these were built by
1443:
1382:
1069:
851:
794:
780:
772:
500:classes, as well as the first few of the
320:, monopolised the space available in the
285:Double-acting internal combustion engines
246:In contrast to steam engines, nearly all
261:Crankcase compression two-stroke engines
1669:Glossary of steam locomotive components
612:
553:
273:rather than a separate supercharger or
763:
751:
362:. These, particularly those built by
215:Some of the later steam engines, the
7:
250:have used single-acting cylinders.
117:. They are also found in pumps and
1521:National Museum of Scotland engine
328:and so a new design, based around
25:
663:. New York: Theo Audel. pp.
660:New Catechism of the Steam Engine
433:auxiliary engines of the cruiser
1703:List of steam technology patents
524:Double-acting hydraulic cylinder
269:, such as for motorcycles, use
1688:Murdoch's model steam carriage
1674:History of steam road vehicles
1:
1615:Murray's Hypocycloidal Engine
1338:Return connecting rod engine
368:compression-ignition engines
105:) and are also used in many
1262:Condensing steam locomotive
466:was still being built, the
410:was ordered as part of the
248:internal combustion engines
234:Internal combustion engines
170:Westinghouse single-acting
107:external combustion engines
95:internal combustion engines
1770:
1569:"Coalbrookdale Locomotive"
631:Cambridge University Press
513:
253:Their pistons are usually
1575:"Pen-y-Darren" locomotive
1244:Single- and double-acting
678:Smith, Edgar C. (2013) .
582:Alden gives these as the
544:, and civil engineering.
403:In 1935 the US submarine
1414:Newcomen Memorial Engine
421:was fitted with H.O.R. (
388:in 1937 produced 24,000
296:double-acting gas engine
217:high-speed steam engines
204:was trying to develop a
85:acts on one side of the
1718:Timeline of steam power
1713:Stationary steam engine
1596:Woolf's compound engine
1503:Soho Manufactory engine
1358:Steeple compound engine
1025:straight line mechanism
724:Alden, John D. (1979).
542:manufacturing machinery
462:engines in 1942. While
423:Hooven-Owens-Rentschler
172:high-speed steam engine
35:Atmospheric beam engine
1723:Water-returning engine
1697:Lean's Engine Reporter
1470:Chacewater Mine engine
1343:Six-column beam engine
525:
347:
297:
243:
182:
174:
139:double-acting cylinder
134:
71:single-acting cylinder
43:mechanical engineering
38:
18:Double acting cylinder
1563:London Steam Carriage
523:
452:Mare Island Navy Yard
375:Burmeister & Wain
342:
292:
271:crankcase compression
241:
180:
169:
132:
51:reciprocating engines
33:
1509:Bradley Works engine
1333:Reciprocating engine
1156:Babcock & Wilcox
999:Centrifugal governor
538:engineering vehicles
332:and a single-acting
227:lubrication system.
206:rotative beam engine
75:reciprocating engine
1050:Sun and planet gear
754:, pp. 65, 210.
633:. pp. 63, 66.
510:Hydraulic cylinders
346:gas engine, section
190:atmospheric engines
1550:Richard Trevithick
1148:Water-tube boilers
962:Gresley conjugated
530:hydraulic cylinder
526:
516:Hydraulic cylinder
348:
336:appeared instead.
298:
267:two-stroke engines
244:
210:Richard Trevithick
183:
175:
135:
39:
1731:
1730:
1657:
1656:
1536:
1535:
1220:
1219:
1120:Fire-tube boilers
975:
974:
655:Hawkins, Nehemiah
621:Hills, Richard L.
471:-class submarines
312:in their design.
16:(Redirected from
1761:
1681:fardier à vapeur
1515:Whitbread Engine
1476:Smethwick Engine
1444:
1383:
1202:Feedwater heater
1070:
852:
796:
789:
782:
773:
767:
761:
755:
749:
740:
739:
721:
708:
702:
696:
695:
675:
669:
668:
651:
645:
644:
626:Power from Steam
617:
601:
580:
574:
567:
561:
558:
532:is a mechanical
483:
449:
111:Stirling engines
21:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1653:
1628:
1601:
1582:
1532:
1489:
1433:
1421:Fairbottom Bobs
1406:Newcomen engine
1400:
1372:
1318:Expansion valve
1291:
1277:Watt's separate
1248:
1216:
1190:
1142:
1114:
1059:
1035:Parallel motion
971:
922:Stephenson link
903:
841:
810:Operating cycle
805:
800:
770:
762:
758:
750:
743:
736:
723:
722:
711:
703:
699:
692:
677:
676:
672:
653:
652:
648:
641:
619:
618:
614:
610:
605:
604:
581:
577:
568:
564:
559:
555:
550:
518:
512:
481:
460:Fairbanks-Morse
447:
429:version of the
401:
385:Stirling Castle
352:blowing engines
287:
275:scavenge blower
263:
236:
164:
127:
67:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1767:
1765:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1744:Piston engines
1736:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1693:
1692:
1691:
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1572:
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1560:
1546:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1499:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1459:
1456:Kinneil Engine
1452:
1450:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1428:Elsecar Engine
1425:
1417:
1410:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1391:
1389:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1348:Steeple engine
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1258:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1230:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1207:Feedwater pump
1204:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1152:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1124:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1076:
1074:
1073:Simple boilers
1067:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1055:Watt's linkage
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1004:Connecting rod
1001:
996:
991:
985:
983:
977:
976:
973:
972:
970:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
913:
911:
905:
904:
902:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
870:
869:
858:
856:
849:
843:
842:
840:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
813:
811:
807:
806:
801:
799:
798:
791:
784:
776:
769:
768:
766:, p. 210.
756:
741:
734:
709:
697:
690:
670:
646:
639:
611:
609:
606:
603:
602:
575:
562:
552:
551:
549:
546:
514:Main article:
511:
508:
486:General Motors
441:opposed-piston
400:
394:
356:blast furnaces
286:
283:
262:
259:
235:
232:
163:
160:
126:
123:
119:hydraulic rams
103:diesel engines
66:
63:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1766:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1749:Steam engines
1747:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
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1591:
1589:
1585:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1556:Puffing Devil
1553:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1542:High-pressure
1539:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1495:Rotative beam
1492:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1454:
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1429:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1395:Savery Engine
1393:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1369:
1368:Working fluid
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
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1231:
1229:
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1199:
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1083:
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1078:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1045:Rotative beam
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:hypocycloidal
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
986:
984:
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844:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
814:
812:
808:
804:
803:Steam engines
797:
792:
790:
785:
783:
778:
777:
774:
765:
760:
757:
753:
748:
746:
742:
737:
735:0-85368-203-8
731:
727:
720:
718:
716:
714:
710:
706:
701:
698:
693:
691:9781107672932
687:
683:
682:
674:
671:
666:
662:
661:
656:
650:
647:
642:
640:0-521-45834-X
636:
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627:
622:
616:
613:
607:
599:
598:
593:
589:
585:
579:
576:
572:
566:
563:
557:
554:
547:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
522:
517:
509:
507:
505:
504:
499:
498:
493:
492:
487:
480:
476:
475:Electric Boat
472:
470:
465:
461:
457:
453:
446:
442:
438:
437:
432:
428:
427:licence-built
424:
420:
416:
414:
409:
408:
399:
395:
393:
391:
387:
386:
380:
376:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
345:
341:
337:
335:
331:
330:poppet valves
327:
326:petrol engine
323:
322:cylinder head
319:
313:
311:
310:steam engines
307:
303:
295:
291:
284:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
265:Small petrol
260:
258:
256:
255:trunk pistons
251:
249:
240:
233:
231:
228:
226:
222:
218:
213:
211:
207:
203:
197:
195:
191:
187:
186:Steam engines
179:
173:
168:
162:Steam engines
161:
159:
156:
155:steam engines
152:
148:
144:
140:
131:
125:Double-acting
124:
122:
120:
116:
115:steam engines
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
83:working fluid
81:in which the
80:
76:
72:
65:Single-acting
64:
62:
60:
56:
55:working fluid
52:
48:
44:
36:
32:
19:
1708:Modern steam
1695:
1680:
1642:Porter-Allen
1621:
1555:
1482:
1462:
1419:
1353:Safety valve
1282:"Pickle-pot"
1243:
1176:Thimble tube
764:Alden (1979)
759:
752:Alden (1979)
725:
700:
680:
673:
659:
649:
625:
615:
596:
591:
587:
583:
578:
571:trunk piston
565:
556:
529:
527:
502:
496:
490:
478:
468:
463:
455:
444:
435:
418:
412:
406:
402:
397:
384:
378:
372:
349:
334:trunk piston
314:
299:
278:
264:
252:
245:
229:
214:
198:
194:beam engines
184:
151:stuffing box
138:
136:
70:
68:
57:acts on the
40:
1439:Watt engine
1239:Oscillating
1195:Boiler feed
1040:Plate chain
1019:Tusi couple
932:Walschaerts
817:Atmospheric
360:furnace gas
318:compression
302:gas engines
300:Some early
143:crank shaft
1754:Hydraulics
1738:Categories
1648:Ljungström
1634:High-speed
1527:Lap Engine
1483:Resolution
1387:Precursors
1272:Kirchweger
1234:Locomotive
1181:Three-drum
1161:Field-tube
1128:Locomotive
1110:Lancashire
1030:Link chain
1014:Crankshaft
981:Mechanisms
909:Valve gear
608:References
304:, such as
202:James Watt
1679:Cugnot's
1622:Salamanca
1323:Hydrolock
1308:Crosshead
1254:Condenser
1090:Egg-ended
548:Footnotes
497:Seadragon
225:crankcase
221:crosshead
192:and some
113:and some
47:cylinders
1662:See also
1588:Compound
1463:Old Bess
1303:Blowback
1226:Cylinder
1212:Injector
1171:Stirling
1166:Sentinel
1080:Haystack
994:Cataract
967:Southern
957:Caprotti
832:Compound
657:(1897).
623:(1989).
597:Porpoise
584:Porpoise
534:actuator
383:MV
279:produces
109:such as
91:flywheel
79:cylinder
1378:History
1287:Surface
1105:Cornish
1065:Boilers
947:Corliss
884:Corliss
867:D slide
837:Uniflow
827:Cornish
479:Pompano
464:Pompano
456:Pompano
445:Pompano
436:Leipzig
419:Pompano
407:Pompano
398:Pompano
379:Amerika
364:Körting
344:Körting
294:Körting
281:power.
1690:(1784)
1684:(1769)
1650:(1908)
1644:(1862)
1625:(1812)
1617:(1805)
1607:Murray
1598:(1803)
1577:(1804)
1571:(1803)
1565:(1803)
1559:(1801)
1529:(1788)
1523:(1786)
1517:(1785)
1511:(1783)
1505:(1782)
1486:(1781)
1478:(1779)
1472:(1778)
1466:(1777)
1458:(1768)
1430:(1795)
1424:(1760)
1416:(1725)
1397:(1698)
1363:Stroke
1328:Piston
1313:Cutoff
1186:Yarrow
1138:Launch
1133:Scotch
894:Sleeve
889:Poppet
874:Piston
855:Valves
847:Valves
732:
688:
637:
469:Salmon
392:each.
306:Lenoir
99:petrol
97:(e.g.
87:piston
59:piston
45:, the
1296:Other
1100:Flued
1085:Wagon
1009:Crank
952:Lentz
942:Baker
937:Allan
862:Slide
667:–113.
600:class
592:Perch
588:Shark
569:This
491:Sargo
482:'
448:'
415:class
413:Perch
147:gland
77:is a
73:in a
1448:Beam
989:Beam
899:Bash
879:Drop
822:Watt
730:ISBN
686:ISBN
635:ISBN
590:and
503:Gato
494:and
405:USS
396:USS
354:for
149:or "
101:and
1267:Jet
1095:Box
927:Joy
917:Gab
665:110
540:),
431:MAN
49:of
41:In
1740::
744:^
712:^
629:.
586:,
528:A
454:.
390:hp
137:A
121:.
69:A
61:.
795:e
788:t
781:v
738:.
694:.
643:.
20:)
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