131:. The interest to this phenomenon grew rapidly after it was rediscovered in infrared fields and for higher intensities. Multiple ionization has also been observed. The mechanism of non-sequential double ionization in noble gas atoms differs from the one in alkaline earth atoms. For noble gas atoms in infrared laser fields, following one-electron ionization, the liberated electron can recollide with the parent ion. This electron acts as an "atomic antenna", absorbing the energy from the laser field between ionization and recollision and depositing it into the parent ion. Inelastic scattering on the parent ion results in further collisional excitation and/or ionization. This mechanism is known as the three-step model of non-sequential double ionization, which is also closely related to the three step model of
647:
509:
order of the quarter-cycle of the driving field. In these two cases, the electrons appear in different quadrants of the correlated spectrum. If following the recollision, the electrons are ejected nearly simultaneously, their parallel momenta have equal signs, and both electrons are driven by the laser field in the same direction toward the detector . If after the recollision, the electrons are ejected with a substantial delay (quarter-cycle or more), they end up going in the opposite directions. These two types of dynamics produce distinctly different correlated spectra (compare experimental results with .
113:
74:
528:
62:
567:
658:
92:
Non-sequential double ionization is a process whose mechanism differs (in any detail) from the sequential one. For example, both the electrons leave the system simultaneously (as in alkaline earth atoms, see below), the second electron's liberation is assisted by the first electron (as in noble gas
508:
regime demonstrates the following two ways of electron ejection after the recollision: First, the two electrons can be freed with little time delay compared to the quarter-cycle of the driving laser field. Second, the time delay between the ejection of the first and the second electron is of the
1206:
Zrost, K.; Rudenko, A.; Ergler, T.; Feuerstein, B.; Jesus, V. L. B. D.; Schröter, C. D.; Moshammer, R.; Ullrich, J. (2006). "Multiple ionization of Ne and Ar by intense 25 fs laser pulses: Few-electron dynamics studied with ion momentum spectroscopy".
100:
as early as 1975. Despite extensive studies, the details of double ionization in alkaline earth atoms remain unknown. It is supposed that double ionization in this case is realized by transitions of both the electrons through the spectrum of
1627:
Rudenko, A.; De Jesus, V.; Ergler, T.; Zrost, K.; Feuerstein, B.; Schröter, C.; Moshammer, R.; Ullrich, J. (2007). "Correlated Two-Electron
Momentum Spectra for Strong-Field Nonsequential Double Ionization of He at 800 nm".
34:
Sequential double ionization is a process of formation of doubly charged ions consisting of two single-electron ionization events: the first electron is removed from a neutral atom/molecule (leaving a singly charged
896:
Liontos, I.; Bolovinos, A.; Cohen, S.; Lyras, A. (2004). "Single and double ionization of magnesium via four-photon excitation of the 3p^{2}^{1}S_{0} autoionizing state: Experimental and theoretical analysis".
1395:
Weckenbrock, M.; Zeidler, D.; Staudte, A.; Weber, T.; Schöffler, M.; Meckel, M.; Kammer, S.; Smolarski, M.; Jagutzki, O.; Bhardwaj, V.; Rayner, D.; Villeneuve, D.; Corkum, P.; Dörner, R. (2004).
232:
1140:
Rudenko, A.; Zrost, K.; Feuerstein, B.; De Jesus, V.; Schröter, C.; Moshammer, R.; Ullrich, J. (2004). "Correlated
Multielectron Dynamics in Ultrafast Laser Pulse Interactions with Atoms".
853:
Bondar, I. I.; Suran, V. V.; Dudich, M. I. (2000). "Resonant structure in doubly charged ion formation during multiphoton ionization of Sr and Ba atoms by infrared laser radiation".
476:
406:
1818:
Bondar, D.; Liu, W. K.; Ivanov, M. (2009). "Two-electron ionization in strong laser fields below intensity threshold: Signatures of attosecond timing in correlated spectra".
1049:
Walker, B.; Mevel, E.; Yang, B.; Breger, P.; Chambaret, J.; Antonetti, A.; Dimauro, L.; Agostini, P. (1993). "Double ionization in the perturbative and tunneling regimes".
173:
732:
Lambropoulos, P.; Tang, X.; Agostini, P.; Petite, G.; L'Huillier, A. (1988). "Multiphoton spectroscopy of doubly excited, bound, and autoionizing states of strontium".
306:
73:
527:
276:
1876:
597:
566:
558:
506:
433:
363:
336:
1775:
Figueira De
Morisson Faria, C.; Liu, X.; Becker, W. (2006). "Classical aspects of laser-induced non-sequential double ionization above and below the threshold".
256:
22:
is a process of formation of doubly charged ions when laser radiation is exerted on neutral atoms or molecules. Double ionization is usually less probable than
1671:
Haan, S.; Breen, L.; Karim, A.; Eberly, J. (2006). "Variable Time Lag and
Backward Ejection in Full-Dimensional Analysis of Strong-Field Double Ionization".
1092:
Walker, B.; Sheehy, B.; Dimauro, L.; Agostini, P.; Schafer, K.; Kulander, K. (1994). "Precision
Measurement of Strong Field Double Ionization of Helium".
1577:
Staudte, A.; Ruiz, C.; Schöffler, M.; Schössler, S.; Zeidler, D.; Weber, T.; Meckel, M.; Villeneuve, D.; Corkum, P.; Becker, A.; Dörner, R. (2007).
1014:
l'Huillier, A.; Lompre, L. A.; Mainfray, G.; Manus, C. (1983). "Multiply charged ions induced by multiphoton absorption in rare gases at 0.53 ÎĽm".
979:
l'Huillier, A.; Lompre, L.; Mainfray, G.; Manus, C. (1982). "Multiply
Charged Ions Formed by Multiphoton Absorption Processes in the Continuum".
646:
810:
Bondar’, I. I.; Suran, V. V. (1998). "Resonance structure of doubly-charged-ion production during laser dielectronic ionization of atoms".
61:
1578:
1493:
1396:
1346:
1254:
776:
138:
Dynamics of double ionization within the three-step model strongly depends on the laser field intensity. The maximum energy (in
696:
934:"Multiphoton Ca2+production occurring before the onset of Ca+saturation: Is it a fingerprint of direct double ionization?"
178:
112:
1881:
638:
1886:
680:
633:
132:
96:
The phenomenon of non-sequential double ionization was experimentally discovered by Suran and
Zapesochny for
613:
1445:
Liu, Y.; Tschuch, S.; Rudenko, A.; DĂĽrr, M.; Siegel, M.; Morgner, U.; Moshammer, R.; Ullrich, J. (2008).
713:
Suran, V. V.; Zapesochny, I. P. (1975). "Observation of Sr in multiple-photon ionization of strontium".
1494:"Physics of correlated double ionization of atoms in intense laser fields: Quasistatic tunneling limit"
438:
368:
1837:
1784:
1733:
1680:
1637:
1590:
1540:
1505:
1458:
1408:
1358:
1324:
1266:
1216:
1159:
1101:
1058:
1023:
988:
945:
906:
862:
819:
788:
777:"The two-electron mechanism of Ba ion formation in the ionization of Ba atoms by YAG-laser radiation"
741:
309:
235:
117:
106:
97:
684:
145:
1853:
1827:
1800:
1757:
1723:
1556:
1290:
1232:
1183:
1149:
961:
878:
835:
128:
1749:
1696:
1653:
1606:
1474:
1424:
1374:
1345:
Zeidler, D.; Staudte, A.; Bardon, A. B.; Villeneuve, D. M.; Dörner, R.; Corkum, P. B. (2005).
1282:
1175:
1117:
1074:
757:
692:
281:
261:
1845:
1792:
1741:
1688:
1645:
1598:
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1513:
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1416:
1366:
1274:
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1167:
1109:
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1031:
996:
953:
914:
870:
827:
749:
618:
1312:
796:
575:
536:
484:
411:
341:
314:
623:
933:
1841:
1788:
1737:
1684:
1641:
1594:
1544:
1509:
1462:
1446:
1412:
1362:
1328:
1270:
1220:
1163:
1105:
1062:
1027:
992:
957:
949:
910:
866:
823:
792:
745:
662:
651:
241:
102:
1228:
874:
1870:
1857:
1804:
1552:
1236:
965:
882:
839:
44:
1560:
1294:
1187:
1761:
1470:
657:
139:
40:
26:. Two types of double ionization are distinguished: sequential and non-sequential.
1745:
1692:
1649:
1602:
1420:
1370:
1171:
1714:
Ho, P.; Eberly, J. (2006). "In-Plane Theory of
Nonsequential Triple Ionization".
1531:
Becker, A.; Faisal, F. H. M. (2005). "Intense-field many-body S-matrix theory".
1397:"Fully Differential Rates for Femtosecond Multiphoton Double Ionization of Neon"
1278:
1113:
1000:
1849:
1517:
918:
1796:
628:
338:
experiments have observed correlated ionization. As opposed to the high-
23:
1070:
1035:
753:
515:
124:
1753:
1700:
1657:
1610:
1478:
1428:
1378:
1347:"Controlling Attosecond Double Ionization Dynamics via Molecular Alignment"
1286:
1179:
1121:
1579:"Binary and Recoil Collisions in Strong Field Double Ionization of Helium"
1078:
761:
1728:
1154:
1447:"Strong-Field Double Ionization of Ar below the Recollision Threshold"
831:
478:) the assistance of the laser field during the recollision is vital.
1832:
111:
127:
atoms, non-sequential double ionization was first observed by
47:) followed by detachment of the second electron from the ion.
36:
142:) gained by the recolliding electron from the laser field is
1533:
Journal of
Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
1255:"Plasma perspective on strong field multiphoton ionization"
1209:
Journal of
Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
938:
Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
855:
Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
812:
Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters
79:
Sequential double ionization via an ionic exited state
578:
539:
487:
441:
414:
371:
344:
317:
284:
264:
244:
181:
148:
105:
atomic states, located between the first and second
1390:
1388:
227:{\displaystyle U_{p}={\frac {F^{2}}{4\omega ^{2}}}}
591:
552:
500:
470:
427:
400:
357:
330:
300:
270:
250:
226:
167:
1622:
1620:
1572:
1570:
1340:
1338:
1306:
1304:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1248:
1246:
1201:
1199:
1197:
8:
1440:
1438:
16:Rapid removal of two electrons from an atom
932:Liontos, I.; Cohen, S.; Lyras, A. (2010).
481:Classical and quantum analysis of the low-
1831:
1727:
1153:
583:
577:
544:
538:
492:
486:
462:
449:
440:
419:
413:
392:
379:
370:
349:
343:
322:
316:
292:
283:
263:
243:
215:
201:
195:
186:
180:
159:
147:
52:Examples of sequential double ionization
672:
523:
57:
1877:Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
775:Bondar', I. I.; Suran, V. V. (1993).
7:
514:Non-sequential double ionization of
116:Non-sequential double ionization in
278:is the laser frequency. Even when
14:
471:{\displaystyle 3.2U_{p}<I_{p}}
401:{\displaystyle 3.2U_{p}>I_{p}}
258:is the laser field strength, and
656:
645:
565:
526:
88:Non-sequential double ionization
72:
60:
1492:Yudin, G.; Ivanov, M. (2001).
1471:10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.053001
689:Multiphoton Processes in Atoms
1:
1746:10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.083001
1693:10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.103008
1650:10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.263003
1603:10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.263002
1421:10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.213002
1371:10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.203003
1172:10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.253001
958:10.1088/0953-4075/43/9/095602
168:{\displaystyle \sim 3.2U_{p}}
67:Sequential double ionization
30:Sequential double ionization
1279:10.1103/PhysRevLett.71.1994
1229:10.1088/0953-4075/39/13/S10
1114:10.1103/PhysRevLett.73.1227
1001:10.1103/PhysRevLett.48.1814
875:10.1088/0953-4075/33/20/304
1903:
1850:10.1103/PhysRevA.79.023417
1553:10.1088/0953-4075/38/3/R01
1518:10.1103/PhysRevA.63.033404
919:10.1103/PhysRevA.70.033403
639:Above threshold ionization
24:single-electron ionization
1797:10.1080/09500340500227869
1777:Journal of Modern Optics
1071:10.1103/PhysRevA.48.R894
1036:10.1103/PhysRevA.27.2503
754:10.1103/PhysRevA.38.6165
634:High harmonic generation
301:{\displaystyle 3.2U_{p}}
133:high harmonic generation
93:atoms, see below), etc.
1716:Physical Review Letters
1673:Physical Review Letters
1630:Physical Review Letters
1583:Physical Review Letters
1451:Physical Review Letters
1401:Physical Review Letters
1351:Physical Review Letters
1311:Kuchiev, M. Y. (1987).
1259:Physical Review Letters
1142:Physical Review Letters
1094:Physical Review Letters
981:Physical Review Letters
271:{\displaystyle \omega }
614:List of laser articles
593:
554:
502:
472:
429:
402:
359:
332:
302:
272:
252:
228:
169:
120:
799:on December 21, 2012.
715:Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett
594:
592:{\displaystyle U_{p}}
555:
553:{\displaystyle U_{p}}
503:
501:{\displaystyle U_{p}}
473:
430:
428:{\displaystyle U_{p}}
403:
360:
358:{\displaystyle U_{p}}
333:
331:{\displaystyle I_{p}}
303:
273:
253:
229:
170:
115:
107:ionization potentials
576:
537:
485:
439:
412:
369:
342:
315:
310:ionization potential
282:
262:
242:
236:ponderomotive energy
179:
146:
118:alkaline earth atoms
98:alkaline earth atoms
1842:2009PhRvA..79b3417B
1789:2006JMOp...53..193F
1738:2006PhRvL..97h3001H
1685:2006PhRvL..97j3008H
1642:2007PhRvL..99z3003R
1595:2007PhRvL..99z3002S
1545:2005JPhB...38R...1B
1510:2001PhRvA..63c3404Y
1463:2008PhRvL.101e3001L
1413:2004PhRvL..92u3002W
1363:2005PhRvL..95t3003Z
1329:1987JETPL..45..404K
1271:1993PhRvL..71.1994C
1253:Corkum, P. (1993).
1221:2006JPhB...39S.371Z
1164:2004PhRvL..93y3001R
1106:1994PhRvL..73.1227W
1063:1993PhRvA..48..894W
1028:1983PhRvA..27.2503L
993:1982PhRvL..48.1814L
950:2010JPhB...43i5602L
911:2004PhRvA..70c3403L
867:2000JPhB...33.4243B
824:1998JETPL..68..837B
793:1993JETP...76..381B
746:1988PhRvA..38.6165L
663:Science portal
652:Physics portal
589:
550:
498:
468:
425:
398:
355:
328:
298:
268:
248:
224:
165:
121:
1882:Quantum mechanics
1820:Physical Review A
1498:Physical Review A
1265:(13): 1994–1997.
1051:Physical Review A
1016:Physical Review A
899:Physical Review A
740:(12): 6165–6179.
734:Physical Review A
251:{\displaystyle F}
222:
20:Double ionization
1894:
1887:Nonlinear optics
1862:
1861:
1835:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1783:(1–2): 193–206.
1772:
1766:
1765:
1731:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1624:
1615:
1614:
1574:
1565:
1564:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1442:
1433:
1432:
1392:
1383:
1382:
1342:
1333:
1332:
1313:"Atomic Antenna"
1308:
1299:
1298:
1250:
1241:
1240:
1203:
1192:
1191:
1157:
1137:
1126:
1125:
1100:(9): 1227–1230.
1089:
1083:
1082:
1057:(2): R894–R897.
1046:
1040:
1039:
1011:
1005:
1004:
976:
970:
969:
929:
923:
922:
893:
887:
886:
850:
844:
843:
832:10.1134/1.567802
807:
801:
800:
795:. Archived from
772:
766:
765:
729:
723:
722:
710:
704:
702:
677:
661:
660:
650:
649:
619:Nonlinear optics
598:
596:
595:
590:
588:
587:
569:
559:
557:
556:
551:
549:
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530:
507:
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477:
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407:
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404:
399:
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384:
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337:
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334:
329:
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196:
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174:
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76:
64:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1729:physics/0605026
1713:
1712:
1708:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1626:
1625:
1618:
1576:
1575:
1568:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1444:
1443:
1436:
1394:
1393:
1386:
1344:
1343:
1336:
1310:
1309:
1302:
1252:
1251:
1244:
1205:
1204:
1195:
1155:physics/0408065
1139:
1138:
1129:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1013:
1012:
1008:
978:
977:
973:
931:
930:
926:
895:
894:
890:
852:
851:
847:
809:
808:
804:
774:
773:
769:
731:
730:
726:
712:
711:
707:
699:
679:
678:
674:
670:
655:
654:
644:
624:Photoionization
610:
605:
604:
603:
600:
579:
574:
573:
570:
561:
540:
535:
534:
531:
520:
519:
488:
483:
482:
458:
445:
437:
436:
415:
410:
409:
388:
375:
367:
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345:
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318:
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288:
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182:
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90:
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83:
80:
77:
68:
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12:
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5:
1900:
1898:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1810:
1767:
1706:
1679:(10): 103008.
1663:
1636:(26): 263003.
1616:
1589:(26): 263002.
1566:
1523:
1484:
1434:
1407:(21): 213002.
1384:
1357:(20): 203003.
1334:
1300:
1242:
1193:
1148:(25): 253001.
1127:
1084:
1041:
1006:
971:
924:
888:
845:
802:
767:
724:
705:
697:
685:Krainov, V. P.
671:
669:
666:
642:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
609:
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602:
601:
586:
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571:
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162:
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15:
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1880:
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1875:
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1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
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1839:
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1826:(2): 023417.
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1821:
1814:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
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1768:
1763:
1759:
1755:
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1735:
1730:
1725:
1722:(8): 083001.
1721:
1717:
1710:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1667:
1664:
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1600:
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1580:
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1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1504:(3): 033404.
1503:
1499:
1495:
1488:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1457:(5): 053001.
1456:
1452:
1448:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1430:
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