1800:
1783:
221:
36:
189:
which also owned Boeing. TWA needed a similar aircraft to respond to competition from the Boeing 247 and they asked five manufacturers to bid for construction of a three-engined, 12-seat aircraft of all-metal construction, capable of flying 1,080 mi (1,740 km) at 150 mph
247:
TWA accepted the aircraft on 15 September 1933 with a few modifications (mainly increasing seating to 14 passengers and adding more powerful engines) and subsequently ordered 20 examples of the developed production model which was named the
200:
was initially reluctant to participate in the invitation from TWA. He doubted that there would be a market for 100 aircraft, the number of sales necessary to cover development costs. Nevertheless, he submitted a design consisting of an
1379:
1374:
1391:
1386:
1351:
205:, low-wing, twin-engined aircraft seating 12 passengers, a crew of two and a flight attendant. The aircraft exceeded the specifications of TWA even with only two engines, principally through the use of
1396:
137:
was the first model of the famous
American DC (Douglas Commercial) commercial transport aircraft series. Although only one example of the DC-1 was produced, the design was the basis for the
190:(242 km/h). The most demanding part of the specification was that the airliner would have to be capable of safely taking off from any airport on TWA's main routes (and in particular
165:
trimotor in which a wing failed, probably because water had seeped between the layers of the wood laminate and dissolved the glue holding the layers together. Following the accident, the
154:
236:, or Douglas Commercial Model 1. During a half-year of testing, it performed more than 200 test flights and demonstrated its superiority over the most-used airliners at that time, the
1366:
1361:
1356:
1343:
166:
1845:
902:
1744:
843:
1544:
551:
186:
265:
1483:
1473:
1830:
1511:
206:
1771:
1840:
1490:
606:
209:. It was insulated against noise, heated, and fully capable of both flying and performing a controlled takeoff or landing on one engine.
829:
638:
895:
727:
705:
1537:
1468:
752:
Serrano, José Luis González (March–April 1999). "Fifty Years of DC Service: Douglas
Transports Used by the Spanish Air Force".
577:
1709:
812:
244:. It was flown across the United States on February 19, 1934, making the journey in the record time of 13 hours 5 minutes.
1719:
1506:
888:
274:
1835:
1530:
1825:
1272:
384:
1734:
1699:
1553:
911:
197:
66:
1739:
1683:
1678:
1668:
1663:
838:
769:
1714:
1658:
1434:
1179:
470:
212:
Don
Douglas stated in a 1935 article on the DC-2 that the first DC-1 cost $ 325,000 to design and build.
1148:
1138:
1119:
1088:
1063:
1021:
20:
1789:
1031:
854:
Handbook of operating technique for the
Douglas transport model DC-1 / Douglas Aircraft Company, Inc.
158:
103:
44:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1420:
1073:
972:
181:
with a retractable undercarriage, but their production capacity was reserved to meet the needs of
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1333:
1308:
1287:
1174:
871:
862:
853:
785:
848:
228:
Only one aircraft was produced. The prototype made its maiden flight on July 1, 1933, flown by
1557:
1298:
1153:
1068:
967:
962:
757:
735:
723:
701:
603:
826:
790:
85:
748:, Nineteen, August–November 1982, pp. 60–77. Bromley, UK: Fine Scroll. ISSN 0143-5450.
635:
1592:
1522:
833:
816:
642:
610:
278:
182:
259:
in the United
Kingdom in May 1938, who operated it for a few months before selling it in
194:, at high altitude and with severe summer temperatures) with one engine non-functioning.
739:, Vol. 35, No. 2, Issue 406, February 2007, pp. 70–89. London: IPC. ISSN 0143-7240.
1724:
1107:
863:
Recommendations for operation of the
Douglas transport / Douglas Aircraft Company, Inc.
744:
1819:
1756:
1617:
1413:
1197:
1129:
1100:
1093:
1026:
237:
715:, Vol. 29, No. 5, Issue 337, May 2001, pp. 34–40. London: IPC. ISSN 0143-7240.
668:
581:
1729:
1704:
1653:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1612:
1607:
1328:
1282:
1261:
1254:
1249:
1228:
1207:
1169:
1143:
1124:
1114:
1083:
1078:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1016:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
946:
939:
934:
914:
803:
446:
441:
363:
356:
249:
241:
145:, the latter being one of the most successful aircraft in the history of aviation.
142:
138:
125:
808:
875:
866:
857:
169:
placed stringent restrictions on the use of wooden wings on passenger airliners.
256:
191:
162:
1673:
1597:
711:
Freidman, Herbert M. and Ada Kera
Friedman. "The Legacy of the Rockne Crash".
458:
229:
174:
761:
821:
387:
9-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engines, 690 hp (510 kW) each
202:
178:
286:
35:
844:
Photo: Lord Forbes inspecting the DC-1 in London Docks on arrival in 1938
414:
190 mph (310 km/h, 170 kn) at 8,000 ft (2,400 m)
1806:
348:
880:
1427:
260:
170:
220:
1218:
722:
Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians), Two volumes, 2006.
270:
219:
1526:
884:
800:
A contemporary, somewhat technical article on the
Douglas DC-1.
1239:
771:
Seventy-Five Years of
Inflight Refueling: Highlights 1923–1998
1765:
289:, Spain, on October 4, 1940 and was damaged beyond repair.
774:
Air Force
History and Museums, Air University, Maxwell AFB
622:
620:
733:
O'Leary, Michael. "Database: Douglas DC-1 & DC-2".
47:(Predecessor of Trans World Airlines) in December 1933
167:
Aeronautics Branch of the U.S. Department of Commerce
1692:
1646:
1565:
1444:
1405:
1342:
1321:
1296:
1270:
1237:
1216:
1195:
1188:
1162:
955:
922:
636:"Aircraft that took part in the Spanish Civil War."
453:
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
277:as a transport aircraft. It was later operated by
153:Development of the DC-1 can be traced back to the
578:"Historical Snapshot: DC-1 Commercial Transport"
1538:
896:
8:
839:Photo: The DC-1 before sale to Howard Hughes
420:1,000 mi (1,600 km, 870 nmi)
19:"DC-1" redirects here. For other uses, see
1545:
1531:
1523:
1192:
903:
889:
881:
827:Douglas DC-1 - Douglas DC-3/Dakota History
742:Pearcy, Arthur. "Douglas Commercial Two".
720:DC-1, DC-2, DC-3: The First Seventy Years.
646:Aircraft of the Spanish Civil War (zi.ku).
273:in November 1938 and was also used by the
408:210 mph (340 km/h, 180 kn)
187:United Aircraft and Transport Corporation
876:The Museum of Flight Digital Collections
867:The Museum of Flight Digital Collections
858:The Museum of Flight Digital Collections
393:3-bladed variable-pitch metal propellers
1778:
669:"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage"
614:, Spring 2010, Vol. 57, No. 1, page 12.
487:
1735:MD-91X / -92X / -94X
25:
698:McDonnell Douglas Aircraft since 1920
300:McDonnell Douglas Aircraft since 1920
263:in October 1938. It was then sold to
7:
1846:Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
872:Development of the Douglas Transport
332:85 ft 0 in (25.91 m)
326:60 ft 0 in (18.29 m)
1725:188 / 188E / 210
338:16 ft 0 in (4.88 m)
104:Transcontinental & Western Air
45:Transcontinental & Western Air
14:
822:The Beginning of an Era: The DC-1
344:942 sq ft (87.5 m)
1798:
1781:
552:"Douglas Tells Secrets of Speed"
266:LĂneas AĂ©reas Postales Españolas
43:Douglas DC-1 on its handover to
34:
786:"Inside the Douglas Transport"
377:17,500 lb (7,938 kg)
371:11,780 lb (5,343 kg)
232:. It was given the model name
1:
1831:1930s United States airliners
1512:McDonnell Douglas DC-9 family
426:23,000 ft (7,000 m)
281:from July 1939 with the name
207:controllable pitch propellers
1841:Aircraft first flown in 1933
648:Retrieved: February 4, 2011.
275:Spanish Republican Air Force
718:Gradidge, Jennifer M., ed.
177:, a twin-engined all-metal
1862:
1745:High Speed Civil Transport
798:(2): 86–88. February 1934.
768:Smith, Richard K. (1998).
18:
1753:
1499:
1344:Accidents & Incidents
385:Wright SGR-1820F3 Cyclone
173:developed an answer, the
42:
33:
28:
849:Photo: The DC-1 in Spain
700:. London: Putnam, 1979.
657:Francillon 1979, p. 173.
580:. Boeing. Archived from
520:Francillon 1979, p. 166.
67:Douglas Aircraft Company
673:m-selig.ae.illinois.edu
305:General characteristics
1700:DC-7 (C-74 derivative)
1180:Conroy Tri-Turbo-Three
804:Douglas DC-1, 2, and 3
626:Gradidge 2006, p. 299.
494:Friedman and Friedman
471:List of civil aircraft
225:
149:Design and development
1770:at Knowledge (XXG)'s
511:February 2007, p. 71.
293:Specifications (DC-1)
285:, it force-landed at
255:The DC-1 was sold to
223:
21:DC-1 (disambiguation)
1740:MD-12 / -XX
1710:DC-8 piston airliner
696:Francillon, René J.
567:Gradidge 2006, p. 9.
498:May 2001, pp. 34–40.
224:DC-1 in TWA markings
1757:McDonnell 119 / 220
1507:Douglas DC-4 family
1435:That's All, Brother
542:Smith (1998), p. 10
436:Related development
216:Operational history
1189:Foreign production
1175:Conroy Turbo-Three
832:2022-09-06 at the
815:2011-07-23 at the
641:2015-02-05 at the
609:2018-11-30 at the
226:
100:Primary user
55:Prototype airliner
1836:Low-wing aircraft
1763:
1762:
1558:McDonnell Douglas
1520:
1519:
1317:
1316:
1302:
1276:
1243:
1222:
1201:
667:Lednicer, David.
604:Air Power History
556:Popular Mechanics
509:Aeroplane Monthly
496:Aeroplane Monthly
131:
130:
1853:
1826:Douglas aircraft
1811:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1794:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1774:
1715:DC-9 (4-engined)
1547:
1540:
1533:
1524:
1462:C-47/C-53/Dakota
1406:Notable aircraft
1297:
1271:
1238:
1217:
1200:(United Kingdom)
1196:
1193:
923:Civil/Commercial
905:
898:
891:
882:
799:
791:Popular Aviation
765:
684:
683:
681:
679:
664:
658:
655:
649:
633:
627:
624:
615:
600:
594:
593:
591:
589:
574:
568:
565:
559:
558:, February 1935.
549:
543:
540:
534:
527:
521:
518:
512:
505:
499:
492:
424:Service ceiling:
401:
307:
122:
112:
57:Type of aircraft
38:
26:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1804:
1799:
1797:
1787:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1773:sister projects
1772:
1764:
1759:
1749:
1688:
1642:
1561:
1551:
1521:
1516:
1495:
1440:
1401:
1338:
1322:Reporting names
1313:
1292:
1266:
1233:
1212:
1184:
1158:
951:
918:
909:
834:Wayback Machine
817:Wayback Machine
784:
781:
751:
693:
688:
687:
677:
675:
666:
665:
661:
656:
652:
643:Wayback Machine
634:
630:
625:
618:
611:Wayback Machine
601:
597:
587:
585:
584:on June 4, 2023
576:
575:
571:
566:
562:
550:
546:
541:
537:
528:
524:
519:
515:
506:
502:
493:
489:
484:
479:
433:
397:
303:
295:
279:Iberia Airlines
242:Fokker Trimotor
218:
183:United Airlines
151:
120:
110:
58:
24:
17:
16:Piston airliner
12:
11:
5:
1859:
1857:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1795:
1766:
1761:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1569:
1567:
1566:Piston-engined
1563:
1562:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1527:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1431:
1424:
1417:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1348:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1305:
1303:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1279:
1277:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1246:
1244:
1242:(Soviet Union)
1235:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1225:
1223:
1221:(Soviet Union)
1214:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1204:
1202:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1019:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
976:
975:
970:
965:
959:
957:
953:
952:
950:
949:
943:
942:
937:
932:
926:
924:
920:
919:
910:
908:
907:
900:
893:
885:
879:
878:
869:
860:
851:
846:
841:
836:
824:
819:
806:
801:
780:
779:External links
777:
776:
775:
766:
754:Air Enthusiast
749:
745:Air Enthusiast
740:
731:
716:
709:
692:
689:
686:
685:
659:
650:
628:
616:
595:
569:
560:
544:
535:
531:Air Enthusiast
522:
513:
500:
486:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
474:
473:
462:
461:
450:
449:
444:
432:
429:
428:
427:
421:
415:
409:
406:Maximum speed:
395:
394:
388:
378:
372:
366:
345:
339:
333:
327:
321:
315:
294:
291:
269:(L.A.P.E.) in
217:
214:
198:Donald Douglas
150:
147:
129:
128:
123:
121:Developed into
117:
116:
113:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
93:
89:
88:
82:
78:
77:
74:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
56:
53:
49:
48:
40:
39:
31:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1858:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1810:from Wikidata
1809:
1808:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1543:
1541:
1536:
1534:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1414:Delta Ship 41
1411:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
977:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
960:
958:
954:
948:
945:
944:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
927:
925:
921:
916:
913:
906:
901:
899:
894:
892:
887:
886:
883:
877:
873:
870:
868:
864:
861:
859:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
831:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
814:
810:
807:
805:
802:
797:
793:
792:
787:
783:
782:
778:
773:
772:
767:
763:
759:
756:(80): 61–71.
755:
750:
747:
746:
741:
738:
737:
732:
729:
728:0-85130-332-3
725:
721:
717:
714:
710:
707:
706:0-370-00050-1
703:
699:
695:
694:
690:
674:
670:
663:
660:
654:
651:
647:
644:
640:
637:
632:
629:
623:
621:
617:
613:
612:
608:
605:
599:
596:
583:
579:
573:
570:
564:
561:
557:
553:
548:
545:
539:
536:
532:
526:
523:
517:
514:
510:
504:
501:
497:
491:
488:
481:
476:
472:
469:
468:
467:
466:
465:Related lists
460:
457:
456:
455:
454:
448:
445:
443:
440:
439:
438:
437:
430:
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
412:Cruise speed:
410:
407:
404:
403:
402:
400:
392:
389:
386:
382:
379:
376:
375:Gross weight:
373:
370:
369:Empty weight:
367:
365:
362:
358:
355:
352:
350:
346:
343:
340:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
320:12 passengers
319:
316:
313:
310:
309:
308:
306:
301:
299:
292:
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
267:
262:
258:
253:
251:
245:
243:
239:
238:Ford Trimotor
235:
231:
222:
215:
213:
210:
208:
204:
199:
195:
193:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
148:
146:
144:
140:
136:
127:
124:
119:
118:
114:
109:
108:
105:
102:
99:
98:
94:
91:
90:
87:
83:
81:Introduction
80:
79:
76:July 1, 1933
75:
73:First flight
72:
71:
68:
65:
63:Manufacturer
62:
61:
54:
51:
50:
46:
41:
37:
32:
27:
22:
1805:
1793:from Commons
1788:
1768:Douglas DC-1
1767:
1602:
1433:
1426:
1419:
1412:
1397:2000–present
1170:Basler BT-67
1163:After-market
929:
809:Douglas DC-1
795:
789:
770:
753:
743:
734:
719:
712:
697:
691:Bibliography
676:. Retrieved
672:
662:
653:
645:
631:
602:
598:
586:. Retrieved
582:the original
572:
563:
555:
547:
538:
533:1982, p. 60.
530:
525:
516:
508:
503:
495:
490:
464:
463:
452:
451:
447:Douglas DC-3
442:Douglas DC-2
435:
434:
423:
417:
411:
405:
398:
396:
390:
380:
374:
368:
360:
353:
347:
341:
335:
329:
323:
317:
311:
304:
302:
297:
296:
282:
264:
254:
250:Douglas DC-2
246:
233:
227:
211:
196:
161:airliner, a
152:
135:Douglas DC-1
134:
132:
126:Douglas DC-2
111:Number built
1693:Never built
1647:Jet-engined
399:Performance
391:Propellers:
381:Powerplant:
257:Lord Forbes
192:Albuquerque
163:Fokker F-10
1820:Categories
1755:See also:
1730:Model 2229
1720:DC-10 Twin
1480:Survivors
1452:In fiction
477:References
459:Boeing 247
342:Wing area:
230:Carl Cover
185:, part of
155:1931 crash
95:Destroyed
1560:airliners
1469:Operators
1380:1975–1979
1375:1970–1974
762:0143-5450
736:Aeroplane
713:Aeroplane
364:NACA 2209
357:NACA 2215
330:Wingspan:
318:Capacity:
298:Data from
203:all-metal
179:monoplane
84:December
1503:See also
1491:Variants
1273:Nakajima
1198:Airspeed
956:Military
830:Archived
813:Archived
678:16 April
639:Archived
607:Archived
588:April 4,
507:O'Leary
431:See also
314:2 pilots
1593:Dolphin
1554:Douglas
1301:(Japan)
1275:(Japan)
1229:Ka-Li-2
912:Douglas
529:Pearcy
349:Airfoil
336:Height:
324:Length:
92:Status
1445:Topics
1428:OH-LCH
1371:1970s
1149:Dakota
1139:CC-129
917:family
760:
726:
704:
418:Range:
287:Málaga
283:Negron
261:France
171:Boeing
1790:Media
1705:DC-7D
1684:MD-11
1679:DC-10
1674:MD-95
1669:MD-90
1664:MD-80
1618:DC-4E
1421:N763A
1392:1990s
1387:1980s
1367:1960s
1362:1950s
1357:1940s
1352:1930s
1334:Tabby
1299:Showa
1262:PS-84
1219:Kamov
1208:AS.23
1154:Digby
1108:CG-17
1101:C-129
1089:C-117
1032:AC-47
482:Notes
354:root:
312:Crew:
271:Spain
157:of a
52:Role
29:DC-1
1807:Data
1659:DC-9
1654:DC-8
1638:DC-7
1633:DC-6
1628:DC-5
1623:DC-4
1613:DC-3
1608:DC-2
1603:DC-1
1556:and
1484:C-47
1474:C-47
1457:DC-2
1283:DC-2
1255:Li-3
1250:Li-2
1125:-2/4
1084:C-84
1079:C-68
1074:C-67
1069:C-58
1064:C-53
1059:C-52
1054:C-51
1049:C-50
1044:C-49
1039:C-48
1022:C-47
1017:C-42
1005:C-41
1000:C-39
995:C-38
990:C-34
985:C-33
980:C-32
973:B-23
968:B-22
963:B-18
940:DC-3
935:DC-2
930:DC-1
915:DC-3
758:ISSN
724:ISBN
702:ISBN
680:2019
590:2022
383:2 Ă—
361:tip:
240:and
234:DC-1
143:DC-3
141:and
139:DC-2
133:The
86:1933
1588:M-4
1583:M-3
1578:M-2
1573:M-1
1329:Cab
1309:L2D
1288:L2D
1240:GAZ
1144:LXD
1120:R4D
1115:R2D
947:DST
796:XIV
175:247
159:TWA
1822::
1598:DF
1130:-8
874:–
865:–
856:–
811:,
794:.
788:.
671:.
619:^
554:,
359:;
252:.
115:1
1776::
1546:e
1539:t
1532:v
1094:D
1027:F
1010:A
904:e
897:t
890:v
764:.
730:.
708:.
682:.
592:.
351::
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
