651:
1246:
51:
636:
256:
115:
1027:
42:
4458:
663:
70:
1073:). Home range requirements for breeding pairs of spotted owls are at least 400 hectares (4.0 km; 990 acres) of old growth. Red tree voles may also be found in immature forests if Douglas-fir is a significant component. The red vole nests almost exclusively in the foliage of the trees, typically 2–50 metres (5–165 ft) above the ground, and its diet consists chiefly of Douglas-fir needles.
92:
1296:. Douglas-fir is one of the world's best timber-producing species and yields more timber than any other species in North America, making the forestlands of western Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia the most productive on the continent. In 2011, Douglas-fir represented 34.2% of US lumber exports, to a total of 1.053 billion board-feet. Douglas fir timber is used for
4468:
4478:
875:, the Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir or interior Douglas-fir. Interior Douglas-fir intergrades with coast Douglas-fir in the Cascades of northern Washington and southern British Columbia, and from there ranges northward to central British Columbia and southeastward to the Mexican border, becoming increasingly disjunct as latitude decreases and altitude increases.
592:; they completely encircle the branches, which can be useful in recognizing the species. As the trees grow taller in denser forest, they lose their lower branches, such that the foliage may start as high as 34 m (110 ft) off the ground. Douglas-firs in environments with more light may have branches much closer to the ground.
1204:, undisturbed Douglas-fir stands in humid areas will eventually give way to later successional, more shade-tolerant associates such as the western redcedar and western hemlock—though this process may take a thousand years or more. It is more shade tolerant than some associated fire-dependent species, such as
1281:, especially from the coastal variety. In addition early settlers used Douglas fir for all forms of building construction, including floors, beams, and fine carving. Even today much of the Northwest chain saw art is completed on Douglas fir logs. The structures built from fir have lasted 150 years and more.
603:
blisters. On mature trees, usually exceeding 80 years, it is very thick and corky, growing up to 36 cm (14 in) thick with distinctive, deep vertical fissures caused by the gradual expansion of the growing tree. Some of the mature bark is brown, while other parts are lighter colored with a
1112:
is conspicuous on the undersides of the leaves by the small white "fluff spots" of protective wax that it produces. It is often present in large numbers, and can cause the foliage to turn yellowish from the damage it causes. Exceptionally, trees may be partially defoliated by it, but the damage is
1332:
perform well on
Douglas fir timbers with the mild caution that the natural color of this species varies and care must be taken to ensure uniformity of color. Pitch pockets that may ooze resin can be present in timbers that have not been kiln dried. Because of the timber sizes available, stamped
1323:
Douglas fir sees wide use in heavy timber structures, as its wood is strong, available in a number of specifications including kiln dried and grade stamped, and can be supplied in very long lengths to 60 feet. West coast mills are sophisticated in their processing of timbers, making lead times
1245:
541:, reach heights near 100 m) and commonly reach 2.4 m (8 ft) in diameter, although trees with diameters of almost 5 metres (16 feet) exist. The largest coast Douglas-firs regularly live over 500 years, with the oldest specimens living for over 1,300 years.
966:. It occurs in nearly all forest types and competes well on most parent materials, aspects, and slopes. Adapted to a more moist, mild climate than the interior subspecies, it grows larger and faster than Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir. Associated trees include
958:
exhibits even greater plasticity, occurring in stands of interior temperate rainforest in
British Columbia, as well as at the edge of semi-arid sagebrush steppe throughout much of its range, where it generates even deeper taproots still.
548:
There are records of former coast
Douglas-firs exceeding 120 metres (390 feet) in height, which if alive today would make it the tallest tree species on Earth. Particular historical specimens with heights exceeding 400 feet include the
2288:
929:, and is subject to control measures. But is also one of the most common lumber trees used in forestry alongside Radiata pine with large plantations throughout the country. The species was introduced in the 1900s for its wood.
1224:
can cause significant damage, and in plantation settings dominated by
Douglas-fir monocultures may cause extreme damage to vast swathes of trees. Interplanting with resistant or nonhost species such as western redcedar and
685:, a Scottish botanist and collector who first reported the extraordinary nature and potential of the species. The common name is misleading since it is not a true fir, i.e., not a member of the genus
2292:
4351:
5245:
5240:
5235:
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region. It occurs from sea level along the coast to elevations of 1,500 m (4,900 ft) or higher, and inland in some cases up to 2,100 m (6,900 ft).
2663:
5108:
4731:
626:
of
Douglas fir was sequenced in 2017 by the large PineRefSeq consortium, revealing a specialized photosynthetic apparatus in the light-harvesting complex of genes.
4906:
650:
1054:
harvests and hoards great quantities of
Douglas-fir cones, and also consumes mature pollen cones, the inner bark, terminal shoots, and developing young needles.
604:
cork-like texture; these develop in multiple layers. This thick bark makes the
Douglas-fir perhaps the most fire-resistant tree native to the Pacific Northwest.
4819:
5195:
1938:
1751:
4341:
2805:
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in Santa
Barbara County. One of the last remaining old growth stands of conifers is in the Mattole Watershed, and is under threat of logging. In the
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This was the preferred species for
Hawaiian war canoes. The Hawaiians, of course, did not log the trees; they had to rely on driftwood.
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4356:
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19:"Douglas-fir" redirects here. For the genus and the other species with common names containing "Douglas fir" or "Douglas-fir", see
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99:
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Douglas-fir prefers acidic or neutral soils. However, it exhibits considerable morphological plasticity, and on drier sites
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3074:
246:
1848:
619:
which protrude prominently above each scale and are said to resemble the back half of a mouse, with two feet and a tail.
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2766:. US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory.
2673:
1826:
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in Oregon. It is most dominant in areas with a more frequent fire regime that suppresses less fire-resistant conifers.
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612:
114:
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timber grading, and relatively short lead times, Douglas fir sees wide use in both public and residential projects.
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2277:(Special Publication 2b). Forest Research Laboratory, College of Forestry, Oregon State University. pp. 23–24.
542:
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due to its strength, hardness and durability. As of 2012, the only wooden ships still currently in use by the
1862:
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1989:"The Douglas-Fir Genome Sequence Reveals Specialization of the Photosynthetic Apparatus in Pinaceae"
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The
Distribution of Forest Trees in California USDA Forest Service Research Paper PSW – 82/1972
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2018:
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1301:
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are pendulous, with persistent scales, unlike those of true firs. They have distinctive long,
589:
538:
438:
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wooden hulls—typically oak, Douglas-fir, or Nootka Cypress—coated in glass-reinforced plastic
4101:
4076:
4051:
4021:
3678:
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3155:
2922:
2706:
2664:"As a homeless teen, I foraged for wild food to survive. The lessons still shape my cooking"
2390:
2088:
2008:
2000:
1413:
1351:. They possess a tangy citrus flavor and may serve in some recipes as a wild substitute for
1336:
The species has ornamental value in large parks and gardens. It has been commonly used as a
1051:
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817:
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41:
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1100:
1084:, although in the winter when other food sources are lacking it can become important, and
967:
926:
861:
770:
713:
545:, found further to the east, are less long-lived, usually not exceeding 400 years in age.
2799:
1261:
groups used the bark, resin, and needles to make herbal treatments for various diseases.
4919:
2619:
2386:
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The coast Douglas-fir variety is the dominant tree west of the Cascade Mountains in the
588: in) long, generally resembling those of the firs, occurring singly rather than in
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1876:
Russell, Tony; Cutler, Catherine; Walters, Martin (2014). "Pseudotsuga menziesii".
1164:
1133:
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Douglas-fir seeds are an extremely important food source for small mammals such as
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20:
1347:, a clear, colorless fruit brandy. Douglas-fir pine leaves can be used to make
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browse new seedlings and saplings in spring and summer. The spring diet of the
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400:
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and several others. Pure stands are also common, particularly north of the
2004:
1790:
Northwest Trees: Identifying & Understanding the Region's Native Trees
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Mature or "old-growth" Douglas-fir forest is the primary habitat of the
816:, the coast Douglas-fir, grows in the coastal regions from west-central
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1200:
and mosses are common sights on Douglas-firs. As it is only moderately
925:). In New Zealand it is considered to be an invasive species, called a
899:
406:
403:
182:
172:
162:
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4558:
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4116:
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and ponderosa pine, and often replaces these species further inland.
1155:
1109:
1007:
884:
825:
623:
561:
499:
494:
4492:
2274:
The Genus Pseudotsuga : Ancestral History and Past Distribution
5100:
1340:
since the 1920s, and the trees are typically grown on plantations.
4723:
4622:
4265:
4174:
4169:
4154:
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1325:
1244:
1043:
1025:
687:
616:
600:
514:
485:
126:
2804:- information, genetic conservation units and related resources.
4609:
4164:
3693:
3630:
3555:
3436:
3391:
3386:
3122:
2866:
2742:
762:(although again red pine may refer to a different tree species,
509:
504:
4496:
2815:
1050:, which consume an estimated 65% of each annual seed crop. The
4290:
3781:
3550:
3376:
3270:
3102:
2811:
2700:
Money Trees: The Douglas-Fi.r and American Forestry, 1900–1944
489:
481:
2373:
Barton GM (1972). "New C-methylflavanones from Douglas-fir".
599:
on young trees is thin, smooth, grey, and contains numerous
1528:. Vol. 2. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press
1229:
can reduce this risk. Other threats to Douglas-fir include
720:
in 1791. Colloquially, the species is also known simply as
1932:"Identifying Mature and Old Forests In Western Washington"
1745:"Identifying Mature and Old Forests In Western Washington"
1937:(pdf). Washington State Department of Natural Resources.
1750:(pdf). Washington State Department of Natural Resources.
2535:"The Navy's Wooden Avengers Are Real-Life Mine Sweepers"
2217:. Berkeley, California: USDA Forest Service. p. 114
1616:
Forensic procedures for boundary and title investigation
2645:"Foraging for Pine Needles (and other conifer needles)"
1713:"World's Largest Douglas-fir Tree - the Red Creek Fir!"
1689:
Trees of North America: A Guide to Field Identification
1522:. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
832:, its range is continuous from the eastern edge of the
716:
to David Douglas. Menzies first documented the tree on
533:
trees, 20–100 metres (70–330 feet) tall (although only
2130:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team
1654:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team
4352:
International Federation of Building and Wood Workers
2791:
Humboldt State University — Photo Tour: Douglas-fir,
840:
and Pacific Ocean. In California, it is found in the
2236:"Douglas Fir, Then and Now | The Seattle Times"
1687:
Brockman, C. Frank (1968). "Pseudotsuga menziesii".
5018:
4505:
4426:
4375:
4319:
4233:
4183:
4140:
4012:
4005:
3893:
3780:
3722:
3532:
3475:
3146:
3065:
3056:
2880:
2849:
2723:, (Douglas-spruce, Douglas-pine, Hemlock, Red-fir)"
2208:Griffin, James R.; Critchfield, William B. (1976).
2183:"A New Douglas-Fir Locality in Southern California"
728:(although the latter common name may also refer to
2291:. Royal Botanical Garden Edinburgh. Archived from
1964:"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Open Spaces Blog"
1878:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Trees of the World
1277:ashore. The wood has historically been favored as
1148:The inner bark is the primary winter food for the
2702:Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon State University Press.
1158:is a flavanone, a type of flavonoid, produced by
796:
786:
691:. For this reason, the name is often written as
564:are flat, soft, linear needles 2–4 centimetres (
529:Douglas-firs are medium-size to extremely large
2254:"Tensions Rise In the Battle To Save Old Trees"
1787:Arno, Stephen F.; Hammerly, Ramona P. (2020) .
921:throughout Europe, Argentina and Chile (called
2727:Cone-bearing Trees of the California Mountains
1880:. London: Anness Publishing Ltd. p. 120.
1592:. Berkeley, California: The Calflora Database.
1503:. Berkeley, California: The Calflora Database.
2827:
2786:Arboretum de Villardebelle – cone photos
2564:. Royal Horticultural Society. Archived from
2094:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42357A2974933.en
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1419:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42429A2979531.en
8:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1525:Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)
2806:European Forest Genetic Resources Programme
2760:"Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii"
1674:Forest Giants of the World Past and Present
734:). Other names for this tree have included
4493:
4009:
3538:
3062:
2834:
2820:
2812:
1691:. New York: Golden Press. pp. 44–45.
1092:features Douglas-fir needles prominently.
254:
90:
68:
49:
40:
31:
2092:
2047:. Oregon State University. Archived from
2012:
1863:"Giant logged long ago but not forgotten"
1417:
852:, with a small stand as far south as the
5246:Flora of the South-Central United States
4342:Building and Wood Workers' International
2168:Lushootseed: the language of Puget Sound
283: Blue: Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir (
5241:Flora of the Southwestern United States
5236:Flora of the Northwestern United States
1468:"Taxonomy - GRIN-Global Web v 1.10.5.0"
1386:
1324:predictable and availability reliable.
1273:) from coast Douglas-fir logs that had
1076:Douglas-fir needles are generally poor
867:Another variety exists further inland,
631:
2764:Fire Effects Information System (FEIS)
2491:Timber Supply in the Pacific Northwest
2488:Curtis, Robert; Carey, Andrew (1996).
1907:"Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii"
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
2620:"An Orchard in a Bottle, at 80 Proof"
2128:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov)
2045:Common Trees of the Pacific Northwest
1944:from the original on 11 November 2020
1901:
1899:
1897:
1757:from the original on 11 November 2020
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1652:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov)
306:
7:
5137:5c6dab27-96c0-40f9-b957-840d582da5f6
4995:1056bf4a-f977-4c67-ae24-ec0d7ed1ac12
4835:26cce971-1339-4543-b9f9-29da79dcf0c0
4477:
2356:"Douglas-fir Tree on the Tree Guide"
2181:Griffin, James R. (September 1964).
1827:"Douglas Fir: Pseudotsuga menziesii"
535:Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii
5196:IUCN Red List least concern species
4467:
4327:American Association of Woodturners
2591:National Christmas Tree Association
2080:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1405:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1284:The species is extensively used in
1141:have been recorded specifically on
887:, is often considered a variety of
1343:The buds have been used to flavor
14:
5150:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1104654-2
4357:National Wood Carvers Association
2662:Boyd, Sabra (November 27, 2020).
2533:Tarantola, Andrew (23 May 2012).
1793:(field guide ed.). Seattle:
1132:as well as the cone scale-eating
1034:provides nest cavities for birds.
712:, a Scottish physician and rival
4946:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:677141-1
4476:
4466:
4457:
4456:
4332:Architectural Woodwork Institute
2796:— Institute for Redwood Ecology.
2150:Dictionary of Upriver Halkomelem
1849:"Tallest Douglas Fir in America"
1614:Wilson, Donald A. (2008-01-28).
1095:The leaves are also used by the
883:), which ranges as far south as
860:, it ranges as far south as the
695:(a name also used for the genus
661:
649:
634:
267: Green: Coast Douglas-fir (
113:
1249:A 9-ft log, scaling over 7,000
1117:, apart from some that feed on
950:will generate deeper taproots.
781:name for the tree, used in the
4337:British Woodworking Federation
2271:R. K. Hermann (October 1985).
1829:. National Wildlife Federation
1:
5211:Pacific temperate rainforests
4347:Caricature Carvers of America
2395:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)90036-0
2289:"Distribution of Douglas-fir"
795:language, the tree is called
437:. There are three varieties:
5231:Flora of Southwestern Mexico
5226:Flora of Northwestern Mexico
5221:Flora of Northeastern Mexico
1993:G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics
1370:List of Douglas-fir diseases
1328:adhere well to Douglas fir.
1162:in reaction to infection by
352:(Sabine ex D. Don) Carrière
2758:Uchytil, Ronald J. (1991).
2152:. Vol. I. p. 213.
1541:Harvard University Herbaria
1365:List of Douglas-fir species
1304:using traditional joinery,
1186:Douglas-fir dwarf mistletoe
768:, and red fir may refer to
543:Rocky Mountain Douglas-firs
5282:
5201:NatureServe secure species
2733:(illustrations). Chicago:
1318:Avenger-class minesweepers
1113:rarely this severe. Among
894:Fossils (wood, pollen) of
451:Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir
18:
5266:Trees of Northern America
5261:Flora of British Columbia
4452:
4362:Society of Wood Engravers
3541:
2466:. The Gymnosperm Database
2148:Galloway, Brent Douglas.
1930:Van Pelt, Robert (2007).
1743:Van Pelt, Robert (2007).
1618:. John Wiley & Sons.
1537:Missouri Botanical Garden
1535:– via eFloras.org,
1514:Lipscomb, Barney (1993).
1375:List of superlative trees
1298:timber frame construction
641:Mature individual in the
305:
298:
262:
253:
231:
224:
110:Scientific classification
108:
88:
66:
57:
48:
39:
34:
2698:Brock, Emily K. (2015).
2649:Grow Forage Cook Ferment
2314:"Weed Information Sheet"
2240:archive.seattletimes.com
1216:Fungal diseases such as
1150:North American porcupine
1104:; this 0.5 mm-long
1000:California incense-cedar
5216:Flora of Central Mexico
1320:, made of Douglas-fir.
1253:of timber, c. 1937
846:California Coast Ranges
797:
787:
681:The common name honors
521:means "false hemlock".
4439:Frameless construction
3520:Wood-plastic composite
2735:A.C. McClurg & Co.
2560:Pseudotsuga menziesii
2497:. USDA Forest Service.
2258:Cal Alumni Association
1539:, St. Louis, MO &
1495:Pseudotsuga menziesii
1254:
1190:Arceuthobium douglasii
1035:
898:are recorded from the
740:British Columbian pine
373:Pseudotsuga taxifolia
25:Oregon Pine (schooner)
4907:pseudotsuga-menziesii
4887:Pseudotsuga menziesii
4564:pseudotsuga-menziesii
4537:Pseudotsuga menziesii
4507:Pseudotsuga menziesii
2801:Pseudotsuga menziesii
2793:Pseudotsuga menziesii
2780:Pseudotsuga menziesii
2713:Pseudotsuga taxifolia
2458:Pseudotsuga menziesii
2005:10.1534/g3.117.300078
1646:Pseudotsuga menziesii
1580:Pseudotsuga menziesii
1518:Pseudotsuga menziesii
1448:. Arlington, Virginia
1444:Pseudotsuga menziesii
1398:Pseudotsuga menziesii
1248:
1172:Value to other plants
1063:Arborimus longicaudus
1029:
952:Pseudotsuga menziesii
869:Pseudotsuga menziesii
820:southward to central
810:Pseudotsuga menziesii
704:The specific epithet
421:and is also known as
396:Pseudotsuga menziesii
365:Pseudotsuga taxifolia
357:Pseudotsuga mucronata
349:Pseudotsuga douglasii
286:Pseudotsuga menziesii
270:Pseudotsuga menziesii
235:Pseudotsuga menziesii
4367:Timber Framers Guild
3221:Australian Blackwood
2676:on November 27, 2020
2651:. December 23, 2015.
2260:. September 1, 2018.
2087:: e.T42357A2974933.
1797:. pp. 101–110.
1472:npgsweb.ars-grin.gov
1440:NatureServe (2024).
1412:: e.T42429A2979531.
1271:double-hulled canoes
1212:Diseases and insects
1097:woolly conifer aphid
848:as far south as the
838:Pacific Coast Ranges
513:). It is also not a
409:in the pine family,
23:. For the ship, see
4087:Hammer-headed tenon
3606:Janka hardness test
2669:The Washington Post
2618:(August 15, 2007).
2387:1972PChem..11..426B
2069:Farjon, A. (2013).
1865:. 4 September 2011.
1851:. 12 November 2012.
1672:Carder, Al (1995).
1394:Farjon, A. (2013).
1222:shoestring root-rot
877:Mexican Douglas-fir
643:Wenatchee Mountains
480:, it is not a true
463:Mexican Douglas-fir
60:Conservation status
2948:Japanese carpentry
2624:The New York Times
1795:Mountaineers Books
1292:tree for softwood
1255:
1235:Douglas-fir beetle
1218:laminated root rot
1071:Strix occidentalis
1036:
980:western white pine
881:P. lindleyana
668:Mature female cone
539:coast Douglas-firs
5183:
5182:
4869:Open Tree of Life
4499:Taxon identifiers
4490:
4489:
4444:Green woodworking
4301:Wood preservation
4229:
4228:
4132:Tongue and groove
4112:Mortise and tenon
4001:
4000:
3699:Warrington hammer
3528:
3527:
3216:African Blackwood
3008:Segmented turning
2707:Chase, J. Smeaton
2409:"Corylus cornuta"
2170:. March 18, 2017.
2073:Pinus douglasiana
1987:Neale DB (2017).
1887:978-1-4351-5597-8
1804:978-1-68051-329-5
1086:black-tailed deer
964:Pacific Northwest
850:Santa Lucia Range
731:Pinus douglasiana
710:Archibald Menzies
656:Young female cone
622:The massive mega-
517:; the genus name
439:coast Douglas-fir
387:
386:
381:
369:
361:
353:
345:
337:
336:Sabine ex D. Don
329:
321:
313:
217:P. menziesii
103:
83:
5273:
5256:Flora of Alberta
5176:
5175:
5166:
5165:
5153:
5152:
5140:
5139:
5130:
5129:
5117:
5116:
5104:
5103:
5091:
5090:
5078:
5077:
5065:
5064:
5052:
5051:
5039:
5038:
5037:
5011:
5010:
4998:
4997:
4985:
4984:
4975:
4974:
4962:
4961:
4949:
4948:
4936:
4935:
4923:
4922:
4910:
4909:
4900:
4899:
4890:
4889:
4877:
4876:
4864:
4863:
4851:
4850:
4838:
4837:
4828:
4827:
4815:
4814:
4812:NHMSYS0000462103
4802:
4801:
4789:
4788:
4776:
4775:
4766:
4765:
4753:
4752:
4740:
4739:
4727:
4726:
4714:
4713:
4704:
4703:
4691:
4690:
4678:
4677:
4665:
4664:
4652:
4651:
4639:
4638:
4626:
4625:
4613:
4612:
4600:
4599:
4587:
4586:
4577:
4576:
4567:
4566:
4554:
4553:
4541:
4540:
4539:
4526:
4525:
4524:
4494:
4480:
4479:
4470:
4469:
4460:
4459:
4010:
3679:Thickness planer
3539:
3333:(lime, basswood)
3063:
2923:Chainsaw carving
2836:
2829:
2822:
2813:
2767:
2754:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2672:. Archived from
2659:
2653:
2652:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2593:. Archived from
2583:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2471:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2342:www.nzfoa.org.nz
2334:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2216:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2096:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2016:
1999:(9): 3157–3167.
1984:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1943:
1936:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1903:
1892:
1891:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1784:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1756:
1749:
1740:
1717:
1716:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1611:
1594:
1593:
1574:
1559:
1558:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1543:, Cambridge, MA.
1534:
1533:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1421:
1391:
1288:management as a
1263:Native Hawaiians
1252:
1198:crustose lichens
1126:Chionodes abella
1121:in general, the
1052:Douglas squirrel
1004:Lawson's cypress
996:western redcedar
818:British Columbia
800:
790:
744:Puget Sound pine
718:Vancouver Island
665:
653:
638:
615:(three-pointed)
587:
586:
582:
579:
573:
572:
568:
551:Lynn Valley Tree
379:
376:
367:
359:
351:
343:
335:
327:
319:
311:
282:
266:
258:
237:
118:
117:
97:
94:
93:
77:
72:
71:
53:
44:
32:
5281:
5280:
5276:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5271:
5270:
5251:Flora of Alaska
5186:
5185:
5184:
5179:
5171:
5169:
5161:
5156:
5148:
5143:
5135:
5133:
5125:
5120:
5112:
5107:
5099:
5094:
5086:
5081:
5073:
5068:
5060:
5055:
5047:
5042:
5033:
5032:
5027:
5020:Abies menziesii
5014:
5006:
5001:
4993:
4988:
4980:
4978:
4970:
4965:
4957:
4952:
4944:
4939:
4931:
4926:
4918:
4913:
4905:
4903:
4895:
4893:
4885:
4880:
4872:
4867:
4859:
4856:Observation.org
4854:
4846:
4841:
4833:
4831:
4823:
4818:
4810:
4805:
4797:
4792:
4784:
4779:
4771:
4770:MichiganFlora:
4769:
4761:
4756:
4748:
4743:
4735:
4730:
4722:
4717:
4709:
4707:
4699:
4694:
4686:
4681:
4673:
4668:
4660:
4655:
4647:
4642:
4634:
4629:
4621:
4616:
4608:
4603:
4595:
4590:
4582:
4580:
4572:
4570:
4562:
4557:
4549:
4544:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4501:
4491:
4486:
4448:
4434:Frame and panel
4422:
4371:
4315:
4225:
4184:Surface piecing
4179:
4136:
4057:Crown of thorns
3997:
3983:Smoothing plane
3889:
3776:
3718:
3621:Milling machine
3524:
3485:Cross-laminated
3471:
3142:
3052:
3023:Spindle turning
3013:Shingle weaving
2983:Pallet crafting
2876:
2845:
2840:
2774:
2757:
2705:
2695:
2693:Further reading
2690:
2689:
2679:
2677:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2628:
2626:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2600:
2598:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2571:
2569:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2515:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2494:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2469:
2467:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2417:
2415:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2322:
2320:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2298:
2296:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2192:
2190:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2133:
2131:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2099:
2097:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2054:
2052:
2035:
2034:
2030:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1972:
1970:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1915:
1913:
1905:
1904:
1895:
1888:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1832:
1830:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1805:
1786:
1785:
1770:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1742:
1741:
1720:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1676:. pp. 3–4.
1671:
1670:
1666:
1657:
1655:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1613:
1612:
1597:
1576:
1575:
1562:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1531:
1529:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1476:
1474:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1451:
1449:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1424:
1422:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1361:
1349:pine needle tea
1259:Native American
1257:Many different
1250:
1243:
1227:beaked hazelnut
1214:
1178:parasitic plant
1174:
1123:gelechiid moths
1101:Adelges cooleyi
1024:
968:western hemlock
940:
938:Preferred sites
935:
927:wilding conifer
807:
771:Abies magnifica
679:
674:
673:
672:
669:
666:
657:
654:
645:
639:
584:
580:
577:
575:
570:
566:
565:
527:
374:
341:Pinus taxifolia
333:Pinus douglasii
325:Abies taxifolia
317:Abies mucronata
309:Abies menziesii
294:
280:
278:
264:
249:
239:
233:
220:
112:
104:
95:
91:
84:
73:
69:
62:
28:
17:
16:Species of tree
12:
11:
5:
5279:
5277:
5269:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5188:
5187:
5181:
5180:
5178:
5177:
5167:
5154:
5141:
5131:
5118:
5105:
5092:
5079:
5066:
5053:
5040:
5024:
5022:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5012:
5008:wfo-0000478194
4999:
4986:
4976:
4963:
4950:
4937:
4924:
4911:
4901:
4891:
4878:
4865:
4852:
4839:
4829:
4816:
4803:
4790:
4777:
4767:
4754:
4741:
4728:
4715:
4705:
4692:
4679:
4666:
4653:
4640:
4627:
4614:
4601:
4588:
4578:
4568:
4555:
4542:
4527:
4511:
4509:
4503:
4502:
4497:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4484:
4474:
4464:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4430:
4428:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4420:
4415:
4413:Quarter sawing
4410:
4405:
4403:Wood splitting
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4379:
4377:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4323:
4321:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4311:Wood finishing
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4271:Paint stripper
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4237:
4235:
4231:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4146:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4018:
4016:
4007:
4003:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3978:Shoulder plane
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3953:Moulding plane
3950:
3945:
3943:Japanese plane
3940:
3935:
3933:Grooving plane
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3899:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3786:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3747:Flooring clamp
3744:
3739:
3734:
3728:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3704:Winding sticks
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3684:Timber-framing
3681:
3676:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3510:Particle board
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3490:Glue laminated
3487:
3481:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3152:
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3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3028:Timber framing
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2998:Relief carving
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
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2898:Bush carpentry
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2890:
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2797:
2788:
2783:
2778:Conifers.org:
2773:
2772:External links
2770:
2769:
2768:
2755:
2715:, Also called
2703:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2654:
2636:
2607:
2578:
2549:
2525:
2500:
2480:
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2424:
2400:
2381:(1): 426–429.
2375:Phytochemistry
2365:
2347:
2329:
2305:
2280:
2263:
2245:
2227:
2200:
2187:Forest Science
2173:
2155:
2140:
2122:Pinus resinosa
2107:
2061:
2037:"Douglas-fir (
2028:
1979:
1955:
1922:
1893:
1886:
1868:
1854:
1840:
1818:
1803:
1768:
1718:
1715:. 8 June 2011.
1704:
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1459:
1432:
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1379:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1360:
1357:
1338:Christmas tree
1302:timber trusses
1242:
1239:
1213:
1210:
1202:shade tolerant
1173:
1170:
1138:Cydia illutana
1130:C. periculella
1023:
1022:Use by animals
1020:
984:ponderosa pine
939:
936:
934:
931:
854:Purisima Hills
806:
803:
765:Pinus resinosa
748:Douglas spruce
678:
675:
671:
670:
667:
660:
658:
655:
648:
646:
640:
633:
630:
629:
628:
555:Nooksack Giant
537:, common name
526:
523:
435:Columbian pine
427:Douglas spruce
385:
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4409:
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4386:
4384:
4383:Chainsaw mill
4381:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4368:
4365:
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4360:
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4320:Organizations
4318:
4312:
4309:
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4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
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4279:
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4276:Steam bending
4274:
4272:
4269:
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4264:
4262:
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4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4246:French polish
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4118:
4117:Rabbet/Rebate
4115:
4113:
4110:
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4105:
4103:
4102:Mason's mitre
4100:
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3949:
3948:Jointer plane
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3918:Compass plane
3916:
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3913:Chamfer plane
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3909:
3906:
3904:
3903:Bedrock plane
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3689:Veneer hammer
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3601:Impact driver
3599:
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3423:
3420:
3418:
3417:Red Quebracho
3415:
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3410:
3408:
3405:
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3019:
3016:
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3009:
3006:
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2919:
2916:
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2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2893:Bow and arrow
2891:
2889:
2888:Boat building
2886:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
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2832:
2830:
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2823:
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2814:
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2798:
2795:
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2714:
2708:
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2697:
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2692:
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2665:
2658:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2637:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2597:on 2020-08-03
2596:
2592:
2588:
2587:"Douglas-Fir"
2582:
2579:
2568:on 2013-11-09
2567:
2563:
2561:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2529:
2526:
2514:
2513:Wood Database
2510:
2509:"Douglas-Fir"
2504:
2501:
2493:
2492:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2451:
2448:
2434:
2433:"Douglas Fir"
2428:
2425:
2414:
2413:www.fs.fed.us
2410:
2404:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2348:
2343:
2339:
2338:"Douglas-fir"
2333:
2330:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2295:on 2012-02-15
2294:
2290:
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2276:
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2255:
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2188:
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2117:
2111:
2108:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2074:
2065:
2062:
2051:on 2012-12-19
2050:
2046:
2042:
2040:
2032:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1980:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1923:
1912:
1911:www.fs.fed.us
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1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1708:
1705:
1700:
1698:0-307-13658-2
1694:
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1683:
1680:
1675:
1668:
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1653:
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1625:9780470113691
1621:
1617:
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1600:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1555:"Douglas Fir"
1550:
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1247:
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1223:
1219:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1206:western larch
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1171:
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1167:
1166:
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1127:
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1120:
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1111:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1059:red tree vole
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1033:
1028:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1012:bigleaf maple
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
992:coast redwood
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
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965:
960:
957:
953:
949:
945:
937:
932:
930:
928:
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920:
915:
913:
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908:Siebengebirge
905:
901:
897:
892:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
865:
863:
859:
858:Sierra Nevada
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
804:
802:
799:
794:
789:
785:language, is
784:
780:
775:
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772:
767:
766:
761:
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752:false hemlock
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
732:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
702:
701:as a whole).
700:
699:
694:
690:
689:
684:
683:David Douglas
676:
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637:
632:
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625:
620:
618:
614:
610:
605:
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598:
593:
591:
563:
558:
556:
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546:
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474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
419:North America
416:
412:
408:
405:
402:
398:
397:
392:
378:
371:
366:
363:
360:(Raf.) Sudw.
358:
355:
350:
347:
342:
339:
334:
331:
326:
323:
318:
315:
310:
307:
304:
301:
297:
292:
291:
287:
276:
275:
271:
261:
257:
252:
248:
244:
238:
236:
230:
227:
226:Binomial name
223:
219:
218:
213:
210:
209:
206:
205:
201:
198:
197:
194:
191:
188:
187:
184:
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174:
171:
168:
167:
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161:
158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
145:
144:
141:
140:Tracheophytes
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
116:
111:
107:
101:
87:
81:
76:
75:Least Concern
65:
61:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
26:
22:
5019:
4506:
4251:Heat bending
4196:Edge banding
3968:Router plane
3963:Rebate plane
3923:Finger plane
3654:
3358:
3352:
3332:
3326:Lignum vitae
3097:
3084:
3078:
3043:Wood carving
3018:Shipbuilding
3003:Root carving
2963:Log building
2928:Chip carving
2800:
2792:
2779:
2763:
2737:p. 36.
2726:
2721:P. mucronata
2720:
2717:P. douglasii
2716:
2712:
2699:
2678:. Retrieved
2674:the original
2667:
2657:
2648:
2639:
2627:. Retrieved
2623:
2616:Asimov, Eric
2610:
2599:. Retrieved
2595:the original
2590:
2581:
2570:. Retrieved
2566:the original
2559:
2552:
2544:
2538:
2528:
2516:. Retrieved
2512:
2503:
2490:
2483:
2475:
2468:. Retrieved
2461:
2457:
2450:
2439:. Retrieved
2427:
2416:. Retrieved
2412:
2403:
2378:
2374:
2368:
2360:arborday.org
2359:
2350:
2341:
2332:
2321:. Retrieved
2317:
2308:
2297:. Retrieved
2293:the original
2283:
2273:
2266:
2257:
2248:
2239:
2230:
2219:. Retrieved
2210:
2203:
2193:December 31,
2191:. Retrieved
2186:
2176:
2167:
2158:
2149:
2143:
2132:. Retrieved
2127:
2121:
2110:
2098:. Retrieved
2084:
2078:
2072:
2064:
2053:. Retrieved
2049:the original
2044:
2038:
2031:
1996:
1992:
1982:
1971:. Retrieved
1967:
1958:
1946:. Retrieved
1925:
1914:. Retrieved
1910:
1877:
1871:
1857:
1843:
1831:. Retrieved
1821:
1789:
1759:. Retrieved
1707:
1688:
1682:
1673:
1667:
1656:. Retrieved
1651:
1645:
1634:
1615:
1589:
1583:
1579:
1549:
1530:. Retrieved
1524:
1517:
1509:
1500:
1494:
1487:
1477:24 September
1475:. Retrieved
1471:
1462:
1450:. Retrieved
1443:
1435:
1423:. Retrieved
1409:
1403:
1397:
1389:
1342:
1335:
1322:
1283:
1266:
1256:
1231:red ring rot
1215:
1189:
1182:P. menziesii
1181:
1175:
1165:Poria weirii
1163:
1160:P. menziesii
1159:
1154:
1147:
1143:P. menziesii
1142:
1136:
1134:tortrix moth
1129:
1125:
1118:
1099:
1094:
1075:
1070:
1062:
1056:
1037:
1016:Umpqua River
972:Sitka spruce
961:
955:
951:
947:
944:P. menziesii
943:
941:
922:
916:
914:, Austria).
895:
893:
889:P. menziesii
888:
880:
872:
868:
866:
836:west to the
813:
809:
808:
805:Distribution
779:Coast Salish
776:
769:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
729:
726:Douglas pine
725:
721:
705:
703:
696:
692:
686:
680:
621:
606:
594:
559:
547:
534:
528:
518:
508:
498:
488:
478:common names
476:Despite its
475:
470:
467:P. menziesii
466:
458:
455:P. menziesii
454:
446:
443:P. menziesii
442:
434:
430:
426:
422:
395:
394:
390:
388:
372:
364:
356:
348:
340:
332:
324:
316:
308:
289:
285:
273:
269:
234:
232:
216:
215:
203:
153:Gymnospermae
146:
133:
35:Douglas fir
29:
5206:Pseudotsuga
4920:kew-2556763
4794:NatureServe
4696:iNaturalist
4531:Wikispecies
4472:WikiProject
4418:Rift sawing
4408:Flat sawing
4296:Wood drying
3973:Scrub plane
3958:Razee plane
3908:Block plane
3762:Mitre clamp
3709:Wood scribe
3660:Combination
3402:Purpleheart
3098:Douglas fir
3048:Woodturning
2881:Occupations
2843:Woodworking
2808:(EUFORGEN).
2731:Eytel, Carl
2680:December 1,
2629:February 1,
2318:Weedbusters
2100:19 November
2039:Pseudotsuga
1968:www.fws.gov
1833:1 September
1761:1 September
1425:19 November
1267:waʻa kaulua
1180:which uses
1119:Pseudotsuga
1115:Lepidoptera
1090:blue grouse
1067:spotted owl
923:Pino OregĂłn
919:naturalised
917:It is also
906:of Europe (
896:Pseudotsuga
793:Lushootseed
736:Oregon pine
698:Pseudotsuga
693:Douglas-fir
607:The female
525:Description
519:Pseudotsuga
431:Oregon pine
423:Douglas-fir
417:to western
391:Douglas fir
204:Pseudotsuga
100:NatureServe
21:Pseudotsuga
5190:Categories
4915:Plant List
4581:Calflora:
4427:Techniques
4376:Conversion
4306:Wood stain
4234:Treatments
4022:Birdsmouth
3988:Spokeshave
3938:Jack plane
3928:Fore plane
3767:Pipe clamp
3732:Band clamp
3656:Carpenters
3477:Engineered
3427:Rubberwood
3276:Eucalyptus
3080:Calocedrus
2993:Pyrography
2958:Kohlrosing
2601:2022-02-10
2572:2012-07-14
2518:August 15,
2462:menziesii
2441:2020-02-21
2418:2021-05-12
2323:2021-05-12
2299:2009-01-31
2221:2015-05-03
2134:2018-11-07
2116:USDA, NRCS
2055:2022-02-13
1973:2021-05-12
1916:2021-05-11
1813:1141235469
1658:2018-11-07
1640:USDA, NRCS
1584:menziesii
1532:2018-11-07
1381:References
1345:eau de vie
1290:plantation
1065:) and the
976:sugar pine
830:Washington
822:California
783:Halkomelem
714:naturalist
471:lindleyana
159:Division:
5101:1104654-2
5035:Q17359120
4662:200005380
4649:200005380
4216:Parquetry
4211:Oystering
4206:Marquetry
4047:Butterfly
3714:Workbench
3646:Sandpaper
3626:Mitre box
3571:Drawknife
3561:Burnisher
3546:Abrasives
3495:Hardboard
3156:Afromosia
3038:Whittling
2988:Parquetry
2973:Marquetry
2918:Certosina
2913:Carpentry
2903:Cabinetry
2850:Overviews
2470:March 17,
2189:: 317–319
2164:"čəbidac"
1452:18 August
1314:U.S. Navy
1194:Epiphytes
1108:-sucking
1082:ungulates
1048:chipmunks
988:grand fir
948:menziesii
814:menziesii
791:. In the
708:is after
706:menziesii
590:fascicles
531:evergreen
447:menziesii
401:evergreen
274:menziesii
211:Species:
173:Pinopsida
163:Pinophyta
123:Kingdom:
5170:VASCAN:
5163:24900284
5158:Tropicos
5114:11184950
5029:Wikidata
4990:VicFlora
4979:VASCAN:
4972:24900226
4967:Tropicos
4799:2.136725
4737:10591308
4724:211600-2
4571:BioLib:
4516:Wikidata
4462:Category
4241:Adhesive
4221:Purfling
4201:Intarsia
4142:Profiles
4067:Dovetail
4006:Geometry
3845:Hand saw
3830:Crosscut
3815:Circular
3810:Chainsaw
3757:Holdfast
3422:Rosewood
3354:American
3349:Mahogany
3321:Jelutong
3291:Hornbeam
3256:Cocobolo
3251:Chestnut
3166:Andiroba
2978:Millwork
2943:Intarsia
2938:Fretwork
2933:Ébéniste
2862:Glossary
2743:11004975
2709:(1911).
2118:(n.d.).
2023:28751502
1939:Archived
1752:Archived
1642:(n.d.).
1590:Calflora
1501:Calflora
1359:See also
1353:rosemary
1310:flooring
1286:forestry
1279:firewood
1251:board-ft
1233:and the
1196:such as
912:Gleiwitz
904:Pliocene
862:Yosemite
834:Cascades
788:lá:yelhp
760:red pine
722:Doug fir
677:Taxonomy
553:and the
413:. It is
411:Pinaceae
399:) is an
368:Britton
300:Synonyms
193:Pinaceae
189:Family:
80:IUCN 3.1
5075:2685817
4874:1075713
4781:MoBotPF
4675:2685796
4610:1061712
4522:Q156687
4482:Commons
4398:Whipsaw
4393:Sawmill
4286:Varnish
4281:Thermal
4256:Lacquer
4191:Binding
4160:Chamfer
4027:Biscuit
3993:Surform
3885:Whipsaw
3855:Keyhole
3840:Fretsaw
3820:Compass
3805:Bucksaw
3795:Bandsaw
3790:Backsaw
3772:Sawbuck
3742:F-clamp
3737:C-clamp
3611:Jointer
3515:Plywood
3467:Zebrano
3407:Ovankol
3372:Meranti
3360:African
3331:Linden
3286:Hickory
3241:Cedrela
3236:Camphor
3231:Bubinga
3226:Boxwood
3206:Bilinga
3191:Avodire
3108:Juniper
3093:Cypress
2968:Luthier
2857:History
2751:3477527
2540:Gizmodo
2383:Bibcode
2014:5592940
1275:drifted
1184:is the
933:Ecology
900:Miocene
842:Klamath
798:čəbidac
756:red fir
583:⁄
569:⁄
515:hemlock
507:(genus
497:(genus
407:species
404:conifer
377:viridis
199:Genus:
183:Pinales
179:Order:
169:Class:
127:Plantae
98: (
96:Secure
78: (
5134:NZOR:
5127:183425
5049:205622
4928:PLANTS
4832:NZOR:
4786:285009
4750:183424
4636:150562
4559:ARKive
4551:173780
4388:Hewing
4127:Splice
4082:Halved
4077:Groove
4072:Finger
4052:Coping
4037:Bridle
4014:Joints
3895:Planes
3880:Veneer
3870:Scroll
3865:Ripsaw
3850:Jigsaw
3825:Coping
3724:Clamps
3651:Square
3641:Shaper
3636:Router
3616:Mallet
3591:Gimlet
3566:Chisel
3462:Willow
3452:Walnut
3442:Totara
3432:Sapele
3397:Poplar
3382:Padauk
3344:Merbau
3316:Jarrah
3301:Imbuia
3296:Idigbo
3261:Cumaru
3246:Cherry
3171:Anigre
3133:Spruce
3086:Cedrus
2953:Khatam
2908:Caning
2871:lumber
2749:
2741:
2021:
2011:
1948:11 May
1884:
1811:
1801:
1695:
1622:
1330:Stains
1326:Paints
1308:, and
1306:veneer
1294:timber
1265:built
1156:Poriol
1110:insect
1078:browse
1046:, and
1044:shrews
1008:tanoak
956:glauca
885:Oaxaca
873:glauca
826:Oregon
624:genome
617:bracts
613:trifid
562:leaves
503:), or
495:spruce
461:) and
459:glauca
433:, and
415:native
344:Lamb.
328:Poir.
312:Mirb.
290:glauca
281:
265:
247:Franco
243:Mirbel
5173:22128
5109:IRMNG
5062:63YVL
4959:14090
4904:PPE:
4894:PFI:
4843:NZPCN
4763:42429
4732:IRMNG
4708:IPA:
4701:48256
4688:30191
4631:EUNIS
4623:PSTME
4597:6WHCL
4584:10283
4266:Paint
4175:Ovolo
4170:Ogive
4155:Bevel
4122:Scarf
4107:Miter
3875:Table
3860:Miter
3835:Frame
3752:Gripe
3668:Speed
3664:Miter
3596:Gauge
3586:Float
3581:Fence
3576:Drill
3534:Tools
3457:Wenge
3447:Utile
3412:Ramin
3367:Maple
3339:Lovoa
3311:Iroko
3281:Hazel
3266:Ebony
3211:Birch
3201:Beech
3196:Balsa
3186:Aspen
3181:Apple
3161:Alder
3118:Kauri
3113:Larch
3075:Cedar
3058:Woods
3033:Treen
2495:(PDF)
2460:var.
2436:(PDF)
2215:(PDF)
1942:(PDF)
1935:(PDF)
1755:(PDF)
1748:(PDF)
1582:var.
1040:moles
954:var.
946:var.
871:var.
824:. In
812:var.
758:, or
688:Abies
609:cones
601:resin
510:Pinus
500:Picea
490:Abies
486:genus
469:var.
457:var.
445:var.
380:ined.
320:Raf.
288:var.
272:var.
147:Clade
134:Clade
5145:POWO
5122:ITIS
5096:IPNI
5083:GRIN
5070:GBIF
5044:APNI
4982:7200
4941:POWO
4933:PSME
4897:8586
4882:PfaF
4861:7274
4848:2860
4825:3357
4820:NCBI
4773:2845
4758:IUCN
4745:ITIS
4719:IPNI
4711:2735
4683:GRIN
4670:GBIF
4618:EPPO
4574:2388
4546:APNI
4165:Ogee
4150:Bead
4092:Knee
4062:Dado
4042:Butt
3782:Saws
3694:Vise
3631:Rasp
3556:Adze
3437:Teak
3392:Plum
3387:Pear
3148:Hard
3128:Rimu
3123:Pine
3067:Soft
2867:Wood
2747:OCLC
2739:LCCN
2682:2020
2631:2009
2520:2018
2472:2013
2195:2010
2102:2021
2085:2013
2019:PMID
1950:2021
1882:ISBN
1835:2021
1809:OCLC
1799:ISBN
1763:2021
1693:ISBN
1620:ISBN
1479:2019
1454:2024
1427:2021
1410:2013
1316:are
1300:and
1241:Uses
1220:and
1128:and
1080:for
1032:snag
902:and
844:and
828:and
777:One
597:bark
595:The
560:The
505:pine
389:The
375:var.
5088:685
5057:CoL
5003:WFO
4954:RHS
4807:NBN
4657:FoC
4644:FNA
4605:EoL
4592:CoL
4291:Wax
4261:Oil
4097:Lap
4032:Box
3800:Bow
3672:Try
3551:Axe
3505:OSB
3500:MDF
3377:Oak
3306:IpĂŞ
3271:Elm
3176:Ash
3138:Yew
3103:Fir
2719:or
2391:doi
2089:doi
2009:PMC
2001:doi
1414:doi
1192:).
1106:sap
774:).
724:or
493:),
482:fir
473:).
449:),
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5160::
5147::
5124::
5111::
5098::
5085::
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1030:A
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
